The author of the first scientific grammar of the Russian language. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov - creator of Russian rhetoric, Russian grammar, Russian history
The initial stage of Russian linguistics is characterized by:
1. The originality of research thought
2. Wide scope, the desire not to be satisfied with bare factology, but to give the facts an appropriate explanation
3. Relentless creative pursuits
4. Create your own original theories
For the first time, information about Russian grammatical science dates back approximately to the 10th-11th centuries, that is, to the time when sufficiently developed relations developed in the Russian state, and culture and education reached a fairly high level.
The oldest grammar in the Slavic language dates back to the 10th century. - this is "the book of St. John of Damascus philosophical about the eight parts of the word", translated by John the Exarch of Bulgaria.
It is important to note that the abundance of translations from Greek into Slavonic marked the beginning of the comparison of these two languages and the identification of differences between both.
Lexicography:
The oldest form of the dictionary is the glossary. The glossary is an alphabet book, alphabets of foreign speeches, explaining the meaning of Church Slavonic books. Several such glossaries are known: 1282 explains the Novgorod helmsman, printed dictionary 15** Lexis by Lavrentiy Zizaniy; 1596 Pavel Berendy "Lexicon ....".
By the 16th century, outdated forms of expression of thought were especially felt, and there was a need for new translations of literature, an active interest in the semantics of different languages. All this contributed to the development of the alphabet in the 17th century.
The purpose of the alphabet books is to promote understanding of the centuries-old fund of readable literature and their translations; contribute to the preservation of bookishness itself.
ABC books reflected the spiritual demands of Russian literature for 5.5 centuries, becoming a noticeable stage in the development of Russian thought. The lexicographers of southwestern Rus' sought to protect the literary language of the Slavs from the attacks of Catholics, who sought to belittle the cultural and historical role of the emerging language. Thus, the purpose of the alphabet books was to promote understanding of the centuries-old fund of readable literature, as well as to contribute to the preservation of ancient literacy. The largest number of alphabets is recorded in the 17th century. A total of 98 lists of dictionaries are known.
As a rule, the alphabet was 3 types of articles: grammar articles; vocabulary with an alphabetical arrangement of words; articles not related to linguistics. All this was important and represented a complex of linguistic thought. Written in semi-charter or cursive.
Characteristics of the alphabet:
1. Religiosity is inherent in the majority. The senior layer forms an interpretation to the texts of Scripture. But they also have elements of secular writing.
2. Disclosure of the content of foreign words.
3. The anonymity of the alphabet books, because they were compiled by monks.
4. Great fluidity of texts. For each of the gloss collectors used his own set of manuscripts.
5. Arose as a result of unifying competence (compelativity)
6. Encyclopedism of the alphabet book - multidimensionality; the average between explanatory, etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries.
In the 17th century, interest in sources depicting living speech began to be compiled for a layer of townspeople. A wider encyclopedism, including the names of gods, geographical names.
1789-94 Dictionary of the Russian Academy. The first dictionary from which the story began. Derzhavin, Fonvizin, Bogdanovich, Knyaznin participated in compiling the dictionary.
The first Russian grammars:
1. E. Ludolf "Russian Grammar""1696, written in Latin. But Ludolf provided every page with a German translation. He was well aware of the linguistic position, devoted several pages to the relationship between languages.
The grammarians had a pragmatic feature - to acquaint them with the linguistic situation in Rus'.
"What is said is Russian; what is written is Church Slavonic. But knowledge of Church Slavonic characterizes an educated person." All terminology is given from the Church Slavonic language. Does not accept a category. The grammar contained a phrase book so that foreigners could communicate with Russians. 5 topics are devoted to life, a dialogue on religious and moral topics, a dictionary of natural objects. The book ends with an appendix: minerals, animals, plants, people.
Ludolf singled out the specific features of the Russian language (full agreement, initial o instead of e, the absence of a second palatalization, h instead of u, the absence of an aorist). “What is said is Russian, what is written is Church Slavonic”; Ludolf understands the mechanism of verb formation, gives morphological grounds for their classification in the original and derivative form.
2. Ilya Kopyevich 1706 "Introduction to Russian grammar..."
Samples of Russian and Church Slavonic texts. The preface is followed by a list of Russian words denoting Old Russian objects, plus German-Latin translations. It begins with the rules for the use of generic endings and case paradigms, the article. The verb section is poor. At the end is attached an afterword index "The fruits of my nightly reflections": the pronunciation of "g". Based on Smotrytsky's grammar, 80 pages in total. He has dialogues, but they are artificial.
3. Grammar" The beginning and foundations of Russian grammar". V. Adodurov- compiler.
This grammar was written in German for foreigners studying Russian.
Priority is given not to Church Slavonic forms, but to Russian ones - this is how Adodurov tried to destroy the old tradition. The book included a brief outline of phonetics, pronunciation characteristics (he dwells in detail on the pronunciation of d). Pays attention to the use of nouns with gender n. In the field of morphology, pays special attention to morphological features in the feminine declension such as water. Considering adjectives, he speaks about the need for comparison forms in the Russian language. The verb Adodurov is considered briefly. Addresses the question of the form of the verb. Clarifies the particle "would".
4. Goering "Russian Grammar""1750.
Groening focused more on spelling and phonetics.
Consonants were distinguished into voiced and voiceless. Groening was aware of the assimilation by deafness-voicedness, spoke about the discrepancy between the pronunciation of spelling. He studied in detail the alternation of consonants. Much attention is paid to the syllable division, orthoepy.
The first part of the book, although devoted to spelling issues, paints a picture of Russian phonology. The second part relates to the field of morphology. It is less original and follows Adodurov, although it has a large number of examples.
Interested in the phonetic side of the language, spelling. Considered many letters superfluous. The sound between k and g is denoted as h. Note the alternations. He talked about stress. Lists of abbreviations are mainly from the religious sphere. Grammar shows spelling issues and draws what Russian phonology looked like at that time.
M.V. Lomonosov. "Russian Grammar" (1755)
Repeatedly emphasizes the reflection of reality in the language. Tried to present nature as constantly changing –> this idea historical development he carries over into the language.
The RG became not only a manual by which several generations of Russian people studied, but was the source of a number of grammars of the 18-19th centuries, including the RG of 1802, published by the Academy of Sciences.
Regulatory character; reinforces the living norms of word usage, sweeps aside obsolete forms and categories. The main question of philosophical linguistics is about the connection between language and thinking.
Consists of 6 parts (instructions).
1. "On the human word in general": the doctrine of the sound structure of Russian speech, the relationship between pronunciation and spelling, the comparison of "Russian letters" and "foreign letters" to designate consonant sounds; about the syllables of the word, about the parts of speech.
two main parts of speech: noun and verb. In addition, he singled out pronouns, participles, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections - “eight significant parts”.
2. "On reading and spelling Russian": about the pronunciation of Russian letters, about syllable division, “about signs”, “about spelling”.
3. "About name": detailed information about the morphological, semantic and derivational properties of noun, adj. and numerals.
correspondence between gender classes (four: masculine, feminine, neuter, and general) and the form of nouns.
4. "About the Verb"– specificity of form and word formation, semantics and functioning of forms. Three moods: indicative, imperative and "non-final" (infinitive).
Ten temporary forms: present, 6 past, 3 bud. Six voices: active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal, middle, general.
5. "About auxiliary or service parts of the word"- pronouns, people, prepositions, conjunctions; their classifications are proposed. Participle features.
6. "On the composition" of parts of the word "– issues of syntactic compatibility of the CR.
Lomonosov's "RG" formulated the main aspects of studying the grammatical structure of the Russian language: formal, functional and stylistic - in their organic interaction; this determined the development of Russian grammatical thought for many decades to come.
Lomonosov also paid great attention to the issues of comparative historical linguistics: “a letter about the similarities and changes of languages”, “about Russian native languages, about current dialects”, collected “speech of different languages, similar to each other”.
In the draft materials to "RG" he speaks of "related" languages, where he refers the languages \u200b\u200bRussian, Greek, Latin, German and confirms their relationship with an etymologically reliable comparison of the designation of numbers from one to ten, and "unrelated" languages, including the Finnish languages, Mexican, Hottentot and Chinese. He clearly establishes the family of Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Serbian, Czech, Slovak and Vendian originated from the Slavic language) and foresees their division into southeastern and northwestern groups, noting the great similarity of the Russian language with the languages \u200b\u200bof those living beyond the Danube peoples of "Slovenian origin".
He distinguished the Old Russian language from the Old Slavonic, pointing to the treaties between the princes and the Greeks, Russkaya Pravda and other historical books as Russian monuments, not Slavic ones.
> Thematic catalog- First instruction. About the human word in general 11
- Chapter 1 11
- Chapter 2 14
- Chapter 3 19
- Chapter 4 23
- Chapter 5
- Second instruction. About reading and spelling Russian 41
- Chapter 1. About the Russian alphabet 41
- Chapter 2 54
- Chapter 3 49
- Chapter 4 51
- Chapter 5
- Third instruction. About the name 62
- Chapter 1 62
- Chapter 2 64
- Chapter 3 79
- Chapter 4 91
- Chapter 5 94
- Chapter 6 99
- Chapter 7 101
- Instruction four. About the verb 105
- Chapter 1 105
- Chapter 2 112
- Chapter 3 138
- Chapter 4 151
- Chapter 5 161
- Fifth instruction. About the service parts of the word 168
- Chapter 1 168
- Chapter 2 175
- Chapter 3 180
- Chapter 4 181
- Chapter 5. About the Union 183
- Chapter 6 184
- Instruction six. About the composition of parts of a word 185
- Chapter 1 185
- Chapter 2 188
- Chapter 3 192
- Chapter 4 200
- Chapter 5 206
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Russian grammar
original name: Russian grammar
Publisher: Type. Imperial Academy of Sciences
Place of publication: St. Petersburg.
Publication year: 1755
Number of pages: 213 p.
Russian literature and language of the 18th century developed under the influence of the changes that the reforms of Peter the Great brought to the socio-political and cultural life of the Empire. At the origins of the transformation of the Russian language and fiction of this era, the gigantic figure of M.V. Lomonosov. He owns the doctrine of three styles, the essence of which lies in the fact that the outdated system of church-book speech hampered the development of both literature and society as a whole. Therefore, the presented “Russian Grammar” by M. V. Lomonosov is one of the main works of the scientist.
In fact, Lomonosov was the creator of the first scientific Russian grammar, which laid the foundations of Russian philology. In the study of the Russian language, the scientist-reformer for the first time applied strict scientific methods and clearly systematized the material of his textbook. The content of the book is divided into six instructions: on the human word in general, on reading and Russian spelling, on the genders of names and declensions, on conjugation of verbs, on the service parts of speech, and, finally, on the composition of parts of the word.
The first mention of the beginning of work on the Russian Grammar dates back to 1749. The main work falls on 1754, and on September 20, 1755, on the first anniversary of the birth of the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna (the future Catherine the Great), the manuscript of the Grammar was solemnly presented by Lomonosov to the infant Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. This outstanding work of Russian philology was printed in January 1757 in St. Petersburg and then went through five editions in a row.
In his author’s preface, “the humble servant Mikhail Lomonosov”, referring to the future heir to the throne, whom Empress Elizabeth Petrovna aspired to see on the throne, figuratively noted: “The Russian language is the master of many languages, not only by the vastness of the places where it dominates, but also by its own space and contentment is great before all in Europe. Charles the Fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that it was proper to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with women. But if he Russian language was skilled; then, of course, I would add to this that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, for I would find in him the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, the richness and brevity of the Greek and Latin language, strong in images. Lomonosov, as a true son of the Enlightenment, was guided by ancient authors and French grammar manuals. The "Grammar" of Melenty Smotrytsky served as the basis, from which a number of definitions were borrowed. However, for that time there was a lot of originality in Lomonosov's work.
This book for the first time draws a sharp line between the languages of Russian and Church Slavonic, between colloquial speech and "Slavonicism". Recognizing the close relationship of both languages, Lomonosov establishes the complete independence of each of them and for the first time subjects the laws and forms of the Russian language proper to a special strictly scientific study. Having for the first time definitely and accurately outlined the relationship of the Russian literary language to the Church Slavonic language, on the one hand, and to the living language, oral speech On the other hand, he laid a solid foundation for the transformation of the Russian literary language, which ensured its further development. This is the greatest significance of the philological works of Lomonosov.
tricks scientific research that Lomonosov follows in his philological studies of the Russian language are the linguistic methods of the naturalist. In the work, Lomonosov already distinguished letters from sounds and, as a naturalist, determined the anatomical, physiological and acoustic origin of sounds; spoke about three dialects of the Russian language (Moscow, northern and Ukrainian), depicted the phonetic pronunciation of sounds in words. He bases his conclusions on the analysis of the facts of the language: he gives long lists of words and individual expressions of the Russian language, compares and contrasts groups of facts with each other, and only on the basis of this draws conclusions.
The release of "Russian Grammar" was greeted by Russian society with extreme enthusiasm, it brought Lomonosov the well-deserved fame of "the first Russian grammarian." Subsequent grammars (in particular, the grammar Russian Academy Sciences 1794) relied on Lomonosov's "Grammar", which had a serious influence on the authors. The principle of Lomonosov's lexicography was guiding in compiling the Dictionary of the Russian Academy.
> Thematic catalog
- First instruction. About the human word in general 11
- Chapter 1 11
- Chapter 2 14
- Chapter 3 19
- Chapter 4 23
- Chapter 5
- Second instruction. About reading and spelling Russian 41
- Chapter 1. About the Russian alphabet 41
- Chapter 2 54
- Chapter 3 49
- Chapter 4 51
- Chapter 5
- Third instruction. About the name 62
- Chapter 1 62
- Chapter 2 64
- Chapter 3 79
- Chapter 4 91
- Chapter 5 94
- Chapter 6 99
- Chapter 7 101
- Instruction four. About the verb 105
- Chapter 1 105
- Chapter 2 112
- Chapter 3 138
- Chapter 4 151
- Chapter 5 161
- Fifth instruction. About the service parts of the word 168
- Chapter 1 168
- Chapter 2 175
- Chapter 3 180
- Chapter 4 181
- Chapter 5. About the Union 183
- Chapter 6 184
- Instruction six. About the composition of parts of a word 185
- Chapter 1 185
- Chapter 2 188
- Chapter 3 192
- Chapter 4 200
- Chapter 5 206
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Russian grammar
Original name: Russian grammar
Publisher: Type. Imperial Academy of Sciences
Place of publication: St. Petersburg.
Publication year: 1755
Number of pages: 213 p.
Russian literature and language of the 18th century developed under the influence of the changes that the reforms of Peter the Great brought to the socio-political and cultural life of the Empire. At the origins of the transformation of the Russian language and fiction of this era stands the gigantic figure of M.V. Lomonosov. He owns the doctrine of three styles, the essence of which lies in the fact that the outdated system of church-book speech hampered the development of both literature and society as a whole. Therefore, the presented “Russian Grammar” by M. V. Lomonosov is one of the main works of the scientist.
In fact, Lomonosov was the creator of the first scientific Russian grammar, which laid the foundations of Russian philology. In the study of the Russian language, the scientist-reformer for the first time applied strict scientific methods and clearly systematized the material of his textbook. The content of the book is divided into six instructions: on the human word in general, on reading and Russian spelling, on the genders of names and declensions, on conjugation of verbs, on the service parts of speech, and, finally, on the composition of parts of the word.
The first mention of the beginning of work on the Russian Grammar dates back to 1749. The main work falls on 1754, and on September 20, 1755, on the first anniversary of the birth of the son of Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna (the future Catherine the Great), the manuscript of the Grammar was solemnly presented by Lomonosov to the infant Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. This outstanding work of Russian philology was printed in January 1757 in St. Petersburg and then went through five editions in a row.
In his author’s preface, “the humble servant Mikhail Lomonosov”, referring to the future heir to the throne, whom Empress Elizabeth Petrovna aspired to see on the throne, figuratively noted: “The Russian language is the master of many languages, not only by the vastness of the places where it dominates, but also by its own space and contentment is great before all in Europe. Charles the Fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that it was proper to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with women. But if he were skilled in the Russian language; then, of course, I would add to this that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, for I would find in him the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, the richness and brevity of the Greek and Latin language, strong in images. Lomonosov, as a true son of the Enlightenment, was guided by ancient authors and French grammar manuals. The "Grammar" of Melenty Smotrytsky served as the basis, from which a number of definitions were borrowed. However, for that time there was a lot of originality in Lomonosov's work.
This book for the first time draws a sharp line between the languages of Russian and Church Slavonic, between colloquial speech and "Slavonicism". Recognizing the close relationship of both languages, Lomonosov establishes the complete independence of each of them and for the first time subjects the laws and forms of the Russian language proper to a special strictly scientific study. For the first time, having definitely and accurately outlined the relationship of the Russian literary language to the Church Slavonic language, on the one hand, and to the language of living, oral speech, on the other, he laid a firm foundation for the transformation of the Russian literary language, which ensured its further development. This is the greatest significance of the philological works of Lomonosov.
The methods of scientific research that Lomonosov follows in his philological studies of the Russian language are the linguistic methods of a naturalist. In the work, Lomonosov already distinguished letters from sounds and, as a naturalist, determined the anatomical, physiological and acoustic origin of sounds; spoke about three dialects of the Russian language (Moscow, northern and Ukrainian), depicted the phonetic pronunciation of sounds in words. He bases his conclusions on the analysis of the facts of the language: he gives long lists of words and individual expressions of the Russian language, compares and contrasts groups of facts with each other, and only on the basis of this draws conclusions.
The release of "Russian Grammar" was greeted by Russian society with extreme enthusiasm, it brought Lomonosov the well-deserved fame of "the first Russian grammarian." Subsequent grammars (in particular, the grammar of the Russian Academy of Sciences of 1794) relied on Lomonosov's Grammar, which had a serious influence on the authors. The principle of Lomonosov's lexicography was guiding in compiling the Dictionary of the Russian Academy.
How many priests are needed for Russia, what is the core of the parish, and how the protests of last winter influenced the desire of young people to emigrate from the country - Archpriest Nikolai EMELYANOV, Vice-Rector of the PSTGU Theological Institute, tells about all this to the National Assembly. A seminar on the sociology of religion has been operating at the Theological Faculty for several years now.
A graduate of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Candidate of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics Denis Sobur is in charge of the lighting laboratory in a commercial company and the remote department of the Higher Theological Courses at the MTA. In his opinion, the task of the university is to graduate not only a specialist, but an independent person with a broad outlook, which is impossible without humanitarian disciplines.
The number of applications submitted for the "Orthodox Initiative" competition has exceeded two and a half thousand, more than 900 of them have recently been approved by the competition's expert council. “Our competition is a unique cross-section of the real needs of the society,” its organizers say.
On January 31, a lecture "Darwin as Father of the Church" was delivered at the Central House of Journalists. Dieter Hattrup, Doctor of Theology, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor of the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), Professor of the University of Paderborn (Germany) shared his view on the relationship between modern natural science and the Christian worldview.
Five Doctors of Philosophy gathered at once for round table"The Correlation of Science and Faith", which was held at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences on January 25. Dr. Gregory Gutner urged the Church to defend science, and Dr. Vladimir Porus - together to save the human species
The Inter-Council Presence is developing a conceptual document that will describe the relationship between science and religion from the point of view of Orthodox Church- Archpriest Vladimir Shmaly spoke about this. new document will not be an apologetic declaration, he argues.
We Christians believe that Christ, the Son of God and God, came into the world for our salvation. But what do we know about our God? Christ did not found cities; no coins were minted with His image. How does science prove that he even existed? Church hymns about the events of Christmas baffle with their paradoxical content: the Virgin gives birth to the eternal God for us. The new, Christmas issue of the magazine " Boring Garden».
Leading scientists give lectures on elementary particle physics, nanomedicine and oceanology to teachers of Orthodox academies and seminaries. The program includes astronomy, chemistry, embryology. At the same time, scientists are not obliged to make allowances for the worldview of the listeners: evolution means evolution.
In the scientific community, archaeologist Pavel VOLKOV is recognized as a unique specialist in experimental archeology. But at the same time, one of his atheist colleagues writes about him this way: “A devoutly believing archaeologist, and even a Paleolithic scientist, is a paradoxical phenomenon, because Paleolithic archeology is one of the main pillars of the atheistic worldview.” With a paradoxical Novosibirsk scientist, author of the recently published book “From Adam to Noah. Archeology for the Orthodox" NS correspondent met with Pavel VOLKOV
The opening of the Department of Theology at MEPhI caused a wave of protest that has not subsided to this day. Why? – our correspondent was looking for an answer to this question.
Tatyana Zhdanova's easy-to-read and captivating book tells schoolchildren, students and even teachers about what was not included in biology textbooks.
What are the possibilities of interaction between secular universities and theological schools in the teaching of theology, whether it is advisable to open departments of theology at universities, will be discussed by the participants of the meeting, which will be held on November 28-29 under the chairmanship of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill and will bring together more than 200 participants: hierarchs, government officials, rectors of leading theological schools and secular universities, experts. Archpriest Vladimir SHMALIY, Vice-Rector of the General Church Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies, spoke about the integration of the two systems of theological education: the church and secular magazine "Neskuchny Sad"
January 25 in the crypt of St. John the Baptist at the General Church Postgraduate School, within the framework of the XXI Christmas Readings, a round table was held: "Dialogue of Science and Religion: Russian and Foreign Experience."
The film "Water": a documentary lie
Water is a special substance. Suffice it to recall the consecration of the "watery nature" by the Lord on the day of Theophany, and the very sacrament of Baptism - like being born again - is associated with immersion in holy water. And therefore, to answer the question “what exactly is wrong in the film“ Water ”?” -- both easy and difficult. If you disassemble the film in detail, you will get bogged down in minor trifles, and this will be a kind of “systemic error.” It will not allow you to reveal the spiritual trap that the authors of this film have prepared. But there is a simple and monosyllabic answer to the question "what is wrong in the film?" and this answer is wrong
What do we know about matter, time and space, and are they different from their original paradisal state? Why is only an apophatic, “theological” description applicable to the physical microworld, why are theologians no longer confused by the similarity of the human genome and chimpanzee? There are answers to these and other “whys” in the new book by Priest Oleg MUMRIKOV.
The first attempt to systematize knowledge about the Russian language and compile Russian grammar for Russians was made by the Russian polymath scientist Vasily Adodurov (1709-1780). In his treatise, written by him presumably in 1739-1740, he described primarily the rules of spelling and punctuation and the use of certain letters, but it contained some comments on pronunciation, declension, conjugation, and syntax. The treatise was an expanded version of his note on the Russian language, published in 1731. Adodurov's treatise was translated into Swedish by Mikhail Gröning and published in 1750. However, Adodurov's work remained unfinished and unpublished, and was practically forgotten, and Gröning's translation was little known. More than 200 years later, the scientific edition of the found manuscript was undertaken by Boris Uspensky.
However, the first printed Russian grammar in Russian was The Russian Grammar by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765), published in 1755. For the first time, the Russian language of that time was fully described in it, for the first time the standard of the literary language was actually established. It was divided into several thematic chapters: about the human word in general, about reading and spelling, about the name, about the verb, about the auxiliary parts of speech, about composing parts of the word (that is, syntax). It was duly appreciated by compatriots and was reprinted many times. Lomonosov's grammar remained the most important reference book of the Russian language throughout the 18th century. In 1764 Lomonosov's work was translated into German and came out under the name Rußische Grammatick verfaßet von Herrn Michael Lomonoßov .
In 1771, Anton Barsov (1730-1791) compiled the book " Brief rules Russian grammar. Of all the works of that time, she was the most full description Russian language and at the same time a unique work of Russian linguistic thought. However, it, like Adodurov's grammar, remained in manuscript and was published only in 1981.
In addition, several remarkable works devoted to the Russian language were created in the 18th century. For example, in 1769 Kurganov published the Russian Universal Grammar or the Letter Book. In addition to public explanations of Russian grammar, it had appendices with various educational and edifying texts, fables, etc. Despite its incompleteness, this book went through 18 reprints and was a popular textbook on the Russian language of those times.
19th century
The beginning of the century was marked by the release of an academic grammar by the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1802. Like others, it was divided into several parts: spelling, grammar, syntax. The grammar went through 3 editions.
The 19th century was generally characterized by the flourishing of Russian philology and, above all, Russian studies. Very detailed grammars and scientific work In Russian. Of particular importance in the first half of the 19th century were the works of N. I. Grech (1787-1867). In 1827, he published the “Large Grammar of the Russian Language” (later translated into French), the “Practical Grammar of the Russian Language”, and also the abbreviated “Short Russian Grammar”. In addition, he wrote several teaching aids In Russian.
Almost in parallel with Grech in 1830, the well-known linguist A. Kh. Vostokov (1781-1864) published "Russian Grammar".
