Meadow jaundice. Meadow yellow butterfly
The yellow butterfly is a diurnal butterfly from the white butterfly family.
Attractive in appearance, it once delighted Charles Darwin himself when a migrating population of these individuals made a rest stop on his ship.
Most representatives of jaundice species cause harm to agricultural crops and are classified as pests, but they are protected by environmental law and are listed in the Red Book.
Habitat
The yellow butterfly is a resident of the temperate and warm climates of Europe and Asia. In Russia it is found everywhere except in the Far North. Prefers flowering meadows of clover and alfalfa.
Appearance
Externally, the yellowthroat can easily be confused with other butterflies of the white butterfly genus. Only individually colored caterpillars will confirm the exact appearance of the individual. The caterpillars are bright green. Four yellow longitudinal stripes and two rows of dark dots along the back are unique to this species.
The yellow butterfly has two pairs of wings, different in size and color.
The front ones are larger and lighter in color. In females they are almost white, and in males they are lemon-colored. The bottom of the front wings is the same tone as the top, but the coloring is complemented by light spots with darker edging. The hind wings are dark yellow below, the same color above and decorated with a double orange spot. The length of the male with a full wingspan is 50-60 mm. The size of the female is 3-4 mm smaller. Mustache Pink colour
thin at the base, thicken towards the top
Lifestyle. Nutrition The jaundice butterfly becomes active with the onset of daylight and flies very quickly. At rest, the wings are always folded. Lives in areas with warm and temperate climate
in the European and Asian parts.
meadow jaundice on a flower photo
In late spring and early summer, it migrates to more northern regions, where a sufficient amount of plant food appears. It feeds mainly on legumes and alfalfa. The growing caterpillar feeds on leaves all summer.
Jaundice butterflies migrate once in the summer, but two generations grow up per year. The eggs laid transform into a larva. The larva turns into a caterpillar, which remains in this position for almost 8 months. Then it pupates and turns into a butterfly.
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Origin of the Latin nameSpreadingDevelopmentIt develops in two, sometimes three generations. Females lay 1-2 eggs on the underside of leaves or stems. The caterpillars appear after about a week, first skeletonize the leaves, then gnaw them from the edges. The caterpillars are slow, usually found in the middle tier of the grass stand. Having finished feeding, they pupate here on the stems. The caterpillars are found from June to autumn, overwinter under the litter or in the surface layer of soil and finish their development in the spring. Sometimes pupae overwinter. Butterflies fly in the north in July - August, and in the south - throughout the entire summer period of the year (April - October). In some years, butterflies exhibit migratory mobility. Caterpillars feed on various legumes: mouse peas ( Vicia Cracca) and other types of wikis ( Vicia), knitting ( Coronilla), alfalfa ( Medicago), lardvenets ( Lotus), broom ( Cytisus), clover ( Trifolium) . ClassificationThe following subspecies of meadow jaundice are distinguished:
Write a review about the article "Meadow jaundice"NotesLiterature
Insects and mites are pests of agricultural crops. Volume III. Lepidoptera. Part 2. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1999. - pp. 235-236. - 216 p.He extended his arms to her, not yet realizing that he would never be able to hug her again in this world, and it was unlikely that at that moment he understood anything at all... He just saw her again, which in itself was already absolutely incredible!.. And everything else didn’t matter to him now... But then Vesta appeared. She stared at her father in surprise and, suddenly understanding everything, screamed heartbreakingly:- Dad! Daddy... Daddy!!! - and threw herself on his neck... Or rather, she tried to throw herself... Because she, just like her mother, could no longer physically touch him in this world ever again. “Little fox... my baby... my joy...” the father repeated, still grasping the emptiness. – Don’t go, just please don’t go!... He was literally “choking” with emotions too strong for his aching heart. And then I was afraid that this unexpected, almost inhuman happiness could simply kill him... But the situation (just in time!) was defused by the hissing and enraged “monsters”, forgotten by everyone, but who had not forgotten anyone... To my shame, “ hypnotized by the beauty of the meeting, I completely forgot about them!.. Now, having changed their “tactics” and no longer attacking their father, they found it more convenient to satisfy their eternal “hunger” and get enough of the vitality of the child - little Vesta... Arthur in He waved his arms in complete panic, trying to protect his daughter, but naturally was unable to harm anyone. The situation was completely out of control and too quickly began to take a very undesirable turn for me. It was necessary to get rid of all this fanged-clawed-hissing horror as soon as possible, and so that she could never return to this poor man again... “Think, think, think!..” I shouted to myself almost out loud. And suddenly, as if in a bright flash, I very clearly saw a “picture” of my body glowing with a blinding green color, and my old “star friends” who, smiling, pointed to this green light... Apparently, somehow my “panicking “The brain managed to call them from somewhere, and now they tried to “tell me” in their own way what I should do. Without thinking for a long time, I closed my eyes and tried to concentrate, trying to mentally evoke a long-forgotten feeling... And literally a split second later everything “flashed” with the same amazingly bright green light that I had just seen in the “picture” shown by my friends. My body shone so strongly that it illuminated almost the entire room, along with the vile creatures swarming in it. I wasn't sure what to do next, but I felt that I had to direct this "light" (or rather, energy) towards all those squirming "horror creatures" in order to make them disappear from our sight as quickly as possible, and also from Without them, Arthur's life is quite complicated. The room flashed green, and I felt a very “thick” green beam burst out of my palms and headed straight to the target... Immediately I heard a wild screech, which turned into a real “otherworldly” howl... I almost had time to rejoice that finally everything would be good, and right now they will disappear forever, but, as it turned out, the “happy ending” was still a little far away... The creatures frantically clung with their claws and paws to the “dad” who was still waving his arms and the baby fighting them off, and so far they clearly weren’t going to give up. I realized that West would no longer be able to withstand the second “attack”, and thereby lose his only chance to talk to his father for the last time. But this is exactly what I couldn’t allow. Then I pulled myself together again and, with all my strength, “threw” green rays, now at all the “monsters” at the same time. Something loudly slammed... and there was complete silence. Finally, all the monster-like monsters disappeared somewhere, and we could allow ourselves to breathe freely... This was my first, still very “childish” war with real lower astral beings. And I can’t say that she was very pleasant or that I wasn’t scared at all. Now that we live in the twenty-first century literally “inundated” with computer games, we have become accustomed to everything and have almost completely ceased to be surprised by any kind of horror... And even small children, having become completely accustomed to the world of vampires, werewolves, murderers and rapists, themselves in the same way, they kill, cut, devour and shoot in delight, just in order to “go to the next level” of some beloved one computer game... And probably, if some real scary monster had appeared in their room at that moment, they would not have even thought of being scared, and without thinking, they would have calmly blamed everything on the special effects, holography, time travel, so familiar to them, etc., despite the fact that none of them have yet managed to experience the same “time travel” or other favorite “effects” in reality.
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Systematic position
Lepidoptera (butterflies)- Lepidoptera
Whitefish family- Pieridae.
Tizo jaundice (mountain jaundice)- Colias thisoa Menetries, 1832
Status. 2 “Vulnerable” - 2, UV. Included in Appendix 2 to. Included in the Red Book of the USSR with category “II. Rare species» .
Global Threat Category on the IUCN Red List
Not included in the IUCN Red List.
Category according to IUCN Red List criteria
The regional population belongs to the category “Vulnerable” - Vulnerable, VU B1ac(iv)+2ac(iii,iv); C2(i); D1. V. I. Shchurov.
Belonging to the objects of international agreements and conventions ratified by the Russian Federation
Do not belong.
Brief morphological description
The diurnal butterfly is larger than average in size, with pronounced sexual dimorphism. The length of the front wing is 21-27 mm, the wingspan is 42-51 mm. The wings ♂ are deep bright orange on top, sometimes with a purple tint (a). The costal margin, especially at its base, is bright yellow. The black border of the outer edge is narrow (about 4 mm), cut by yellow veins near the apex. In fresh specimens, the black border is intensively pollinated by yellow scales.
The discal point is small black, the fringe is pink. On the hind wings the black marginal border is narrow, the costal and anal areas are yellow. Orange background - with dense blackish pollination, most intense in the anal sector. The discal spot is red-orange, the androconial spot is absent. The forewings are bicolored below: the outer field is greenish-yellow with a submarginal row of triangular black spots.
The central region is orange-yellow, and the posterior margin is whitish-yellow. The discal point is centered by white scales. The hind wing is greenish-yellow, with blackish pollination (b). Its fringe at the anterior corner is whitish, near the posterior corner it is pink. The forewing is reddish-orange above, with a wide blackish border (>6 mm) extending onto the costal margin (c). There are 5-7 yellow spots against its background.
The basal region is pollinated with blackish and yellow scales. The hind wing is wide and intensely blackened on top, its central region mixed with orange, the anal sector yellow. Against this background, a full series of large yellow submarginal spots and a red-orange discal spot are developed. The underside pattern is similar to ♂, but less bright, the blackish spots are reduced (d). The butterflies are reliably distinguished from the outwardly resembling individuals of the saffron yellowtail (Colias crocea) by the reddish-orange background of the upper part, the narrower marginal border and the intensive development of the black pattern on the ♀.
Spreading
Global range of west-central Palearctic type, disjunctive. Known from the mountain systems of Asia Minor, Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Central Asia, Altai. On the territory of the Russian Federation it is represented by two subspecies in isolated metapopulations from the highlands of Altai and the Greater Caucasus.
In the North Caucasus it is known for North Ossetia- Alania, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, KK. It is very likely to be found on the lands of the KSPBZ (Jughi massif) in the Republic of Armenia, through the territory of which the western border of the global range of this species passes.
In the region there are finds from the ridge. Snowfall, Yatyrgvarta, Magisho, Umpyrsky, Tsyndyshkho passes within the Mostovsky district and Sochi. The regional population through the subalpine and alpine belts is connected with the extra-regional one in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Local populations of alpine massifs, isolated by forest belts, exist separately.
Features of biology and ecology
Hortophilous phyllophage, univoltine mesophile, according to other observations, xeromesophile. Biology in the region is poorly studied. According to observations of populations on the territory of the KSPBZ within the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, butterflies are confined to extensive clumps of some alpine astragalus. According to literary data, it is trophically related to tragacanth astragalus and vetch (Vicia), and overwinters as pupae.
In the region it inhabits high-mountain biotopes from the upper border of subalpine meadows to subnival associations, in the altitude range of 1900-2800 m above sea level. seas. Prefers well-warmed slopes with southern exposures, avoiding tall grass and roderots. Flight of the regional population is observed from the first ten days of July to mid-August; its timing depends on the altitude, exposure of the biotope and microstatic conditions.
They are very mobile, their flight is swift and maneuverable. In search of ♀, they move significantly beyond the boundaries of the characteristic biotopes and feeding stations of the caterpillars. ♂ is characterized by long-term patrolling of small mountain slopes or stream beds. ♀ are less active and are seen much less often.
Number and its trends
Local and rare in the region. Since the first discovery, no local populations have been observed with numbers exceeding 20 individuals at the height of flight. According to observations in the republics North Caucasus, the general trend is to increase the number of populations and their density from west to east. In the mountain stepoids of the Central Caucasus (Urukh River valley, southern slope of Kionkhokh) it is quite common. The population dynamics in the region has not been determined.
Limiting factors
Not studied in the region. According to observations in the Western and Central Caucasus, the main threat is posed by pasture digression of alpine meadows as a result of overgrazing, primarily by sheep. Considering the marginal position of the regional part of the range, the individuality of known populations and their small numbers are a consequence of natural causes. The sustainable existence of isolated populations can be threatened by random factors - fire, extreme weather conditions, catching adults.
Necessary and additional security measures
All local populations of KK are located on the territory of the KGPBZ, which makes it logical to include the species in the list of protected objects of this protected area. Additional measures should consist of biological studies, searching for new habitats, and monitoring known populations.
Information sources. 1. Gorbunov, 2001; 2. Kocheva et al., 1986; 3. Red Book of the USSR, 1984; 4. Nekrutenko, 1990; 5. About approval..., 1998; 6. Ryabov, 1958; 7. Tuzov, 1993; 8. Shchurov, 1998; 9. Shchurov, 2000a; 10. Shchurov, 2001a; 11. Shchurov, 2004b; 12. Yakovlev, Nakonechny, 2001; 13. Hesselbarth et al., 1995; 14. Unpublished data from V.I. Shchurov. Compiled by V. I. Shchurov, D. E. Kuznetsov.
As the name suggests, golden yellowthroat butterflies, butterflies that quickly flutter above the ground, are yellow in color, and at first it is difficult to assume that they belong to the white butterfly family, most of which, as you might guess, are white.
There are more than 70 species of the jaundice genus in the world fauna. They are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in the highlands and Arctic zone. They are also found on the plains, in the steppes and even in swamps, although in the mountains they rise to considerable heights. Yellowback butterflies are good fliers with fast and agile flight, and some species can migrate considerable distances.
YELLOW WHITES AND NON-YELLOW WHITES
The characteristics inherent in all representatives of the family allow jaundices to be classified as whites: characteristic veins and the cells formed by them on the wings, bare eyes, normally developed forelegs, rounded-triangular forewings and ovoid, without a notch, hind wings. The color of jaundices is very variable.
Not only are they not white, but they are not necessarily yellow! There are red, orange and greenish varieties. Moreover, their coloring has a variety of color deviations and variations, which makes them an invaluable object for scientists and collectors.
FAQS OF POLYMORPHISM
This phenomenon - the presence within one species of individuals that are sharply different from each other without transitional forms - is called polymorphism. It is fully characteristic of jaundices, and sometimes these color variations are distinguished as separate subspecies.
Female yellowjackets are often lighter in color, up to white, and this reminds us of their belonging to the white family and makes us think about what color their ancestors were. There are species whose females can surprise with two types of coloration. In Aurora jaundice they can be either yellow or green. By the way, this rare butterfly- the largest representative of the genus, its wingspan reaches 65 mm.
In nature, it is rarely possible to see in detail the upper side of the wings of the yellow butterfly: when sitting, these butterflies fold them tightly. The underside is similar in many species and looks very modest. But even after examining the upper side of the wings, it is not always possible to determine which species it belongs to, due to the variety of color variations, and taxonomists have to resort to more precise methods, including genetic analysis.
Yellowfly caterpillars are also similar: green with whitish side stripes. Most of them live and feed on leguminous plants: vetch, astragalus, caragana, and mouse peas.
COLORS OF GOLD
The Ukok Plateau is home to several species of jaundice: Mongolian, tiche, tizo, chrysothema, golden and others. They are similar in many ways and yet differ from each other in the color of adults and caterpillars, preferred food plants, and flight timing.
The golden yellowthroat is the brightest: both the male and female are orange-yellow, golden in color, and the reverse side of their wings has a yellow tint.
On the front wing both have a dark oval spot, and in the middle of the hind wing the male has an orange spot and the female has a light one. The dark brown stripe bordering the wings is cut through with yellow streaks of veins. Butterflies differ in the shade of the color of the wings and the width of the dark border, and sometimes several subspecies of this species are distinguished.
Golden yellowtails are found in the mountains in June and July. At an altitude of up to 2200 m, they manage to produce one generation per summer. And below, on mountain slopes and plateaus, where they prefer dry low-grass steppes, they fly out twice - in May-June, and then in August. Females lay cylindrical greenish-white eggs on vetch and astragalus, and in the Altai mountains butterflies can be found on alpine aster and drooping snakehead.
The eggs hatch into slightly pubescent, dirty green caterpillars, which after the first moult become shaggy, light green, and later yellow-green, with a clear white line on the sides. They feed at night and hide during the day. Before pupation (after the fourth molt), the caterpillars are lush green, and a thin red line appears inside the white stripe on the sides. After overwintering, they pupate, and butterflies emerge in the spring.
Although most jaundices prefer legumes as food plants, the caterpillars of the peat jaundice, which live in tundras and swamps, feed on the leaves of blueberries and blueberries.
Yellowjackets, like other whites, have special scales on the wings of males, designed to evaporate specific pheromones that attract females of their species - a sort of “ business card“These scales are called androconial, and in many whites they are scattered over almost the entire surface of the wings. And in jaundices they are often located in groups, forming spots - the so-called androconial fields.
a brief description of
Class: insects.
Order: Lepidoptera, or butterflies.
Family: whites.
Genus: jaundice.
Type: golden jaundice.
Latin name: Colias chrysotheme.
Size: wingspan - 40-45 mm.
Color: butterflies - yellow, green, orange, red; caterpillars are green with white side stripes.
Life expectancy of golden jaundice: from 3 to 10 months.
By jaundice we mean a butterfly belonging to the white butterfly. She prefers to lead a predominantly diurnal lifestyle, so in the dark she hides in shelters. This species of lepidoptera became popular and notable when a population of individuals decided to stop on Charles Darwin's ship to rest during migration. Many representatives of the species are classified as pests because they cause damage to crops. They are protected by law and are listed in the Red Book.
Description
- Jaundices prefer to live in temperate climatic regions, be it Asia or European countries. In the vast expanses of our homeland, lepidoptera are found almost everywhere, with the only exception being the North. As for the habitat, these representatives of the family live in meadows with alfalfa and clover.
- The butterfly is awake during the daytime. The breed group under discussion has differences in gender. The wingspan does not exceed 5 cm, the length of the front wing is about 2.5 cm. In females top part orange, saturated, purple inclusions may be present. The edges are yellowish, there are black borders. In young animals there is pollination of a yellowish pigment along the edge of the wing.
- The anal zone, as well as the costal zone, is colored yellowish. The hind wings have a black marginal border. The background itself is orange, in the back the shade is brighter than on the rest of the body. The wings in the front part consist of two shades. The outer section is pigmented yellow-green, the middle section yellow-orange, and the outer section yellow-white.
- The hind wings of individuals of the breed group under discussion are pigmented greenish with a yellow tint. They have pollination of a black or so shade. The fringe section in the front corner is whitish, while in the rear corner it is pinkish or pigmented in a similar shade. The wings of the front section in the upper part are painted orange with a reddish tint. There is a wide black border that can creep onto the costal edge. On this background there are about 6 yellow spots.
- The section of the basal part is pollinated with a yellowish or black pigment. The hind wings have several black stripes in the upper section. In the middle part there is an admixture of orange tone, the anal part is yellowish. The butterfly has yellow pigmented spots scattered throughout its body. They may be orange or greenish in some parts. Females are not as bright, unlike males.
- These representatives of the family, it is not clear by what criteria, are confused with other whites. However, they have distinctive characteristics that should be adhered to. So, for example, individuals in their external characteristics are somewhat similar to saffron ones. But they are distinguished by the orange tone of the upper section of the body, as well as by the edging and developed pattern of spots.
Lifestyle
- As for their usual way of life, the insects in question are most active as soon as the sun rises. Throughout the day, the butterfly flies almost non-stop. And she does it very quickly.
- When an individual is at rest, its wings fold along the body. She straightens them only when flying. Insects often live in temperate and warm zones. climatic conditions. In most cases, this is typical of the Asian and European parts.
- At the end of spring and beginning of summer, such individuals migrate to regions with a northern climate. In addition, for the butterflies in question, it is important that in such places a sufficient amount of food of plant origin prevails.
- The diet of such insects mainly consists of alfalfa and legumes. When the larvae are born, they begin to eat plenty of leaves. Moreover, their meal lasts almost the entire summer.
- It is worth noting that the offspring of insects spend the winter in cocoons or caterpillars. They hide under a dense layer of fallen leaves. With the onset of spring, the young animals wake up and begin to actively devour foliage. Because of this, agricultural harvests often suffer.
Today's material is dedicated to the next representatives of the whites, which are called nothing more than jaundices. These lepidopterans prefer to live in clover meadows and areas where alfalfa grows. However, they can cause damage to crops while still at the caterpillar stage. To prevent this from happening, pests should be removed and plants treated in a timely manner.
