Useful ores. Types of iron ores - general characteristics of iron ores

ORE, natural mineral formation containing metals in such compounds and concentrations, at which their industrial properties. use is technically possible and economically feasible. Sometimes R. called. also some types of non-metallic. mineral raw materials (for example, sulfur, barite, graphite, asbestos, agronomic R.).

A distinction is made between mineral rocks, consisting of one ore mineral, and polymineral rocks, containing several. valuable and accompanying other minerals that do not have industrial properties. meanings. As a rule, ore minerals occur together with accompanying gangue minerals. The ratio between ore and vein minerals varies widely for different metals and deposits; for example, in gold-bearing quartz veins, the amount of gold relative to the mass of quartz is thousandths of a percent (see. Gold ores). On the contrary, certain types of iron minerals consist entirely of ore minerals (magnetite, hematite). The metal content in various ore minerals, in turn, depends on their chemical properties. composition and varies quite widely (for example, in pyrolusite contains 63.2% MP, and rhodonite 32- 41.9% MP).

According to chemistry The composition of the predominant minerals distinguishes silicate, siliceous, oxide, sulfide, carbonate, and mixed. According to the texture of the rock, which is determined by the spatial arrangement of the mineral aggregates composing it, rocks are classified as massive, banded, spotted, veined, disseminated, cellular, spheroidal, kidney-shaped, loose, etc.; Based on their structure (shape, size, method of combining minerals or their fragments in spatially isolated mineral aggregates), rocks are divided into uniform-grained, uneven-grained, oolitic (with concentrically round accumulations of minerals), porphyritic (with individual large grains of minerals among a uniform-grained mass), radial - radiant, etc.; According to the nature of the distribution of ore minerals, they are distinguished with a uniform, uneven and extremely uneven structure. Resins extracted from deposits embedded in bedrock are called. indigenous; accumulated during rewashing in loose river, lake, sea. deposits - dewdrops and or in placers.

For the development and processing of R. creatures, their fnz are important. properties: hardness, strength, fracturing, porosity, volumetric weight, melting rate, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrically conductive, radioactive, sorption properties and solubility. The quality of waste products for processing is determined by the content of valuable and harmful components in it. Based on the content of valuable components, R. are distinguished between rich and wretched and poor. Minimum reserves and content of valuable components, as well as the permissible maximum content of harmful impurities in R. called. prom. conditions, which vary depending on different conditions the location of R., as well as from mining and processing techniques. Depending on the mineral composition, texture, structure of R. and the equipment used for their processing R. are divided into departments. technological varieties. See also Art. Minerals.

Lit.: Magakyan I.G., Ore deposits, 2nd ed., Yerevan, 1961; Smirnov V.I., Geology of mineral resources, 2nd ed., M.. 1969. V. I. Smirnov,

RUDABANYA

(Rudabanya), a village in northern Hungary, in the Borsod-Abauj-Zemplén region. Iron production center ores; ore enrichment. enterprise (approx. 0.5 million hectares of concentrate per year).

Abu Abdallah (according to other sources, Abul Hasan) Jafar (c. 860, village of Panjrudak, now Taj SSR, -941, ibid.), Tajik and Persian poet. He is considered the founder of poetry in Farsi. He became famous early on as a singer and rhapsodist, and also, probably, as an author. Being, according to legend, blind from birth, he nevertheless received good scholasticism. education, knew Arabic, language. For 40 years the saint led a galaxy of poets at the court of the Samanid rulers of Bukhara, achieving great fame and wealth. Shortly before his death, he was expelled and died in poverty. From lit. R.'s heritage (according to legend - more than 130 thousand couplets; another version - 1300 thousand - is implausible) barely a thousand couplets have reached us. Entirely preserved qasida"Mother of Wine" (933) and the autobiographical "Ode on Old Age", as well as c. 40 quatrains (cut). The rest are fragments of the production. panegyric., lyric. and didactic. content, including from the poem “Kalila and Dimna” (translation from Arabic, 932) and five other poems. Along with laudatory and anacreontic. The themes in R.'s poems are faith in the power of the human mind, a call to knowledge, virtue, and active influence on life. Laconism, poetic simplicity. means, the availability of the image in the poetry of R. and his contemporaries characterize the “classical” (otherwise Khorasan, or Turkestan) style of Persian-language literature created by them, which was preserved until the end. 11th century A mausoleum was built at R.’s supposed grave in his native village.

With about h. in Russian. transl.: Poems, M., 1964; Lyrics, M., 1969,

Lit.: Bertels E. E., History of Persian-Tajik literature, M., 1960; M i r z o e v A. M., Rudaki. Life and creativity, trans. from Taj., M., 1968; Tagirdzhanov A. T., Rudaki. Life and art. History of study, Leningrad, 1968; N a f i s i S., Ahwal wa ash‘are Abu Abdallah-Jafar... Rudaki, vol. 1 - 3, Tehran, 1310 - 19 p. g.x. (1931 - 40); T a l m a n R. O. and Yunusova A., Rudaki. Literature Index, Dushanbe, 1965. A. N. Boldyrev.

ORE

ore f Erz n 1a ore mining Erzgewinnung f ore deposits Erzvorkommen n 1d Synonyms: sinter ore, azurite, alquifuchs, anatase, argentite, bertrandite, bauxite, ...

Ore is poor- this is ore in which the content of a useful component (metal, mineral) is on the verge of standard; such ore requires beneficiation.

Ore rich- this is ore with a high, 2-3 times higher than the standard content of useful components (metal, mineral).

Swamp ore- formed by the deposition of brown iron ore (limonite) at the bottom of swamps in the form of concretions (beans), hard crusts and layers, see Legume ore.

Bean ore- this is an ore that has a bean-like structure, indicating the participation of colloidal, sometimes biochemical, processes in its formation; It can be of iron, manganese, aluminum (bauxite), sedimentary and eluvial origin. Most often this term is used in one of the varieties of brown iron ore (limonite) ores of sedimentary origin, usually deposited at the bottom of lakes (lake ores) and swamps (swamp ores); they consist of small round or bean-shaped formations, often concentrically shell-like in composition, loose or cemented by brown iron ore or clayey matter. Depending on the texture, bean ore, pea ore, and powdered ore are distinguished. Legume ores of sedimentary origin usually occur in the form of layers, interlayers and lenses. Legume ores of eluvial origin have an irregular, often pocket-like occurrence.

Breccia ore- with brecciated texture; the ore mineral can form either cement or breccia fragments.

Chipmunk ore- local, Siberian name for banded lead-zinc ore from polymetallic deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. Characterized by frequent alternation of thin stripes of sulfide minerals and carbonates. It is formed by selective replacement of crystalline limestones and banded dolomites with sphalerite and galena.

Boulder ore- consisting of boulders or fragments of a useful component (for example, brown iron ore, bauxite, phosphorite) and loose barren host rock.

Ore disseminated- consisting of a predominant, empty (host) rock in which ore minerals are more or less evenly distributed (interspersed) in the form of individual grains, clusters of grains and veinlets. Often such inclusions accompany large bodies of continuous ores along the edges, forming halos around them, and also form independent, often very large deposits, for example, deposits of porphyry interstitial (Cu) ores. synonym: Scattered ore.

Galmein ore- secondary zinc ore, consisting mainly of calamine and smithsonite. Characteristic of the oxidation zone of zinc deposits in carbonate rocks.

Pea ore- a variety of Bean ores.

Sod ore- loose, sometimes cemented, partly porous formations, consisting of clayey formations of limonite with an admixture of other iron oxide (Fe) hydrates and a variable amount of iron compounds with phosphoric, humic and silicic acids. The composition of turf ore also includes sand and clay. It is formed by subsoil waters rising to the surface with the participation of microorganisms in swamps and wet meadows and represents the second horizon of swamp and meadow soils. Synonym: meadow ore.

Nodular ore- represented by ore nodules. It is found among sedimentary iron (limonite), phosphorite and some other deposits.

Cockade ore (ringed)- with cockade texture. See the texture of the ores cockade

Complex ore- an ore with a complex composition, from which several metals or useful components are extracted or can be economically extracted, for example, copper-nickel ore, from which, in addition to nickel and copper, cobalt, platinum group metals, gold, silver, selenium can be extracted , tellurium, sulfur.

Meadow ore- a synonym for the term turf ore.

Massive ore- a synonym for the term solid ore.

Metal ore- ore in which the useful component is any metal used by industry. Contrasts with non-metallic ores, such as phosphorus, barite, etc.

Mylonitized ore- crushed and finely ground ore, sometimes with a parallel texture. It is formed in crushing zones and along thrust and fault planes.

Mint ore- accumulations of small cake-shaped concretions of iron oxides or iron and manganese oxides at the bottom of lakes; used as iron ore. Coin ores are confined to lakes of the taiga zone in areas of ancient eroded (destroyed) igneous rocks and widespread flat-undulating terrain with many swamps.

Lake ore- iron (limonite) ore deposited at the bottom of lakes. Similar to swamp ores. Distributed in lakes in the northern part of Russia. See legume ore.

Oxidized ore- ore of the near-surface part (oxidation zone) of sulfide deposits, resulting from the oxidation of primary ores.

Oolitic ore- consisting of small round concentric shell-like or radial-radiant formations, the so-called. oolites. Common structural type iron ores, in which the ore minerals are silicates from the chlorite group (chamoisite, thuringite) or siderite, hematite, limonite, sometimes magnetite, often present together, sometimes with a predominance of one of these minerals. The oolitic composition is also characteristic of the ores of many bauxite deposits.

Sedimentary ferruginous ore- see Sedimentary ferruginous rock

Smallpox ore- a type of disseminated magnetite ores in syenite rocks in the Urals. Local term.

Primary ore- not subject to later changes.

Recrystallized ore- undergone a transformation of the mineral composition, textures and structures during the processes of metamorphism without changing the chemical composition.

Polymetallic ore- containing lead, zinc and usually copper, and as permanent impurities silver, gold and often cadmium, indium, gallium and some other rare metals.

Banded ore- consisting of thin layers (strips) that differ significantly in composition, grain size or quantitative ratio of minerals.

Porphyry copper ore (or porphyry copper)- formation of sulfide disseminated and veinlet-disseminated copper and molybdenum-copper ores in highly silicified hypabyssal moderately acidic granitoid and subvolcanic porphyry intrusions and their host effusive, tuffogenic and metasomatic rocks. The ores are represented by pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, less commonly bornite, fahlores, and molybdenite. The copper content is usually low, on average 0.5-1%. In the absence or very low molybdenum content, they are developed only in zones of secondary sulfide enrichment, with a copper content of 0.8-1.5%. Increased contents molybdenum also makes it possible to develop copper ores of the primary zone. Due to the large size of the ore deposits, porphyry ores are one of the main industrial types of copper and molybdenum ores.

Naturally alloyed ore- laterite iron ore with a higher than usual content of nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium and other metals, which impart increased quality - alloying - to the cast iron smelted from such ores and its processing products (iron, steel).

Radioactive ore- contains metals of radioactive elements (uranium, radium, thorium)

Collapsible ore- from which, by manual disassembly or elementary enrichment (screening, washing, winnowing, etc.), a useful component can be isolated in a pure or highly concentrated form.

Ore scattered- synonymous with the term disseminated ore.

Ore ore- 1. Normal average ore of a given deposit, 2. Ore in the form in which it comes from the mine workings before mining or beneficiation. 3. Ordinary ore as opposed to the concept of collapsible ore.

Sooty ore- finely dispersed loose masses of black color, consisting of secondary oxides (tenorite) and copper sulfides - covellite and chalcocite, formed in the zone of secondary sulfide enrichment, and representing rich copper ore.

Ore ore- pieces (pieces) of ordinary rich ore that does not require beneficiation.

Some of the ore minerals

• Beryl, Be 3 Al(SiO 3) 6
• Chalcopyrite (copper pyrite), CuFeS 2

See also

• Ore deposit development system or

Literature

Geological Dictionary, T. 1. - M.: Nedra, 1978. - P. 193-194.

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See what “Ores” are in other dictionaries: Ore

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In addition to the well-known oil and gas, there are other equally important minerals. These include ores that are mined for ferrous and through processing. The presence of ore deposits is the wealth of any country.

What are ores?

Each of the natural sciences answers this question in its own way. Mineralogy defines ore as a set of minerals, the study of which is necessary to improve the processes of extracting the most valuable of them, and chemistry studies the elemental composition of ore in order to identify the qualitative and quantitative content of valuable metals in it.

Geology addresses the question: “What are ores?” from the point of view of the feasibility of their industrial use, since this science studies the structure and processes occurring in the bowels of the planet, the conditions for the formation of rocks and minerals, and the exploration of new mineral deposits. They are areas on the Earth's surface on which, as a result of geological processes, a sufficient amount of mineral formations has accumulated for industrial use.

Ore formation

Thus, to the question: “what are ores?” The most complete answer is this. Ore is a rock with an industrial content of metals in it. Only in this case does it have value. Metal ores are formed when the magma that contains their compounds cools. At the same time, they crystallize, distributed according to their atomic weight. The heaviest ones settle to the bottom of the magma and are separated into a separate layer. Other minerals form rocks, and the remaining hydrothermal fluid from the magma spreads into the voids. The elements contained in it solidify and form veins. Rocks, being destroyed under the influence of natural forces, are deposited at the bottom of reservoirs, forming sedimentary deposits. Depending on the composition of rocks, various metal ores are formed.

Iron ores

The types of these minerals vary significantly. What are ores, in particular iron ores? If the ore contains a sufficient amount of metal for industrial processing, it is called iron. They differ in origin, chemical composition, as well as the content of metals and impurities that may be beneficial. As a rule, these are associated non-ferrous metals, for example, chromium or nickel, but there are also harmful ones - sulfur or phosphorus.

The chemical composition is represented by its various oxides, hydroxides or carbon dioxide salts of iron oxide. The ores being mined include red, brown and magnetic iron ore, as well as iron luster - they are considered the richest and contain more than 50% metal. The poor are those in whom useful composition less - 25%.

Composition of iron ore

Magnetic iron ore is iron oxide. It contains more than 70% pure metal, but in deposits it is found together with and sometimes with zinc blende and other formations. considered the best ore in use. Iron luster also contains up to 70% iron. Red iron ore - iron oxide - is one of the sources of pure metal extraction. And brown analogues have up to 60% metal content and are found with impurities, sometimes harmful. They are hydrous iron oxide and accompany almost all iron ores. They are also convenient for their ease of extraction and processing, but the metal obtained from this type of ore is of low quality.

Based on the origin of iron ore deposits, they are divided into three large groups.

1. Endogenous, or magmatic. Their formation is due to geochemical processes occurring in the depths of the earth's crust and magmatic phenomena.
2. Exogenous, or surface, deposits were created as a result of processes occurring in the near-surface zone of the earth's crust, that is, at the bottom of lakes, rivers, and oceans.
3. Metamorphogenic deposits were formed at a sufficient depth from the earth's surface under the influence of high pressure and the same temperatures.

Iron ore reserves in the country

Russia is rich in various deposits. The largest in the world - it contains almost 50% of all world reserves. It was noted in this region already in the 18th century, but the development of deposits began only in the 30s of the last century. The ore reserves in this basin have a high content of pure metal, they are measured in billions of tons, and mining is carried out by open-pit or underground methods.

The Bakchar iron ore deposit, which is one of the largest in the country and the world, was discovered in the 60s of the last century. Its ore reserves with a concentration of pure iron up to 60% amount to about 30 billion tons.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is the Abagaskoe deposit - with magnetite ores. It was discovered back in the 30s of the last century, but its development began only half a century later. In Northern and Southern zones The basin is mined by open-pit mining, and the exact amount of reserves is 73 million tons.

Discovered back in 1856, the Abakan iron ore deposit is still active. At first, the development was carried out by opencast mining, and from the 60s of the 20th century - underground mining at a depth of up to 400 meters. The content of pure metal in the ore reaches 48%.

Nickel ores

What are nickel ores? The mineral formations that are used for the industrial production of this metal are called nickel ores. There are sulfide copper-nickel ores with a pure metal content of up to four percent and silicate nickel ores, the same figure being up to 2.9%. The first type of deposits is usually of the igneous type, and silicate ores are found in areas of the weathering crust.

The development of the nickel industry in Russia is associated with the development of their location in the Middle Urals in the mid-19th century. Almost 85% of sulfide deposits are concentrated in the Norilsk region. The deposits in Taimyr are the largest and most unique in the world in terms of the wealth of reserves and diversity of minerals; they contain 56 elements of the periodic table. The quality of nickel ores in Russia is not inferior to other countries; the advantage is that they contain additional rare elements.

About ten percent of nickel resources in sulfide deposits are concentrated on the Kola Peninsula, and on the Middle and Southern Urals silicate deposits are being developed.

The ores of Russia are characterized by the quantity and variety necessary for industrial use. However, at the same time, they are distinguished by complex natural conditions production, uneven distribution on the territory of the country, discrepancy between the region of resource location and population density.

, titanium, copper, lead, etc.) there are barite, graphite, asbestos, corundum, phosphate and other similar ores that are classified as non-metallic minerals. Extracted from ores and used in national economy more than 80 chemical elements.

There are mono- and polymineral ores, consisting of respectively. from one or more minerals All ores have a complex and often heterogeneous composition. According to the ratio of useful (ore) and other non-industrial. valuable minerals are distinguished by solid and disseminated ores. The first consist primarily of from ore minerals; for example, iron ores can consist almost entirely of magnetite. In disseminated ores, useful minerals are distributed in the form of so-called. phenocrysts, which can make up 20-60% of the ground mass.

R oud is called simple or complex if the corresponding oud is extracted from it. one or several useful components. Complex ores often contain impurities of rare metals, for example: in bauxite - Ga, La and Sc, in iron ores

Minimum content of valuable components, which is economically feasible for industry. extraction, as well as the permissible max. content of harmful impurities, called prom. condition. They depend on the forms of occurrence of useful components in ores, technol. methods of its extraction and processing.

With the improvement of the latter, the assessment of the ores of a particular deposit changes.

Thus, in 1955, iron ore with an iron content of at least 60% was mined in Krivoy Rog, and subsequently ores containing 25-30% iron began to be used. The higher the value of the metal, the less it can be. reserves of its ores in the deposit and lower its content in ores (Table 1). This especially applies to rare, radioactive and noble metals. For example, scandium is obtained from ores with a content of approx. 0.002%, gold and platinum at a content of 0.0005%.

The ever-expanding needs of industry force us to bring into production more and more new types of ores that have never been used before. The complexity of the use of traditional ores is increasing.

R ouds are characterized by a variety of structures and textures. The structure of the ore is determined by the structure of the mineral. aggregates, i.e. shape, size and method of combination of individual grains that make up a given aggregate. There are 13 structural groups: uniform-grained, uneven-grained, lamellar, fibrous, zonal, crystallographically oriented, close accretion, fringing, replacement, crushing, collomorphic, spherulitic and detrital.

Each group is divided into different. number of species.

The texture of the ore is space.