ARVI is an acute respiratory viral infection, which is based on inflammatory processes. They arise due to the penetration of viruses into the respiratory system. ARVI usually includes: adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza and influenza infections. All these diseases are accompanied by moderate intoxication of the body. As a result, the patient experiences symptoms in the form of fever, aches in the muscle structures, pain in the head and throat, cough, runny nose and nasal congestion. If a patient ignores the signs of the disease and does not begin the treatment process, he risks complications after ARVI.

A complication is usually called a pathological process that manifests itself as a result of an untreated disease or untimely treatment. Adverse consequences result from several factors. This includes.

• Violation of the treatment process or regimen.
• Ignoring the disease. The patient does not begin treatment, or suffers the disease on his legs.
• Incorrectly prescribed treatment or self-medication.
• Premature discontinuation of medications at the slightest improvement.
• Severely weakened immune function.
• Physiological characteristics of the patient. For example, a deviated nasal septum.

ARVI is one of the types of colds, against the background of which many serious complications arise. When adverse consequences develop, a person exposes himself to danger. They lead to surgery, paralysis or death.

Diagnosis of complications after ARVI

Unfortunately, when a patient does not follow the doctor’s recommendations or does not begin treatment, he himself leads to the development of complications. To determine their presence, you need to visit a doctor. After conducting an examination and listening to complaints, the doctor will prescribe an examination, which includes the following.

1. Donating blood for general and biochemical analysis.
2. Submission of urine for general analysis.
3. Carrying out ultrasound examination.
4. Carrying out electrocardiography.
5. Conducting an X-ray examination.
6. Taking a swab from the mouth and nasal cavity to determine the infection.
7. Consultation with a neurologist and otolaryngologist.

Only after the examination will it be possible to understand the presence of a complication. After this, a treatment regimen will be prescribed, which will necessarily include antibiotics.

Possible complications after ARVI

Many patients do not think about what complications of ARVI may arise in those who suffer from a viral infection. In practice, complications are usually divided into two types.

• Respiratory disease.
• Diseases of internal organs.

Often complications after ARVI in adults and children affect the respiratory system.

By nature, the consequences are divided into the following types.

• Viral. The virus infects tissues that were not previously affected. This includes meningitis or viral pneumonia.
• Bacterial. In such a situation, a secondary infection occurs. These include bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, and acute tonsillitis.
• Toxic. Internal organs are damaged by microbial waste products.
• Autoimmune. The damage is caused by the immune system itself, since antibodies perceive foreign cells as their own.

Consequences of ARVI on the respiratory system

Complications of ARVI are often observed that affect the respiratory system. They are bacterial in nature. These include:

1. Acute tonsillitis. This disease is popularly called angina. Affects the area of ​​the pharynx and tonsils. The disease occurs due to hypothermia of the throat when inhaling cold air, eating ice cream and activating bacteria. The main symptoms of the disease include:
   temperature rise to 39-40 degrees;
   severe pain in the throat that occurs when swallowing and talking;
   loss of voice;
   formation of whitish or yellowish plaque.
   In this case, tonsillitis can cause severe complications in the form of myocarditis, pyelonephritis and rheumatism.
2. Sinusitis and sinusitis. The disease affects the paranasal sinuses, which are located in the cheeks and forehead. If during ARVI in adults and children the olfactory function has disappeared, the head hurts severely and pressure appears in the eyes, then these are sure symptoms that the patient is developing sinusitis. If the disease is acute, the patient will experience an increase in temperature to 38-39 degrees. In chronic cases, the temperature remains within normal limits. Sinusitis is dangerous because the inflammatory process can spread to the nearest membranes, where the ear, eyes and brain are located. It is worth noting that sinusitis does not always cause a runny nose. The patient may have a stuffy nose, and mucus accumulates inside the sinuses and does not come out due to the resulting plug.
3. Inflammatory process in the lower part of the respiratory system in the form of bronchitis and pneumonia. After a cold, a cough can persist for up to two to three weeks. Recovery is indicated by sputum coming out of the bronchi. If this does not happen or pus appears, then you should immediately consult a doctor.
4. Chronic rhinitis or nasopharyngitis. These diseases indicate the formation of an inflammatory process in the nasal cavity and pharynx. Manifests itself in the form of frequent runny nose and cough in the morning.

Consequences of ARVI on other organs

If ARVI is severely advanced, the complication can also affect internal organs. The most common ones include the following.

1. Otitis. The inflammatory process occurs in the ear. It can be external, middle and internal. It is quite easy to recognize the disease by frequently occurring pain in the ear area. The disease appears seven to fourteen days after a cold or flu. In this case, otitis media is characterized by symptoms such as:
   severe pain in the ear;
   shooting pain;
   hearing impairment;
   temperature rises to 38 degrees;
   formation of pus and crusts.
2. Nephritis, pyelonephritis. ARVI can spread to the kidneys. This complication occurs if the patient does not comply with the drinking regime and, as a result, the infection begins to spread in the kidneys. In this case, the patient experiences symptoms such as:
   pain in the lumbar region;
   swelling of the facial area and limbs;
   frequent urination, which causes severe pain.
   First of all, the kidneys need to be given a little rest. To do this, you should purchase special herbal tea and take a warm warming bath. If the patient's temperature rises and the urine becomes cloudier, this indicates pyelonephritis. Then you need to urgently consult a doctor.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis. The disease affects a person's joints, as a result of which he may have pain in his legs or knees. After some time, rheumatoid arthritis ceases to be a banal complication on the legs. The disease begins to affect the heart, kidneys and lungs.
4. Neuroinfection. This type of disease is considered the most dangerous. Neuroinfection affects the meninges and nerve tissue. The inflammatory process can lead to paralysis or death. The main symptoms include:
   dizziness;
   lethargy;
   constant headaches;
   temperature within 37.5 degrees, which lasts for a long time.

The concept of a temperature tail after ARVI

In medicine, there is such a thing as a temperature tail. After suffering from acute respiratory viral infection, the temperature may remain within 37-37.5 degrees for several days or weeks. In this case, other symptoms are completely absent. It is worth noting that the temperature tail is not an adverse effect. But it completely disappears only after ten to fourteen days.

But you need to remember that a slightly elevated temperature may indicate that there is a sluggish infectious process in the body.

Therefore, it will not be a bad idea to visit a doctor.

If the patient’s temperature, on the contrary, is very low and stays within 35.5-36 degrees, then this indicates that the immune function is greatly weakened. The body simply does not have enough vitamins to improve its condition. The patient needs to be introduced to a special fortified diet and take vitamin complexes. It is also worth thinking about maintaining a healthy lifestyle, carrying out hardening procedures and exercises. Martynova A.N. -

Honored Worker of Physical Culture and Sports of the Russian Federation
TIMELINE FOR RESUMPTION OF PHYSICAL CLASSES

The state of a person’s health and his resistance to diseases are associated with the reserve capabilities of the body, the level of its protective forces, which determine resistance to adverse external influences. The increasing incidence among young people is an expression of physical detraining, which develops as a result of limited physical activity. A growing body especially needs muscle activity, therefore, insufficient physical activity, uncompensated by the necessary volume and intensity of physical activity, leads to the development of a number of diseases.

Physical exercise has a beneficial effect on all body systems. They contribute to the formation of correct posture, develop strength, agility, speed, endurance, and increase the body's resistance to fatigue. Students who engage in physical exercise have higher physical and mental performance. Thanks to the influence of physical exercise on the central nervous system, it is expressed in increasing the strength and balance of nervous processes, the body quickly adapts to new types of work, to a new environment.

Teenagers who have suffered from any illness and find themselves deprived of active physical education for a long time find themselves in a particularly difficult situation.

A complete cessation of exercise can only be temporary. The timing of the resumption of physical education and sports after illnesses and injuries is determined by the doctor individually for each student, taking into account all clinical data (the severity of the nature of the disease or injury, the degree of functional impairment (which was caused by the disease or injury). Gender and age are also taken into account , compensatory abilities of the body and other individual characteristics.

The timing for resuming physical activity after acute and infectious diseases is listed below.

ANGINA (catarrhal, follicular, lacunar). Signs of recovery: absence of inflammation in the pharynx (redness, swelling, etc.) and pain when swallowing; normal temperature for at least 2 days; satisfactory general condition. Physical education can begin after 6-7 days, training after 12-14 days, participation in competitions after 20-22 days. Caution is required when engaging in winter sports (skiing, skating) and swimming due to the danger of sudden cooling of the body.

SOLISH PHLEGMONOSIS Signs of recovery: satisfactory health, absence of painful phenomena in the pharynx and cervical lymph nodes; normal temperature for at least 7 days; almost complete restoration of normal body weight. Physical education classes - after 14-15 days, training - after 20-21 days, participation in competitions - after 30-35 days. When admitting to competitions, pay special attention to the state of the cardiovascular system. Functional tests are required.

APPENDICITIS: a) acute. Signs of recovery: satisfactory health, normal temperature for at least 10 days; absence of pain and tension of the abdominal wall in the area of ​​the appendix upon palpation. Physical education classes - after 7-10 days, training - after 14-18 days, participation in competitions - after 25-30 days. Surgery is recommended, as there is no guarantee against a new attack.

b) after surgery. Signs of recovery: good (painless, mobile) postoperative scar; painless tension in the abdominal muscles. Physical education classes - after 10-15 days, training - after 20-25 days, participation in competitions - after 30-40 days. Jumping, lifting weights and exercises on gymnastic apparatus should be limited.

• ACUTE, INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS. ACUTE CATARH OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. Signs of recovery: satisfactory general condition; normal temperature; no cough; absence of wheezing in the lungs. Physical education classes - after 6-8 days, training - after 10-12 days, participation in competitions - after 14-16 days. Beware of sharp and especially sudden cooling of the respiratory tract when performing physical exercises.

  CHICKEN POX. Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal temperature for at least 7 days; absence of painful phenomena in the respiratory tract; joints and skin. Physical education classes - after 7-8 days, training - after 10-12 days, participation in competitions - after 16-18 days.

  FRONTITIS SINUSITIS. Signs of recovery: normal temperature for at least 14 days; complete disappearance of pain and discomfort in the affected areas. Physical education classes - after 8-9 days, training - after 16-18 days, participation in competitions - after 20-25 days. Particular caution is required when practicing winter sports and gradual hardening.

  PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (catarrhal and croupous). Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal temperature for at least 14 days; no cough; normal data on auscultation and percussion. Physical education classes - after 12-14 days, training - after 18-20 days, participation in competitions - after 25-30 days. With prolonged catarrhal inflammation and severe forms of lobar inflammation, the time period increases by two to three weeks.

GASTROENTERITIS and other acute disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Signs of recovery: Disappearance of all painful phenomena (pain, nausea, diarrhea, etc.) Physical education - after 2-3 days, training - after 5-6 days, participation in competitions - after 10-12 days. Pay special attention to strict adherence to the diet.

FLU: a) catarrhal, gastrointestinal and nervous forms, mild and moderate severity (increased temperature for no more than 4 days, absence of pronounced local phenomena). Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal temperature for at least 5 days; complete absence of painful symptoms in the respiratory tract, heart, gastrointestinal tract and other organs; satisfactory result of functional tests of the cardiovascular system. Physical education classes - after 4-5 days, training - after 6-8 days, participation in competitions - after 10-12 days;

B) more severe forms (fever for more than 5 days, disorders of individual organs, as well as pronounced phenomena of general intoxication). Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal temperature for at least 7 days; other symptoms are similar to mild forms of influenza; satisfactory result of functional tests of the cardiovascular system. Physical education classes - after 10-12 days, training - after 18-20 days, participation in competitions - after 30-40 days. When admitted to competitions, it is necessary to examine the cardiovascular system and conduct functional tests.

DYSENTERY. Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal stool for at least 15 days; a good appetite; close to natural normal weight; satisfactory result of functional tests of the cardiovascular system. Physical education classes - after 14-16 days, training - after 20-25 days, participation in competitions - after 30-35 days. Systematic monitoring of the well-being of the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract is necessary.

DIPHTHERIA. Signs of recovery: normal temperature for at least 15 days; good health; complete disappearance of painful phenomena in the gland area; absence of pathological changes in urine. Physical education classes - after 30-35 days, training - after 40-50 days, participation in competitions - after 60-75 days. Medical observation for 2-3 months. Systematic monitoring of heart activity. Special care and gradual loading in classes are required. Control urine tests are required.

MEASLES. Signs of recovery: normal temperature for at least 7 days; normal bowel function; complete absence of skin rash. Physical education classes - after 14-16 days, training - after 20-21 days, participation in competitions - after 25-30 days.

KIDNEY INFLAMMATION (acute nephritis). Signs of recovery: feeling good; no swelling; absence of protein and formed elements in the urine during three repeated examinations every 5 days. Physical education classes - after 30-35 days, training - after 40-50 days, participation in competitions - after 60-90 days. Systematic medical supervision is required. Repeated urine tests are required after 2-3 workouts over a period of two to three months.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES that do not cause sharp painful phenomena and restrictions on movement (scabies, lichen, etc.) The moment of complete recovery is determined by the attending physician and is characterized by a complete absence of manifestations of the disease and relapses for 8-15 days. Physical education classes - after 5-6 days, training - after 7-10 days, participation in competitions - after 15-20 days.

ACUTE EXPANSION OF THE HEART (due to sports or other stress). Signs of recovery: satisfactory health, no shortness of breath when moving; restoration of normal heart sizes, clean, clear tones, satisfactory results of functional tests of the cardiovascular system. Physical education classes - after 30-45 days, training - after 60-75 days, participation in competitions - after 90-120 days. Systematic medical and pedagogical supervision is required (in the doctor’s office and in physical education classes).

OTITIS (acute). Signs of recovery: Normal temperature for at least 5 days; absence of painful phenomena. Physical education classes - after 14-16 days, training - after 20-25 days, participation in competitions - after 30-40 days. Special caution is required when swimming.

PLEURITIS: a) dry. Signs of recovery: normal temperature for at least 20 days; satisfactory health; absence of painful symptoms in the lungs and bronchi; restoration of normal weight. Physical education classes - after 14-16 days, training - after 20-24 days, participation in competitions - after 30-35 days. Hardening is recommended. Avoid colds.

b) exudative. Signs of recovery: no signs of effusion in the pleura. Physical education classes - after 40-50 days, training - after 60-80 days, participation in competitions - after 90-105 days. Hardening is recommended, avoiding colds.

ACUTE RHEUMATISM. Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal temperature for at least 30 days; complete absence of deformities and pain in the joints during movements; absence of painful phenomena in the heart area. Physical education classes - after 6-8 months, training - after 1-1.5 years, participation in competitions - after 2-2.5 years. After 3-4 months, therapeutic exercises in special groups are possible. Special care and gradual training are required. If the disease occurs in winter, it is advisable not to start training until summer.

CONCUSSION. Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; complete absence of headaches and dizziness, both at rest and during movement (at least 15 days); normal reflexes. Physical education classes - after 20-25 days, training - after 30-40 days, participation in competitions - after 60-90 days. For six months, training associated with sudden shaking of the body (ski jumping, football, acrobatics, etc.), as well as boxing, karate, and wrestling, are excluded.

SCARLET FEVER. Signs of recovery: satisfactory health; normal temperature for at least 20 days; complete absence of skin peeling; absence of pathological changes in urine. Physical education classes - after 30-40 days, training - after 50-60 days; participation in competitions – in 75-80 days. Special care and gradual loading in classes are required. A urine test is required before starting training and after one of the first classes.

The issue of admission to physical education and sports for students who have suffered severe forms of lung, heart, liver diseases, residual effects of polio, and the consequences of various injuries to the musculoskeletal system is decided individually by specialist doctors.

The approximate dates for the resumption of physical education classes for students of educational institutions of the main medical group are presented in this table:

• • • • • Table No. 1

Name of disease (injury)

Appointment dates

Note

Angina

In 2-3 weeks

To resume classes, an additional medical examination is required. Avoid hypothermia while skiing, swimming, etc.

Acute respiratory diseases

In 1-3 weeks

Avoid hypothermia. Winter sports and swimming may be temporarily excluded. In winter, during outdoor activities, breathe only through the nose.

Acute otitis media

In 3-4 weeks

Swimming is prohibited. Avoid hypothermia. In case of chronic performative otitis, all water sports are contraindicated. In case of vestibular instability, which often occurs after surgery, exercises that can cause dizziness (sharp turns, rotations, inversions) are also excluded.

Pneumonia

In 1-2 months

Pleurisy

In 1-2 months

Endurance exercises and exercises associated with straining are excluded (for up to six months). Swimming, rowing, and winter sports are recommended.

Flu

In 2-3 weeks

Physician supervision and ECG monitoring are required

Acute infectious diseases (measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, dysentery, etc.)

In 1-2 months

Resuming classes is possible only if the cardiovascular system has a satisfactory response to functional tests.

Acute jade

In 2-3 months

Rheumatic carditis

In 2-3 months

Classes are permitted only if foci of chronic infection are sanitized. They study in a special group for at least a year. ECG monitoring is required.

Infectious hepatitis

After 6-12 months (depending on the course and form of the disease)

Endurance exercises are excluded. Regular monitoring of liver function is necessary.

Appendicitis (after surgery)

In 1-2 months

At first, you should avoid straining, jumping and exercises that put stress on the abdominal muscles.

Fracture of limb bones

In 3 months

In the first three months, exercises that place active load on the injured limb should be avoided.

Concussion

At least after 2-3 months (depending on the severity and nature of the injury)

In each case, permission from a neurologist is required. Exercises associated with sudden shocks to the body (jumping, football, volleyball, basketball, etc.) should be excluded.

Sprained muscles and ligaments

In 1-2 weeks

The increase in load and range of motion in the injured limb should be gradual

Muscle and tendon rupture

At least 6 months after surgery

Physical therapy is required beforehand (for a long time)

When resuming physical education after illness, special attention must be paid to normalizing physical activity and the physiological load curve (the body's response to the proposed load - according to heart rate) and to avoid fatigue and exhaustion.

• • EXTERNAL SIGNS OF FATIGUE.

Fatigue occurs as a result of excessive physical activity and is manifested by a temporary decrease in performance. A distinction is made between mental and physical “fatigue,” but this division is very arbitrary. The term “fatigue” is often used as a synonym for the word “fatigue.” However, tiredness does not always correspond to exhaustion. Physical exercises that are carried out purposefully, with great interest, cause positive emotions and less fatigue. Conversely, fatigue sets in earlier when there is no interest in activities, although there are no signs of fatigue.

Mental fatigue is characterized by a decrease in the productivity of intellectual work, weakened attention, etc. Physical fatigue is manifested by impaired muscle function: a decrease in speed, intensity, consistency and rhythm of movements. Insufficient rest or excessive physical activity for a long time leads to overwork (chronic fatigue).

To prevent overwork, it is necessary to normalize the daily routine: eliminate lack of sleep, reduce the load, and correctly alternate between activities and rest.

Table No. 2 will help the physical education teacher determine the compliance of physical activity with the state of health and level of preparedness based on external signs of fatigue.

• • • EXTERNAL SIGNS OF FATIGUE.

Table No. 2

Very rapid (more than 50-60 per minute) through the mouth, turning into separate sighs, followed by erratic breathing.

Movement

Brisk gait

Uncertain step, slight swaying when walking, lagging behind on the march

Sharp swaying when walking, the appearance of uncoordinated movements. Refusal of further movements.

General appearance, feel

Ordinary

Tired facial expression, slight stoop. Decreased interest in the environment.

Gaunt facial expression, severe stoop, apathy, complaints of very strong weakness (to the point of prostration). Rapid heartbeat, headache, burning sensation in the chest, nausea, vomiting.

Attention

Clear, error-free execution of commands

Inaccuracy in executing commands, errors when changing direction of movement

Slow, incorrect execution of commands. Only loud commands are accepted.

Pulse – beats/min.

110 – 150

160 – 180

180 - 200

Facial expressions

Calm

Tense

Distorted

Only with systematic and scientifically grounded medical and pedagogical control do physical education classes become an effective means of preserving and strengthening the health of students and improving their physical development. In this regard, a physical education teacher must be sufficiently prepared in matters of the influence of physical exercise on the body, the hygiene of physical exercise, the organization and methodology of physical education, taking into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body of students in order to solve the following problems:

Promotion of health, promotion of proper physical development and hardening of the body

Increasing the functional level of organs and systems weakened by the disease;

Increased physical and mental performance;

Increasing the body's immunological reactivity and resistance to fight colds and infections;

Formation of correct posture and its correction;

Learning rational breathing;

Mastering basic motor skills and abilities;

Education of moral and volitional qualities;

Cultivating interest in independent physical education and introducing them into the daily routine;

Creating the prerequisites necessary for future work.

One other health aspect of exercise should not be forgotten. They are associated with certain efforts, after completing which a person experiences a certain satisfaction, as he feels that he has won a victory over himself. As a result, a positive emotional background is created, which has a positive effect on human health.

Normally, physical or mental fatigue leads to drowsiness. This body signal indicates to a person the need to take a break from the flow of information or actions. It is expressed in the form of decreased visual acuity, yawning, decreased sensitivity to other external stimuli, slowed pulse, dry mucous membranes and decreased activity of endocrine organs. Such drowsiness is physiological and does not pose a threat to health.

However, there are a number of factors in which this body signal becomes a sign of disturbances in the functioning of internal organs and systems. In this article, we will introduce you to 8 reasons that are a sign of pathological sleepiness and the causes of physiological conditions that cause lack of sleep.

Causes of physiological drowsiness

If a person does not sleep for a long time, then his body signals him about the need for sleep. Throughout the day, he may repeatedly fall into a state of physiological drowsiness. This condition can be caused by:

• overstrain of pain or tactile receptors;
• functioning of the digestive organs after eating;
• auditory stimuli;
• overload of the visual system.

Lack of sleep

Normally, a person should sleep about 7-8 hours a day. With age, these indicators may change. And with forced sleep deprivation, a person will experience periods of drowsiness.

Pregnancy

Drowsiness during pregnancy is a normal state of the female body.

The period of bearing a child requires significant restructuring from the woman’s body, starting from the first months of pregnancy. In its first trimester, inhibition of the cerebral cortex by hormones leads to daytime drowsiness, and this is a variant of the norm.

Drowsiness after eating

Normally, for proper digestion of food, the body must remain at rest for some time, during which blood must flow to the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Because of this, after eating, the cerebral cortex experiences a lack of oxygen and switches to an economy mode, accompanied by physiological drowsiness.

Stress

Any stressful situation causes the release of cortisol and adrenaline into the blood. These hormones are produced by the adrenal glands, and constant nervous overstrain causes their exhaustion. Because of this, the level of hormones decreases, and the person experiences a loss of energy and drowsiness.

Causes of pathological drowsiness

Pathological drowsiness (or pathological hypersomnia) is expressed in feelings of lack of sleep and fatigue during the day. The appearance of such symptoms should be a reason to consult a doctor.

Reason No. 1 – severe chronic or infectious diseases

After suffering from infectious diseases, the body needs to rest and recuperate.

After suffering from infectious and long-term chronic diseases, the body’s strength is depleted, and the person begins to feel the need for rest. Because of this, he has to experience sleepiness during the day.

According to some scientists, the appearance of this symptom causes a malfunction of the immune system, and during sleep, processes associated with the restoration of T-lymphocytes occur in the body. According to another theory, during sleep the body tests the performance of internal organs after an illness and restores it.

Reason #2 – anemia

Reason #4 – narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is accompanied by attacks of irresistible drowsiness and attacks of sudden onset of sleep during the day, loss of muscle tone in consciousness, disturbances in night sleep and hallucinations. In some cases, this disease is accompanied by a sudden loss of consciousness immediately after waking up. So far, the causes of narcolepsy have not yet been sufficiently studied.

Reason #5 – idiopathic hypersomnia

With idiopathic hypersomnia, which is more often observed in young people, there is a tendency to daytime sleepiness. As you fall asleep, moments of relaxed wakefulness occur, and your nighttime sleep becomes shorter. Waking up becomes more difficult and the person may become aggressive. Patients with this disease experience loss of family and social ties, loss of ability to work and professional skills.

Reason No. 6 – intoxication

Acute and chronic poisoning always affect the subcortex and cerebral cortex. As a result of stimulation of the reticular formation, a person experiences severe drowsiness, and not only at night, but also during the day. Such processes can be caused by smoking, psychotropic substances, alcohol and drugs.

Reason No. 7 – endocrine pathologies

Hormones produced by endocrine glands such as and adrenal glands affect many body functions. A change in their concentration in the blood leads to the development of such diseases that provoke drowsiness:

• hypocortisolism - a decrease in the level of adrenal hormones, which is accompanied by a decrease in body weight, loss of appetite, increased fatigue, hypotension;
• – a violation of insulin production, which is accompanied by an increase in blood sugar levels, leading to the appearance of ketoacidotic, hyper- and hypoglycemic states, which negatively affect the state of the cerebral cortex and cause drowsiness during the day.

Reason #8 – brain injury

Any brain injury accompanied by bruises or hemorrhages in the tissue of this important organ can lead to drowsiness and signs of impaired consciousness (stupor or coma). Their development is explained by impaired functioning of brain cells or deterioration of blood circulation and developing hypoxia.

Approximate dates for the resumption of physical education for students of the main medical group after certain illnesses and injuries are presented in the table.

Angina. In 2-4 weeks. To resume classes, an additional medical examination is required. Avoid hypothermia while skiing, swimming, etc.

Acute respiratory diseases. In 1-3 weeks. Avoid hypothermia. Winter sports and swimming may be temporarily excluded. In winter, during outdoor activities, breathe only through the nose.

Acute otitis. In 3-4 weeks. Swimming is prohibited. Avoid hypothermia. In case of chronic perforated otitis, all water sports are contraindicated. In case of vestibular instability, which often occurs after surgery, exercises that can cause dizziness (sharp turns, rotations, inversions, etc.) are also excluded.

Pneumonia. In 1-2 months. Avoid hypothermia. It is recommended to make greater use of breathing exercises, as well as swimming, rowing and winter sports (fresh air, no dust, positive effect on the respiratory system)

Pleurisy. In 1-2 months. Endurance exercises and exercises associated with straining are excluded (for up to six months). Swimming, rowing, and winter sports are recommended.

Acute infectious diseases (measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, dysentery, etc.). In 1-2 months. Resuming classes is possible only if the cardiovascular system has a satisfactory response to functional tests. If there have been changes in the activity of the heart, then endurance, strength and straining exercises are excluded (for up to six months). ECG monitoring is required.

Acute nephritis. In 2-3 months. Endurance exercises and water sports are strictly prohibited. After starting physical education, regular monitoring of urine composition is necessary.

Rheumatic carditis. In 2-3 months. Classes are permitted only if foci of chronic infection are sanitized. They study in a special group for at least a year. ECG monitoring is required.

Infectious hepatitis. After 6-12 months (depending on the course and form of the disease). Endurance exercises are excluded. Regular monitoring of liver function is necessary.

Appendicitis (after surgery). In 1-2 months. At first, you should avoid straining, jumping and exercises that put stress on the abdominal muscles.

Fracture of limb bones. In 3 months. In the first three months, exercises that place active load on the injured limb should be avoided.

Concussion. At least after 2-3 months (depending on the severity and nature of the injury). In each case, permission from a neurologist is required. Exercises associated with sudden shaking of the body (jumping, football, volleyball, basketball, etc.) should be excluded.

Sprained muscles and ligaments. In 1-2 weeks. The increase in load and range of motion in the injured limb should be gradual

Rupture of muscles and tendons. At least 6 months after surgery. Physical therapy (for a long time) is required beforehand.

The concept of sports injuries. Causes of sports injuries. Prevention of sports injuries.

A sports injury is an injury accompanied by a change in the anatomical structures and function of the injured organ as a result of exposure to a physical factor exceeding the physiological strength of the tissue during physical exercise and sports. Among the various types of injuries, sports injuries are in last place both in terms of quantity and severity, accounting for only about 2%.

Injuries are distinguished by the presence or absence of damage to the outer integument (open or closed), by the extent of damage (macrotrauma and microtrauma), as well as by the severity of the course and impact on the body (mild, moderate and severe).

Light injuries are considered to be those that do not cause significant disturbances in the body and loss of general and sports performance; medium - injuries with mildly expressed changes in the body and loss of general and sports performance (within 1-2 weeks); severe - injuries that cause pronounced health problems, when victims require hospitalization or long-term treatment on an outpatient basis. In terms of severity, minor injuries in sports injuries account for 90%, moderate injuries - 9%, severe - 1%.

Main causes of injuries:

1. Organizational shortcomings in conducting classes and competitions. 2. Errors in the methodology of conducting classes, 3. Insufficient material and technical equipment of classes: 4. Unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic condition of the halls and areas 5. Low level of educational work, 6. Lack of medical control and violation of medical requirements.

Prevention of damage due to these causes is as follows:

special preparation of the muscular and ligamentous apparatus for performing sports movements, preparing certain areas of the skin for unusual influences (strong friction, impact), etc.; training in “dangerous” exercises using the required number of leading exercises, training in self-insurance techniques, the ability to “fall”; the use of “dangerous” exercises in the form of training fights and games; admission to competitions only if these exercises have been sufficiently mastered; strict distribution of students into groups according to the level of preparedness and weight categories; careful implementation of a full warm-up; unconditional compliance with the requirements regarding the use of protective equipment; high quality of protective actions (in boxing);

A universal drug having several important pharmacological effects:
- anxiolytic (sedative and vegetotropic)
- nootropic
- stress-protective

Asthenia after infectious diseases: what to do?

T.M.Tvorogova, I.N.Zakharova

In acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI), catarrhal symptoms are often replaced by an asthenic state, which is characterized by weakness, adynamia, and complete indifference to the environment and loved ones. Asthenic syndrome can occur as a result of various diseases, including occurring after respiratory infections. The significance of asthenia after acute respiratory viral infections for clinical practice is confirmed by the fact that the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, separately identifies syndrome G93.3 - fatigue syndrome after a viral infection. The appeal rate for asthenic symptoms is high and reaches 64%. The presence of asthenic disorders in children contributes to a deterioration in the quality of life, difficulties in adaptation in preschool and school institutions, learning disabilities, decreased communication activity, problems in interpersonal interactions and tension in family relationships.

When we talk about asthenia after an acute respiratory viral infection, we are talking about reactive asthenia, which occurs in initially healthy individuals as a result of adaptation stress under stress, as well as during the period of convalescence. Children with reduced adaptive capabilities of the body are most susceptible to asthenic reactions. The causes of asthenic syndrome are very diverse. Along with asthenia caused by physiological and psycho-emotional reasons, asthenia associated with convalescence after infectious diseases, injuries and operations is distinguished.

The leading pathogenetic mechanism of asthenia is associated with dysfunction of the reticular formation, which regulates the activity of the cortex and subcortical structures and is the “energy center” of the central nervous system (CNS), which is responsible for active wakefulness. Other mechanisms for the development of asthenia are autointoxication with metabolic products, dysregulation of the production and use of energy resources at the cellular level. Metabolic disorders that occur during asthenia lead to hypoxia, acidosis, with subsequent disruption of the processes of formation and use of energy.

Post-infectious asthenovegetative disorders can have both somatic manifestations (impaired thermoregulation, respiratory, vestibular, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal disorders) and emotional-behavioral disorders (increased fatigue, emotional lability, hypersthesia, sleep disorders). It is important to remember that the clinical manifestations of asthenovegetative syndrome can be a “mask” of the onset of organic pathology. Treatment of asthenia largely depends on the factors that caused it and clinical manifestations. The treatment strategy includes 3 basic directions:

1. etiopathogenetic therapy;
2. nonspecific restorative, immunocorrective therapy;
3. symptomatic therapy.

An important component of the treatment of asthenia is maintaining a daily routine, staying in the fresh air, physical exercise, and a balanced diet.

Considering the leading role of dysfunction of the reticular formation in the development of asthenia, the neurospecific protein S100, isolated from nervous tissue, is of great interest. This protein is synthesized and localized exclusively in CNS cells and is extremely important for their normal functioning, since it carries out neurotrophic functions, regulates calcium homeostasis in CNS cells and is involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission. It has been experimentally established that release-active forms of antibodies to the S100 protein have a fairly wide range of psychotropic, neurotropic and vegetative modulating activity.

Due to the fact that Tenoten contains antibodies to the S100 protein in a release-active form, it modifies its functional activity of the S 100 protein itself.

A study of the dynamics of asthenovegetative manifestations after infectious diseases in children against the background of Tenoten (E.V. Mikhailov, Saratov State Medical University) showed that the drug eliminates manifestations of asthenia, improves autonomic homeostasis, reduces anxiety in children, improves mood, facilitates learning processes and stabilizes general condition (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1
Dynamics of asthenovegetative manifestations after infectious diseases against the background of the drug Tenoten for children (E.V. Mikhailov, Saratov State Medical University)

A comparative randomized study led by M.Yu. Galaktionova at the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University included 60 children and adolescents aged 11 to 15 years with a clinically and instrumentally confirmed diagnosis of “autonomic dysfunction syndrome” of permanent paroxysmal course. The main group received Tenoten 1 tablet 3 times a day, the comparison group received a course of traditional basic treatment, including nootropic and vegetotropic drugs, sedatives and, in some cases, antipsychotics. The results are presented in Fig. 2.

Rice. 2
Dynamics of symptoms in children while taking the drug Tenoten for children (M.Yu. Galaktionova, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University)

At the end of the course of treatment, the majority of the examined patients in both groups showed a decrease in the number and intensity of asthenoneurotic complaints, a decrease in the severity of pain (headaches, cardialgia, abdominal pain). Moreover, in 80% of patients in the main group, positive dynamics were observed by the end of the 2nd week from the start of treatment (on the 10th–14th day). An improvement in the psycho-emotional background, the disappearance of anxiety, a significant increase in performance, concentration and normalization of sleep was noted by days 14–17 in 73.3% of patients in the main group, which indicated the nootropic effect of Tenoten. At the same time, the dynamics of the described clinical symptoms in patients in the comparison group was noted only in 43.3% of cases at the time of discharge from the hospital.

In a study by A.P. Rachin, while taking the drug Tenoten, an improvement in concentration and productivity of attention was observed compared to the control group.

As an antioxidant agent for asthenic syndrome, it is possible to take a course of Coenzyme Q10, a vitamin-like substance that is directly involved in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate, antioxidant protection and promotes the restoration of other antioxidants (vitamin E). It is important to remember that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have significant neurometabolic effects, the main dietary sources of which are fish and some plant foods.

Thus, only programmatic treatment of asthenovegetative syndrome, including minimization of risk factors, correction of autonomic dysfunction, immune imbalance (for frequently ill children) and sanitation of foci of infection, will make it possible to cope with this pathological condition and prevent its development in the future.