What technology is used by the World Wide Web. What is the Internet, who created the World Wide Web and how the global network works
World Wide Web Work completed by: Dzhambulatov Albert 11 "A" Teacher: Chernova Anna Petrovna
The World Wide Web is a distributed system that provides access to interconnected documents located on different computers connected to the Internet. The word web (English web “web”) and the abbreviation WWW are also used to refer to the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web is made up of hundreds of millions of web servers. Most of the resources on the World Wide Web are based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages that share a common theme, design, and links and are usually located on the same web server are called a website. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers.
The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and an explosion in the development of the Internet. In everyday speech, when talking about the Internet, they often mean the World Wide Web. However, it is important to understand that these are not the same thing.
History: Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the originator of HTTP, URI/URL, and HTML technologies. In 1980, he worked for the European Council for Nuclear Research (conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire, CERN) as a software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that for his own needs he wrote the Enquire program, which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.
In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's intranet, Tim Berners-Lee proposed the global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To implement the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol and the HTML language. These are technologies without which it is no longer possible to imagine the modern Internet. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee refined the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, the official year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.
Since 1994, the main work on the development of the World Wide Web has been taken over by the World Wide Web Consortium (English world wide web consortium, three letters “W” and “C”, W3C), founded and still headed by Tim Berners-Lee. This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technology standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. W3C Mission: “Unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web by establishing protocols and principles to ensure the long-term development of the Web.” Two other major goals of the consortium are to ensure the full “internationalization of the Network” and to make the Network accessible to people with disabilities. The W3C develops uniform principles and standards for the Internet (called “recommendations”, English W3C recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers. In this way, compatibility is achieved between software products and equipment of different companies, which makes the World Wide Web more advanced, universal and convenient. All recommendations of the World Wide Web consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.
Security: For cybercriminals, the World Wide Web has become a key method for distributing malware. In addition, the concept of online crime includes identity theft, fraud, espionage and illegal collection of information about certain subjects or objects. Web vulnerabilities, according to some data, currently exceed in number any traditional manifestations of computer security problems; Google estimates that approximately one in ten pages on the World Wide Web may contain malicious code. According to Sophos, a British manufacturer of antivirus solutions, the majority of cyber attacks on the web are carried out by legitimate resources located primarily in the USA, China and Russia. The most common type of such attacks, according to information from the same company, is SQL injection - maliciously entering direct queries to the database into text fields on resource pages, which, if the level of security is insufficient, can lead to disclosure of the contents of the database. Another common threat that exploits the power of HTML and unique resource identifiers to World Wide Web sites is cross-site scripting (XSS), which became possible with the introduction of JavaScript technology and gained momentum with the development of Web 2.0 and Ajax - new web design standards encouraged the use of interactive scenarios. In 2008, it was estimated that up to 70% of all websites in the world were vulnerable to XSS attacks against their users.
Distribution: Between 2005 and 2010, the number of web users doubled to reach two billion. According to early studies from 1998 and 1999, most existing websites were not indexed correctly by search engines, and the web itself was larger than expected. As of 2001, more than 550 million web documents had already been created, most of which, however, were located within the invisible network. As of 2002, more than 2 billion web pages had been created, 56.4% of all Internet content was in English, followed by German (7.7%), French (5.6%) and Japanese (4.9%). According to research conducted at the end of January 2005, more than 11.5 billion web pages were identified in 75 different languages and indexed on the open web. And according to data for March 2009, the number of pages increased to 25.21 billion. On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hiai announced that Google's search engine had detected more than a billion unique URLs.
Today, the number of Internet users reaches 3.5 billion people, which is almost half of the world's population. And, of course, everyone knows that The World Wide Web has completely enveloped our planet. But still not everyone can say whether there is a difference between the concepts of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Oddly enough, many are absolutely sure that these are synonyms, but savvy guys can give arguments that will reduce this confidence.
What is the Internet?
Without going into complex technical details, we can say that The Internet is a system that connects computer networks around the world. Computers are divided into two groups – clients and servers.
Clients are called ordinary user devices, which include personal computers, laptops, tablets, and, of course, smartphones. They send a request, receive and display information.
All information is stored on servers, which can be classified according to different purposes:
- web server,
- postal,
- chats,
- radio and television broadcast systems,
- file sharing.
Servers are powerful computers that work continuously. In addition to storing information, they receive requests from clients and send the necessary response. At the same time, they process hundreds of such requests.
Also in our brief educational program it is necessary to mention it is worth mentioning Internet providers, which provide communication between client and server. A provider is an organization with its own Internet server to which all its clients are connected. Providers provide communication via telephone cable, dedicated channel or wireless network.
This is how you get on the Internet Is it possible to do without a provider and connect directly to the Internet? Theoretically it is possible! You will have to become your own provider and spend a huge amount of money to get to the central servers. So don’t blame your Internet provider too much for high tariffs - these guys also need to pay for many things and spend money on equipment maintenance.
The World Wide Web has entangled the whole world
World Wide Web or simply web - “web”. Actually it is represented by a huge number of pages that are interconnected. This connection is provided by links, through which you can move from one page to another, even if it is located on another computer connected to.
The World Wide Web is the most popular and largest Internet service. The World Wide Web uses special web servers to operate. They store web pages (one of which you see now). Pages connected by links, having a common theme, appearance, and usually located on the same server are called a website.
To view web pages and documents, special programs are used - browsers.
The World Wide Web includes forums, blogs and social networks. But its work and existence is directly ensured by the Internet...
Is there a big difference?
In fact, the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web is quite large. If the Internet is a huge network connecting millions of computers around the planet to share information, then the World Wide Web is just one way to exchange this information. In addition to ensuring the operation of the World Wide Web, the Internet allows you to use email and various instant messengers, as well as transfer files via the FTP protocol,
The Internet is what connects numerous computer networks.
The World Wide Web is all pages that are stored on special Internet servers.
Conclusion
Now you know that the World Wide Web and the World Wide Web are different things. And most importantly, you will be able to show off your intelligence and explain to your friends what this difference is.
What is the World Wide Web?
The web, or “web,” is a collection of interconnected pages with specific information. Each such page can contain text, images, video, audio and other various objects. But besides this, there are so-called hyperlinks on web pages. Each such link points to another page, which is located on some other computer on the Internet.
Various information resources, which are interconnected by means of telecommunications and based on hypertext representation of data, form the World Wide Web, or WWW for short.
Hyperlinks link pages that are located on different computers located in different parts of the world. A huge number of computers that are united into one network is the Internet, and the “World Wide Web” is a huge number of web pages hosted on network computers.
Each web page on the Internet has an address - URL (Uniform Resource Locator - unique address, name). It is at this address that you can find any page.
How was the World Wide Web created?
On March 12, 1989, Tim Berners-Lee presented to the CERN management a project for a unified system of organization, storage and general access to information, which was supposed to solve the problem of sharing knowledge and experience between the Center’s employees. Berners-Lee proposed solving the problem of accessing information on different computers of employees using browser programs that provide access to the server computer where hypertext information is stored. After the successful implementation of the project, Berners-Lee was able to convince the rest of the world to use common Internet communication standards using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Universal Markup Language (HTML) standards.
It should be noted that Tim Berners-Lee was not the first creator of the Internet. The first system of protocols that ensure data transfer between networked computers was developed by employees of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Vinton Cerf And Robert Kahn in the late 60s - early 70s of the last century. Berners-Lee only proposed using the capabilities of computer networks to create a new system for organizing information and accessing it.
What was the prototype of the World Wide Web?
Back in the 60s of the 20th century, the US Department of Defense set the task of developing a reliable information transmission system in case of war. The US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) proposed developing a computer network for this purpose. They called it ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The project brought together four scientific institutions - the University of Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute and the Universities of Santa Barbara and Utah. All work was financed by the US Department of Defense.
The first data transmission over a computer network took place in 1969. A Los Angeles University professor and his students tried to log into Stanford's computer and pass the word "login." Only the first two letters L and O were successfully transmitted. When they typed the letter G, the communication system failed, but the Internet revolution took place.
By 1971, a network with 23 users was created in the United States. The first program for sending email over the Internet was developed. And in 1973, University College London and the Civil Services in Norway joined the network, and the network became international. In 1977, the number of Internet users reached 100, in 1984 - 1000, in 1986 there were already more than 5,000, in 1989 - more than 100,000. In 1991, the World-Wide Web (WWW) project was implemented at CERN. In 1997, there were already 19.5 million Internet users.
Some sources indicate the date of the emergence of the World Wide Web a day later - March 13, 1989.
As the Internet developed, more and more information was involved in its circulation, and navigating the Internet became increasingly difficult. Then the task arose to create a simple and understandable way to organize information posted on Internet sites. The new www (world wide web) service has fully coped with this task.
World Wide Web is a system of documents with text and graphic information posted on Internet sites and interconnected by hyperlinks. Perhaps this particular service is the most popular and for many users it is synonymous with the word INTErNET itself. Often, novice users confuse two concepts - the Internet and WWW (or Web). It should be recalled that WWW is just one of the many services provided to Internet users.
The main idea that was used in the development of the www system was is the idea of accessing information using hypertext links. Its essence is to include in the text of the document links to other documents, which can be located either on the same or on remote information servers.
The history of www begins from the moment when, in 1989, an employee of the famous scientific organization CErN Berners-Lee proposed to his management to create a database in the form of an information network that would consist of documents that included both the information itself and links to other documents. Such documents are nothing more than hypertext.
Another feature that sets www apart from other types of services is that through this system you can access almost all other types of Internet services, such as FTP, Gopher, Telnet.
WWW is a multimedia system. This means that using www you can, for example, watch a video about historical monuments or find out information about the World Cup. It is possible to access library information and recent photographs of the globe taken five minutes ago by meteorological satellites, along with.
The idea of organizing information in the form of hypertext is not new. Hypertext lived long before the advent of computers. The simplest example of non-computer hypertext is encyclopedias. Some words in articles are marked in italics. This means that you can refer to the relevant article and get more detailed information. But if in a non-computer hypertext you need to turn pages, then on the monitor screen, following a hypertext link is instantaneous. You just need to click on the link word.
The main merit of the above-mentioned Tim Berners-Lee is that he not only put forward the idea of creating an information system based on hypertext, but also proposed a number of methods that formed the basis of the future www service.
In 1991, the ideas that originated in CErN began to be actively developed by the Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). It is NCSA that creates the hypertext document language html, as well as the Mosaic program designed to view them. Mosaic, developed by Mark Andersen, became the first browser and opened a new class of software products.
In 1994, the number of www servers began to grow rapidly and the new Internet service not only received worldwide recognition, but also attracted a huge number of new users to the Internet.
Now let's give the basic definitions.
www– this is a set of web pages located on Internet sites and interconnected by hyperlinks (or simply links).
web page is a structural unit of www, which includes the actual information (text and graphic) and links to other pages.
website– these are web pages physically located on one Internet node.
The www hyperlink system is based on the fact that some selected sections of one document (which can be parts of text or illustrations) act as links to other documents that are logically related to them.
In this case, those documents to which links are made can be located both on a local and on a remote computer. In addition, traditional hypertext links are also possible - these are links within the same document.
Linked documents may, in turn, contain cross-references to each other and to other information resources. Thus, it is possible to collect documents on similar topics into a single information space. (For example, documents containing medical information.)
Architecture www
The architecture of www, like the architecture of many other types of Internet services, is built on the principle client-server.
The main task of the server program is the organization of access to information stored on the computer on which this program is running. After startup, the server program works in the mode of waiting for requests from client programs. Typically, web browsers are used as client programs, which are used by ordinary www users. When such a program needs to obtain some information from the server (usually these are documents stored there), it sends a corresponding request to the server. With sufficient access rights, a connection is established between the programs, and the server program sends a response to the request to the client program. After which the connection established between them is broken.
To transfer information between programs, the HTTP protocol (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used.
www server functions
www-server is a program that runs on the host computer and processes requests coming from www clients. When receiving a request from a www client, this program establishes a connection based on the TCP/IP transport protocol and exchanges information using the HTTP protocol. In addition, the server determines access rights to the documents that are located on it.
To access information that cannot be processed by the server directly, it is used lock system. Using a special CGI (Common Gateway Interface) interface to exchange information with gateways, the www server has the ability to receive information from sources that would be inaccessible to other types of Internet service. At the same time, for the end user, the operation of the gateways is “transparent”, i.e., when viewing web resources in his favorite browser, an inexperienced user will not even notice that some information was presented to him using the gateway system
www client functions
There are two main types of www clients: web browsers and utility applications.
web browsers are used to directly work with www and obtain information from there.
Service web applications can communicate with the server either to obtain some statistics or to index the information contained there. (This is how information gets into search engine databases.) In addition, there are also service web clients, whose work is related to the technical side of storing information on a given server.
With. 1
School of Informatics and Computing
"Abstract"
On the topic: World Wide Web.
The work was performed by student 190(1)
Grigorieva Anastasia
The work is checked by teacher Isaeva I.A.
Tallinn 2010
Introduction 3
Structure and principles of the World Wide Web 4
History of the World Wide Web 5
Journey on the World Wide Web 7
Linking hypertext pages 8
Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web 9
Fig.1.1
Structure and principles of the World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is made up of millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard drive and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More complex web servers are capable of dynamically allocating resources in response to an HTTP request. To identify resources (often files or parts thereof) on the World Wide Web, uniform resource identifiers (URIs) are used. Uniform Resource Identifier). Uniform URL resource locators are used to locate resources on the web. Uniform Resource Locator). These URL locators combine URI identification technology and the DNS domain name system. Domain Name System) - a domain name (or directly an IP address in numeric notation) is part of the URL to designate a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server.
To view information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Internet is hypertext. To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, HTML is traditionally used. HyperText
Markup
Language), hypertext markup language. The work of marking up hypertext is called layout; the markup master is called a webmaster or webmaster (without a hyphen). After HTML markup, the resulting hypertext is placed into a file; such an HTML file is the most common resource on the World Wide Web. Once an HTML file is made available to a web server, it is called a “web page.” A collection of web pages makes up a website. Hyperlinks are added to the hypertext of web pages. Hyperlinks help World Wide Web users easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on the local computer or on a remote server. Web hyperlinks are based on URL technology. (2 link)
History of the World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the originator of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (French). Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. « Enquire» , can be loosely translated as "Interrogator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.
In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's intranet, Tim Berners-Lee proposed the global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To implement the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol, and the HTML language. These are technologies without which it is no longer possible to imagine the modern Internet. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee refined the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, the official year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.
As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first web server, "httpd", and the world's first hypertext web browser, called "WorldWideWeb". This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (short for English). What You See Is What You Get- what you see is what you get), its development began in October 1990 and was completed in December of the same year. The program worked in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread across the Internet in the summer of 1991. (2)
World's first website
P 
Berners-Lee created the world's first website at http://info.cern.ch/, the site is now archived. This site went online on the Internet on August 6, 1991. This site described what the World Wide Web is, how to set up a web server, how to use a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because Tim Berners-Lee later posted and maintained a list of links there to other sites.
and the first photograph on the World Wide Web was of the parody filk band Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked the group leader for scans of them after the CERN Hardronic Festival. (2)
Traveling the World Wide Web
The easiest journey
The World Wide Web begins by entering an email address in the line
Location and after pressing the Enter button the system takes you to
virtual world. Technologically, the browser establishes a connection with
page levels - that is, one main one, from which there are links to several
intermediate or second-level pages, and from them to the pages of the next
level. Linear organization assumes the presence of pages of the same level,
several other pages. And the web is a multitude
Fig.8.1
Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web
Currently, there are two trends in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and the social web.
The Semantic Web involves improving the coherence and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, carried out by the Web users themselves. Within the second direction, developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web channel formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semanticized sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users consciously navigate the information space, however, the requirements are very soft to subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such areas. In this regard, attempts to compile knowledge atlases may be of interest.
There is also the popular concept of Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of development of the World Wide Web. (2)
Fig.9.1
Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web
Information on the web can be displayed either passively (that is, the user can only read it) or actively - then the user can add information and edit it. Methods for actively displaying information on the World Wide Web include:
guest books,
forums,
chats,
blogs,
wiki projects,
social media,
content management systems. (2)
Fig.10.1
Conclusion
Due to the benefits from the use of hypertext, the World Wide Web has created previously unknown information space and comfort for users. Nowadays, almost all large and medium-sized, and most small companies, universities, government agencies, public associations and just citizens around the world have their own web pages on which they post information about their activities and provide hundreds of services with their help. The development of WWW has already led to the emergence of a new profession of a webmaster, whose task is to create web pages using a huge number of graphic, video and audio effects.
Thus, the World Wide Web or WWW is undoubtedly the most vibrant, convenient and popular part of the Internet. Today, through WWW “pages” we can read e-mail, access file archives, work with news groups and receive a lot of new information. To do this, we need to enter only the desired website address in the search bar and press Enter.
Bibliography
Leontyev V.P. Computer encyclopedia for schoolchildren, OLMA-PRESS Education, 2005
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.cssblok.ru/istori/index2.html
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