Classification of inventories in accounting. accounting

Products are on sale. Production is impossible without raw materials and materials. It was they who received the name of inventories. In addition, these stocks are acquired for the organization of resale in the future, to meet the needs of the administrative apparatus. Inventories in accounting are becoming an important tool.

Accounting: what are its tasks in this case

For this area, there are several tasks performed by accounting. Let's list them:

1. Settlements with suppliers in due time, control of materials that are still in motion; tracking uninvoiced deliveries.
2. Monitoring compliance with the established norms of the legislation on stocks. At the same stage, redundant and unused materials are identified. Then they try to implement them.
3. Timely official completion of all documentation on actions with material assets in motion. In addition, it is necessary to identify and reflect the costs associated with the procurement of valuables, calculate the actual cost of used accessories, track balances in balance sheets and storage locations.
4. Finally, the accounting of inventories in the enterprise helps to control the value and safety, regardless of the stages of processing.

On the classification of reserves according to the law

When accounting for inventories, it is necessary to rely on such a document as PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”. Stocks are mainly items for production processes or other labor functions. For one cycle in production, the full volume of stocks is consumed. The acquisition and use of materials results in costs, which are then transferred to the realizable value.

Legislative and regulatory regulation of inventory accounting in the Russian Federation

The selection of the following varieties is possible depending on the role played by reserves at various stages:

1. Inventory units, accessories used in the economy.
2. Spare parts and what is used in the package.
3. Returnable types of waste or fuel.
4. Semi-finished products purchased from others.
5. Raw materials, the main types of materials.

For accounting, the nomenclature account becomes the main unit of measurement, but not only this concept is used. It can be homogeneous groups, parties or other similar phenomena. MPZ in accounting are units that can be measured in different ways. The main thing is to choose a suitable unit so that it provides complete, reliable information about the reserves and allows you to control the movement, the presence of all the necessary components.

Accounting: using accounts

Usually we are talking about synthetic varieties. And the notation is as follows:

• "Finished products";
• "General group of goods";
• "Deviations in the value of material assets";
• "Preparation and acquisition of valuables";
• "Materials". In addition, each is accompanied by its own sub-account.

But there is a separate group of so-called off-balance accounts. They require a separate discussion:

• 004 - designation of goods accepted for commission;
• 003 - for materials that are being processed;
• 002 - valuables for which custody is registered.

Primary Documentation: Form Information

When organizing accounting, it is impossible to do without the following documents, which play the role of primary sources of information:

• statements for describing the balances from the warehouse;
• cards for accounting materials in warehouses;
• vacation invoices;
• waybills for registration of movements in the enterprise;
• list of requirements;
• cards with limit-intake information;
• acceptance certificate;
• data from powers of attorney;
• arrival orders.

About inventory valuation

Posting of valuables

When an object is taken into account, it is based only on the cost after the fact. Management incurs certain costs due to the acquisition - these are the actual cost in the end. Excluded from the calculation results are only fees in connection with the added value, other similar transfers. The laws of the Russian Federation describe in detail the exceptions. It is also necessary to rely on methodological guidelines for the accounting of inventories.

Any enterprise works with the actual costs of the following groups:

1. Delivery of assets to the place where they will be directly used, related investments. This also includes spending on insurance programs.
2. Transfers for intermediaries through which the inventory was purchased in whole or in part.
3. Unrefunded taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a particular unit of goods.
4. Customs duties, other similar deductions.
5. Fee for consultations and provision of information during the purchase of goods.
6. Amounts transferred in accordance with agreements concluded with suppliers.

Estimation of materials at the time of arrival

One of the following methods may be used by management in making an assessment:

1. Including those goods that were purchased first.
2. By average.
3. For each unit, taken separately.

One method can be applied during one reporting period. inventories in accounting, it is a tool that does not tolerate sudden movements.

About Inventory

An inventory of property or assets owned by an organization is carried out at least once every 12 months, in accordance with the current version of the legislation. During this procedure, they find out how many assets are available, are actually used. The results of these measurements are compared with the data of the registers that are maintained in accounting.

All features of the inventory procedure are determined individually by the head. It all depends on the current needs of the enterprise.

The Ministry of Finance of Russia has adopted a separate order, which provides additional recommendations for those involved in accounting in small and not very enterprises. The rules control any area of ​​activity, with the exception of credit and budget companies.

inventory value

The definition of value depends on how the items were received in a particular case: for a fee, free of charge, as a result of the production of the enterprise itself, or as a contribution to the formation of accounting capital. The value of any tangible assets purchased is the cost of the purchase minus VAT and other reimbursable taxes. The actual costs incurred by a company form the price of the products produced by that company. General market indicators determine the prices for goods that are purchased free of charge. It is determined at the moment when the values ​​were adopted by the organization.

Reserve for cost reduction

A reserve is formed in case the original price of goods decreases or when they suffer from premature wear and tear. "Other income and expenses" - an account that is used by accountants in this case.

Moving valuables: we draw up documents

Any operations related to materials in the enterprise must be documented accordingly. Primary accounting varieties used for the work of accountants are usually used.

The main requirement is to carefully approach paperwork. It is mandatory to have a signature on the part of responsible employees, as well as managers. Traces of the corresponding objects in the accounting should also be present. The chief accountant and managers in structural divisions are responsible for monitoring the implementation of all requirements. They also monitor such a phenomenon as the classification of inventories in accounting.

When commodity values ​​arrive at the warehouse, a specialist at the enterprise checks the correspondence between the actual quantity and what is written in the accompanying documentation. A receipt order is issued if there are no discrepancies. An order is issued for the entire quantity of goods that has been received for storage. Drafting of documents is the responsibility of managers in the warehouse, on the day of receipt, in the amount of one copy. But there are other situations as well.

1. An act of acceptance of materials is drawn up if a difference is found between the actually shipped goods and information from the accompanying documents. Or when these documents are absent in principle.
2. The act is drawn up in two copies, the second is transferred to the supplier.
3. Sometimes accountable persons participate in the transfer of material assets. In this case, it is also necessary to issue receipt orders, in accordance with the general rules.

Additional information about the design

If an advance report is drawn up, then corroborating documents must be drawn up for it. This role is usually transferred to:

• bills and checks;
• receipts;
• when purchases are made with the help of the population or markets, it is important to draw up certificates and acts.

An internal transfer invoice is needed when an item moves from department to department. The supply department must issue special orders. Only after that the invoices themselves are drawn up.

According to the method described above, products that are processed or manufactured within structural divisions are issued. The main thing is that the vacation procedure is carried out only on the basis of established limits. Over-limit holidays are already issued by separate requirements.

With the consumption of valuables in connection with production processes, as well as the satisfaction of other needs of the enterprise, limit-fence cards are issued. The planning department of the company or the supply department is usually responsible for issuing these documents. The paper is issued in the amount of two copies. One is handed over to the recipient, and the other remains in the warehouse.

More about inventory

An inventory is needed in order to document not only the amount of material assets used, but also their condition at the current moment. There are several situations in which inventory becomes a requirement:

1. When the property is transferred for rent or a redemption or sale is made on it. Or during the reorganization of unitary enterprises owned by the state and the subjects of the Russian Federation.
2. Before reporting to accountants for the year.
3. If another financially responsible person appears.
4. When the facts of theft of property or its abuse, damage are revealed.
5. In case of emergencies caused by unforeseen factors.

The main purpose of any inventory is to find out how much property is actually owned. In this case, the actual availability is necessarily compared with the data obtained from accounting. Separately, it is checked whether all current liabilities are fully reflected.

Enterprises can decide for themselves how many times an inventory is carried out during the reporting period. Separately, the date for the event and the list of goods that are subject to this procedure are selected. The participation of financially responsible persons is a mandatory requirement. In addition, you can invite a special commission to resolve this issue.

60. Accounting of inventories is carried out in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting of inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2001 N 44n, and Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories reserves, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 N 119n, as well as Methodological recommendations for accounting of inventories in agricultural organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of January 31, 2003 N 26.

Inventories are reflected in accounting on the basis of the Chart of Accounts accounting financial economic activity enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex and Methodological recommendations for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of June 13, 2001 N 654.

Raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, spare parts, containers used for packaging and transportation of products (goods), and other material assets are reflected in the balance sheet at the acquisition price (historical cost) or market value, if it below historical.

Inventories in accounting are reflected at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices.

To summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials, materials, spare parts, inventory and household supplies, containers, etc. belonging to the organization. valuables (including those in transit and processing) account 10 "Materials" is intended. Materials are accounted for on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices. Agricultural organizations, products of their own production of the reporting year, reflected on account 10 "Materials", during the year (before the preparation of the annual accounting calculation) are taken into account at the planned cost. After compiling the annual reporting cost estimate, the planned cost of materials is adjusted to the actual cost.

Depending on the accepted accounting policy organization, the receipt of materials can be reflected in:

Using account 10 "Materials" and valuation of materials on account 10 at actual cost;

Using account 10 "Materials", account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials" with the assessment of materials to account 10 "Materials" at discount prices.

In the first case, the posting of materials is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc. depending on where these or those values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the organization.

In the second case, the posting of materials actually received by the organization is reflected in the debit entry of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" at accounting prices. When accounting for materials at accounting prices, the difference between the value of valuables at these prices and the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) is reflected on account 16 "Deviations in the cost of material assets".

To summarize information about the presence and movement of young animals belonging to the organization; adult animals that are fattening and fattening; birds; animals; rabbits; families of bees; animals transferred to citizens for cultivation under contracts, as well as livestock accepted from the population for sale, account 11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening" is intended.

Material assets accepted for safekeeping are accounted for on the off-balance account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". The customer's raw materials and materials accepted by the organization for processing (tolling raw materials), but not paid for, are recorded on off-balance sheet account 003 "Materials accepted for processing".

61. The procedure for determining the accounting price of purchased materials is provided for in subparagraphs 89 - 93 of paragraph 3 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories in agricultural organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation dated January 31, 2003 N 26.

Accounting prices are developed based on the prices of suppliers established in the relevant price lists or other public sources, transport tariffs, trade margins and the cost of delivering material assets to the organization. In this case, deviations from the established fixed discount prices are taken into account separately.

As accounting prices for materials, the following can be used:

a) planned cost (planned and estimated prices). In this case, deviations of contract prices from planned and estimated prices are taken into account as part of transportation and procurement costs. Planning and estimated prices are developed and approved by the organization in relation to the level of the actual cost of the relevant materials. They are intended for use within an organization;

b) negotiated prices. In this case, other costs included in the actual cost of materials are accounted for separately as part of transportation and procurement costs;

c) the actual cost of materials according to the data of the previous month or reporting period (quarter, year). In this case, deviations between the actual cost of materials for the current month and their accounting price are taken into account as part of transportation and procurement costs;

d) the average price of the group. In this case, the difference between the actual cost of materials and the average price of the group is taken into account as part of the transportation and procurement costs. The average price of the group is a kind of planned and estimated price (planned cost). It is established in cases where the nomenclature numbers of materials are consolidated by combining into one nomenclature number several sizes, grades, types of homogeneous materials that have slight fluctuations in prices. At the same time, in the warehouse, such materials are accounted for on one card.

Deviations of the planned cost (planned prices) and average prices from the market prices should not exceed, as a rule, ten percent.

When setting accounting prices in agricultural organizations, the following should be borne in mind:

a) agricultural products and harvested materials of own production of the current year, until the actual cost is determined at the end of the year, are accounted for at the planned cost of production and procurement, production of past years - at actual, purchased - at actual acquisition costs (including delivery costs to the agricultural organization);

b) spare parts and repair materials, fuels and lubricants, biological products, medicines and chemicals, tools and small inventory, mineral fertilizers, solid fuels, Construction Materials, arriving at agricultural organizations with sharply different transport and procurement costs, are accounted for at estimated prices set on the basis of supplier prices, trade margins, transport tariffs, and the costs of delivering material assets to an agricultural organization.

62. In accordance with clause 5 of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2001 N 44n, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the sum of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes (except as otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation). The actual cost of inventories includes amounts determined in accordance with clause 6 of PBU 5/01.

Purchased material values, as a rule, are taken into account at the actual cost, which consists of the cost indicated in the invoices of suppliers, and transportation and procurement costs. In current accounting (analytical and warehouse) during the reporting period, if necessary, they are valued at accounting prices.

The organization in its accounting policy must establish a specific option for accounting for transportation and procurement costs (TZR) by:

Assignment of TZR to a separate account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", according to the supplier's settlement documents;

Assignment of TZR to a separate sub-account to account 10 "Materials";

Direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material (attachment to the contract price of the material, attachment to the monetary value of the contribution to the authorized capital made in the form of inventories, attachment to the market value of materials received free of charge, etc.).

The direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material is advisable in organizations with a small range of materials, as well as in cases of significant importance of certain types and groups of materials.

Paragraph 13 of PBU 5/01 reflects the specifics of accounting for transportation and procurement costs for enterprises engaged in trading activities. Such organizations may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the cost of sales, i.e. in distribution costs.

If the accounting policy of a trade organization determines that the costs of procurement and delivery of goods are included in distribution costs, it is also necessary to indicate the procedure for writing off these costs.

Goods purchased by an entity for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate the purchased goods at the selling price with a separate allowance for markups (discounts).

Thus, the cost of goods purchased for resale can be reflected in accounting in two ways:

At the purchase price using account 41 "Goods". When purchasing goods for import (including barter transactions), the calculation of the purchase cost of incoming goods (materials, semi-finished products, equipment, etc.) is based on their value provided for in the contract (agreement).

At sales prices (in addition to the cost of purchasing goods, they also include a trade margin), using account 41 "Goods" and account 42 "Trade margin" (used for retail trade organizations).

Accounting for goods for wholesale and retail trade is maintained on separate sub-accounts of account 41.

63. In accordance with subparagraphs 94 - 100 of paragraph 3 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories in agricultural organizations approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of January 31, 2003 N 26, when materials are released into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out by an organization from the following ways:

a) at the cost of each unit (in this way, stocks are estimated that cannot normally replace each other or are subject to special accounting, for example, radioactive, explosives etc);

b) at the average cost;

c) according to the FIFO method (at the cost of the first in time acquisition of materials);

d) according to the LIFO method (at the cost of the most recent acquisition of materials).

The use of any of the listed methods by group (type) of materials should be carried out during the reporting year and is reflected in the accounting policy of the organization, based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.

The use of methods of average estimates of the actual cost of materials released into production or written off for other purposes can be carried out in the following ways:

Based on the average monthly actual cost (weighted estimate), which includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month (reporting period);

By determining the actual cost of the material at the time of issue (rolling valuation), while the calculation of the average valuation includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts before the issue.

The use of a rolling estimate should be economically justified and provided with appropriate computer technology.

The option for calculating average estimates of the actual cost of materials should be disclosed in the accounting policy of the organization.

In the case of significant labor intensity of accounting work, when evaluating materials using the average cost method, the FIFO method and the LIFO method, only the contractual price of materials can be taken for calculation.

64. In accordance with paragraph 59 of the Regulation on accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 N 34n, finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual or standard (planned) production cost, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources, and other production costs or direct cost items.

Thus, when forming the accounting policy of the organization of accounting for finished products, it is allowed to make a choice from the following assessment options:

At actual cost;

According to the standard or planned cost;

Direct cost items.

Feed, seeds, finished products can be valued during the current year in accounting and reporting also at accounting prices (planned cost) with the mandatory approval of this option in the accounting policy.

Accounting for agricultural products by type is carried out on accounts 10 "Materials", 43 "Finished products", 41 "Goods".

At the same time, agricultural products, the purpose of which is clearly defined upon receipt from production (for example, some types of feed, seeds and planting material), come directly to sub-accounts for accounting for the relevant material values. Products, the purpose of which is not clearly defined, are accounted for on account 43 "Finished products". After completing the underworking and determining the purpose of this product, part of it to be used as feed and seeds is attributed to account 10 "Materials", and transferred to public catering in its own distribution network - to account 41 "Goods".

When accounting for finished products on a synthetic account 43 "Finished products" at the actual production cost in analytical accounting, the movement of its individual items can be reflected at accounting prices (planned cost, selling prices, etc.) with the allocation of deviations from the actual production cost of products from their cost at discount prices. Such deviations are taken into account for homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed by the organization based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the value at the accounting prices of individual products.

When writing off finished products from account 43 "Finished products", the amount of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at prices accepted in analytical accounting related to these products is determined by the percentage calculated based on the ratio of deviations to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the reporting period and deviations in products received at the warehouse during the reporting month, to the cost of these products at discount prices.

The sum of deviations of the actual production cost of finished products from its value at accounting prices, related to shipped and sold products, is reflected in the credit of account 43 "Finished products" and the debit of the corresponding accounts with an additional or reversal entry, depending on whether they represent overruns or savings.

65. Special tools, special equipment and special clothing are accounted for in the manner provided for in the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Special Tools, Special Devices, Special Equipment and Special Clothing, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2002 N 135n.

Special tools and special fixtures - technical means that have individual (unique) properties and are designed to ensure the conditions for the manufacture (release) of specific types of products (performance of work, provision of services).

Special equipment - means of labor reused in production, which provide conditions for performing specific (non-standard) technological operations.

Special clothing - personal protective equipment for employees of the organization.

The composition of special tools and special devices includes: tools, dies, molds, molds, rolling rolls, pattern equipment, stocks, chill molds, flasks, special template equipment, other types of special tools and special devices.

Counted as special equipment:

Special technological equipment (chemical, metalworking, forging and pressing, thermal, welding, other types of special technological equipment) used to perform non-standard operations;

Control and testing apparatus and equipment (stands, consoles, mock-ups of finished products, test facilities) intended for adjustments, testing of specific products and their delivery to the customer (buyer);

Reactor equipment;

For those types of special equipment, the useful life of which is directly related to the amount of products (works, services) produced, it is recommended to use the write-off method in proportion to the volume of products (works, services), for other types of special equipment - the straight-line method.

The cost of special tooling designed for individual orders or used in mass production is fully repaid at the time of transfer to production (operation) of the corresponding tooling.

The cost of special clothing, the service life of which, according to the issuance standards, does not exceed 12 months, is fully repaid at the time of its transfer (vacation) to employees of the organization and is debited to the corresponding production cost accounts.

The cost of other special clothing is paid off in a linear way based on the useful life of special clothing, provided for in the standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, as well as in the Rules for providing employees with special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 18, 1998 N 51 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on February 5, 1999, registration N 1700).

66. Shipped goods, delivered works and rendered services are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual (or standard (planned)) full cost, including, along with the production cost, the costs associated with the sale (sale) of products, works, services reimbursed by the contractual (contractual) price.

The difference between full cost and production cost is the cost associated with the sale (including the cost of bringing the finished product to market). This means that in any case (including the option of accounting for finished products at planned cost), sales costs cannot be written off to the account of finished products until the moment of their shipment. Another consequence arising from the cited requirements is that the term "full cost" cannot be applied to finished products that are in the organization (in the process of pre-sale preparation, waiting for shipment, as part of warranty or insurance stocks, etc.) .

The cost of finished products is formed in accordance with the requirements of clause 6 of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 N 44n, and the provisions of the Methodological

In addition to the cost formed on the relevant accounting accounts in the manner established by the indicated legislative and regulatory acts, the increase in the cost of finished products includes part of the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, including the costs of remuneration of employees of the organization directly involved in procurement, acceptance, storage, release of finished products, and deductions for social needs specified workers.

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INTRODUCTION

1. RESERVES OF THE ORGANIZATION - THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL PRODUCTION

1.1 Regulatory regulation, concept and classification of inventories of the organization

1.2 Valuation of inventories

1.3 Documentation and accounting of inventories

2. ACCOUNTING OF THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL AND INDUSTRIAL INVENTORIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF OAO "URYUPINSKY MEZ"

2.1 a brief description of OJSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

2.2 Organization of accounting of inventory in JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

2.3 Synthetic and analytical inventory of inventory in JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

3. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING OF INVENTORIES IN OAO “URYUPINSKY MEZ”

3.1 Measures to improve the accounting of inventories in JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

3.2 Automation of the accounting process of the MPZ in JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPS

INTRODUCTION

The activity of any enterprise is a production process, which is the relationship of means of labor, objects of labor and labor force. The means of labor are machines, equipment used by employees, and the objects of labor are the production reserves of the enterprise (materials, raw materials, fuel, spare parts, etc.), which are used once in the production process and transfer all their value to the created products (work, service). ).

Raw materials, material and fuel and energy resources are the most important component national wealth of the country. Therefore, in a set of measures to create an accounting system, the formation of complete and reliable accounting information on the availability, movement and use of inventories at each enterprise, as well as a clear organization of on-farm control over their safety, is of great importance. In addition, materials form the basis of the cost of both a unit and the entire product, their cost is completely transferred to the newly created product, while occupying a rather high specific weight, therefore, accounting for the use of material resources in the production process has always been and is given special importance.

It is important to improve the quality indicators of the use of inventories. This can be achieved by saving materials and using them more efficiently. Solutions to the above problems can be achieved by using more advanced construction materials, introducing new technologies, replacing expensive materials with cheaper ones without compromising product quality, reducing waste and losses in the production process, and also widely involving secondary resources and by-products in economic circulation.

Currently, in a market economy, the procurement and acquisition of inventories is important at the initial stage of procurement. Therefore, accounting data should also contain information to find reserves to reduce the cost of production in terms of the rational acquisition and use of materials, and to ensure their proper procurement and expenditure.

The organization of material accounting is one of the most difficult areas of accounting work. At an industrial enterprise, the nomenclature of material assets amounts to tens of thousands of items, and information on accounting for production stocks makes up more than 30% of all information on production management. Therefore, the organization of accounting and control over the movement, safety and use of material assets is associated with great difficulties.

Thus, from the above it can be seen that the chosen topic course research very relevant.

The purpose of the course work is to consider the organization of accounting for inventories on the example of a particular enterprise.

The purpose of the course research determined the following tasks:

To study the regulatory framework for accounting for inventory;

To study the concept and classification of MPZ;

To study the synthetic and analytical accounting of inventory;

Consider specific proposals for improving the accounting of inventories at the enterprise under study.

The object of the study is JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ", engaged in the production of sunflower oil. The subject of the study is the economic relations that arise in OJSC "Uryupinsky Oil Extraction Plant" as a result of accounting for the movement of inventories.

The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications on the topic of the course study.

The course work deals with such concepts as materials and their classification, methods for evaluating materials, analytical and synthetic accounting. Theoretical issues of the course work are considered on the basis of the legislative acts of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents, as well as literary sources.

1. Zorganization's resources are the most important development factormaterial production

1.1 Regulatory regulation, concept andclassificationmaterial - productionorganization's water reserves

Industrial stocks -- various material elements of production used as objects of labor in the production process. They are wholly consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production,

The methodological basis for the formation of information on the organization's inventories in accounting is established by the Accounting Regulation PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" dated June 9, 2001 No. 44-n (see Appendix No. 1), as well as the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n and in accordance with the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting of the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.

For the correct organization of accounting for inventories, their scientifically substantiated classification, evaluation and choice of accounting unit are important.

The composition of inventories includes: materials, finished products, goods.

Materials are one of the most important elements of the production cycle of any organization; they are objects of labor that are used to manufacture products, perform work, and provide services. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that, participating in the production process, materials are completely consumed in each of its cycles and fully transfer their value to newly created products (works, services).

Accounting for materials is kept on account 10 "Materials", to which the following sub-accounts can be opened:

10-1 "Raw materials"

10-2 Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts "

10-3 "Fuel"

10-4 "Containers and packaging materials"

10-5 "Spare parts"

10-6 "Other materials"

10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to the side"

10-8 "Building materials"

10-9 "Inventory and household supplies"

Depending on the role played by production stocks in the process of stock production, performance of work and provision of services, they are divided into the following groups: raw materials and basic materials; auxiliary materials; purchased semi-finished products; return materials (waste); fuel; container and container materials; spare parts.

Raw materials and basic materials are the objects of labor from which the product is made and which form the material (material) basis of the product. Raw materials are the products of agriculture and the mining industry (grain, cotton, livestock, milk, etc.), and materials are the products of the manufacturing industry (flour, fabric, sugar, etc.).

Auxiliary materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools and facilitate the production process (spices in sausage production, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc.).

Purchased semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the main materials, that is, they constitute its material basis.

Returnable production waste - the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.).

From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use.

Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and household (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes).

Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines and equipment.

In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.

The classification of materials is convenient to use for building synthetic and analytical accounting, compiling statistical reports, information on the receipt of material consumption in the production and economic activities of the organization, to determine the balance.

Finished products - a part of inventories intended for sale, which is the final result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of documents in cases established by law.

To account for finished products, an active balance account 43 “Finished products” is used.

Goods are that part of the organization's inventory that is purchased or received from other legal and individuals and is intended for sale or resale without further processing. To account for goods, an active balance account 41 “Goods” is used.

According to the Chart of Accounts of financial and economic activities of organizations, the following synthetic accounts are also used to account for inventories: 11 “Animals for rearing and fattening”; 15 “Procurement and purchase of materials; 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials”, Off-balance accounts 002 “Inventory accepted for safekeeping” and 003 “Materials accepted for processing”.

Within each of the listed groups, material values ​​are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, variety, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. Therefore, it is necessary to classify materials for each: name, grade, type, size, profile, brand.

1.2 Grade

A clear classification (grouping) of material assets according to certain criteria and the choice of a unit of account are necessary for the timely and correct organization of accounting for inventories, both in the warehouse and in the accounting department.

Inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost, which is calculated depending on the method of acquiring (receiving) this property.

When purchasing materials for a fee from other organizations and the actual cost is the sum of all acquisition costs, excluding value added tax. Actual costs may include:

Amounts paid to suppliers in accordance with the contract;

Amounts paid to other organizations for information and advisory services related to the acquisition of reserves;

Customs duties and other payments; unrefunded taxes paid in connection with the receipt of each unit of inventory;

Remuneration paid to intermediary organizations;

Costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including the cost of cargo insurance;

Other costs for the acquisition of inventories.

In the manufacture various kinds of inventories by the organization's own resources, the actual cost is determined in the amount of actual costs for the production of the corresponding type of product in accordance with the current cost formation procedure.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the authorized capital of the organization is determined on the basis of their monetary value, agreed with the founders.

In case of gratuitous receipt of material reserves in the order of donation, the actual cost is determined by their market value as of the date of registration by the recipient organization. When purchasing materials in exchange for other property (other than Money) their actual cost is determined based on the value of the exchanged property according to the organization's balance sheet at the time of the exchange.

Material resources that do not belong to this organization, but are temporarily at its disposal under an agreement with the owner (for example, tolling raw materials), are shown on off-balance accounts in the assessment under the agreement.

When stocks are purchased for foreign currency, their value is recalculated into rubles at the rate of the Central Bank of Russia on the date of acceptance of the values ​​for accounting by the recipient organization in accordance with the contract.

It is immediately possible to determine the actual cost of purchased stocks from various suppliers only with a limited range of consumed stocks and by their main types. Therefore, the current accounting of reserves is carried out at book value, i.e. at average purchase prices, at planned cost.

The accounting price of inventories is the cost of acquisition (procurement), which is determined by the organization itself according to the current level of purchase prices, with the addition of transportation, packaging, loading, unloading costs. The so-called average or weighted average purchase prices, determined by calculation according to the prevailing price levels at the beginning and end of the reporting period for certain types of reserves, can also act as the accounting price. In both cases, the difference between the actual cost of acquisition and the cost of inventory at accounting prices is reflected in accounting as deviations in the cost of materials.

When materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of, they can be valued at: the cost of each unit; average cost; the cost of the first time acquisition of inventories.

The application of one of the methods for a specific item is carried out in the reporting year and should be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

The method of valuation at the cost of each unit is used for inventories that are used by the organization in a special way (precious metals), or for inventories that cannot replace each other.

Evaluation of material resources at the average cost is traditional for domestic accounting. The average cost for each type of inventory is determined as the quotient of dividing the total cost of a type of inventory by their quantity, including quantitatively - cost balances by type of inventory at the beginning of the months and the receipt of inventory for the reporting period, which can be written by the formula:

Cfs \u003d (Co + Cs) : (Ko + Ks), (1.1)

material production accounting documentary

where Cfs is the average actual cost;

Co - the actual cost of materials at the beginning of the month;

Сз - the actual cost of materials prepared in the reporting period;

Ko - the number of materials at the beginning of the month;

Kz - the number of materials prepared per month.

This method of estimating materials when written off to production provides a relatively uniform impact on the amount of costs that are taken into account when registering the cost of production.

With the FIFO method, the receipt and write-off of inventories is carried out in the order they are received by the organization, i.e. first, the inventory balance at the beginning of the month is written off, then inventory is written off at the price of the first purchased lot, then at the price of the second lot, and so on in order of priority until the total inventory consumption for the month is obtained. The use of the FIFO method in inflationary conditions makes it possible to reduce the cost of finished products due to the price factor for material resources, and the cost of inventories at the end of the reporting period will be close to current prices, which ensures the reality of their assessment.

The use of the FIFO method in the evaluation of materials focuses on the organization of analytical accounting for individual batches, and not only for types of materials. The materials used can be estimated by calculation using the formula:

P \u003d He + P - Ok, (1.2)

Where P is the cost of the materials used;

He and Ok - the cost of the initial and final balances of materials;

P - receipt for the month.

To determine the actual cost of material assets when they are transferred to production, it is necessary to determine the deviation of the actual cost from their value at accounting prices. This variance is shown for the individual material stock groups. The only exceptions are expensive and especially scarce materials used in a limited range; in this case, accounting for deviations must be carried out for certain types of stocks with their attribution directly to the cost of production.

The amounts of deviations are determined by types of inventories by comparing the actual cost of inventories received during the month and their balance at the beginning of the month with their value at accounting prices.

To calculate the actual cost of materials released from the warehouse into production, the average percentage of deviations is determined. The absolute sum of the deviations is then calculated.

The average percentage of deviations is calculated by the formula:

Hav = (Oo + To / Oz + Tz) * 100%, (1.3)

where Нср is the average percentage of deviations;

Оо - initial balance of deviations;

To - the current receipt of deviations;

Oz - the initial balance of stocks;

Тз - current receipt of stocks.

The absolute sum of deviations is found by the formula:

Ab \u003d Hsr * Zpr, (1.4)

Where Ab is the absolute sum of deviations;

Zpr - the cost of stocks released into production at accounting prices.

1.3 Documentation and accountinginventories

Operations on the movement of material assets, all legal entities, regardless of the form of ownership, must draw up unified primary documents for accounting materials. Primary documents for the receipt and release of materials must be correctly executed, have the appropriate signatures and be numbered in advance.

Documents for accounting for inventories are:

Power of Attorney - used to formalize the right of an official to act as a trustee of the organization when receiving material assets from a supplier. The power of attorney is drawn up in one copy by the accounting department of the organization and is issued against the receipt of the recipient. The validity period of powers of attorney, as a rule, cannot exceed 15 days; in exceptional cases, it may be issued for a calendar month.

Receipt order - used to record materials coming from suppliers or from processing. A receipt order is drawn up in one copy by a financially responsible person on the day the valuables arrive at the warehouse. It is issued for the actually accepted amount of values. Forms of credit orders are handed over to financially responsible persons in a pre-numbered form.

The act of acceptance of materials is used to formalize the acceptance of material assets in cases where there are quantitative and qualitative discrepancies with the data of the supplier's accompanying documents, as well as when accepting stocks received without documents. The act is a legal basis for filing a claim with the supplier; it is drawn up in two copies by members of the acceptance committee with the obligatory participation of a financially responsible person and a representative of the supplier or a representative of a disinterested organization. The act is approved by the head of the organization or other authorized person. One copy of the act with the attached primary documents is transferred to the accounting department to account for the movement of material assets, the other to the supply department or accounting department to send a claim letter to the supplier.

The limit-fence card is needed to account for the release from the warehouse of raw materials, materials, purchased semi-finished products to the production units of the organization within the approved limit. The vacation limit is determined on the basis of existing standards by calculation, based on the volume of production tasks of the shops, taking into account carry-over inventory balances at the beginning of the reporting period. Limit-fence cards are issued in two copies for a period of one month, and for small volumes - for a quarter. One copy of the card before the beginning of the month is transferred to the structural unit - the consumer of materials, the other - to the warehouse.

The release of materials into production is carried out by the warehouse only upon presentation by a representative of the structural unit of his copy of the limit-fence card.

Requirement - an invoice is used to record the movement of material assets within the organization, their release to branches located outside it, and when selling stocks.

The waybill is drawn up in two copies by the financially responsible persons of the warehouse or workshop that delivers the valuables. The first copy is intended for write-off of valuables, the second - for the receipt of valuables by the receiving party (warehouse, workshop). Over-limit release of materials from the warehouse can be carried out only with the permission of the manager or chief engineer and is issued by the requirement - an invoice.

Replacing some types of materials with others similar in their properties is also allowed only with the permission of the head and is documented by the requirement - an invoice of the specified form. This document, together with the limit card of the replaced material, is transferred to the warehouse, and the storekeeper reduces the balance of the limit, taking into account the issuance of substitute materials.

The waybill for the release of materials to the side is used to account for the release of material assets to third parties on the basis of contracts and other documents. The invoice is issued in two copies upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables, filled in in the prescribed manner. The first copy is transferred to the warehouse as a basis for the release of materials, the second - to the recipient.

When materials are issued by self-pickup or take-out, the warehouseman transfers the invoice signed by the recipient to the accounting department for issuing settlement and payment documents, if the materials were issued with subsequent payment.

The material accounting card is used to record the movement of materials to the warehouse for each grade, type, size. Cards are a document of strict accountability and are issued to the storekeeper against receipt. A financially responsible person (storekeeper, warehouse manager) makes entries in the cards on the basis of primary income and expenditure documents on the day of the operation in kind.

The act of posting material assets received during the development and dismantling of buildings and structures is applied when accounting for material assets received in the process of liquidation of fixed assets suitable for use in the production of work in the organization itself. The cost of such valuables reduces the loss from the liquidation of the relevant objects.

Inventory accounting is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), and also in accordance with the Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.

Accounting for materials is kept on account 10 "Materials". The account is active, material, the debit reflects the receipt of materials, the credit - their disposal. The debit balance shows the balance of materials on a certain date (section 2 of the asset balance).

Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" is used to reflect information on the acquisition of stocks related to funds in circulation. The account reflects the purchase cost of procurement and acquisition of inventories, determined according to the supplier's settlement and payment documents, and the accounting value of the actually credited valuables;

Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" reflects the difference in the cost of acquiring inventories, calculated in the actual costs of the acquisition and at the book value. Analytical accounting on account 16 is carried out by groups of inventories that have approximately the same level of these deviations.

Accounting for the receipt of materials can be organized in two versions: using accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" and without and use.

Organizations independently determine the procedure for accounting for materials and reflect it in their accounting policies.

Accounting using accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” takes place when accounting for materials is carried out at accounting prices, and accounting without using these accounts - when accounting is carried out at actual cost.

The receipt and disposal of materials can occur for various reasons and are reflected in accounting as follows (see table 1.1):

Table 1.1 Accounting for operations on the movement of inventory

	Purchased materials from suppliers For the purchase price For the amount of VAT
	Received materials at the agreed price
	Received materials at market value
	Reflected waste from marriage
	Reflects waste from the liquidation of fixed assets
	Release of materials for the manufacture of products
	Release of materials for the construction of fixed assets
	Release of materials for the repair of fixed assets

On synthetic accounts, accounting for material assets is carried out at actual cost or at discount prices. When accounting for materials at actual cost, all expenses for their acquisition are included in the debit of material accounts.

When accepting materials from suppliers, surpluses or shortages of the actually received amount of materials may be identified in comparison with the documentary data drawn up by the act. The surplus comes under the act and is valued at the accounting prices of the enterprise or at selling prices. The purchasing department then reports the surplus to the supplier and asks for a payment request for the value of the surplus.

If, upon acceptance of materials, a shortage or damage is detected, then their cost is reflected in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” and the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. On material accounts, the cost of shortages or damage to materials is not reflected.

The analytical accounting of the receipt of materials largely depends on the choice of accounting price. If average purchase prices are used as fixed accounting prices, then the received materials are reflected in each analytical account at average prices. Margins of marketing and supply organizations and transport and procurement costs for all received materials are taken into account on one analytical account “Transport and procurement costs and margins of supply and marketing organizations”.

Materials released into production and for other needs are written off from the credit of material accounts to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs and to other accounts within a month at fixed accounting prices. In this case, the following accounting entry is made:

Debit of accounts 20 "Main production" (materials released to the main production); 23 “Auxiliary productions” (materials released to auxiliary productions); other accounts, depending on the direction of expenditure of materials (25, 26, etc.); Credit of account 10 "Materials" or other accounts for accounting materials.

The cost of materials at fixed accounting prices is distributed between various production cost accounts on the basis of a material distribution sheet, which is compiled according to the data of primary documents on the consumption of materials.

After a month, the difference between the actual cost of the materials used and their cost at fixed accounting prices is determined. The difference is written off to the same cost accounts to which materials were written off at fixed accounting prices (accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, etc.). Moreover, if the actual cost is higher than the fixed accounting price, then the difference between them is written off as an additional accounting entry, the reverse difference (which is possible when using the planned cost of materials as a fixed accounting price) - by the “red reversal” method, that is, by negative numbers.

Deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices are distributed between the materials used and remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at fixed accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price is determined and the ratio found is multiplied by the cost of the supplied and remaining materials at fixed accounting prices.

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price (X) is determined by the following formula:

X \u003d (0n + 0p) 100 / Ucn + Ucp, (1.3)

where 0n - deviation of the actual cost of materials from the cost at fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

0p - deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices for the materials received per month;

UCN - the cost of materials in fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;

UCP - the cost of materials received during the month at fixed accounting prices.

The debit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" includes the purchase cost of material assets for which the company received the supplier's settlement documents, and other expenses for the purchase of materials from the credit of accounts: 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, etc., depending on where the material assets came from, on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of material assets at the enterprise.

When selling materials to a third party, the following accounting entries are made (tables 1.2 and 1.3 of Appendix 2):

Accounting for materials at accounting prices. Account entries are made regardless of when the raw materials and materials arrived at the warehouse - before or after receipt of settlement documents from suppliers or other organizations (table 1.4).

In the event that the actual cost of credited materials exceeds the book value, an entry Dt 16 Kt 15 is made for the amount of the difference. Thus, information on the actual cost of materials is generated for Dt account 15, and information about their accounting price for the loan.

The balance of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" shows the cost of paid, but not received at the warehouse manufacturing enterprise from suppliers of materials for the reporting month.

Accounted during the month on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials”, the differences between the actual cost of purchased materials and their cost at discount prices at the end of the month are written off to cost accounts in proportion to the cost of materials used at accounting prices: Dt20 Kt16. If the actual cost of materials is less than the book value of Dt 20 Kt 16 reversal.

The main tasks of inventory accounting are:

Correct and timely documenting of transactions and providing reliable data on the procurement, receipt and release of materials;

Control over the safety of materials in storage areas and at all stages of their movement;

Monitoring compliance with established stock standards;

Control over the use of materials in production on the basis of technically justified norms for their consumption;

Timely identification of unnecessary and redundant materials.

2. Accountingaccounting for the movement of inventories on an exampleOJSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

2.1 Briefeconomic characteristicOJSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

Open Joint Stock Company "Uryupinsky Oil Extraction Plant" (JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ") was formed by privatization of the state oil extraction plant "Krasnaya Zvezda" on February 3, 1993 in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises" and Presidential Decree No. 66 of January 28 1992 "On accelerating the privatization of state and municipal enterprises". JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" is the assignee of the plant "Krasnaya Zvezda", and the beginning of the production activity of the enterprise operating today is considered November 7, 1930, when, after a demonstration dedicated to the 13th anniversary October revolution, the solemn start-up of the plant took place.

The Company was established without limitation of the term of its activity and aims to make a profit. Form of ownership - private. The main activity of the MEZ is the processing of oilseeds and the production of vegetable oil. OJSC "Uryupinsky Oil Extraction Plant" may also carry out any activities not prohibited by the current legislation.

OJSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" is included in the system of enterprises of the oil and fat industry of the Russian Federation. In the Volgograd region, this is the only large enterprise producing vegetable oil. The share of products of the Uryupinsk oil refinery in the total amount of sunflower oil produced in Russia is about 5%.

More than 2 million tons of oil have been produced for more than 70 years of the plant's production activity. The enterprise processed more than 6 million tons of sunflower, 281010 tons of soybeans, 15482 tons of cotton, 6332 tons of peanuts, 4198 tons of flax, 1020 tons of rapeseed. The quality of the manufactured products is quite high, which is evidenced by the increased demand for the products of this enterprise in the markets of all regions, and long-standing strong ties with partners under economic contracts. Numerous awards received at food exhibitions testify to the quality of our products.

JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" processes raw materials both on its own and on a tolling basis (provides services for the processing of seeds of tollers, and the finished product is the property of customers who pay only for processing services).

Table 2.1 shows the main indicators of the financial and economic activities of JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" for the last three years.

Table 2.1 Main indicators of financial and economic activities of JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" for 2005-2007 (thousand roubles.)

Indicators				Rate of change
Volume of production in value terms
Production costs
Costs per ruble of marketable products, kopecks
Volume of sales
Cost of goods sold
Profit from operating activities
Total profit before tax
Profit at the disposal of the enterprise
Profitability, %

The volume of manufactured products in value terms in 2005 decreased by 18.7% compared to 2006, which in total amounted to 57,462 thousand rubles. It is logical that with the decline in production, the cost per ruble of marketable output increased and amounted to 80 kopecks in 2007, while in 2006 this figure was 67 kopecks. In 2007, the volume of output in value terms amounted to 453,070 thousand rubles, i.e. increased by 81%. However, this figure cannot be considered an absolute increase, since in physical terms the increase was only 19.4% (132384:110903x100). There was no increase in selling prices for products. The growth occurred due to an increase in the share of own products in the total volume of processing and a decrease in the share of services to givers, since the price of services is 12 times lower than the prices of own products. The cost per ruble of manufactured products in 2006 amounted to 76 kopecks, i.e., decreased by 5% compared to the previous year.

The enterprise has a stable financial position, directs a fairly large share of funds for the further development of production.

2.2 Organization of inventory accounting inOJSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

Raw materials and materials come to Uryupinskiy MEZ OJSC from suppliers, accountable persons who purchased materials in cash, from the write-off of worn-out fixed assets of their own production.

In order to fulfill the production program, JSC "Uryupinsky Oil Extraction Plant" determines the need for material resources and acquires or produces them. For the supply of materials, JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" concludes contracts with suppliers that determine the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties for the supply of products.

Control over the implementation of the logistics plan under the contracts, the timeliness of receipt and posting of materials is carried out by the logistics department. To this end, the department maintains records (machinograms) of operational accounting for the implementation of supply contracts. They note the fulfillment of the terms of the supply agreement for the range of materials, their quantity, price, terms of shipment, etc. The accounting department monitors the organization of this operational accounting.

The materials received by JSC "Uryupinsky Oil Extraction Plant" are documented in accounting documents in the following order.

Together with the shipment of products, the supplier sends the buyer settlement and other accompanying documents - a payment request (in two copies: one directly to the buyer, the other through the bank), waybills, a receipt for the railway bill of lading, etc. Settlement and other documents related to the receipt materials are sent to the accounting department, where the correctness of their execution is checked, after which they are transferred to the responsible supply executor.

In the supply department, according to incoming documents, they check the compliance of the volume, assortment, delivery time, prices, quality of materials, and other contractual conditions. As a result of such a check, a note is made on the settlement or other document itself about full or partial acceptance (consent to payment). In addition, the supply department monitors the receipt of goods and their search. To this end, the supply department maintains a Register of incoming goods, which indicates: registration number, date of entry, name of the supplier, date and number of the transport document, number, date and amount of the invoice, type of cargo, number and date of the receipt order or acceptance certificate cargo search request. In the notes, a note is made about the payment of the invoice or the refusal of acceptance.

Verified payment requests from the supply department are transferred to the accounting department, and the receipts of transport organizations are transferred to the forwarder for receiving and delivering materials.

The freight forwarder accepts the arrived materials at the station by the number of places and weight. If he finds signs that cast doubt on the safety of the cargo, he may require the transport organization to check the cargo. In the event of a shortage of places or weight, damage to containers, damage to materials, a commercial act is drawn up, which serves as the basis for filing claims against the transport organization or supplier.

To receive materials from the warehouse of non-resident suppliers, the freight forwarder is issued an order and a power of attorney, which indicate the list of materials to be received. When accepting materials, the freight forwarder makes not only quantitative, but also qualitative acceptance.

The freight forwarder delivers the accepted goods to the warehouse of JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" and hands them over to the warehouse manager, who checks the compliance of the quantity and quality of the material with the data of the supplier's invoice. The materials accepted by the storekeeper are issued by receipt orders. The receipt order is signed by the warehouse manager and forwarder.

Material values ​​come in the appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, linear, numerical). If materials are received in one unit and consumed in another, then they are taken into account simultaneously in two units of measure.

If there are no discrepancies between the supplier's data and the actual data, it is allowed to capitalize materials without issuing a receipt order. In this case, a stamp is affixed to the supplier's document, the prints of which contain the main details of the incoming order. The number of primary documents is thus reduced.

In cases where the quantity and quality of materials arrived at the warehouse do not correspond to the data of the supplier's invoice, the materials are accepted by the commission and draw up an act of acceptance of materials, which serves as the basis for filing a claim with the supplier. The commission must include a representative of the supplier or a representative of a disinterested organization. The act is also drawn up upon acceptance of materials received by the enterprise without a supplier invoice (non-invoiced deliveries).

If materials are transported by road, then the consignment note is used as the primary document, which is drawn up by the consignor in four copies: the first of them serves as the basis for writing off materials from the consignor; the second - for posting materials by the recipient; the third - for settlements with a motor transport organization and is an application to the invoice for payment for the transportation of valuables; the fourth is the basis for accounting for transport work and is attached to the waybill. The bill of lading is used as a receipt document for the buyer if there is no discrepancy between the amount of goods received and the invoice data. In the presence of such a discrepancy, the acceptance of materials is formalized by an act of acceptance of materials.

The receipt of own-made materials, production wastes at the warehouse is drawn up with single- or multi-line requirements-waybills, which are issued by the delivering workshops in two copies: the first is the basis for writing off materials from the delivering workshop, the second is sent to the warehouse and is used as an incoming document. Materials received from the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures are accounted for on the basis of an act on the capitalization of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures.

Accountable persons purchase materials at trade enterprises, from other enterprises and cooperatives, on the collective farm market or from the population for cash. A document confirming the cost of the purchased materials is a commodity invoice or an act (certificate) drawn up by an accountable person, in which he sets out the content of the business transaction, indicating the date, place of purchase, name and quantity of materials and price, as well as data from the passport of the seller of the goods. The act (certificate) is attached to the advance report of the accountable person.

Documentation of the consumption of inventories. Materials are released from the warehouse of JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" for production consumption, household needs, to the side, for processing and in the order of sale of surplus and illiquid stocks.

In order to ensure control over the consumption of materials and its correct documentation, Uryupinsk Oil Extraction Plant OJSC takes appropriate organizational measures. An important condition for monitoring the rational use of materials, for example, is their rationing and release based on established limits. The limits are calculated by the supply departments on the basis of the data of the planning department on the volume of output and the rates of consumption of materials per unit of output.

All enterprise services must have a list officials who have been granted the right to sign documents for the receipt and release of materials from the warehouse, as well as issue a permit for their export from the enterprise. Released materials must be accurately weighed, measured and counted.

The procedure for documenting the release of materials depends, first of all, on the organization of production, the direction of consumption and the frequency of their release.

The consumption of materials released for production and for other needs is daily drawn up with limit-fence cards. They are issued by the planning department or the supply department in two copies for one or more types of materials, as a rule, for a period of 1 month. Quarterly and semi-annual limit-fence cards with tear-off monthly coupons for actual vacations can be used. They indicate: the type of operations, the number of the warehouse issuing materials, the receiving workshop, the code of costs, the item number and name of the materials being dispensed, the unit of measurement and the limit of the monthly consumption of materials, which is calculated in accordance with the production program for the month and the current consumption rates.

One copy of the limit-fence card is handed over to the receiving workshop, the other to the warehouse. The storekeeper records the amount of released material and the balance of the limit in both copies of the card and signs in the card of the receiving workshop. The representative of the workshop signs for the receipt of materials in the map located in the warehouse.

The release of materials from warehouses is carried out within the established limit. Over-limit issue of materials and replacement of one material with another (in the absence of material in the warehouse) is issued by issuing a separate requirement - an invoice for replacement (additional issue of materials). When replacing, the entry “Replacement, see requirement No. ___” is made in the limit-fence card of the material being replaced and the balance of the limit is reduced. Materials not used in production and returned to the warehouse are recorded in the limit-fence card without drawing up any additional documents.

The use of limit-fence cards significantly reduces the number of one-time documents. The calculation of limits and the issuance of limit-fence cards on modern computers makes it possible to increase the validity of calculated limits and reduce the complexity of compiling maps.

If materials are released from the warehouse infrequently, then their release is issued with single- or multi-line requirements-waybills for the release of the material, which are issued by the recipient workshop in two copies: the first, with the storekeeper's receipt, remains in the workshop, the second, with the recipient's receipt, at the storekeeper .

To account for the movement of materials within the enterprise, single-line or multi-line invoice requirements are used. Invoices are made by the financially responsible persons of the site that releases the values, in two copies, one of which remains in place with the receipt of the recipient, and the second with the receipt of the person releasing the workshop is transferred to the recipient of the values.

The release of materials to third-party organizations or farms of their enterprise located outside it is issued by waybills for the release of materials to the side, which are issued by the supply department in two copies on the basis of orders, contracts and other documents:

The first copy remains in stock and is the basis for analytical and synthetic accounting of materials,

The second is transferred to the recipient of the materials.

If the materials are issued with subsequent payment, then the first copy is also used for issuing settlement and payment documents by the accounting department.

When transporting materials by road, a consignment note is used instead of a consignment note.

Instead of primary documents for material consumption, you can use material accounting cards. To this end, representatives of the recipient workshops sign for the receipt of materials on the cards themselves, which in this connection become supporting documents. At the same time, the cipher of production costs is affixed to the cards for the purpose of subsequent grouping of records by costing objects and cost items. Such a combination of consumable documents and material accounting cards reduces the amount of accounting work and enhances control over compliance with stock standards.

At small enterprises, the release of materials for the production of products and the provision of services is carried out without registration with special documents. Actually used materials by their types are reflected in acts or reports on the release and sale of finished products. Acts are drawn up, as a rule, ten days by an employee of the enterprise responsible for the acceptance, storage and sale of products. After approval by the head of the enterprise, the act serves as the basis for writing off the relevant materials.

On the established days, documents on the receipt and consumption of materials are handed over to the accounting department of Uryupinsk Oil Extraction Plant OJSC according to the register of acceptance and delivery of documents, drawn up in two copies: the first is handed over to the accounting department against the receipt of the accountant on the second copy, and the second remains in the warehouse.

2.3 Syntheticand analytical accounting of inventory inOJSC "Uryupinsky MEZ"

Accounting for materials in JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" is kept on account 10 "Materials".

Accounting for materials in the warehouse and in the accounting department of OAO Uryupinskiy MEZ. Material assets are received by JSC "Uryupinsky MEZ" from suppliers on the basis of concluded supply contracts. Suppliers of material assets simultaneously with the shipment of products send the buyer accompanying documents (invoices, waybills). The received valuables are handed over to the warehouse by an authorized person or a representative of the supply (marketing) department against the receipt of the warehouse manager on the accompanying documents. A standard contract on full liability must be concluded with the warehouse manager (storekeeper). In the absence of the position of the warehouse manager, his duties can be assigned to any employee of the organization with his consent and with the obligatory conclusion of an agreement on liability. A storekeeper can be dismissed from his position not only after a complete inventory of inventory items and their transfer under the act.

Upon receipt of materials from suppliers, the warehouse manager checks that their actual quantity corresponds to the data of the supplier's accompanying documents. If there are no discrepancies, then the warehouse manager issues receipt orders (f. No. M - 4) for the entire amount of received material assets in one copy for each type of material on the day they are received. Forms of receipt orders are issued to the warehouse manager in a pre-numbered form. You can receive material assets without issuing a receipt order, if there are no discrepancies between the amount of material assets actually received and the amount indicated in the supplier's accompanying documents. In this case, the warehouse manager puts a stamp on the supplier's document, the imprint of which contains the same details as in the receipt order.

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Inventories, their classification and evaluation. Meaning and tasks of inventory accounting. Analysis of accounting and use of material resources, development of methodological recommendations for improving accounting at the enterprise JSC "LZPM".

Inventories - part of the property:

• used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services intended for sale;
• used for the management needs of the enterprise (organization).

Finished products- a part of the organization's inventories intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, finished processing (complete set), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by law.

Goods- part of the organization's inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.

Classification of inventories

In accordance with Accounting Regulation No. 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", depending on the role played by inventory items in the production process, they are divided into the following groups: raw materials, purchased semi-finished products, returnable waste, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts, low-value and wearing items.

Raw materials and basic materials- the objects of labor from which the product is made and which form the material and material basis of the product.

Auxiliary materials they are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools.

Note that the division of materials into main and auxiliary is conditional and often depends on the amount of material used for the production of various types of products.

Purchased semi-finished products- raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, which are not yet finished products. They play an important role in the manufacture of products, and together with the main materials form its material basis.

Returnable production waste- the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products or partially lost their consumer properties of raw materials and raw materials.

It should be noted that from the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use. Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and household (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials- items used for packaging, transportation, and storage of materials and finished products.

Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn-out parts of machines and equipment.

Such a classification of inventory items is used to build a systematic and analytical accounting of material assets, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production activities.

As a unit of accounting for inventories, an item number is selected, developed by the organization in the context of their names and (or) homogeneous groups (types).

The main tasks of accounting for inventory items are: control over the safety of valuables in places of their storage and at all stages of processing; compliance of warehouse stocks with standards; correct and timely documentation of all operations on the movement of inventory items; implementation of plans for the supply of materials; compliance with the norms of industrial consumption; identification of actual costs associated with the procurement and acquisition of valuables; correct distribution of the cost of material assets spent in production by calculation objects; systematic control over the identification of surplus and unused materials, their implementation; timely settlements with suppliers of material assets; control over materials in transit, non-invoiced deliveries.

Valuation of inventories

Commodity-material values ​​are accepted to the actual cost.

The actual cost of inventory items purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs for the acquisition of inventory items can be:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties and other payments;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory items;
• remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;
• costs for the procurement and delivery of material assets to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the costs of procurement and delivery of material assets, the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of material assets to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of stocks established by the contract, the costs on payment of interest on supplier loans (commercial credit), etc. costs;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs for the acquisition of inventory items, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventory items.

The costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes include the costs of the organization to refine and improve the technical characteristics of the received stocks that are not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services.

The actual cost of material assets in their manufacture by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these stocks.

The actual cost of inventory items contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of material assets received by the organization free of charge is determined taking into account their market value as of the date of posting.

The actual cost of material assets acquired in exchange for other property (except cash) is determined taking into account the value of the exchanged property, at which it was reflected in the balance sheet of this organization.

Material values ​​that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting on off-balance accounts in the assessment provided for in the contract.

Valuation of material assets, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is made in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of acceptance of material assets for accounting by the organization under the contract.

Valuation of material assets written off for production is allowed to be carried out by one of the following methods:

• at an average cost;
• at the cost of each unit;
• at the cost of the first purchases in time (FIFO method);
• at the cost of the latest purchases (LIFO method).

The first method of assessing material assets at an average cost is traditional for domestic accounting practice. During the reporting month, material assets are written off for production, as a rule, for accounting purposes, and at the end of the month, the corresponding share of deviations of the actual cost of material assets from their value at accounting prices is written off.

We determine the coefficient of deviations 3250: 60250 = 0.054.

Calculation of deviations from prices for a group of material assets (in rubles) Table 6.1.

The deviation of the actual cost from the book value of the expended material costs will be 45600 * 0.054 = 2462 rubles.

The actual cost of material assets spent per month will be 45600 * 2462 = 48062 rubles.

Assessment method at the cost of each unit should be used for the most valuable materials. It can be gems and precious metals. In addition, this method is also used to estimate stocks that cannot replace each other.

At FIFO method apply the rule: the first batch for income - the first batch for expenditure. This means that, regardless of which batch is put into production, the material assets are first written off at the price (cost) of the first purchase batch, then at the price of the second batch, and so on in order of priority until the total consumption of material assets for the month is received.

At LIFO method apply a different rule - the last batch for income - the first for consumption: in this case, material assets are first written off at the cost of the last batch, and then at the cost of the previous one, and so on. An example of estimating the consumption of material assets using the FIFO and LIFO methods is given in Table. 6.2.

Evaluation of materials using FIFO and LIFO methods. Table 6.2.

The name of indicators	Number of units	Price per unit, rub.	Amount, rub.
Materials received: first batch second batch third party
Total received per month Monthly expense in FIFO valuation first batch second batch third party
Total per month According to the LIFO method: first batch second batch third party
Total per month according to the FIFO method by the LIFO method

The method of valuation of material values ​​at the weighted average cost price will be considered below. It should be noted that the cost of used material assets and the cost of their remains, estimated by various methods, differ, which follows from the sequence in which purchase prices for different batches of material resources are included in the calculation.

Inventory valuation method at weighted average cost(according to Table 6.2).

The cost of inventory, taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month and receipts for the month (300 + 480 + 480 + 1000) = 2260 rubles.

The cost of a unit of inventory 2260: 145 = 15.5862 = 15 rubles. 59 kop.

Refers to the cost of production (works, services) 15.59 * 135 = 2104.65 = 2140 rubles. 65 kop.

The balance of stocks at the end of the month 2260 - 2104.65 = 155.35 rubles.

The cost of a unit of inventory is 155.35: 10 = 15.5863 = 15 rubles. 59 kop.

Note that the use of valuation of material assets by the FIFO and LIFO methods requires the organization to account for material resources not only by type of materials, but also by batches of receipt, if purchase prices change. This significantly complicates the accounting and increases its complexity.

The studied calculation techniques for these methods allow us to conclude that the assessment of material assets can be made without batch accounting, if we apply the balance method for evaluating spent material assets according to the formula:

P \u003d O n + P - O k,

• where P is the cost of spent material assets;
• About n and About to - the cost of the initial and final balances of material assets;

P - the cost of the received material resources. When using the FIFO method, the value of the balance of material assets at the beginning of the month amounted to 300 rubles. (25 * 12) = 300 rubles, and at the end of the month - 10 rubles. * 20 \u003d 200 rubles, and the cost of the materials used is 2060 rubles. (780 + 480 + 800) = 2060. According to the LIFO method, the cost of spent inventory items amounted to 2020 rubles. (1000 + 480 + 540).

It is advisable to use the FIFO method when compiling a balance sheet, since the cost of material resources at the end of the reporting period is closest to current prices and more realistically represents the assets of the enterprise.

Documentation of operations for the movement of inventories

All business transactions carried out by the organization must be documented by supporting documents. These documents serve as primary accounting documents on the basis of which accounting is maintained.

Primary documents on the movement of material assets must be carefully drawn up, must contain the signatures of the persons who performed the transactions, as well as traces of the relevant accounting objects. It should be noted that control over compliance with the rules for registering the movement of values ​​is entrusted to the chief accountant and heads of structural divisions of the enterprise.

Upon receipt of material assets from suppliers, the warehouse manager checks the correspondence of their actual quantity to the data of the supplier's accompanying documents. If there are no discrepancies, then a receipt order (f. No. M-I) is issued for the entire amount of received material assets. This document is compiled by the warehouse manager on the day the valuables are received in one copy.

If, upon acceptance of material assets from suppliers, a discrepancy with the data of the accompanying documents is established (shortage, surplus or regrading is detected), or an uninvoiced delivery occurs (receipt of inventory items without the supplier's accompanying documents), the warehouse manager, together with the supplier's representative (for example, a freight forwarder ) or a disinterested organization draws up an act of acceptance of materials according to f. No. M-71 in two copies. This act is both an incoming document and the basis for clarifying settlements with the supplier. In this case, the second copy of this act is transferred (sent) to the supplier.

Material assets can come to the enterprise (organization) from accountable persons. In this case, the accountable person transfers material assets purchased for cash in stores, markets, from the population, etc. to the warehouse manager, who reflects their acquisition, writes out receipt orders in the generally established order.

When compiling an advance report on the amounts spent on the acquisition of material assets, it should be accompanied by supporting documents confirming the purchase: invoices and receipts of stores, receipts of credit orders, as well as acts (certificates) if purchases are made in the markets or from the population.

When moving material assets from one structural unit (warehouse, workshop, site) to another warehouse of this enterprise, an invoice is drawn up for the internal movement of materials (form No. M-11). This invoice is issued on the basis of the order of the supply department.

Similarly to the above, the delivery to the warehouse of material assets manufactured or processed by auxiliary or subsidiary structural units (workshops, sections) is reflected.

Release of material assets should be carried out on the basis of established limits. Any excess release of material assets for the production and replacement of materials should be documented as an extract of the requirement.

The consumption of material assets released for production and other needs is daily drawn up with limit-fence cards, which are issued by the planning department of the enterprise or the supply department in two copies for one or more types of material assets, and, as a rule, for a period of one month. One copy of this document is handed over to the recipient, the other - to the warehouse. The storekeeper writes down the number of released inventory items in both copies of the card and signs on the recipient's receipt card, and the representative of the recipient's shop signs for the receipt of value on the card located in the warehouse.

The release of materials to the side and the passage of inventory items is issued by an invoice (f. No. M-15), issued by an employee of the structural unit in two copies upon presentation by the recipient of material assets of a power of attorney to receive valuables, filled in in the prescribed manner.

Accounting for material assets in warehouses and in accounting

In order to provide the production program with appropriate material assets, enterprises and organizations create specialized warehouses for storing basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts, low-value and wearing items and other material resources.

It is also advisable to arrange material assets by batches of purchases, which can greatly facilitate the use of the LIFO and FIFO methods. In warehouses (pantries), inventory items are placed in sections, and inside them - by groups, type and grade, size of vestibules, boxes, shelves, racks, which ensures their quick acceptance, release and control over the compliance with the actual availability established standards stock (limit).

Accounting for the movement and the balance of material assets are kept in the inventory cards of materials. A separate card is opened for each item number, therefore, accounting is called grade accounting and is carried out only in kind.

The cards are opened in the accounting department or computer installation and the warehouse number, material name, brand, grade, profile, size, unit of measure, item number, discount price and limit are recorded in it. Then the cards are transferred to the warehouse, and the storekeeper fills in the data on the receipt, consumption and balance of materials. Keeping records of material assets is also allowed in the books of grade accounting, which contain the same details as the cards of the warehouse workshop.

The storekeeper makes an entry in the cards on the basis of primary accounting documents (receipt orders, claims, invoices, etc.) on the day of the operation. After each entry, the balance of material assets is displayed.

All primary documents on the movement of material values ​​from warehouses and structural divisions of the enterprise are received by the accounting department, where, after appropriate control, they are formed into bundles and transferred to the computer installation. It is at this stage of the accounting process that accounting employees are required to exercise proper control over the legality, expediency and correctness of documenting operations on the movement of inventory items. After verification, primary documents are subject to taxation (multiplication of the quantity of materials by the price).

There are several options for accounting for material assets in warehouse accounting cards, in which accounting operations are recorded on the basis of primary documents.

With the first option in the accounting department, a card is opened for each type and grade for the receipt and consumption of materials. These cards differ from warehouse accounting cards only in that they record materials not only in kind, but also in monetary terms. At the end of the month, according to the total data of all cards, varietal quantitative-sum turnover statements of analytical accounting are compiled and compared with the turnovers and balances on the corresponding synthetic accounts and the data of warehouse accounting cards.

With the second option all incoming and outgoing documents are grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month, the final data on the receipt and expenditure of each type of inventory items calculated according to the documents are recorded in the turnover sheets compiled in kind and in monetary terms for each warehouse separately for the corresponding synthetic accounts and sub-accounts .

This option significantly reduces the complexity of accounting, since there is no need to maintain analytical accounting cards. However, even in this case, accounting remains cumbersome, since hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of item numbers of inventory items have to be recorded in the turnover sheet.

More progressive is the operational-accounting or balance method of accounting for materials, in which the accounting department does not duplicate warehouse varietal accounting either in separate analytical accounting cards or in turnover sheets, but uses warehouse accounting cards of materials maintained in warehouses as analytical accounting registers. Every day or at other specified times, the accounting officer checks the correctness of the entries made by the storekeeper in the warehouse accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves. At the end of the month, the warehouse manager, and in some cases accounting staff, transfers quantitative data on the balances on the 1st day of the month for each item number of materials from the warehouse accounting card to the record of balances of materials in the warehouse (without turnover, income and expense). After checking the sighting by the accounting employee, the statement of balances is transferred to the accounting department, where the balances of inventory items are fixed at fixed accounting prices and their results are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole.

The balance method of accounting for material assets is one of the most effective, especially in the conditions of manual processing of accounting data and small machine processing of accounting data.

Synthetic accounting of inventories

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories: 10 "Materials", 11 "Animals for growing and fattening", 14 "Revaluation of material assets", 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials", 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets", and also off-balance accounts: 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping", 003 "Materials accepted for processing", 004 "Goods accepted for commission".

The chart of accounts for accounting for the presence and movement of all types of material assets is intended to account 10 "Materials", in the development of which each enterprise should open sub-accounts, as well as analytical accounts necessary to detail the presence and movement of various types and groups of inventory items .

Material assets on account 10 "Materials" are accounted for at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or at accounting prices.

The new Chart of Accounts uses two options for accounting for the acquisition and procurement of inventories.

First option it is stipulated that the material assets received by the enterprise are reflected in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", etc. In this case, inventory items are credited regardless of when they arrived - before or after receipt of settlement documents.

Payment of material assets is reflected in the debit of accounts 60, 76 and others from the credit of accounts for accounting for funds. The cost of paid inventory items remaining on the reporting date in transit at the end of the reporting period should be reflected in the debit of account 10 and the credit of the account of settlements with suppliers and contractors without posting these valuables to the warehouse. At the beginning of the next month, these amounts are reflected in the current accounting as receivables under the account for accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors.

Second option involves the use of two more synthetic accounts to account for the procurement and acquisition of material assets: 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials."

In this case, on the basis of the received accepted settlement documents of suppliers in the system accounting, an accounting entry is made on the debit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" and the credit of accounts 60, 76, 71 and others for their invoice value, regardless of when the material assets were received on enterprise - before or after the receipt of settlement documents of suppliers.

Lending to material assets actually received by the enterprise is reflected in the debit of account 10 and the credit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" at accounting prices. In this case, the difference between the value of the material assets actually received at the warehouse of the enterprise at accounting prices and the actual cost of their acquisition is written off to the debit of account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials" from the credit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" if the accounting price is less than the actual one, or in the debit of the procurement and purchase of materials account from the credit of the account for deviations in the cost of materials, if the accounting price is greater than the actual cost of procurement.

The debit balance of the account for the procurement and purchase of materials reflects the material assets that are in transit, both already paid and not paid, but only payable according to accepted settlement documents. In this case, the deviations accumulated on account 16 "Deviations in the cost of materials" are written off to the debit of accounts for accounting for production costs in proportion to the cost of materials used at accounting prices. After a month, the difference between the actual cost of the spent material assets and their cost at fixed accounting prices is determined. The difference is written off to the same cost accounts to which materials were written off at fixed accounting prices (accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, etc.). If the actual cost is higher than the fixed accounting price, the difference between them is written off by an additional accounting entry, while the opposite difference (which is possible when using the planned cost of material assets as a fixed accounting price) is written off using the "red reversal" method,
i.e. negative numbers.

The deviation of the actual cost of inventory items from the value at fixed accounting prices is distributed between the material assets used and remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of material assets at fixed accounting prices.

For this purpose, the percentage of deviations of the actual cost of material assets from the fixed accounting price is determined, and the result is multiplied by the cost of the released and remaining material assets at fixed accounting prices.

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost of material assets from the fixed accounting price (x) is calculated by the formula

• Where He- deviation of the actual cost of material assets from the cost at fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;
• O p- deviation of the actual cost of materials for the received materials for the month;
• U tsn- the cost of material assets in fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;
• cpu- the cost of inventory items received during the month at fixed accounting prices.

Note that when determining the actual cost of material resources, it is allowed to write off for production in addition to the average cost using the FIFO and LIFO methods.

When using these methods, it becomes necessary to evaluate each batch of consumable values, which is quite difficult to implement, given the level of modern accounting automation.

It is advisable to determine the cost of spent material assets when they are evaluated using the FIFO and LIFO methods by calculation.

In this case, within a month, material assets are written off for production at discount prices. At the end of the month, the cost of spent material assets is determined using the FIFO and LIFO method. They find the deviation of the calculated cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices and write off the identified deviation to the appropriate accounts in proportion to the cost of previously written off material assets at accounting prices.

Upon receipt of material assets, material accounts 10 "Materials" are debited, and credited:

• account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the cost of materials received at suppliers' prices with all mark-ups of marketing and supply organizations and transport and procurement costs included in suppliers' invoices, taking into account the payment of interest for the purchase on credit provided by suppliers;
• account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - for the cost of services paid by checks to transport organizations;
• account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" - for the cost of inventory items paid from accountable amounts;
• account 23 "Auxiliary production" - for the costs of delivering material assets by own transport and for the actual cost of material assets of own production;
• account 20 "Main production" - for the cost of returnable waste and other accounts.

Inventories released into production and for other needs are debited from the credit of material accounts to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs and to other accounts within a month at fixed accounting prices. At the same time, accounting entries are supplied:

debit of account 20 "Main production"

on the cost of material assets released to the main production;

• debit account 23 "Auxiliary production"; debit of other accounts, depending on the direction of expenses of inventory items (25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", etc.);
• credit of account 10 "Materials" or other accounts for accounting for material assets.

When selling material assets to the side, the following accounting entries are made:

• debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses", credit of account 10 "Materials"

on the cost of materials at accounting prices;

• debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses", credit of account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials"

the difference between the actual cost of materials;

• debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and credit of account 91-1 "Other income"

on the selling price of materials;

• debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses", credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees"

for the amount of VAT on realized inventory items.

• The financial result of the sale of material assets is written off from account 91 "Other income and expenses" to account 99 "Profit and loss".

Inventory of inventories

The current legislation establishes that in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented.

The procedure and terms for conducting an inventory are determined by the head of the organization, with the exception of cases when an inventory is mandatory.

An inventory is required:

• when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as when transforming a state or municipal unitary enterprise;
• before preparing annual financial statements;
• when changing financially responsible persons;
• upon detection of facts of theft, abuse or damage to property;
• in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions, during the reorganization or liquidation of an organization, in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The main objectives of the inventory are to identify the actual presence of property; comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data; verification of the completeness of the reflection in the accounting of liabilities.

Enterprises and organizations are given the right to independently determine the number of inventories in the reporting year, the date of their conduct, the list of property checked during each of them, except for cases when an inventory is mandatory.

An inventory of inventory items is carried out at least once a year before the preparation of financial statements, but not earlier than October 1 of the reporting year. Inventory of material assets is carried out by inventory working commissions with the obligatory participation of materially responsible persons. The composition of the inventory commission should include representatives of the administration of the organization, employees of the accounting service, as well as other specialists.

When conducting an inventory, remember that:

• all inventory items of the organization are subject to inventory, regardless of their location;
• the actual availability of property in safekeeping, leased, received for processing from other organizations must be subject to verification;
• an inventory of property is carried out at its location and by financially responsible persons in whose custody these valuables are located;
• the actual availability of property should be checked only with the obligatory participation of financially responsible persons;
• the results of the inventory should be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which it is completed.

The presence of property during the inventory is determined by its mandatory calculation, weighing, measurement. The actual results are recorded in the inventory records. The entry is made for each individual item of material assets, indicating the nomenclature number, type, group, article, batch, grade in units of account, mass or measure, while taking into account the specific features of individual types of material assets.

Separate inventories are compiled for materials that are in transit, in safekeeping in warehouses of other enterprises, damaged, unnecessary, illiquid, and also not received or released during the inventory.

Inventory lists are signed by all members of the commission and materially responsible persons who confirm that all material values ​​​​are checked in their presence and they have no claims against the members of the commission.

The data of the inventory records are used to compile collation statements, in which the actual data of the inventories are compared with the accounting data. If shortages or surpluses are identified, financially responsible persons must give them appropriate explanations. The inventory commission establishes the nature, causes, and also the perpetrators of the identified discrepancies or damage to material assets and determines the procedure for regulating differences and compensation for damage.

The discrepancies between the actual availability of property and accounting data identified during the inventory are reflected in the accounting accounts in the following order:

• excess material assets are credited at market value on the date of the inventory, and the corresponding amount is credited to the financial results of a commercial organization either by increasing income from a non-profit organization, or by increasing financing (funds) from budget organization. Regardless of the reasons for the occurrence, all shortages of material assets at their actual cost are written off from the credit of material accounts to the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables". After clarifying all the circumstances of the occurrence of shortages or damage to material assets, the head of the enterprise decides on the procedure for writing them off from account 94;
• the shortage of property and its damage within the limits of the norms of natural loss is attributed to the costs of production or circulation (expenses), in excess of the norms - at the expense of the guilty persons. If the perpetrators are not identified or the court refuses to recover damages from them, then the losses from the shortage of property and its damage are written off to the financial results of a commercial organization either by increasing expenses for a non-profit organization or reducing financing (funds) from an extra-budgetary organization.

Material and production stocks (IPZ)- in a broad sense, these are objects of labor that materially form the basis of the manufactured product and are included in the cost of products, works and services in full after preliminary processing in one production cycle.

In certain industries, such as meat, their share in the cost of production reaches 95%. However, there are material values ​​(varnishes, paints, solvents, etc.) that only change their shape in the production process, giving a more perfect look to the manufactured products. Others, on the contrary, contribute to a clearer formulation of the production process itself, but are not part of the products, work performed or services rendered. These include molds, tools, etc., which form a large group of inventories - inventory and household supplies. Finally, there are such material values ​​(spare parts) that are directly included in the products without undergoing any processing.

Beginning with the financial statements for 2002, assets held for sale, including finished products and goods, must also be included in the inventory for accounting purposes. This list is supplemented by assets in material form used for the management needs of the organization (paper, calculators and other devices with a useful life of up to 12 months after the reporting date). Finally, starting with the financial statements for 2003, special-purpose funds have been included in the inventory.

Such an approach to the composition of the mineral reserves requires the development and application of additional analytical procedures that ensure a clear accounting of these reserves in the process of monitoring their presence, movement and safety.

The developed appropriate analytical procedures should be an integral part of various organizational and administrative documents of the company (instructions, internal rules etc.), which ensure the creation of normal conditions for proper accounting and internal control over the use of MPZ.

Due to the fact that the range of inventories recorded in a number of organizations reaches several thousand items, their accounting is quite complex and time-consuming. Of particular difficulty is the operational accounting and control over the use of materials in production. In their implementation, an important role is played by the classification of MPZ, which is carried out according to the following criteria.

• 1. Economic content. The following groups are distinguished, allowing to determine the place of these stocks in the production process:
  • raw materials and basic materials;
  • auxiliary materials;
  • purchased semi-finished products;
  • components;
  • returnable waste;
  • fuel;
  • container and container materials;
  • inventory and household supplies;
  • special purpose tools.

The most significant group is raw materials and basic materials.

Raw material represents the original product, not subjected to primary processing. It includes agricultural products (milk, sunflower seeds, sugar beets, etc.) and products of extractive industries (ore, coal, gas, etc.).

Basic materials - products of the manufacturing industry obtained in the process of processing raw materials (metal, sunflower oil, sugar, etc.).

Semi-finished products purchased or own production (cast iron, yarn, etc.) - these are also materials that have undergone certain processing, but have not yet been embodied in finished products. Their share in the composition of inventories is determined by the level of specialization and cooperation of production.

Auxiliary materials serve to impart certain qualities to a new product (paints in mechanical engineering, varnishes in the furniture industry, etc.). They can be used to ensure normal conditions for the production process (heating, lighting), maintenance and maintenance of production equipment (lubricants and cleaning materials), etc. IN different industries industry, depending on the role performed and the expense, the same materials are considered as basic or as auxiliary. For example, leather is the main material in the shoe industry, and auxiliary in the production of toys. At the same time, in some branches of the chemical industry, such a division of materials is generally conditional.

returnable waste, - materials left after use, which have completely or partially lost their original consumer qualities (rags of fabrics in the clothing industry, metal scraps in mechanical engineering, etc.).

Fuel as a type of inventories is used for technological purposes as a motive energy or for household needs. It does not matter in what form it is consumed: solid, liquid or gaseous.

Containers and packaging materials they have nothing to do with the production process of manufacturing products, but, contributing to the safety of materials during storage and transportation, they provide higher quality characteristics of raw materials and materials during their use, as well as finished products when they are sold.

Spare parts designed to repair and replace worn-out components and parts of the active part of fixed assets - machinery and equipment.

Inventory , tools, household supplies, like spare parts, they are rather considered not as objects, but as means of labor. This determines the features of not only the organization of their accounting in the process of procurement and putting on the balance sheet, but also the repayment of the initial cost.

Special Purpose Tools include a large list of current assets related to the inventory. Their list consists of special tools, various kinds of special devices, special equipment and special clothing. Moreover, if some of them (not counting special clothing) are mainly typical for use in organizations of the machine-building complex, then special clothing has an industry-wide character.

• 2. Physical and chemical composition - solid (coal, metal), liquid (paint, fuel), gaseous (gas), soft (fabric, leather, rubber).
• 3. Technical content. The technical classification of inventories is based on their nomenclature - a systematized list of material assets developed by the enterprise, based on industry specifics and the established practice of accounting for them. It provides for groups within which individual names of materials are indicated by grades, grades, sizes, under a certain code (cipher) and in the corresponding unit of measurement.

Schematically considered classification of MPZ is shown in fig. 5.1.

The code of a specific name of materials is its item number. It is assigned when this material is accepted for accounting and consists of seven or eight digits: the first two are a synthetic account, the third is a sub-account, the next one or two are a group of materials. The remaining two or three digits reveal additional features, characteristics of this type of material. For example, item number 10101122 means: 10 - synthetic account "Materials" sub-account 1 "Raw materials", 01 - group "ferrous metals", 12 - "round steel", 2 - diameter 2 mm. Item numbers are indicated in all primary documents for the receipt and consumption of materials. Coding creates the basis for automating material accounting.

If the price per unit is indicated in the nomenclature, then such classifiers are called the nomenclature-price tag.

The importance of inventories in the formation of current production costs, their high liquidity and others features(large nomenclature, natural decline, etc.) impose strict requirements on the content of the accounting policy in the process of their use, and ultimately on the financial statements.

Rice. 5.1.

At a minimum, the accounting policy should contain the following information:

• assessment methods used;
• possible consequences of changes in applied methods;
• the impact of individual situations (in the event that the actual cost of purchased inventories exceeds the price of a possible sale or a decrease in sales prices, obsolescence, etc.) on the financial results of the organization;
• value of pledged assets.

Evaluation of acquired inventories is carried out by methods

fixed accounting prices and actual cost.

Solid accounting chain may include the supplier's contract price, consisting of the selling price, taking into account a certain level of profitability. Further procurement costs depend on the type of free (from tal. franco - free). With the subsequent noun "free" means at what stage of the procurement of the inventory, the supplier assumes a certain part of the costs of their transportation or loading. Therefore, the buyer is exempted from their reimbursement, since they are already taken into account in the average amount in the contractual delivery price.

There are several types of franco. So, on the terms of "ex-stock supplier" the costs of loading, transporting and unloading materials from the supplier to the consumer are borne by the latter. This takes place in cases where he takes out the goods from the supplier with his own transport or compensates for the costs of the transport organization. At the same time, when the contract provides for the purchase of materials on the terms of "free-station (pier, port) of departure", the costs of delivering the goods to the point of departure are borne by the supplier and, therefore, they are included in the average amount in the price of the contract. All other costs are borne by the consumer.

With such an organization of current accounting for procurement, average purchase prices are used as fixed accounting prices.

The use of purchase or discount prices is allowed for non-invoiced deliveries, i.e. receipt of inventories from the supplier before the presentation of the settlement document for payment. The posting of inventories at the specified prices is reflected in the accounting without allocation of the amount of VAT. It will be taken into account only when the buyer receives the settlement documents. After that, a reversal entry is made for the cost of previously received material assets. Then a new entry is made corresponding to the amounts of the invoice presented for payment, including VAT. This procedure is performed at the end of the month.

Materials not received by the end of the month, the cost of which the buyer paid and, therefore, the ownership of which passed to him, are considered in accounting as material assets in transit. They are accepted for accounting in order to reflect in the balance sheet the entire set of material resources to which the right of ownership of the enterprise applies. In the next reporting month, if the materials are received, they are credited to the actual quantity, i.e. in the same manner as in the case of uninvoiced deliveries.

Transportation and procurement and other acquisition costs are accounted for by the consumer on one analytical account of the same name. Thus, accounting for transportation and procurement costs in accordance with the accounting policy of the organization can be carried out directly on accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 10 "Materials".

An approximate nomenclature of transport and procurement costs includes the following items:

• transportation costs (in the amount of tariffs for the transportation of materials by individual modes of transport):
• charges of supply organizations (remunerations to intermediary organizations, as well as markups and allowances set by suppliers to the price of supplied materials):
• customs payments (indirect taxes on imported inventory);
• payment for the storage of materials in the form of payment for the costs of maintaining special procurement offices, warehouses and agencies in the places of their procurement;
• travel expenses of employees associated with the preparation and purchase of materials;
• packaging costs paid by the organization in excess of the cost of purchased materials from suppliers;
• shortage and damage of materials in transit within the norms of natural loss delivered by the transport of the purchasing organization;
• maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus (expenses for the remuneration of employees of this apparatus, including the amount of insurance premiums);
• other expenses included in the actual cost of procured materials.

The addition of transportation and procurement costs to the cost of materials at fixed (contractual) prices forms the actual cost of prepared materials.

If the consumer has chosen the planned cost of materials as a variant of the accounting policy as a fixed discount price, then the receipt of stocks in the current accounting is reflected in each analytical account at the cost indicated above, reflecting the difference ("+" - overspending or "-" - savings) between the planned and the actual cost on the analytical account "Deviations of the actual cost from the planned".

The use of fixed accounting prices simplifies the current accounting of the movement of inventories. This is especially important for medium and large enterprises with a large range of materials and a real time lag in the movement of these stocks from their documentation. At the same time, the requirements of a market economy, especially in the process of its formation, make it problematic to use fixed accounting prices.

In the very general view formation of the actual cost of acquired reserves is formed:

• 1) from the contractual, exchange or free selling price indicated in the invoice, minus the stipulated discounts. This is the invoice value of the supplier, taking into account various margins (surcharges), commission paid to intermediary firms, the cost of commodity exchange services, customs duties:
• 2) the cost of freight, including the cost of insurance, loading and unloading on "recessions, the cost of business trips for workers for the direct procurement of materials, as well as shortages of materials along the way within the limits of natural loss;
• 3) various tariffs and taxes (except for VAT and other refundable taxes).

The invoice value of inventories is a determining part of the actual cost in the process of their purchase. In the future, it increases by the amount of various information and consulting services, customs duties and fees, commission fees to intermediary organizations, as well as non-refundable taxes. The actual cost also includes the costs of procurement and delivery of materials, the maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, transportation costs (if they are not included in the price of the contract), the cost of paying interest on a commercial loan provided by suppliers, and other costs.

Material values ​​received free of charge from other organizations are taken into account in the actual assessment that forms the market price.

Inventories acquired in the course of a barter transaction, as of the date of entry into account, are accounted for taking into account the value of the exchanged property, for which it was reflected in the balance sheet of this organization.

Morally obsolete inventories from January 1, 2002 should be reflected in the balance sheet minus the reserve and the decrease in their value.

Materials that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accounted for off the balance sheet in the assessment provided for in the contract.

In the event that inventory items are purchased in foreign currency, they are valued in rubles by converting this currency at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in force on the date of acceptance of these items on the balance sheet under the contract

The loss for those inventory items, for which the price during the reporting year decreased and turned out to be less than the purchase (procurement) price, or which became morally obsolete or partially lost their original physical and chemical properties, is included in the financial results of the enterprise.

If the organization applies fixed accounting prices, then in the process of writing off materials for production and other purposes, it becomes necessary to bring them to the actual cost. This procedure is implemented by drawing up at the end of the month a special calculation of the amount of deviations related to the cost of materials used. First, the percentage of deviations is calculated by referring the amount of transportation costs or the amount of deviations ("+" - overspending, "-" - savings) at the beginning of the reporting period, taking into account receipts for this period to the contract price (planned cost for the same periods). The interest calculated in this way is multiplied by the amount of materials used at the agreed price or planned cost in the reporting period.

Inflationary processes do not allow the organization to consider the method of estimating inventories at fixed accounting prices as the determining option for accounting policy.

When releasing inventories into production and in other cases of their disposal, the following methods of their assessment are recommended:

• at the cost of each unit (specific identification method);
• at average cost (average cost), more often on the weighted average (weighted average cost) ,
• at the cost of the first time acquisition of inventories - FIFO method (first in – first out).

During the reporting year, for each group (type) of inventories, one of the above methods of assessment can be applied as an element of the accounting policy.

The application of the method at the cost of each unit takes place for those inventories that have strictly defined individual characteristics (precious metals, precious stones, etc.).

The characteristics of other recommended methods for estimating inventories in the current account are given in Table. 5.1. As you can see, the final balance of materials, calculated in fixed accounting prices, does not differ from their total, obtained using the weighted average cost method. This coincidence is not purely mechanical. Rather, it reflects a general trend inherent in these methods, which are least of all focused on the flexibility that is characteristic of other methods of evaluation.

FIFO method (first receipt - first issue) when writing off materials, it is focused on the price of the first purchase. In the generally accepted understanding, its use is preferable in a situation where prices fall by the end of the reporting period and it is more appropriate for the consumer to include materials in the first chain, which is higher, in the cost of production. Consequently, the initial higher costs of their preparation are transferred to the consumer, and in the balance sheet, the reserves are taken into account in the assessment as of the date of its compilation, which confirms one of the defining principles of a market economy, the principle of the reality of the assessment of certain types of property. The FIFO method is applicable at enterprises of any organizational and legal form, since it is based on accounting for the movement of inventories, and not their physical movement in physical terms by the timing of receipt.

EXAMPLE 5.1

The organization has adopted the weighted average cost method. In the reporting period, two batches of materials of the same name were received, but at different prices (Table 5.2). Within a month, one batch is fully sent to production. The second batch arrived after the vacation in the production of the first batch.

Table 5.1

Inventory valuation methods

	Indicators	Valuation at fixed discount prices			Valuation methods at the actual cost of procurement
					weighted average cost method			FIFO method
		quantity, kg	price, rub	amount, rub.	quantity, kg	price, rub.	amount, rub.	quantity, kg	price, rub.	amount, rub.
	Account price of materials
	Remaining materials for the month started
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Received materials in the first decade
	Deviations from accounting prices
						(140 + 210):25 = = 14
	Received materials in the second decade
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Actual weighted average cost					(350 + 260):45 = = 13,55
	Received materials in the third decade
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Actual weighted average cost					(610 + 300):70 = = 13
	Cost per month, total
	including
	Deviations from accounting prices
	Consumption of materials, taking into account deviations (660 + 55)
	Remaining materials at the end of the month
	Deviations from accounting prices**
	Remaining materials at actual cost

Notes:

* 180 rub. × 8.33% = 15 rubles; 8.33% - x (rub.);

• 100% - 660 rubles;
• 660 rub. × 8.33% = 580 kg

** 180 rub. × 8.33% = 15 rubles. or

• 20 + 30 + 20 - 55 \u003d 15 rubles; 8.33% - X (rub.);
• 100% - 660 rubles.

Table 5.2

The movement of batches of materials in the organization

The write-off of materials at their cost as of March 20 will be reflected in the accounting in the amount of 5,000 rubles. In the event that the expense is estimated at the weighted average cost per month, the amount of material consumption sent to production will be 5250 rubles. ((10,500: 100) × 50).

When using the FIFO method, the amount of expense will be the same as when writing off materials at cost, - 5000 rubles. ((5000: 50) × 50).

In countries with developed market economies, when writing off materials, it is also used NIFO method , according to which the costs include the cost of not the last purchase, but the cost following the date of the last purchase. In other words, with this method, the next batch for receipt is attributed first to the cost of manufactured products. So, if the price per unit of a specific material on the date of the last purchase was 12 rubles, and on the date of its release into production it rose to 14 rubles on the market, then the material will be included in the cost of manufactured products at a price of 14 rubles. for a unit.

Each of the considered methods of assessing the MPZ has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of method is determined by the influence on the balance sheet currency (based on the principle of its reality), the statement of financial results (in terms of the formation of financial results), tax payments (primarily income tax) and decisions made by the administration (in terms of development strategy). In this regard, when determining the accounting policy, along with the choice of the appropriate method for estimating the inventory, it is no less, if not more important, to take into account the consequences of changing individual valuation methods.

For small enterprises, the method of valuation by average (weighted average) cost is more preferable, according to which each unit (type, group) of inventory, written off for production or listed as a balance, is valued at the cost obtained, as already noted, by dividing the sum of the balance and income by their number. Thus, it is recognized that the simplicity of calculation in a small enterprise is considered as the main advantage.

The use of computer technology with a large range and receipt of inventories from different suppliers and at different prices can significantly reduce the complexity of calculating their cost when released into production.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that when applying the same method for estimating the write-off of such inventories, a different final result can be obtained if the initial basis for the calculation was a structural unit or the enterprise as a whole. This approach is important to consider for the purposes of financial and management accounting. The need for such a division exists in medium and large enterprises, where stocks are distributed over several warehouses and their accounting is kept for the whole enterprise. For the purposes of financial accounting, it is advisable to write off the cost for each structural unit presented as an independent legal entity and maintaining separate accounting records.

Inventory accounting tasks are:

• complete and timely calculation of the actual cost of procured materials;
• control over their safety;
• proper documentation of operations on the movement of material assets,
• providing the administration and structural divisions of the enterprise with the necessary information in real time in order to determine the moment of issuing orders for the purchase of the most favorable size of the purchased lot of inventory items;
• preliminary, current and subsequent control over their acquisition and use in the context of structural divisions, types of manufactured products, work performed or services provided, over compliance with applicable norms and standards;
• identification of stale and unused inventory items;
• clear organization of storage and weighing facilities;
• proper control over the work of officials (forwarders, warehouse managers, etc.) related to the acquisition, acceptance and release of materials. With these persons, the administration must conclude agreements on full liability;
• finding various ways to involve in the economic circulation slow-moving and stale inventory items or their sale. In accordance with the current legislation, these values ​​should be taken into account at market prices.

In countries with developed market economies, none of these tasks is a priority. For them, the main purpose of accounting for such stocks is the most accurate calculation of profit. Thus, it is recognized that accounting for inventories should be subordinated to the achievement of the ultimate goal of the enterprise.