Kuma River: description and photo. The Kuma River in the Stavropol Territory: characteristics, meaning of the name, tributaries The mouth of the Kuma River

12.03.2020 | State

The Kuma River in the Stavropol Territory flows mainly only in this area, which is covered with sand. The name of the stream is associated precisely with this feature. From the Turkic language the word “kum” is translated as “sand”. The history of the river begins in the 1st-3rd centuries. Already in these times, historians note the presence of the first settlers on the lands near the water flow basin, who were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, and the first crafts appeared. In the XI-XIII centuries, the Kuma River was equipped with Polovtsian headquarters; The residents themselves called themselves “Cumans”. Today there are cities along the reservoir Mineral water, Budennovsk, the villages of Alexandriyskaya and Suvorovskaya, the villages of Krasnokumskoye, Levokumskoye, Soldato-Alexandrovskoye, Arkhangelskoye and Praskoveya. In total, more than 350 thousand people live on the banks of the Kuma River today.

Geography of the river

Kuma originates near the village of Verkhnyaya Mara, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range (altitude about 2100 meters). Here the reservoir can be called a mountain river. In the Mineralnye Vody area, the stream spills into the plain, where its flow is calmer. It ends at Nogai steppe. In the area of the city of Neftekumsk, the Kuma River splits into several small branches that move towards the Caspian Sea, but do not reach it. In total, the flow flows in four regions of our country at once: the republics of Dagestan, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess and Stavropol Territory.

Tributaries

The river is 802 km long and its basin area is 33,500 square km. In the village of Krasnokumskoye (Georgievsky district), a tributary flows into the Kuma - the river. Podkumok. It belongs to the right-bank internal flows. In order to understand which basin the watercourse belongs to, it is necessary to determine where the Kuma River flows. This is about

Besides, in right side The reservoir flows into the Daria and Zolka rivers. To the left - Tomuzlovka, Sukhoi Karamyk, Mokry Karamyk, Surkul, Sukhaya Buivola, Wet Buvola.

Characteristic

The Kuma River is fed mainly by precipitation and melting snow. From the end of November to the beginning of March it is covered with ice; in March-April the ice melts and the reservoir overflows. In the recent past, quite high floods were recorded in the spring, and floods are also common here. From March to June there is high water. In summer, the water level can rise up to 5 meters.
The long-term average is 10.6 cubic meters. m, the average flow rate was fixed at 0.33 cubic meters. km per year.

A special feature of the Kuma River is its high content of suspended particles. According to sources, about 600 thousand tons of material are removed annually. During periods of floods and floods, this figure increases significantly. In this regard, the Kuma River is used primarily to irrigate the dry lands of the region.

Before the city of Mineralnye Vody, the flow of this stream is predominantly mountainous, and after entering the flat area it becomes calmer.

Water quality

The quality of water in the stream is not uniform throughout its entire length. At the source, in mountainous areas, mineralization is noted: here it is predominantly of calcium-hydrocarbonate composition. Further down the river, the amount of minerals decreases significantly, and the presence of sulfates is noted. That is why the Kuma River in the Stavropol Territory has poor quality water, close in characteristics to polluted water, unsuitable for drinking.

Reservoir and canals

A reservoir of the same name was created on the river near the village of Otkaznoe. After its formation, the turbidity of the water decreased significantly. The artificial reservoir is considered to be one of the most fishing places. In this regard, trapping is carried out there throughout the year, both professional and amateur. There are more than 70 species of fish, among which the majority are gudgeon, crucian carp, bream, pike perch and perch.

In addition to the reservoir, two irrigation canals were built on the Kuma stream - Kumo-Manychsky and Tersko-Kumsky. They also transport water to the basin of several rivers (Eastern Manych, etc.), where it is processed, after which it is supplied to consumers.

Kuma

Characteristic
Length	802 km
Pool area	33,500 km²
Water consumption	12 m³/s
Watercourse
Source	northern slope of the Rocky Range
Estuary	Caspian Sea
Location

Flows through the territory	North Caucasus

The river is fed mainly by precipitation. The average water flow is 10–12 m³/s near the village of Suvorovskaya. Kuma water is highly turbid (about 600 thousand tons of suspended material are carried out per year) and is widely used for irrigation (Tersko-Kuma and Kumo-Manych canals). The flow in the middle and lower reaches is regulated by the Otkaznensky reservoir (near the village of Otkaznoe). During the summer low-water period, Kuma is dismantled for irrigation in the rich Kum Valley (from the village of Suvorovskaya to the city of Neftekumsk).

Freeze-up lasts from late November - early December to early March. In the past, high spring floods were typical.

The following settlements with more than 10 thousand inhabitants are located on Kuma: the village of Suvorovskaya, the city of Mineralnye Vody, the village of Alexandriyskaya, the village of Krasnokumskoye, the village of Soldato-Alexandrovskoye, the city of Zelenokumsk, the village of Praskoveya, the city of Budennovsk, the village of Levokumskoye, the village of Irgakly, the city of Neftekumsk and several dozens of smaller settlements with a total population of 350 thousand people.

Links

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Kuma (a river in the North Caucasus)” is in other dictionaries: Kuma Flows through the territory North Caucasus

Source northern slope of the Rocky Range Mouth Caspian Sea Length 802 km ... Wikipedia KUMA, river in the North. Caucasus. 802 km, basin area 33.5 thousand km2. It begins on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus and is lost in the Caspian lowland. The average water flow in the middle reaches is 10.9 m3/s. Used for irrigation (Tersko Kumsky and... ...

encyclopedic Dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Kuma. Kuma Characteristics Length 802 km Basin area 33,500 km² Water flow 12 m³/s Watercourse ... Wikipedia Kuma, a river in the Russian SFSR, in the North Caucasus. Length 802 km, basin area 33.5 thousand km2. It originates on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range. In the upper reaches it flows in high and steep banks; in the middle reaches it has a wide valley. Upon leaving... ...

Great Soviet Encyclopedia River, bass. Caspian Sea (usually does not reach the sea); Karachaevo Cherkessia, Stavropol Territory, Dagestan. A common explanation is from the Turk, Kum Sand or from the Turk, the ethnonym Cumans (Cumans). An etymology from other Turkic, Kum Volna has also been proposed...

Geographical encyclopedia

Kuma- Kuma, a river in the North Caucasus. Length 802 km, basin area 33.5 thousand km2. Originates on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range; upon leaving Caspian lowland breaks into branches and usually does not reach the Caspian Sea. Basic… … Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

1. KUMA, a river in the North Caucasus. 802 km, pl. basin 33.5 thousand km2. It begins on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus and is lost in the Caspian Lowland. Average water consumption on avg. flow of 10.9 m^/s. Used for irrigation (Tersk Kumsky and ... ... Russian history

Kuma: Feminine from “kum”, a type of unrelated relationship. Usually, parents call their child’s godmother this way, or vice versa: godparents call the godson’s own mother. A character from the Tekken fighting game series. Kuma River (tributary of Konda) river in... ... Wikipedia

A. N. Khokhlov, M. P. Ilyukh.

Geographical coordinates

44°58′ N, 45°38′ E

Height

6-11 m above sea level.

Square

6,000 hectares, including water surface: 500 hectares, land: 5,500 hectares, including farmland: 3,000 hectares (pastures).

a brief description of

River valley Kuma with small drying fresh lakes fed by artesian waters among the cereal-wormwood xerophytic semi-desert steppe, used for sheep pasture. The depressions are occupied by salt marshes and swamps.

Wetland type

M, P, Ts.

Ramsar Criteria

Location

Kuma-Manych depression, Stavropol region, Neftekumsky and Levokumsky districts, village. Backres.

Physiographic characteristics

The Kuma River is canalized, has a width of 1025 m, a depth of 1.5-3 m, and a flow speed of 0.2 m/s. The bottom is muddy and viscous. The coastal slopes are steep and turfed. Some of the water from the river is diverted upstream into irrigation canals. In cold winters, the river freezes in December and opens in mid-March. The ice thickness is 10-15 cm. There is no ice drift. The autumn flood begins in mid-March and continues until the end of April. The height of the water level rise is up to 1.5-2 m. In some places the floodplain is flooded with water (the height of the water layer is 0.5-0.7 m).

The relief is flat, with individual low (1-2 m) gently sloping hilly hills and shallow (1-2 m) closed depressions (depressions). The largest depressions are occupied by lakes, salt marshes and swamps. The soils are silty-sandy, loamy and saline. The soils are light chestnut. The climate is arid, continental. River valley Kuma is wide (4-8 km) and shallow (incision depth 610 m), its slopes are gentle, almost imperceptibly turning into the adjacent plain.

Environmental parameters

Xerophytic and semi-aquatic plant associations, thickets of macrophytes. Steppes - 90% of the area; reservoirs - 7%; lowland swamps - 3%.

Valuable flora

The hummocky sands are anchored by sparse (in the form of tufts) herbaceous vegetation of kumarchik and camelwort, alternating with rare tamarisk and juzgun shrubs 0.5-2 m high. In the floodplain of the river and along the shores of lakes, in some places there are dense thickets of reeds 3-4 m high, in the steppe - sparse and low (10-20 cm) grass stand of wormwood, feather grass, fescue, chamomile, bluegrass and wheatgrass.

Valuable fauna

Common breeding species in this area include yellow heron, great egret, little egret, gray heron, red-headed heron, mallard, red-crested duck, marsh harrier, moorhen, coot, common wight, stilt, common egret, white-winged tern, white-cheeked tern, common tern, little tern, house owl, bee-eater, roller, hoopoe, rosy starling.

Forms of land ownership

Regional and federal.

Land use

Pastures - 70% of the area.

Factors negatively affecting the condition of the land

Overgrazing of livestock; spring hunting; poaching; flooding of the territory; anxiety factor.

Environmental measures taken

No data.

Proposed environmental measures

Reducing livestock grazing, banning spring hunting, tightening the fight against poaching.

Recreation and tourism

The intensity of anthropogenic load is low. The site is not used for recreation and tourism.

Jurisdiction

Administration of the Stavropol Territory.

Site management body

Office of Rosprirodnadzor for the Stavropol Territory (355006 Russia, Stavropol Territory, Stavropol, Goleneva St., 18). - Location - Height