Technological operations and economic transitions. The concept of a technological operation and its elements

07.07.2022 | Hobbies and entertainment

Technological process is called a part of the production process that contains actions to change and subsequently determine the state of the item of production, i.e., to change the size, shape, properties of materials, control and movement of the workpiece.

A set of scientifically and practically sound methods and techniques used to transform materials into finished products of a given production is called the technology of this production.

Technological process is developed on the basis of a drawing of the product and its individual parts and determines the sequence of operations: production of blank parts - casting, forging, stamping or primary processing from rolled material; processing of workpieces on metal-cutting machines to obtain parts with final sizes and shapes; assembly of components and assemblies, i.e., connecting individual parts into assembly units and assemblies; final assembly of the entire product; regulation and testing of the product; painting and finishing of the product.

At each stage of the production process for individual operations of the technological process, control is carried out over the production of parts in accordance with technical specifications.

Technological process of mechanical processing must be designed and carried out in such a way that the most rational and economical processing methods satisfy the requirements for parts (machining accuracy and surface roughness, mutual arrangement axes and surfaces, correct contours, etc.), ensuring the correct operation of the assembled product.

According to GOST 3.1109-82, a technological process can be design, working, single, standard, standard, temporary, long-term, route, operational, route-operational.

To ensure the most rational process of machining the workpiece, a processing plan is drawn up indicating which surfaces need to be processed, in what order and in what ways.

In this regard, the entire machining process is divided into separate components - technological operations.

Technological operation refers to a completed part of a technological process performed at one workplace.

Depending on the size of the batch of products, their design, the level of technology and the organization of production of a given enterprise, the operation can be enlarged and dismembered.

For example, in unit production, the entire assembly of parts into a product is often performed by one worker at one workplace, and it is planned as one operation. The same work in large-scale and mass production is divided into a number of small independent operations performed by different workers at different workplaces.

Scope of operation is very important. As a general rule, the larger and more complex the operation, the lower the productivity and the more skilled the worker required.

And, conversely, the more a large operation is divided into small ones, the higher the labor productivity and the lower the cost of processing the product.

The dissection of a large operation allows the worker to better adapt to performing simple, monotonous work techniques and to use special devices. Operation,

refers to the part of the technological operation performed with constant fastening of the workpieces being processed or the assembled assembly unit.

For example, a 2X60° chamfer on the bushing shown in Fig. 3.1, and are processed in two settings, first the chamfer is removed at one end of the hole (Fig. 3.1, c), and then, after rearranging the workpiece and securing it again, the chamfer is removed at the other end (Fig. 3.1, d).

Rice. 3.1. Elements of the operation

Technological transition

refers to the completed part of a technological operation, characterized by the constancy of the tool used and the surfaces formed by processing and connected during assembly.

When the cutting mode or cutting tool changes, the next transition begins.- a completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and (or) equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in shape, size and surface roughness, but are necessary to complete a technological transition. Examples of auxiliary transitions are workpiece installation, tool change, etc.

A change in only one of the listed elements (machined surface, tool or cutting mode) defines a new transition. The transition consists of working and auxiliary moves.

Under working stroke understand the completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface roughness or properties of the workpiece.

Auxiliary move- a completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, not accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface roughness or properties of the workpiece, but necessary to complete the working stroke.

Position is called each fixed position occupied by a permanently fixed workpiece or assembled assembly unit together with a device relative to a tool or stationary piece of equipment to perform a certain part of the operation.

An example of positional processing of a workpiece is the operation of drilling holes and cutting threads in them on a three-position rotary device shown in Fig. 3.2.

Rice. 3.2.

The workpiece is fixed at position 1, when the device is rotated to position 2, holes are drilled on the workpiece, then at the next turn to position 3, a thread is cut in the workpiece.

Operations and transitions in technological documentation, serial numbers are given, with operations indicated by Roman numerals, and transitions by Arabic numerals. The sequence numbers of transitions are given in each operation independently, starting from the first number.

Settings are designated by letters, and in each operation the letter designation begins with the first letter of the alphabet. The moves are not indicated by signs, but their number is indicated.

Operations are called briefly according to the type of processing.

For example:

drilling,
turning,
milling
etc.;

Transitions are described in detail, indicating the name, serial number or size of the surface being processed.

For a clearer and more accurate representation of the processing method, the technological process is illustrated with sketches of processing transitions with a schematic indication of the processing surfaces, the method of fastening the part on the machine (in the fixture), the position of the part, fixture and tools.

Thus, these sketches depict technological settings for processing the surfaces of a part. A sketch is given for each transition separately. Examples of hole machining transitions are shown in Fig. 3.3.:

Rice. 3.3.

Examples of processing transitions

a - drill a hole Ø D,

b - countersink hole Ø D,

c - expand the hole Ø D rough (completely),

d - countersink chamfer h X a when machining a hole

The technological operation includes the following work.

1. Study of design and technological documentation related to this operation.

2. Checking the accompanying documentation for the production facility with a description of previous operations and the state of the production facility at the time of arrival at the workplace, as well as checking the documentation for auxiliary materials and technological equipment.

3. Preparation of technological equipment for the operation.

4. Initial setup of operation modes.

5. Preparing the surfaces of the production facility for the operation.

6. Installation (location and fastening) of the production facility in technological equipment.

7. Performing an operation on a production object under the modes specified in the technological documentation.

8. Release of the production object from securing.

9. Removing the production object from the technological equipment.

10. Installation of a new production object from the batch into the technological equipment and repeating the work on it described in paragraphs. 6-9.

11. Removal of production waste (continuously or periodically) in the process of performing work according to paragraphs. 7-10. 12. Bringing technological equipment to its original state after completion of work on the production batch of production facilities. The technological operation begins after the

Works corresponding to paragraphs. 1-5 and paragraph 12 of the description of the technological operation (see above) are carried out at a time when a batch of production objects arrives at the workplace. Work according to paragraphs. 6-9 are performed on each production object. Of the listed works, only the work described in clause 7 is directly related to the impact on the production facility. The remaining work either precedes the direct impact on the production facility or completes it.

During the operation, in order to restore the level of accuracy of the parameters of production objects, as well as to remove production waste from the workplace, adjustment(additional adjustment) of technological equipment.

The operation may involve one or more performers different professions and qualifications. Performers can be assigned to a workplace or attracted from special services of the enterprise to perform the necessary adjustment, preventive maintenance and repair work technological equipment, eliminating its sudden failures, setting up operation modes, cleaning and repairing the production area, etc.

The structure of the technological operation– the main element of the technological process – can be represented by its constituent elements: installations, positions, technological and auxiliary transitions, working and auxiliary moves (Fig. 9.5).

In technological practice, the concepts of “installation” and “position” are used.

Installation- this is a part of a technological operation performed with constant basing and fastening of the processed workpieces or assembled assembly unit.

Position- this is a fixed position occupied by a permanently fixed workpiece or assembled assembly unit together with a device relative to a tool or a stationary piece of equipment.

Rice. 9.5. Elements that make up a technological operation and their subordination

Technological transition refers to a completed part of a technological operation, performed by the same means of technological equipment under constant technological conditions and one installation.

In relation to machining conditions, the definition of transition can be clarified with the following formulation: A technological transition is a completed part of a technological operation performed on one or more workpiece surfaces, one or more simultaneously working tools, without changing or with an automatic change in the operating modes of the machine..

From the above definition it follows that one transition is not only the part of the operation related to the processing of one simple surface or shaped surface with a simple or shaped tool, but also the simultaneous processing of several surfaces with a set of cutting tools (a set of cutters, multi-cutting processing), as well as the processing of curved surfaces a simple tool moving along a contour or a given program (milling cams, working profile of a turbine blade, etc.).

In the turning operation, a sketch of which is shown in Fig. 9.6, A, two technological transitions are performed. Such transitions are called simple or elementary. An elementary transition is a part of a technological transition performed by one tool, over one area of the surface of the workpiece being processed, in one working stroke without changing the operating mode of the machine.

The concept of an elementary transition is convenient when designing a technological operation and calculating the main processing time of workpieces on CNC machines, when changes in the operating modes of the machine are made within a technological transition. So, for example, when processing shaped contours on CNC machines, in many cases the machining allowance or cutting conditions change inside the transition (cutter operation “to raise the contour” and “to lower the contour”), which makes it advisable to introduce a different feed value into the program corresponding areas of the processed contour.

The length of the surface sections processed with a constant feed rate and the corresponding main processing time determine the magnitude of the elementary transition. A set of transitions when several tools are simultaneously involved in the work is called difficult transition(Fig. 9.6, b).

Rice. 9.6. Sketch of turning operation:

A– simple transitions; b– difficult transition

By analogy with a technological operation, technological transitions can also be divided into transformative and informational.

Transformative technological transitions of the operation are, for example, processing of the outer surface with a through cutter, turning of the end with a scoring cutter, processing of the internal surface with a boring cutter, drill, countersink, etc. Examples of information technological transitions are technical measurements and tests of all types.

Auxiliary transition refers to the completed part of a technological operation, during which the properties of the production object do not change and which consists of human actions and (or) equipment manipulations necessary to perform technological transitions.

Some of the auxiliary transitions are directly related to the technological transitions being performed, for example:

· preparation of technological equipment for performing technological transitions;

· preparing the production facility for processing using technological equipment;

· adjustment of transition execution modes.

Auxiliary transitions may not be related to technological transitions, for example:

· bringing technological equipment to its original state after processing the operating batch of N n production objects;

· installation of the production object in technological equipment, its removal, placement in a special container;

· moving and storing production objects at the workplace;

· preventive and repair work to maintain the operability of technological equipment;

· collection and transportation of production waste.

Transitions to operations can be performed either sequentially or in parallel (simultaneously) - see Fig. 9.3 and 9.4.

The technological transition consists from working and auxiliary passages. The completed part of the technological transition associated with a change in the shape, size, surface quality and properties of the production object in the process of a single movement of the tool relative to the machined surface is defined as working stroke(passage). Auxiliary move– this is a completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the surface being processed without changing the properties of this surface.

The number of working strokes performed in one technological transition is selected based on ensuring optimal processing conditions, for example, reducing the cutting depth when removing significant layers of material (Fig. 9.7).

Working and auxiliary moves can be combined into techniques– stable sequences of moves with optimal properties.

Fig.9.7. Scheme of technological transition:

A Z – workpiece size; AО – size of the treated surface; 1 – 3 – numbers of working moves

Working and auxiliary moves can be combined into techniques - stable sequences of working and auxiliary moves that have optimal properties.

The combination of working and auxiliary moves into transitions is conditional and can be carried out according to different principles.

The most obvious is the principle of unification one installation(set) – one tool, one technological mode.

The principle of combining working and auxiliary strokes with a constant installation (installation) of the production object according to the constancy of the tool and technological modes installed on the controllers of technological equipment (for example, during turning), implies the following.

Firstly, at a set spindle speed, the speed of relative movement of the tool’s working surface can vary over a wide range. Working strokes (passes) of turning a cylindrical surface, performed at the same number of revolutions, feed and depth of cut, have different speeds of tool movement relative to the workpiece (as the diameter of the workpiece decreases during multi-pass processing).

Secondly, under the same modes it is possible to form several surfaces of a part (workpiece). For example, in turning, the formation of a stepped shaft with conical surfaces and cylindrical surfaces of different diameters. When milling wells with “islands,” the bottom and walls of the well and “islands” are also formed.

Technological transition represents a completed part of a technological operation, performed on one or more workpiece surfaces, by one or more simultaneously working tools, without changing or with automatic changes in the operating modes of the machine.

Elementary transition- part of a technological transition performed by one tool over one area of the surface of the workpiece being processed in one working stroke without changing the operating mode of the machine.

Auxiliary transition- a completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in the shape, size and surface roughness of objects of labor, but are necessary to complete a technological transition (installation of a workpiece, changing tools, etc.).

Working stroke

Auxiliary move- a completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, not accompanied by a change in the shape, surface quality or properties of the workpiece, but necessary for preparing the working stroke.

Operation is a technological process of a system aimed at achieving a goal through a controlled transformation of the products of the operation. Depending on what level of a particular system the operation is performed, it can be classified as one of the following types:

7. Concept of working and idling speed, installation and position

Working stroke- this is a completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface quality and properties of the workpiece.

Idling- the operating mode of a device, usually a source of mechanical or electrical energy, with the load off.

in turn, is divided into elements, the number of which varies depending on the volume and methods of its implementation. The main elements of the operation are installation, technological transition, auxiliary transition, working stroke, auxiliary stroke, position. refers to the part of the technological operation performed with constant fastening of the workpieces being processed or the assembled assembly unit.

8. Technology as a science and as a process

Technology is understood as a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, semi-finished products or products carried out in the process of production. Technology (or technological processes ) are also called a certain sequence of production operations, actions that ensure the production of any product of a given quality. Accurate execution of all operations and adherence to their sequence are a guarantee of the production of products of the specified quality and in the required quantity.

Technology as a science deals with identifying physical, chemical, biological patterns in order to develop and use the most efficient and economical production processes.
There are a lot of technologies. Each sphere of human activity has its own specific technologies. But there are technologies that every person should own. This is, first of all, communication technology, housing care technology, etc. There are also a number of very common technologies that are included in the content of the work of people working in the most popular professions. These are technologies for processing wood and metal, technologies for repair and construction work in the house, etc. In classes on academic discipline- technology - you will get acquainted with the technology of processing the most common materials - wood and metal, the technology of repair and construction work, elements of home culture.

9. Technological documentation. types and contents of documents.

Technological documentation refers to documents that regulate the implementation of the technological process of manufacturing parts. Technological documentation thus serves as the basis for guiding the production process.
In order for the technical process to be carried out at each workplace without delays or disruptions, it is necessary to carry out special preparatory work. Therefore, technological documentation must contain comprehensive information not only for performing the technological process itself, but also for preparing production.

Types of technological documents are established by GOST 3.1102-70, and the rules for drawing up documentation general purpose- GOST 3.1105-71.
The technological documentation for machining processes includes: route map, operational map, map of sketches and diagrams, specification of technological documents, technological instructions, material list, equipment list and other documents. Technological documents are divided into text and graphic.
Text includes instructions, descriptions and other documents containing continuous text, as well as process maps, statements and other documents where the text is divided into graphs. A route map (MK) is a document containing a description of the technological process of manufacturing a product for all operations in the technological sequence, indicating the relevant data on equipment, tooling, material, labor and other standards. Operational card (OC) - a document containing a description of the operations of the technological process of manufacturing a product with a division of operations into transitions and indicating operating modes, design standards and labor standards.

A map of sketches and diagrams (SC) is a document that contains a graphic illustration of the technological process of manufacturing a product and its individual elements, supplementing or explaining the content of the operations.

A technological instruction (TI) is a document containing a description of specific work methods, methods for controlling the technological process, rules for using equipment and devices, safety measures, as well as a description of the physical and chemical phenomena that occur during the performance of individual operations of the technological process.
A bill of materials (BM) is a document containing preliminary data for preparation of production. It is compiled for the materials used in the technological process of manufacturing the product. VM is a detailed and summary statement of material consumption rates. Equipment list (VT) is a document containing a list of special and standard devices and tools necessary to equip the technological process of manufacturing a product. This statement is compiled on the basis of process maps.

10. General classification engineering materials

1. Structural steels and alloys.

1.1. Carbon structural steels.

1.2. Alloyed structural steels.

1.3. Construction low-carbon steels.

1.4. Reinforcing steels.

1.5. Steels for cold stamping.

1.6. Structural (machine-building) cemented (nitro-carburized) alloy steels.

1.7. Structural (machine-building) upgradeable alloy steels.

1.8. Steels with increased cutting machinability.

1.10. High-strength steels with high ductility (TRIP or PNP steels)

1.11. General purpose spring steels.

1.12. Ball bearing steels.

1.13. Wear-resistant steels.

1.14. Corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels and alloys.

1.15. Cryogenic steels. 1.16. Heat-resistant steels and alloys.

2. Tool steels and hard alloys.

2.1. Steels for cutting tools.

2.2. Steels for measuring instruments.

2.3. Steels for cold forming dies.

2.4. Steels for hot forming dies.

2.5. Hard alloys.

3. Steels and alloys with special physical properties.

3.1. Magnetic steels and alloys.

3.2. Metal glasses (amphora alloys).

3.3. Steels and alloys with high electrical resistance for heating elements.

3.4. Alloys with a given temperature coefficient of linear expansion.

3.5. Alloys with "shape memory" effect.

4. Refractory metals and their alloys.

11. Physical, mechanical and technological properties of materials

Technological process (TP)(abbreviated tp) is an ordered sequence of interrelated actions performed from the moment the initial data appears until the required result is obtained.

Technological process-- this is a part of the production process that contains targeted actions to change and (or) determine the state of the subject of labor. Objects of labor include blanks and products.

GOST 3.1109-82

Almost any technological process can be considered as part of a more complex process and a set of less complex (in the limit - elementary) technological processes. An elementary technological process or technological operation is the smallest part of a technological process that has all its properties. That is, this is a TP, the further decomposition of which leads to the loss of features characteristic of the method underlying this technology. As a rule, each technological operation is performed at one workplace by no more than one employee. Examples of technological operations include entering data using a barcode scanner, printing a report, executing an SQL query to a database, etc.

Technological processes consist of technological (working) operations, which, in turn, consist of technological transitions.

Technological transition They call a completed part of a technological operation performed with the same means of technological equipment.

Auxiliary transition refers to the completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and (or) equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in the properties of objects of labor, but are necessary to complete the technological transition.

To carry out the technical process, it is necessary to use a set of production tools - technological equipment, called means of technological equipment.

Installation-- part of a technological operation performed with constant fixation of the workpiece or assembly unit being processed.

Types of technical processes[edit | edit source text]

Depending on the application in the production process to solve the same problem various techniques and equipment, the following types of technical processes are distinguished:

· Unit technological process (ETP). Developed individually for a specific part.
· Typical technological process (TTP). Created for a group of products that have common design features. The development of standard technological processes is carried out at the national and industry levels, as well as at enterprise levels in accordance with general rules development of technological processes.
· Group technological process (GTP).

In industry and agriculture, the description of the technological process is carried out in documents called the operational map of the technological process (if detailed description) or route map (with a brief description).

· Route map - a description of the routes of movement around the workshop of the manufactured part.
· Operational map - a list of transitions, settings and tools used.
· Routing-- a document that describes: the process of processing parts, materials, design documentation, technological equipment.

Technological processes are divided into standard and promising.

· Typical technical process has unity of content and sequence of most technological operations and transitions for a group of products with general design principles.
· Promising technical process presupposes advance (or compliance) with the progressive world level of development of production technology.

Technological process design management is carried out on the basis of route and operational technological processes.

· Route technological process drawn up with a route map, which establishes the list and sequence of technological operations, the type of equipment on which these operations will be performed; equipment used; enlarged time standard without specifying transitions and processing modes.
· Operational Process details processing and assembly technology down to transitions and processing modes. Here operational maps of technological processes are drawn up.

Stages of TP[edit | edit source text]

The technological process of data processing can be divided into four major stages:

· Initial or primary. Collection of initial data, their registration (reception of primary documents, checking the completeness and quality of their completion, etc.) Based on the methods of collecting and registering data, the following types of TP are distinguished:

mechanized - collection and registration of information is carried out directly by a person using the simplest instruments (scales, counters, measuring containers, time recording devices, etc.); automated - the use of machine-readable documents, recording machines, collection and registration systems that ensure the combination of operations for generating primary documents and obtaining machine media; automatic - used mainly when processing data in real time (information from sensors that take into account the progress of production - product output, raw material costs, equipment downtime - goes directly to the computer).

· Preparatory. Reception, control, registration of input information and transferring it to computer media. There are visual and software controls that allow you to monitor information for completeness of input, violation of the structure of source data, and coding errors. If an error is detected, the entered data is corrected, adjusted, and re-entered.
· Basic. Direct information processing. Previously, service operations can be performed, for example, sorting data.
· Final. Control, release and transmission of resulting information, its reproduction and storage.

Technical processes in the electronics industry[edit | edit source text]

Main article: Technological process in the electronics industry

In the production of semiconductor integrated circuits, photolithography and lithographic equipment are used. The resolution of this equipment (the so-called design standards) determines the name of the technical process used.

Technological operation - a completed part of a technological process performed at one workplace.

The following types of technological operations are distinguished.

Typical technological operation - a technological operation characterized by the unity of content and sequence of technological transitions for a group of products with common design and technological features.

Group technological operation - technological operation of joint production of a group of products with different design, but common technological features.

The structural units of a technological operation are technological transition, auxiliary transition, position, working stroke, auxiliary stroke, reception, adjustment and sub-adjustment.

Technological transition - a completed part of a technological operation, performed by the same means of technological equipment under constant technological conditions and installation.

Auxiliary transition - a completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and (or) equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in the properties of objects of labor, but are necessary to complete a technological transition.

Installation- part of the technological operation performed with constant fastening of the workpieces being processed or the assembled assembly unit.

Rotating a part at any angle or reinstalling it to process a different end is a new installation.

Position - a fixed position occupied by a permanently fixed workpiece or assembled assembly unit together with a device relative to a tool or a stationary piece of equipment when performing a certain part of the operation.

A workpiece installed and secured on a rotary table, subjected to drilling, reaming, countersinking and reaming, has one setting, but with each rotation of the table it will occupy new position. On multi-spindle machines, the workpiece, when clamped, occupies different positions relative to the machine. The workpiece moves to a new position together with the clamping device (spindle unit).

Working stroke - a completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface quality and properties of the workpiece.

Auxiliary move - a completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, necessary to prepare the working stroke.

Reception - a complete set of human actions used when performing a transition or part of it and united by one purpose.

Setup - preparation of technological equipment and technological equipment for performing a technological operation. Examples of registration of adjustments for operations are given in the appendix. 3, 4.

Adjustment - additional adjustment of technological equipment and (or) technological equipment when performing a technological operation to restore the parameter values achieved during adjustment.

The technological process can be built on the principle of concentrated or differentiated operations.

Concentrated technological operation is an operation that involves a large number of technological transitions. As a rule, this operation involves multi-tool setup. The limit of concentration of operations is the complete processing of a part in one operation.

There are three main types of concentration of operations 18.

1. Consistent concentration of operations. In this case, the transitions are performed one after another (each tool performs its working stroke sequentially one after the other).
2. Parallel concentration of operations. In this case, the transitions are combined into one complex transition, that is, they are performed simultaneously (all tools make a working stroke at the same time).
3. Parallel-sequential concentration of operations. In this case, several surfaces are sequentially processed simultaneously.

The operation is called differentiated, consisting of a minimum number of transitions. The limit of differentiation is the execution of a technological operation consisting of one transition.

The classification of technological operations creates the prerequisites for standardization of operations and automatic design of technological processes based on the unity of designations of technological operations in the manufacture of mechanical engineering and instrument making products.

Classifier of technological operations of mechanical engineering and instrument making 16 establishes the basic provisions and system of classification and coding of technological operations, as well as the structure of the technological operation code (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2 Structure of the technological operation code

Technological operations of cutting are classified according to the workplace, that is, according to the name of the equipment used - the machine.

The classifier of technological operations should be used in technological preparation and production management together with other classifiers of technical and economic information to generate codes of technological operations.