The state of ciliates shoes in winter. The structure and reproduction of ciliates-shoes
Infusoria-shoe belongs to the type of Infusoria, which belongs to the Protozoa (single-celled eukaryotes). Often ciliates-shoes are called several similar species. Characteristic features of all ciliates are the presence of cilia (which are the organs of movement) and the more complex structure of their cell-organism compared to other protozoa (for example, amoeba and euglena).
The ciliate shoe lives in freshwater, usually polluted, reservoirs. Cell sizes from 0.2 to 0.6 mm. The shape of the body is similar to the sole of a shoe. At the same time, the front end, with which the ciliate swims forward, is the “heel of the shoe”; and "toe" is the back end.
The body of the ciliate shoe is surrounded by cilia. In the figures and diagrams, cilia are shown only around the cell. In fact, they pass in a kind of strands throughout the body (i.e., also from above and below, which we do not see in a flat figure).
The cell moves due to the wave-like contractions of the cilia (each next in a row bends a little later than the previous one). In this case, each eyelash moves sharply in one direction, after which it slowly returns to its place. The speed of movement of the infusoria is about 2 mm per second.
Eyelashes are attached to basal bodies. At the same time, half of them do not have cilia. Basal bodies with and without cilia alternate.
The outer part of the cytoplasm (under the cell membrane) has structures that allow the ciliate shoe to maintain its shape. This part of the cytoplasm is called cytoskeleton.
The membrane has trichocysts, which are sticks that are thrown out and “sting” predators attacking ciliates-shoes.
The ciliate-shoe cell has a rather deep cavity (as if the membrane is concave inside the cell). This education is called cell mouth, passing into cell throat. They are surrounded by longer and thicker cilia that drive food into them. Most often, food is bacteria, unicellular algae. Infusoria find them by the substances they secrete.
Separated from the cell pharynx digestive vacuoles. Each such vacuole, after its formation, first passes to the back of the cell, then moves to the front, and then back to the back. This movement is provided by the constant movement of the cytoplasm. Lysosomes and various enzymes approach the digestive vacuole, nutrients in the vacuoles are broken down and enter the cytoplasm. When the digestive vacuole goes around the circle and returns to the back of the cell, its contents will be thrown out through powder.
Infusoria-shoes have two contractile vacuoles. One is in the front of the cage, the other is in the back. These vacuoles are more complex than those of euglena. It consists of a central reservoir and tubules extending from it. Excess water and harmful substances first end up in the tubules, after which they go to the reservoirs. The filled reservoirs are separated from the tubules and the solution is ejected through the surface of the cell, contracting. The vacuoles contract one by one.
The infusoria-shoe breathes with oxygen dissolved in water. However, with oxygen deficiency, it can switch to an oxygen-free way of breathing.
Ciliates-shoes reproduce by cell division in two. Unlike the green euglena, the parent cell is divided not along, but across (that is, one child cell receives the back of the parent cell, and the other receives the front, after which they complete the missing parts).
In addition to asexual reproduction, ciliates have a sexual process. With it, there is no increase in the number of individuals, but there is an exchange of genetic information.
Infusoria-shoes have two nuclei - large (macronucleus) and small (micronucleus). The macronucleus is polyploden (it contains several sets of chromosomes). Micronucleus diploden. The macronucleus is responsible for controlling the vital activity of the cell. On the DNA contained in it, RNA is synthesized, which is responsible for the synthesis of proteins. The micronucleus is responsible for the sexual process.
During the sexual process, two ciliates-shoes approach each other from the side of the cell mouths. A cytoplasmic bridge is formed between the cells. At this time, in each cell, the macronucleus dissolves, and the micronucleus divides by meiosis. The result is four haploid nuclei. Three of them dissolve, and the rest is divided by mitosis. The result is two haploid nuclei. One of the bottom remains in its cell, and the other goes through the cytoplasmic bridge into another ciliate. One of its haploid nuclei moves from the second ciliate. Further, two nuclei merge in each cell (one of its own and one of another). The already formed diploid nucleus (micronucleus) then divides, forming a macronucleus.
Yesterday, not far from the garden, I scooped up water in a shallow swamp. I chose a place as dark and smelly as possible in order to catch more living creatures. The main target was small crustaceans, such as daphnia and cyclops. When I examined a drop of this water in more detail, I saw very small and nimble organisms. In addition to the shell with moving cilia, large organelles of brown and green color were clearly visible inside. The basic shape of these small organisms was elliptical, but at some turns a profile resembling a shoeprint was clearly visible. Yes, that's for sure infusoria, perhaps even of the genus paramecium (ciliates-shoes, paramecium). The video clearly shows how they swarm next to pieces of silt, trying to drive bacteria and other small organic matter down their throats with pulsating cilia. In the video presented, the first half-minute was shot at a low magnification, and the ciliates look like small swarming dots, and then the magnification is several times stronger, and their shape can be seen in detail.
Ciliates, or ciliary (lat. Ciliophora) - a type of protozoan from the Alveolata group. The shape of the body of ciliates can be varied, the sizes of single forms are from 10 microns to 4.5 mm. They live in the seas and fresh water bodies as part of benthos and plankton, some species live in interstitials, soil and mosses. The name "infusoria" comes from lat. infusum ("tincture") at the place of the initial discovery of the protozoa - in herbal tinctures.
Paramecia, or shoe ciliates (lat. Paramecium) is a genus of ciliates, including several hundred species, including many twin species. The body length of various representatives ranges from 50 to 350 micrometers. Shoe-shaped cells (hence the popular name - "infusoria-shoes"). They usually live in fresh rivers and ponds.
The paramecium cell consists of a rigid pellicle, i.e. the plasma membrane with an underlying layer of flat vacuoles (alveoli), which surrounds the cellular contents - the cytoplasm. The surface is covered with hair-like structures - cilia, with the help of which paramecia swim. The light outer layer of the cytoplasm (ectoplasm) contains spindle-shaped structures called trichocysts. When a strong stimulus acts on paramecium or an attack by another organism, trichocysts “shoot” long protein filaments from the cell. Perhaps this is a defense mechanism.
The granular inner cytoplasm (endoplasm) contains one large nucleus (macronucleus), one or more small nuclei (micronuclei), digestive vacuoles, and two contractile vacuoles. On the side of the cell is the oral cavity. The wave-like beats of the cilia lining it drive the food particles deep into the “throat”. At the end of it, a digestive vacuole is formed at the level of the endoplasm. It separates from the pharynx, migrates along a certain route in the cytoplasm, digesting the material, then throws out undigested residues through a certain surface area behind the oral cavity, called the anal pore, and at the same time is destroyed.
Paramecia feed on protozoa, bacteria and algae. Metabolic waste is removed diffusely across the entire surface of the cell, and contractile vacuoles (one at each end of the paramecium) regulate its water content.
Asexual reproduction of paramecium occurs by dividing in two. First, the nuclei are divided. Then a transverse constriction is formed on the cell, which deepens and divides it into two daughter cells, identical to each other and to the mother. The sexual process is called conjugation and reproduction itself is not. Two cells of the same species are connected by a temporary cytoplasmic bridge, exchange the copied material of micronuclei and diverge.
In some species, endomixis is observed: a complete restructuring of the nuclear apparatus inside the cell, when the macronucleus is destroyed, and the micronucleus divides and restores it from its material. In both cases, several cell divisions usually occur immediately after nuclear reorganization.
other presentations on the topic "Infusoria slipper"
"Type of Ciliates" - They are found all over the world, coming across in fresh and sea waters. They reproduce by division. When the body contracts, the stalk also contracts and twists spirally. The entoplasm contains a ribbon-like macronucleus with an adjacent spherical micronucleus. After several generations, a sexual process occurs in the life cycle of ciliates.
"Flagellar protozoa" - Collared flagellates - possible ancestors of multicellular animals. Nutrition. A group of protozoa. Flagella. Reproduction. Protozoa. Shell. Some flagellates form colonies. All flagellates have at least one flagellum (some have thousands). Primitive complexity. The flagellate cell is dressed in a thin outer shell or chitinous shell.
"Type of Ciliates" - Suvoyka. Reproduction is repeated 1 - 2 times a day. The macronucleus has a polyploid set of chromosomes and regulates metabolic processes. They are found all over the world, caught in fresh and marine waters. They reproduce by division. type of infusoria. Cysts are spherical. When the body contracts, the stalk also contracts and twists spirally.
"Variety of protozoa" - Subtype Flagellates. Complex life cycle. There are 70 thousand species of Protozoa. The role of Protozoa in the life of nature and man is significant. When did the Protozoa appear on Earth? Variety of Protozoa. What types of Protozoa do you know? variety of protozoa. Type of spores. Types of Protozoa. What is the name of the protozoan that causes Amoebiasis?
"Biology Grade 7 Protozoa" - Trypanosomes - the causative agents of human sleeping sickness. The movement is carried out with the help of pseudopods, the body flows from one part to another. Type Sarcoflagellate Class Sarcodaceae (Rhizopods). Most are inhabitants of the seas, fresh water bodies, soil. What are the signs of animals and the signs of plants? Shell roots.
"Test protozoa" - Breathes the entire surface of the body. Ciliates are complex protozoa. Subkingdom Protozoa. Chloroplasts. Microscopic dimensions Unicellular. The structure of Euglena green. Signs of a plant The ability to photosynthesis in the light. Pseudopods. On the light Class Flagellates. Isolation Removal of excess water.
Scientists believe that in the course of evolution, ciliates descended from ancient primitive flagellates. Representatives of this type are balantidia, trumpeter, infusoria-shoe. Some species can lead a solitary mobile lifestyle. There are attached, sometimes colonial forms.
Ciliates can have a stem and be deprived of it, contractible and armored. But all microorganisms belonging to this type have certain features that are unique to this group of animals.
This is the presence of cilia for movement and capture of food, two types of nuclei, the course of the sexual process in the form of conjugation. The shoe Infusoria (Infusoria) are unicellular animals belonging to the type of protozoan, microscopically small creatures, which has about 8 thousand species. Of all the simplest ciliates, they have the most complex structure. The shoe ciliate belongs to the phylum Infusoria, and the species Paramecium Caudatum.
The sizes of ciliates-shoes range from 0.1 to 0.35 mm. It got its name from the shape of its body. The outer layer of its cytoplasm is dense, due to which the constant shape of the ciliate body is preserved. Infusoria feed mainly on bacteria and microalgae, digesting and passing them through themselves with the help of the digestive vacuole formed in the cytoplasm. Small food particles enter the body of the ciliates through the mouth opening (which is always open), and accumulate there.
After that, the food makes a complex path in the body of the ciliate, along which the digestive process is carried out. The entire body of the ciliate is covered with longitudinal rows of small cilia, with the help of which the ciliate shoe moves, making wave-like movements with them. The infusoria shoe is quite mobile. The speed of its movement is such that in 1 second it overcomes
a distance exceeding the length of her body by 10-15 times. The habitat of the shoe ciliates is any freshwater body of water with stagnant water and the presence of decaying organic substances in the water. It can even be detected in an aquarium by taking samples of water with silt and examining them under a microscope.
Infusoria Paramecium Caudatum is a very popular (starter) food for fry of most aquarium fish species. And for some (gourami) and irreplaceable. According to the analysis, the ciliate shoe contains 6.8% of dry matter, of which 58.1% is protein, 31.7% is fat, and 3.4% is ash.
BREEDING IN HOME CONDITIONS
There are many ways to breed shoes, on banana peels, on hay, on milk, on dried lettuce leaves and on baker's yeast, etc.
For myself, I chose the simplest, on a banana peel, or on milk. Some of these products I always had on hand.
Let me explain what the difference is.
On milk, the culture of shoes multiplies and develops more quickly, but also disappears quickly enough. On a banana peel (which needs just a little S = 1-3 cm2), the culture lives longer, but it also takes longer to breed, but there is a huge plus, there may not be milk in the house, and the peel of a ripe banana needs to be dried and can be used quite for a long time.
Any living being, even a single-celled one, needs food. No exception and infusoria-shoe. The nutrient medium for it are microorganisms. This means that it is required to prepare an environment where they will be in sufficient numbers. Take any container and pour aquarium water into it. Try to collect it closer to the surface where the plants come out. Almost every aquarium with a formed biological structure already has its ciliates, even if there are not many of them yet.
Both cultures should be kept in the sun for at least a week (if longer, then even better). The optimal time for the growth of ciliates, thus, is summer. When the water turns dark, this is a sign that a bacterial colony has developed. Next, infusoria come into play. . You can track their appearance even without microscopes and magnifying glasses: the water should turn pinkish.
Everything worked out? You can propagate the colony by taking another container with a similar bacterial culture and adding some water from the first one. Fry need to be fed literally with drops of water from the tank where ciliates live. If you add more food than the fry can eat, then the shoes will simply die, and their decay products will poison the water. Of course, it is better to start everything with water from an open reservoir, where there are much more ciliates. And in any case, it is advisable to have a microscope in order to assess the content of microorganisms accurately.
HAY INfusion BREEDING
As food for ciliates, you can use hay infusion, dried peels of banana, pumpkin, melon, yellow swede, sliced carrots, fish feed pellets, milk, dried lettuce, pieces of liver, yeast, algae, i.e. those substances that are either directly consumed by shoes (yeast, algae), or are a substrate for the development of bacteria.
When using hay, take 10 g of it and place it in 1 liter of water, boil for 20 minutes, then filter and dilute with an equal amount or two-thirds of settled water. During boiling, all microorganisms die, but bacterial spores remain. After 2 - 3 days, hay sticks develop from spores, which serve as food for ciliates. As needed, the infusion is added to the culture. The infusion is stored in a cool place for a month. .
The easiest way is to dilute the shoes in skimmed, boiled or condensed (without sugar) milk : it is introduced into the culture 1 - 2 drops per 1 liter) once a week. Shoes use lactic acid bacteria.
When using the above feeds, it is important not to overdose on nutrition. Otherwise, rapidly multiplying bacteria will leave the ciliates without oxygen. When ciliates are grown on bacteria, they have positive phototaxis, i.e. yearn for the light.
You can breed ciliates on stagedesmus and chlorella algae. Good results can be achieved when cultivating ciliates with weak blowing, when 1 granule of carp compound feed is added per 1 liter of algae. Ciliates fed with algae have negative phototaxis: they tend to darkness. This property of them can be used when feeding unloved fish larvae.
Use the culture of ciliates, as a rule, no longer than 20 days. To maintain the culture at all times, it is charged in two cans at weekly intervals, with each can being recharged every two weeks. For long-term storage of ciliates culture, it is placed in a refrigerator and stored at a temperature of + 3°- + 10°C.
Recently, quite by accident, I discovered another way to obtain a shoe culture. After the siphon of the aquarium, I drained the water from the sediment and poured it into three plastic 2-liter bottles, put them on the balcony, in the sun (I needed “green” water to feed the caught daphnia for a week). I used two for their intended purpose, but I didn’t have time for the third - the brilliant green settled. This always happens if you do not add fresh water - microalgae “eat away” all organic matter and trace elements and die.
So, when the “brilliant green” precipitated, the bottle turned out to be just an awesome amount of ciliates, large, well-fed, everything was like a selection. And, by the way, without any top dressing, the culture kept for more than a week - on the rotting remains of microalgae.
The infusoria-shoe lives in small stagnant reservoirs. This single-celled animal, 0.5 mm long, has a spindle-shaped body, vaguely resembling a shoe. Ciliates are constantly in motion, swimming with a blunt end forward. The speed of movement of this animal reaches 2.5 mm per second. On the surface of the body they have organelles of movement - cilia. There are two nuclei in the cell: a large nucleus is responsible for nutrition, respiration, movement, metabolism; the small nucleus is involved in the sexual process.
The structure of the shoe infusoria
The organism of ciliates is more complicated. The thin elastic shell that covers the outside of the ciliate maintains a constant shape of its body. This is also facilitated by well-developed supporting fibrils, which are located in the cytoplasm layer adjacent to the shell. About 15,000 oscillating cilia are located on the surface of the body of the ciliate. At the base of each cilium lies a basal body. The movement of each eyelash consists of a sharp stroke in one direction and a slower, smoother return to its original position. The cilia vibrate about 30 times per second and, like oars, push the infusoria forward. The wave-like movement of the cilia is coordinated. When the ciliate-shoe swims, it slowly rotates around the longitudinal axis of the body.
Life processes
Nutrition
Slipper and some other free-living ciliates feed on bacteria and algae.
The reaction of ciliates-shoes to food
Thin elastic shell, ( cell membrane) covering the ciliate from the outside, retains a constant body shape. About 15 thousand cilia are located on the surface of the body. On the body there is a recess - a cellular mouth, which passes into a cellular pharynx. At the bottom of the pharynx, food enters the digestive vacuole. In the digestive vacuole, food is digested within an hour, first with an acidic and then with an alkaline reaction. Digestive vacuoles move in the body of the ciliates by the current of the cytoplasm. Undigested residues are thrown out at the posterior end of the body through a special structure - powder, located behind the mouth opening.
Breath
Breathing occurs through the integument of the body. Oxygen enters the cytoplasm through the entire surface of the body and oxidizes complex organic substances, as a result of which they turn into water, carbon dioxide and some other compounds. At the same time, energy is released, which is necessary for the life of the animal. Carbon dioxide is removed through the entire surface of the body during respiration.
Selection
In the body of ciliates-shoes there are two contractile vacuoles, which are located at the anterior and posterior ends of the body. They collect water with dissolved substances formed during the oxidation of complex organic substances. Having reached the limit value, the contractile vacuoles approach the surface of the body, and their contents pour out. In freshwater unicellular animals, excess water is removed through contractile vacuoles, which constantly enters their body from the environment.
Irritability
Ciliates-shoes gather to clusters of bacteria in response to the action of the substances they secrete, but swim away from such an irritant as table salt.
Irritability is a property of all living organisms to respond to the actions of stimuli - light, heat, moisture, chemicals, mechanical influences. Due to irritability, unicellular animals avoid adverse conditions, find food, individuals of their year.
reproduction
asexual
Ciliates usually reproduce asexually by dividing in two. The nuclei are divided into two parts, and each new ciliate contains one large and one small nucleus. Each of the two daughters receives part of the organelles, while the others are formed anew.
Reproduction of ciliates-shoes
sexual
With a lack of food or a change in temperature, ciliates go to sexual reproduction, and then can turn into a cyst.
During the sexual process, an increase in the number of individuals does not occur. Two ciliates are temporarily connected to each other. At the point of contact, the shell dissolves, and a connecting bridge is formed between the animals. The large nucleus of each ciliate disappears. The small nucleus divides twice. In each ciliate, four daughter nuclei are formed. Three of them are destroyed, and the fourth is divided again. As a result, two cores remain in each. Nuclear exchange occurs along the cytoplasmic bridge, and there it merges with the remaining nucleus. The newly formed nuclei form a large and small nucleus, and the ciliates diverge. This sexual process is called conjugation. It lasts about 12 hours. The sexual process leads to renewal, exchange between individuals and redistribution of hereditary (genetic) material, which increases the viability of organisms.
Life cycle of ciliates-shoes
