What is important to know when building interpersonal relationships. Features of interpersonal relationships Interpersonal relationships in politics

Each person is an individual who differs from other individuals in his system of life values, principles, moral principles, outlook on life and priorities. A person is a person only when he lives in society, communicates, meets, gets to know and develops together with other people who surround him. The relationship of a person with other individuals and the ability to read people by non-verbal signs, establish contact with them (some feelings, emotions, arouse interest, etc.) is called interpersonal. In other words, interpersonal relationships are the relationship of one person with another, or with a whole group of people.

Classification of interpersonal relationships

The life of every person is multifaceted, which is why relationships in society are different. Depending on the situation and other numerous factors, interpersonal connections are classified according to several criteria and divided into the following types: interpersonal relationships:

• formal and informal;
• personal and business (professional);
• emotional and rational (practical);
• parity and subordination.

Before we explore each relationship type in detail, we want to recommend modern technology achievements of psychology in building relationships in various fields. Having mastered these psychological techniques, you will be able to easily interact with people and build relationships.

Personal relationships

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Personal relationships should also include:

• affection;
• hostility;
• friendship;
• respect;
• contempt;
• sympathy;
• antipathy;
• enmity;
• Love;
• love, etc.

This category of interpersonal connections includes those that develop between individuals outside of their sphere joint activities. For example, a person may be liked as a specialist in his field, but as a person he causes hostility and condemnation from his colleagues. Or, on the contrary, a person is the soul of the company, everyone loves and respects him, but at work he is irresponsible and does not take his responsibilities seriously, for which he causes a wave of indignation among his superiors and the team.

Business relationship

Under business(professional) contacts mean those that develop on the basis of joint activities and professional interests. For example, people work together and their common interest is their work. Students study in the same class - they have a common school curriculum, classmates, teachers and the school as a whole. Such relationships develop regardless of personal interpersonal contacts, that is, you may not even have any contact with the person (not communicate or experience any feelings towards him), but the presence of business connections is not excluded, since these people continue to study or work together. The ability to maintain relationships in stressful situations, when you have to communicate with inadequate people, is especially valued, because none of us is immune from this. There is a wonderful book by Mark Goulston about what to do with inadequate and unbearable people in your life. In it you will find techniques and tips that will help you control communication with inappropriate people and eliminate unnecessary conflicts.

The basis of the business type of relationship is the distribution of responsibilities between each member of the team (working, creative, educational, etc.).

Rational relationships

Rational relationships are built when one of the parties, or both parties, have the goal of extracting a certain benefit from this relationship. The basis of rational connections is common sense and calculation. In this case, you can use various techniques and knowledge. For example, such as storytelling.

Emotional Relationships

Emotional contacts develop in a company or group of people based on the emotions and feelings that they have for each other. Only in rare exceptional cases is there an objective assessment of personal qualities in such relationships, so the emotional and rational relationships of individuals often do not coincide. You can dislike a person, but at the same time be “friends” with him for a certain benefit.

Parity and subordination relationships

Contacts between two or a group of people that are based on the principle of equality are called parity. The complete opposite of these are subordinate communications. They mean those in which one party has a higher position, social status, position, and more possibilities, rights and powers in relation to the other party. This type of relationship develops between a boss and subordinates, between a teacher and students, parents and children, etc. At the same time, interpersonal contacts within the team (between employees, students, brothers and sisters) are of the parity type.

Formal and informal relationships

Interpersonal relationships can be divided into two types: formal and informal. Formal (official) connections are formed on a legal basis and are regulated by legislation, as well as all kinds of charters, procedures, instructions, decrees, etc. Such relationships are built regardless of personal feelings and emotions. As a rule, such relations are formalized by a contract or agreement in writing as prescribed by law. Formal relationships can be parity (between team members) and subordination (between superiors and subordinates), businesslike and rational.

Informal (unofficial) interpersonal relationships develop without any legal restrictions and on the basis of personal interests and preferences. They can be both rational and emotional, as well as parity, subordination, personal and even business. In essence, formal and informal interpersonal contacts are practically the same as personal and business relationships. But there is a fine line here, which in most cases is difficult to determine, since one type of connection is superimposed on another, a third, and so on. For example, the relationship between a boss and a subordinate. The following types of contacts can occur between them overnight:

• business (employer and employee);
• formal (the employee is obliged to fulfill his job responsibilities, and the employer pays him for his work, which is regulated by the employment contract);
• subordinate (the employee is subordinate to his employer and is obliged to follow his instructions);
• personal (liking, friendship, sympathy);
• parity (the employer can be a relative or close friend of his employee);
• rational (the employee enters into this relationship for his own benefit - wages);
• emotional (boss good man and the employee really likes it).

All types of personal connections in real life between a specific person and those around them are closely intertwined, which complicates the process of drawing clear boundaries between them.

Feelings and their role in relationships

Every relationship is built on the basis of certain feelings, which can be both positive (liking) and negative (antipathy). First, feelings and emotions are formed, caused by the external data of a new acquaintance, and only then certain feelings begin to form towards him, his inner essence. Informal relationships between people are often based on feelings that are far from objective. The following factors distort the opinion of one individual about another, which can significantly affect the set of feelings:

• lack of ability to discern the true intentions and motivations of other people;
• inability to objectively and soberly assess the state of affairs and well-being of your interlocutor or just a new acquaintance at the moment of observing his behavior;
• the presence of prejudices and attitudes imposed by oneself or society;
• the presence of stereotypes that prevent one from discerning a person’s true nature (he is a beggar - he is bad, or all women are mercantile, and men are polygamous, and something like that);
• forcing events and the desire to form a final opinion about a person without fully understanding and without knowing what he really is like;
• inability to accept and take into account other people's opinions and reluctance to do this in principle.

Harmonious and healthy interpersonal relationships are built only when each party is able to reciprocate, sympathize, be happy for the other, and empathize. Such contacts between individuals reach the highest forms of development.

Forms of interpersonal relationships

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Whether a person feels like or dislike another person or group of people depends solely on his ability to accept them for who they are and understand their motive and logic.

There are several stages (forms) of the formation of interpersonal contacts:

• Getting to know each other. This stage consists of three levels: 1 – a person recognizes another by sight; 2 – both parties recognize each other and are greeted when they meet; 3 – welcome and have common topics and interests.
• Friendship (showing sympathy on both sides and mutual interest);
• Partnership (business relationships built on the presence of common goals and interests (work, study));
• Friendship;
• Love (is the highest form of interpersonal relationships).

A person is a personality that is born in society. Each society has its own moral principles, certain rules, prejudices and stereotypes. The formation of personality is primarily influenced by the society in which a person lives. How relationships develop in society also depends on this.

Important factors in determining the type of relationship in a company of two or more individuals are not only their belonging to a particular society, but also gender, age, profession, nationality, social status and others. In the same time according to Eric Berne's system, person in mature age able to control the nature of his communication. And this is an interesting psychological development that helps us understand ourselves and others.

Has hundreds of regulation options. All of them are united into types of social norms - the main regulators of human life.

About the essence

To understand what causes the division of the phenomenon under consideration into different kinds, it is worth, first of all, to understand what it is. In science, both political science and law, a social norm is understood as a special rule formed as a result of vital necessity. Consequently, the types of social norms are to a greater extent a division of them according to the methods of addition. True, despite all their diversity, there are certain signs that allow us to classify the phenomenon as the norms of society, namely:

From these signs it follows that the types of social norms are also predetermined by the social and cultural components. And therefore, what is acceptable for one association may be impossible for another.

Main types of social norms

On this issue, almost all scientists are unanimous and highlight the following: morality, law and custom. It is advisable to first consider custom as the first type of social norms. The thing is that it was he who was formed back when there was no talk of the state or religions. In fact, this is the first form of a rule of conduct. And, of course, it was developed as a result of the above process. Initially, the custom was of a purely everyday nature, but now it is a whole system, which also includes legal and corporate norms. The second form is morality. The history of its formation is somewhat more complicated and it is based, first of all, on religion in general, regardless of its type. It is worth noting that morality does not require special consolidation; moreover, this is precisely why it differs from the same custom and law.

Right

Types of social norms and sanctions as consequences of failure to comply with established rules have given rise to a special category - legal norms. We can say that as soon as the need arose to punish for deviations from the existing order in society, this type of social norms arose. Although in the theory of jurisprudence there is a different point of view on this problem. Thus, political scientists and legal researchers argue that law arose simultaneously with the state. However, if you look deeper and accept the essence of the state, you can come to the above conclusion.

Other types of social norms

In addition to the norms already discussed, legal theorists and sociologists identify several more types, which are classified according to the following criteria:

1. sphere of activity - religious, economic, environmental and others;
2. implementation mechanism - normative (enshrined in special acts) and self-observing (for example, religious vows).

The classification can take forever, because, as a rule, these characteristics not only distinguish species, but also serve as the main characteristics for comparing them.

· Those who know themselves and others better will quickly find their place in life
· The ability to understand people will help you improve your relationship with others.
· A successful person achieves success only because he knows how to get along well with people and influence them.
· Everyone has the right to be admired, to be applauded, has the right to love, well-being, etc. you too. Just don’t forget that others have the right to this too.
· Understand your problems and the problems of other people. Don't put up with them. Solve your problems and help solve other people's problems.
· You are happy when you are understood. Others are happy when they find understanding. Often you have to
make efforts to achieve understanding, and take adequate steps to be understood. Remember that others may also have difficulty gaining understanding.
· Many life problems are caused by sexual life; the main thing is that their decision does not come to the detriment of others.
· Anyone who has inner freedom has the right to share it with others
· Remember that the world judges you not by your words and intentions, but by your actual deeds.
· Those who are not tested by life do not have the opportunity to be convinced of their own abilities. By testing people in action, you can find out what they are capable of.
· Life and movement are closely related to each other, so a dynamic lifestyle will significantly improve your status.
· You shouldn’t think that people who are happy in their lives are jesters or saints. They just know how to turn evil into good, and everything negative into positive.
· Ideas do not fall from the sky, but you can look for them - alone or together with others.
· The power of positive thinking can inspire a person and carry others along with him.
· By force and coercion, rudeness and threat, you can subjugate others - but this is an imaginary success.
· Anyone who is unable to understand others should ask themselves whether someone's strange behavior and aloofness towards you is not a kind of need for psychological protection from you.
· You should not constantly think about your mistakes, especially about the mistakes of others.
· It is better to defend your rights before others if you know your responsibilities well and are always ready to do more than others
· Healthy humor, especially, by the way, when you need to brighten up dark sides life and encourage others.
· Fear of making a mistake is always a bad help. First you need to open it and then fix it.
Excessive diligence often requires costs great forces than the evil that gave rise to this zeal.
· You should not make moral “flies” or moral “elephants,” especially when it comes to someone else’s morality.
· The criterion for success is practice.
· The attitude of others towards us depends only on ourselves.
· Everyone builds their own world, but it should be taken into account that others also build theirs.

A person in his life is a member of various social groups. Such groups can be family, educational groups, work teams, friendly companies, etc. The type of group also dictates the presence of certain social relationships.

Depending on the social sphere where interpersonal relationships are realized A. N. Sukhov, A. A. Derkach distinguish: industrial, everyday, economic, legal, moral, political, religious, aesthetic and other human relations.

1. Industrial relations– develop between employees of organizations when solving production, educational, economic, everyday and other problems and imply fixed rules of behavior of employees in relation to each other. These relationships are shared:

vertically – between managers and subordinates;

horizontally – relationships between employees who have the same status;

on the diagonal - the relationship between the managers of one production unit and ordinary employees of another.

2. Household relations– develop outside of work, on vacation and at home;

3. Economic relations – are implemented in the sphere of production, ownership and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here a person plays two interrelated roles - seller and buyer.

4. Legal relations - are fixed by law. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of production, economic, political and other social relations. These relationships, based on legislative rules, carry a great moral burden.

5. Moral relations – are enshrined in relevant rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of organizing people’s lives. These forms contain the moral norm of behavior at the level of existing interpersonal relationships, which stems from the moral self-awareness of a particular community of people.

6. Religious relations reflect the interaction of people that are formed under the influence of the faith and religion that is characteristic of a given society or social group. These relationships grow out of a person’s need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the highest meaning of existence, comprehension of one’s connections with the cosmos, and explanation of mysterious phenomena that are not amenable to natural scientific analysis. In these relationships, the irrational principles of the mental reflection of reality, based on feelings, intuition and faith, predominate.

7. Political relations center around the problem of power. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it and the subordination of those who lack it. The power intended to organize social relations is realized in the form of leadership functions in communities of people. Its absolutization, as well as its complete absence, are harmful to the livelihoods of communities.

8. Aesthetic relations arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people to each other and the aesthetic reflection of material objects outside world. These relationships are characterized by great subjective variability.

Also distinguished formal(official) And informal(unofficial)relationship.

1.formal(official)relationship– normatively provided relationships enshrined in official documents;

2.informal(unofficial)relationship- relationships that actually develop in relationships between people and are manifested in preferences, likes or dislikes, mutual assessments, authority, etc.

V. G. Krysko identifies the following types of interpersonal relationships: acquaintance relationships, friendly, comradely, friendly, love, marital, family, destructive relationships. This classification is based on several criteria: the depth of the relationship, the degree of selectivity in choosing partners, the functions of the relationship.

Interpersonal relationships are based on emotional experiences. As is known from the course of general psychology, they can be positive, negative And neutral. Consequently, if we take the form of emotional experiences as the basis for the classification of interpersonal relationships, then we can talk about positive, negative And neutral interpersonal relationships.

1. Positive interpersonal relationships (“meeting people”).

Love – the most complex type of interpersonal relationships, expressed in a high degree of emotional positive attitude towards an object that stands out among others and is placed at the center of the subject’s life interests. Love can manifest itself in relation to another person as an object of sexual needs (man or woman) and non-sexual needs (love for parents, children, other family members), to inanimate objects and concepts (city, Motherland, art, etc.);

Proximity– a type of interpersonal relationship between two people, expressed in mutually adaptive behavior aimed at achieving mutual satisfaction and a sense of security in their position;

Friendship– these are stable individually selective interpersonal relationships, characterized by mutual affection of the participants, the desire to be in the company of other people, mutual expectations of reciprocal feelings and preference. It is built on mutual understanding, trust, active mutual assistance, mutual interest, sincerity and unselfishness of feelings.

Friendship– unstable, not deep, but friendly relationships;

2. Neutral interpersonal relationships (“from people”).

Autism(alienation) - an individual’s withdrawal from contacts with the surrounding reality and immersion in the world of his own experiences. Observed in mental disorders (schizophrenia) and in cases of severe psychological trauma with a normal psyche;

Indifference– a form of interpersonal relations, manifested in the failure to provide assistance to victims and those in need. Depends on factors such as:

“Eyewitness effect” – help is provided less often in the presence of eyewitnesses;

Uncertainty of the situation;

Personal unfamiliarity with the victim;

Personal, primarily status, characteristics of the victim - people with high status receive help faster;

Emotional states such as anger, rage, rage, fear, depression, sadness interfere with empathy and helping;

Personality traits.

Conformism - a form of interpersonal relations, manifested in agreement and reconciliation.

Selfishness– a form of interpersonal relationships, manifested in the desire to satisfy one’s needs at the expense of others.

3. Negative interpersonal relationships (“against others”).

Negativism– this is a unique form of interpersonal relationships, manifested in unmotivated, negative behavior that is contrary to requirements and expectations.

Dislike for others– a negative attitude towards people, which can manifest itself in discrimination, racism, etc.

Hatred– a persistent form of interpersonal relationships, manifested in the active negative feeling of the subject, aimed at phenomena that contradict his needs, beliefs, and values.

Aggression – a form of interpersonal relationships manifested in behavior aimed at causing physical or psychological harm, damage to people or their destruction.