The Eases of Arabic: Personal and Possessive Pronouns. Eases of Arabic: Personal and Possessive Pronouns Arabic Pronouns
You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Arabic.
Personal pronouns indicate a person or thing that performs the action denoted by the verb. Example: " I I speak two languages."
List of adjectives
Object pronouns indicate the person or thing in relation to which / over which the action is performed. Example: I his I love.
Pronouns with examples
| Russian language | Arabic | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| me, me, me | ny ني | |
| you, you, you | k ك | |
| him his, them / him, about him | h ه | |
| her her, her, about her | ha ها | |
| us, us, us | na نا | |
| you, you, you | kum كم | |
| them, them, them, about them | hum هم | |
| Can/can you call us? | hal yumkenuk al ettisal bena? هل يمكنك الاتصال بنا؟ | |
| Give me your/your phone number | a "teny raqm hatefek أعطني رقم هاتفك | |
| I can give you my email address | astatee "an u" teek baridy alelectroni أستطيع أن أعطيك بريدي الإلكتروني | |
| Ask him/her to call me. | qullah an yattasel by قل له أن يتصل بي |
Travel vocabulary
The possessive adjective indicates the object of possession and is placed before the noun. Example: English my native language.
Travel vocabulary
| Russian language | Trips | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| my, my, my, my | y ي | |
| yours, yours, yours, yours | k ك | |
| his | h ه | |
| her | ha ها | |
| ours, ours, ours, ours | na نا | |
| yours, yours, yours, yours | kum كم | |
| their | hum هم | |
| His email address is | bareeduh alelectroni huwa... بريده الإلكتروني هو ... | |
| My phone number is | rakm hatefy huwa... رقم هاتفي هو ... | |
| We dream to visit Spain | hulmuna huwa zeyarat espania حلمنا هو زيارة اسبانيا | |
| Their country is beautiful | dawlatuhum jameela دولتهم جميلة |
The possessive pronoun indicates the object of possession and should not be placed before a noun. In fact, this pronoun can be used alone. Example: This book my.
Travel vocabulary
| Russian language | Trips | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| my | li لي | |
| Yours, yours, yours, yours | lak لك | |
| his | lah له | |
| her | laha لها | |
| our | lana لنا | |
| yours, yours | lakum لكم | |
| their | lahum لهم | |
| Is this pen yours? | hal haza alqalam lak? هل هذا القلم لك؟ | |
| This is my book. | alketaab huwa li الكتاب هو لي | |
| These shoes are hers. | alahzia hiya laha الأحذية هي لها | |
| Victory is ours. | annasru lana النصر لنا |
This is a travel vocabulary list. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversation with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.
Travel vocabulary
| Russian language | Trips | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| airplane | ta "era طائرة | |
| airport | mataar مطار | |
| bus | hafela حافلة (أوتوبيس) | |
| bus station | mahattat alhafelaat محطة الحافلات | |
| car, car | sayara سيارة | |
| flight, flight, flight | rehlat tayaraan رحلة طياران | |
| on business | lel "amal للعمل | |
| for fun | lelmut "a للمتعة | |
| information desk, information desk | maktab alisti "lamaat مكتب الإستعلامات | |
| hotel, hotel | funduq فندق | |
| baggage | amte "a أمتعة | |
| parking | mawqef asayaraat موقف السيارات | |
| passport | jawaz safar جواز سفر | |
| booking | hajz حجز | |
| Taxi | sayarat ujra سيارة أجرة | |
| ticket | tazkara تذكرة | |
| travel | yusafer يسافر | |
| tourism | seyaha السياحة | |
| train | qetar قطار | |
| Train Station | mahat alqetar محطة القطار | |
| By train | belqetar بالقطار | |
| By car | besayara بالسيارة | |
| By bus | belbas بالباص | |
| by taxi | besayarat ujra بسيارة أجرة | |
| by plane | beta era بالطائرة |
daily conversation
In conclusion, get acquainted with the list of phrases used in everyday communication. For a complete list of popular expressions, please see: Arabic Phrases.
Arabic phrases
| Russian language | Arabic | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| Do you accept credit cards? | hal taqbal betaqat aleteman? هل تقبل بطاقات الائتمان؟ | |
| How much is it | kam sayukalef haza? كم سيكلف هذا؟ | |
| I have a reservation | lady hajz لدي حجز | |
| I would like to rent a car | arghab fe estejaar sayara أرغب في استئجار سيارة | |
| I'm here on business / on vacation | ana huna lel "amal \ fe ejaza أنا هنا للعمل / في إجازة | |
| Is this seat taken? | hal haza almaq "ad ghayru shaagher? هل هذا المقعد غير شاغر؟ | |
| It was nice to meet you! | mutasharefun bema"refatek متشرف بمعرفتكم | |
| Take it! On the! | Khud Haza! خد هذا | |
| Do you like it? | hal a "jabak? هل أعجبك؟ | |
| I really like it! | a "jabani katheeran أعجبني كثيرا | |
| Kidding | Ana Amzah Faqat أنا أمزح فقط | |
| I am hungry / I want to eat. | ana jaa"e" أنا جائع | |
| I'm thirsty | ana "atshaan أنا عطشان |
Benefits of learning a language
Don't worry, you speak Greek with an accent. Many people are attracted to a foreign accent. One British matchmaking agency found that having an accent makes it sexy.
Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial on: pronouns and travel. Ready for the next lesson? We recommend to go arabic lesson 9. You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our homepage by clicking on the link here:
Encyclopedic YouTube
In the 10th century, as a result of the merger of the ideas of the Basrian and Kufi schools, the Baghdadi school of Arabic grammar was formed, although some authors deny the existence of the Baghdad school and continue to divide Arabic linguists into Basrians and Kufis. The Baghdadians were not as categorical as the Basrians and occupied a middle position between schools, taking their due from foreign influences and not completely rejecting them. In their writings, the Baghdadians turned to the hadiths of the prophet Muhammad, and to the works of modern poets like Bashshar and Abu Nuwas.
Sciences that study Arabic
In the Arabic tradition, 4 sciences are distinguished that study the literary Arabic language:
- al-Lugha(Arab. اللغة ) - lexicology, description of vocabulary and meanings of words.
- at-Tasrif(Arab. التصريف or Arabic. الصرف ) - morphology, description of word forms and their formation. Sometimes the science الإشتقاق al-iştiqāq - etymology, word formation - is isolated from the sarf.
- an-Nahw(Arab. النحو ) - syntax, the science of word order in a sentence and their influence on each other. An important component of this science is al-i'rab(Arab. الإعراب ) - section nahw studying the change of case endings of words.
- al-Balyaga(Arab. البلاغة ) - rhetoric, the science of the correct, convincing and beautiful presentation of thoughts.
Root of the word
Of almost all names and verbs in Arabic a root consisting of only consonants can be distinguished.
The Arabic root is most often three-letter, less often two- or four-letter, and even less often five-letter; but already for a four-letter root, a requirement is set that it contains at least one of the smooth consonants (vox memoriae (memory): مُرْ بِنَفْلٍ).
According to the well-known domestic Arabist S. S. Meisel, the number of triconsonant roots in the modern Arabic literary language is 82% of total number Arabic root.
Not any consonants can participate in the composition of the root: some of them are compatible in the same root (more precisely, in the same cell; see below: b), others are incompatible.
Incompatible:
- Glottal: غ ع خ ح (if ع and ء are compatible)
- Non guttural:
ب and فم
ت and ث
ث and س ص ض ط ظ
ج and ف ق ك
خ and ظقك
د and ذ
ذ and ص ض ط ظ
ر and ل
ز and ض ص ظ
س and ص ض
ش and ضل
ص and ض ط ظ
ض and ط ظ
ط and ظك
ظ and غق
غ and ق ك
ق and ك غ
ل and ن
This feature of the composition of the Arabic root somewhat facilitates the task of the reader of the manuscript without dots; for example, the spelling حعڡر should be جَعْفَر
The shaping of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word - internal inflection. The Arabic root usually consists of three (rarely two or four, extremely rarely five) root consonants (radicals), which, with the help of transfixes, form the entire paradigm of this root. For example, from the verb كَتَبَ (write), using the consonants "K-T-B" the following words and forms are formed:
Pronouns
Personal
separate
Separate pronouns are used on their own, not in idafe and not as a direct object.
| Face | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | anāأنا | naḥnuنحن | ||
| 2nd | husband. | antaأنت | antumāأنتما | antumأنتم |
| female | antiأنت | antunnaأنتنّ | ||
| 3rd | husband. | huwaهو | humāهما | humهم |
| female | hiyaهي | hunnaهنّ | ||
One-piece
Merged pronouns are used after names, denoting ownership (that is, replacing idafu, كِتَابُهُ kitābuhu "his book"), and after verbs, replacing a direct object (كَتَبْتُهُ katabtuhu "I wrote it"). They can also be attached to prepositions (عَلَيْهِ ʕalayhi "on him", بِهِ bihi "by him, with his help", etc.), particles of the إِنَّ group (e.g. إنَّهُ رَجُلٌ صادِقٌ innahu ra julun sˤādiqun "verily, he is a truthful man" ). Continuous pronouns of the 3rd person (except ها) have variants with the vowel i after words ending in i or y. The 1st person pronoun is used in the form ني nī after vowels, in the form ـيَّ after y (merging with this sound).
| Face | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | -nī/-ī/-yaـي | -naـنا | ||
| 2nd | husband. | -kaـك | -kumāـكما | -kumـكم |
| female | -kiـك | -kunnaـكن | ||
| 3rd | husband. | -hu/-hiـه | -humā/-himāـهما | -hum/-himـهم |
| female | -haـها | -hunna/-hinnaـهن | ||
pointing
Demonstrative pronouns are combinations with the Semitic demonstrative ðā (compare Hebrew זה ze "this, this"). Arabic demonstrative pronouns agree with the word to which they refer, according to general rules. By cases, they change only in the dual number.
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | haya هذا | hāðāni هذان | hā'ulā'iهؤلاء |
| indirect p. | hāðayni هذين | |||
| Female | straight p. | hāðihiهذه | hatani هتان | |
| indirect p. | hatayni هتين | |||
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | ðalikaذلك | ðānika ذانك | ulā’ikaأولئك |
| indirect p. | Aaynika ذينك | |||
| Female | straight p. | tilkaتلك | tanika تانك | |
| indirect p. | taynika تينك | |||
Interrogative
Interrogative words in Arabic include the following words: مَنْ man “who?”, مَا، مَاذا mā, māðā “what?”, إينَ ayna “where?”, كَيْفَ kayfa “how?”, مَتَى matā “when?”, كَمْ cam “how much?”, أَيٌّ ayyun (female - أَيَّةٌ ayyatun, but the word أي can be used for both genders) “which, which, which?”. Of these, only أيٌّ and أَيَّةٌ change by case, they are also used with words in the form of idafa (e.g. أَيَّ كِتَابٍ تُرِيدُ ayya kitābin turīdu "what book do you want?", the pronoun أي lost tanvin, as the first member of idafa, and received the ending nasba a , since it is a direct object of the verb أرَادَ arāda "to want").
The word كَمْ is used in several contexts: in the context of a question about quantity, it puts the subsequent word in nasb (كَمْ سَاعَةً تَنْتَظِرُ؟ kam sāʕatan tantazˤiru "how many hours are you waiting for?"), in the context of surprise - in jarr (!كَ مْ أَخٍ لَكَ kam axin laka " how many (how many) brothers do you have!"), in the context of a question that requires an ordinal number in the answer - in raf" (كَمِ السَاعَةُ؟ kamis-sāʕatu "what time is it? what time is it?").
relative
Interrogative pronouns ما، من can also be used as relatives.
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | allari الّذي | allariani اللّذان | allariina الّذين |
| indirect p. | allaayni الّذين | |||
| Female | straight p. | allatī الّتي | allatani اللّتان | allātī, allā "ī الّاتي، الائي |
| indirect p. | allatayni الّتين | |||
Name
Genus
There are two genders in Arabic: masculine and feminine. The masculine gender does not have special indicators, and the feminine gender includes:
1. Words with endings ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: سَاعَةٌ "clock" ، صَخْرَاءُ "desert" ، كُبْرَى "greatest"
2. Words denoting female humans and animals (females), even without external indicators of the feminine gender, for example: أُمٌّ "mother", حَامِلٌ "pregnant"
3. Words denoting cities, countries and peoples, for example: مُوسْكُو "Moscow", قُرَيْشٌ "(tribe) Quraish"
4. Words denoting paired organs of the body, for example: عَيْنٌ "eye", أُذُنٌ "ear"
5. The following words:
It is worth noting that words denoting male humans and animals can also end in ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: عَلَّامَةٌ "great scholar", أُسَامَةُ "Osama (male name)".
Number
There are three numbers of names in Arabic: singular, dual and plural. Definitions and verbs agree with nouns in number. The dual number has clear formation rules, and the plural is formed in different ways, it must always be specified in the dictionary.
dual
The dual number is formed by adding the ending ـَانِ āni to the singular name (with ة becoming ت). Names in the dual number are two-case, in the oblique case (nasb and hafd) their ending is ـَيْنِ ayni. In the conjugated state, these names lose the last nun.
Correct plural masculine
The correct plural is formed by adding the ending ـُونَ ūna to the singular word. In the indirect case, this ending looks like ـِينَ īna. In the conjugate state, these names lose the last nun, and have the endings ـُو ū, ـِي -ī.
Correct plural feminine
Feminine names ending in ة in the plural most often replace it with the ending ـَاتٌ ātun. The same ending can take some masculine verbal names. In hafd and nasb they change to ـَاتٍ ātin or ـَاتِ āti.
broken plural
Most of the names in Arabic form the plural by changing their stem. This is how many masculine names change (كِتَابٌ kitābun book - كُتُبٌ kutubun books), less often - feminine with ة (for example, مَدْرَسَةٌ madrasatun school - مَدَارِسُ madarisu school), and practically all feminine names without ة .
"cases"
In Arabic, there are three so-called states of names: raf", hafd (or jarr), nasb. They are often translated as nominative, genitive and accusative cases, respectively. These terms do not fully reflect the Arabic category of state, therefore, this article uses the Russian transliteration of Arabic terms.
Some names in hafd and nasba have the same form, and also do not take tanwin, therefore they are called "two-case", and their forms are divided into direct and indirect cases.
Raf" (nominative case)
The state raf" is the basic, "dictionary" state of names.
Jarr/khafd (genitive)
Names are used in the state of hafd after names in the conjugate state and prepositions. It is formed in three ways:
1. Triple names, names in the broken plural and whole feminine numbers change the ending u, un to i, in.
2. Two-case names take the ending a.
3. Names in the dual and regular masculine plural change the letters و and ا to ي. She also appears at the “five names”.
Nasb (accusative)
The nasb state has names used as direct objects of verbs, after modal particles, and also as some circumstances without a preposition. Nasb is formed like this:
1. Triple names and broken plural names change u, un to a, an.
2. "Five names" take ا
3. The names in the whole plural of both genders and the two-case names in the nasba coincide with their forms in the hafd.
Nasb is used in the following contexts:
1. At the direct object of the verb (كَتَبْتُ رِسَالَةً "I (on) wrote a letter")
2. At the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by a one-root or non-one-root name of the action (ضَرَبَهُ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا "he hit him with a strong blow")
3. At the circumstances of time without a preposition (نَهَارًا "in the daytime")
4. At the circumstance of the direction (يَمِينًا "to the right")
5. At the circumstance of the course of action in the meaning of the purpose or reason
6. After "vav jointness" (سَافَرْتُ وأَخَاكَ "I traveled (together) with your brother")
7. At the circumstances of the mode of action, expressed by a one-root or non-one-root participle (ذَهَبَ مَاشِيًا "he went on foot")
8. In the context of highlighting (حَسَنٌ وَجْهًا "good face")
9. After the numerals كَمْ "how much?" and كَذَا "so much"
10. After modal particles (“إنَّ and her sisters”, see below)
11. After the particle لا, when a general, generic negation is meant
12. After the particles ما and لا when they are used in the meaning of the verb لَيْسَ "not to appear". Characteristic of the Hija dialect
13. After the construction مَا أَفْعَلَ expressing surprise
14. When addressing, if the person being addressed is the first member of the idafa
Bicase names
Two-case names (الأسماء الممنوعة من الصرف) differ from three-case ones in that they do not have tanveen, in raf'e they have the ending -u, and in hafd and nasb -a. Two-case, in fact, are the forms of the dual and integer plural, but they are considered in their own sections.
In the definite and conjugate states, two-case names change like three-case ones, that is, with the ending -i.
Two-case names include the following categories of words:
1. Most female proper names, except for those built according to the model فَـِـُعْلٌ . Male names ending in ة.
2. Proper names, coinciding in form with the verb.
3. Proper names and names of non-Arabic origin (except those built according to the فَـِـُعْلٌ model)
4. Proper names with the ending ـَانُ and any names constructed according to the model فَعْلَانُ.
5. Own model names فُعَلٌ, as well as the word أُخَرُ
6. Proper names formed from two words by addition, but not idaphs.
7. Feminine names ending in ـَاءُ or ـَى
8. Model names أَفْعَلُ
9. Names (numerals) of models مَفْعَلُ or فُعَالُ
10. Broken plural names with two or three letters after ا.
Latent declension names
1. Names ending in alif (ordinary ا and broken ى, or tanvin ً -an) do not change by case.
2. Names to which the continuous pronoun ي is attached do not change by case.
3. Names ending in taniwin ٍ -in do not change in raf'e and hafd. In nasba and a certain state of all cases, they have the letter ي
five names
The next five names (in the table) are not changed according to the rules. In the conjugated state and with fused pronouns, their short vowel is lengthened. The words ذو and فو do not have short vowel forms, as they are used only in idaf and with pronouns. Along with them, the correct names صَاحِبٌ and فَمٌ are used.
Word forms
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | raf" | ðū ذو | ðawā ذوا | ðawū, ulū ذوو، أولو |
| nasb | ðā ذا | ðaway ذويْ | ðawī, ulī ذوي، أولي | |
| khafd | ðī ذِي | |||
| Female | raf" | ðātu ذاتُ | ðawātā ذواتا | ðawātu, ulātu ذوات، أولاتُ |
| nasb | ðāta ذاتَ | ðawatī ذواتي | ðawāti, ulāti ذوات، أولات | |
| khafd | ðāti ذاتِ | |||
certain state
A certain state of names is a form without tanveen. It is used in several cases: after the article ال, after vocative particles, etc. Adjectives agree with nouns in definiteness and indefiniteness.
Conjugated state, idafa
" Idafa"- a special construction in the Semitic languages (corresponds to the Hebrew smihut). In it, the first word is in the so-called conjugate state. In Arabic (and other Semitic languages in which cases have been preserved), the second word is in the genitive case. The words in idafa are in the relation "object of the owner". The word in the conjugate state does not take the article ال, but is considered determined with the help of the subsequent one, the definiteness of the whole construction is calculated by the last word.
Degrees of comparison of "adjectives"
Comparative and superlative forms of a name are formed from a three-letter root according to the formula:
أَفْعَلُ (plural: أَفْعَلُونَ or أَفَاعِلُ) for masculine gender, فُعْلَى (plural: فُعْلَيَاتُ) for feminine gender. For example: the root ك،ب،ر associated with large sizes (for example, كَبُرَ to be large) - أَكْبَرُ is the largest - كُبْرَى is the largest.
These forms are used in four contexts:
- In the position of the predicate, in an indefinite state, followed by the preposition مِنْ "from, from", in the masculine form singular. This form is used in comparison: أَخِى أَصْغَرُ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ "My brother is younger than Muhammad."
- With the definite article "اَلْ" in the position of definition, fully consistent with the main word: البَيْتُ الأَكْبَرُ "The biggest house".
- As the first member of an idafa (in the form of singular, masculine), where the second member is the name of an indefinite state (consistent in gender and number with the determined or subject): best friend» زَيْنَبُ أَفْضَلُ صَدِيقَةٍ "Zeynab is the best friend."
- As the first member of an idafa (either in the form of the masculine singular, or agrees in gender and number with the definitive or subject), the second member of which is the name of a specific state (does not agree with the definitive or subject, usually takes the form of pl. h.): أَنْتَ أَفْضَلُ اَلنَّاسِ "You are the best of people" ْتُنَّ فُضْلَيَاتُ النَّاسِ "You (female) are the best of people."
Numerals
quantitative
Ordinal
Coordination
In Arabic, the definition agrees with the defined in definiteness, gender, number, and case. At the same time, for “reasonable” names (naming people) in the plural, the definitions have the plural form of the desired gender, and for “unreasonable” ones (calling animals, inanimate objects) - in the singular form of the feminine gender.
Word-building models of names
Verbs
The Arabic language has a branched verbal system, which is based on two forms that go back to the Semitic perfect and imperfect. A three-letter verb has 15 species, of which only 10 are actively used, a four-letter verb has 4 species, of which 2 are widely used. th root letters, the presence of weak letters (و or ي) or hamza.
Pronoun
There are two types of pronouns in Arabic:
1. الضَّمِيرُ الْمُنْفَصِلُ disjunctive (personal) pronoun are pronouns that are written separately with words. For example:
هُوَ He (هُوَ كَبِيرٌ he is big); أَنَا I (أَنَا طَوِيلٌ i am long).
Those. the pronoun هُوَ in the sentence هُوَ كَبِيرٌ has no connection with the word كَبِيرٌ and is therefore called separative pronoun.
2. الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ fused pronouns are pronouns that are written together with words (more on these pronouns in lesson 6).
The Arabic language has the following divisive pronouns:
Note the following features: 1) Arabic distinguishes the grammatical gender of pronouns plural. 2nd, 3rd person and singular 2nd person, for example, in Russian, when referring to a man or a woman, we say You, and in Arabic we say أَنْتَ to a man, and أَنْتِ to a woman.
Feminine Formation Rule
In Arabic, in words that define the profession, type, quality, type of activity of an object, the feminine gender is formed from the masculine gender by adding the word ة [t] to the end (تَاءُ مَربُوطَة [ta marbuta]). For example:
كَبِيرٌ m.r. big- كَبِيرَةٌ f.r. big
Plural feminine zh.r. by replacing ة (تاء مربوطة) with ا (أَلِفٌ) and ت (تاء مَفْتُوحَة). For example:
كَبِيرَةٌ big - كَبِيرَاتٌ large zh.r.
Note: ة written at the end of the expression reads like Xصَغِيرَةٌ هِيَ [hiya sogirah].
Lesson 3
اسْمُ الإِشَارَةِ – Demonstrative pronouns
Remember demonstrative pronouns:
هَذَا this, this m.r.
هَذِهِ this zh.r.
هَؤُلَاءِ these
ذَلِكَ (ذَاكَ) that, then m.r.
تِلْكَ that zh.r.
أُوْلَئِكَ those(same for masculine and feminine)
for example: ذَلِكَ رَجُلٌ that man;هَذَا رَجُلٌ this man.
The definite article الـ
All names in Arabic are used either in a definite or in an indefinite state. One of the signs of the definiteness of the name is the definite article الـ, which is used with names that have already been mentioned, as well as with the names of objects of the only kind. This article is written together with names. For example:
اَلْغَنِيُّ، اَلرَّجُلُ، اَلْمَرْأَةُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ
Notice the following features:
1. The tanvin ending is incompatible with the article الـ.
رَجُلٌ – اَلرَّجُلُ، رَجُلًا – اَلرَّجُلَ، رَجُلٍ – اَلرَّجُلِ.
Fatah tanvin at the end of the word is closed with alif.
2. At the beginning of the expression, alif is read with a short unstressed sound A, and in the middle is not readable.
اَلْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ – هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ.
3. The consonants of the Arabic language are divided into the so-called "lunar" and "solar" letters, remember them:
Lunar: ك، م، هـ، ي، و
Solar:
When the article الـ is attached to the lunar letters, لـ is read; when attached to the solar letters, it is not readable, but the solar letter is doubled, i.e. there is an assimilation of the letter لـ.
اَلطَّوِيلُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ، اَلرِّجَالُ، اَلنِّسَاءُ
More details on the definiteness and indefiniteness of a name are given in Lesson 14.
Lesson 4
Remember:
Lesson 6
الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ – fused pronoun
الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ fused pronouns are pronouns that are written with the words to which they refer together. For example:
صَدِيقُ كَ your friend; صَدِيق ُنَا our friend
These examples show that the merged pronouns ـكَ is yours; ـنَا our joined at the end of the word صَدِيقٌ Friend and they were written together with these words, so they are called fused.
The following fused pronouns exist:
Joining names, fused pronouns perform the function of possessive pronouns, i.e. determine ownership. For example:
كِتَابُهُ His book; those. this book belongs to him.
When coordinating a fused pronoun with the names to which they refer, the grammatical gender of the owner of the object is taken into account, and not the object itself. For example:
صَدِيقُكِ your friend; in this example the word صَدِيقُ Friend m.r., and the pronoun ـكِ yours zh.r., this means that the owner of the friend is a woman.
صَدِيقَتُكِ your girlfriend; those. the owner of the girlfriend is a man.
When agreeing on a name with a fused pronoun of the 1st person singular. ـِي my the vowel of the last letter is replaced by kasra. For example: ضَيْفِي my guest.
Names that are joined by fused pronouns are written without the article الـ and tanvin.
It was noted that human languages (unlike software) are distinguished by egocentricity - attachment to personalities. And at the end, a visual illustration was given of how large the amount of text (speech) is occupied by the indication of persons (I, you, he, she, we, you, they, me, us, them, them, etc.).
So, one of the great eases of the Arabic language is that personal pronouns have, in fact, 2 cases: nominative and indirect. In Russian, for example, there are 6 cases, 3 times more.
Declension of personal and possessive pronouns in Russian
Declension of personal and possessive pronouns in Arabic
In Arabic, all these tables are replaced by this one single table. However, in comparison with Russian, there is a complication: the 2nd and 3rd person are divided by birth. In Russian, we say "you" to both a man and a woman. And in Arabic there will be “anta” for a man, and “anti” for a woman.
The formula of gratitude “may Allah reward you with good” will sound for a man: “jazaaKA Llaahu khairan”, and for a woman: “jazaaKI Llaahu khairan”.
With translations, this table will look like this. Notice how one Arabic word, 1-letter or 2-letter, replaces entire tables in Russian.
So - personal pronouns, one of the most common reasons for straining the mind when composing a foreign speech or its perception, and in the Russian table we find 44 possible options, and in the Arabic - 20! The same words cover all Russian possessive pronouns (my, yours, ours, ...) - 52 additional new words that must be substituted taking into account the gender, case and number of objects in question (13 pieces per 1, 2 l units and plural).
Is it possible to say that Arabic is easier than Russian in terms of declension of personal pronouns by more than 3 times? I think no. Because 76 additional options in Russian are 76 opportunities for error in each new use of the pronoun. If there are 10 personal pronouns in the text, then these are 760 additional search options, compared to Arabic.
Poor people who didn't learn Russian from birth and then they had to do it!
In Arabic, personal and possessive pronouns in the oblique (non-nominative) case are written together with the word.
For example: "I ask you" will be: "arjuuKA". Those. "KA" - "you" joined the word "please". And also "your book" will be: "kitaabuKA". And "his book" will be: "kitaabuHU". “Peace be with you” will be: “as-salaam alaikum”. "You" - "KUM" is attributed after the preposition "for" - "alei". Etc.
