The map is the second language of geography. Geographical map language What is called the second language of geography

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Planned result

• Students should: know/understand the definition of cartography as a science, the importance of cartographic research methods;
• Be able to read various types of geographical maps;
• Make a description of the development of the main methods of studying the Earth;
• Determine the geographic location of an object

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Main content

• History of the development of methods for studying the Earth. Examples of methods of description, observation, statistical, modeling, etc.
• Cartographic research method, its uniqueness. Examples of cartographic sources of various historical periods.
• The value of geographical maps in human life, examples.
• The science of cartography.
• Creation of modern cartographic images

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Goal and tasks

Purpose: to form an idea of ​​the cartographic method as a special method of geographical science.

• To form an idea about the development of methods for studying the Earth, about the science of cartography;
• To form an idea about the significance of geographical maps in human life, how to create them;
• Start developing the ability to describe the geographical location of an object

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You will learn:

1. What methods of studying the Earth exist

2. How geographers use maps

3. How maps are made

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Methods for studying the Earth

People have learned to describe and remember the surrounding area. This is preserved in rock art, myths and legends.

There were 2 ancient methods: observation and description.

1. They showed hunting grounds, trails, dangerous places.

2. Later they learned to show distances and areas using maps.

cartographic method

As new territories are explored...

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Fragment of a rock drawing

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• collection method.
• Collections of stones, herbariums, stuffed animals were brought.
• field method
• Collection of material on the ground
• cameral method.
• Processing of collected material
• New computer technologies, programs, devices for collecting and searching for information have appeared. A new method has emerged.

SIMULATION METHOD

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Remember:

• What is a map?
• How did you use the cards in previous lessons?
• What types of cards do you know?

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Types of images of the earth's surface

• A globe is a three-dimensional model of the planet, reduced many times over.
• A map is a generalized reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.
• A plan is a drawing on which a small area of ​​the earth's surface is depicted in a reduced form with conventional signs. The conventional signs of the plan differ from the conventional symbols of the map.

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Types of cards

• By content
• By area coverage
• Scale
• General geographic (physical) - show the relief, rivers, lakes, seas
• Thematic - devoted to certain topics: the distribution of the population, the position of countries
• The content, coverage of the territory and scale of the map is determined by its purpose
• Purpose of cards
• Educational
• Scientific reference
• Tourist

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The science of maps as a special way of reflecting reality, their creation and use is called cartography.

"The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the starting and ending moment of any geographical research"

N.N. Baransky geographer of the twentieth century.

The geographical map, one of the most remarkable creations of the human mind, appeared already at the dawn of civilization. The oldest surviving cartographic images, Babylonian and Egyptian, date back to very early times - the third and second millennia BC. The first real geographical maps were created by the ancient Greeks. It is in ancient Greece that the origins of cartography and geography, as well as many other sciences, lie. The Greeks were among the first to propose the sphericity of the Earth, calculated its dimensions, invented the first cartographic projections, introduced meridians and parallels. Since then, cartography, which developed in close connection with geography, has come a long and difficult path, turning into a comprehensively developed branch of knowledge.

Modern maps display a wide variety of natural and social phenomena: relief and vegetation, population density and administrative divisions, industry and transport. There are maps (soil, climatic, political, etc.) that reflect a single phenomenon, and there are maps that depict several phenomena (for example, complex economic maps that characterize industry, agriculture, and communication routes). It is known what wide application find cards. No work related to the study of the territory can be carried out without a map. The map is essential for sailing. Without a map, it is impossible to design the construction of factories and roads, to properly plan agricultural land. Maps teach geography and history. The map is used by tourists, climbers and people who simply want to get acquainted with the area they are about to visit. With a pattern of icons and interweaving of lines, a palette of colors and fonts for inscriptions, the map tells about an unfamiliar territory, and behind the conventional signs there is a living geographical reality - rivers, mountains, cities, factories. For a person who knows how to “read” a map, loves it and has imagination, there is genuine poetry hidden in it, captivating magic. Especially since best cards- these are not only scientific works, but, one might say, works of art, distinguished by the beauty and elegance of design.

The development of geography is unthinkable without a geographical map. It allows you to describe geographical phenomena in the most visual and concise form. Indeed, no literary description can replace a map, because it does not have its accuracy and clarity, does not give a visual representation of the shape, size and relative position objects, does not allow us to evaluate spatial relationships. How many words would it take to describe enough large area! The map gives an idea of ​​the whole area at once. We must also remember that a textual description is much more subjective than a cartographic image. And sometimes the language is almost unable to convey all those whimsical curves of contours, bizarre directions of lines that the map conveys so easily and expressively.

The map is the instrument of labor of the cartographer, the most important instrument of geographical research. By means of a map, the geographer establishes spatial relationships between phenomena and deduces their geographical patterns. Almost every geographical study, whether it is the determination of the height of the snow cover or the study of cargo transportation, begins with a map and ends with a map, that is, it is carried out using maps on which the received data is “superimposed”, and ends with the creation of new maps with new, enriched content. After comprehending the results of the conducted research, “conclusion maps”, “inference maps” are created. Such, for example, are maps of climatic or economic regions.

Only by carefully analyzing the map, one can correctly understand and comprehensively comprehend the geographical position of the country or region, city or plant - the position in relation to mountain ranges, seas, mineral deposits, communication routes, large industrial centers, etc.

Just as a chemist, speaking about a substance, first of all recalls its chemical formula, a geographer, speaking about this or that territory, about this or that object, first of all recalls their cartographic image.

Of course, the map cannot and should not completely replace geographical description. But without it, there is no geography.

After all, a map is a special, “second language” of geography, a language that geography cannot do without.

The development of cartography Over the millennia, maps have changed their appearance: rock paintings have been replaced by handwritten paper, then printed engravings, and now, electronic video images. Over the millennia, maps have changed their appearance: rock paintings have been replaced by handwritten paper, then printed engravings, and now, electronic video images. But the essence of cartography remains the same - it remains a means of knowing and explaining the world. But the essence of cartography remains the same - it remains a means of knowing and explaining the world.

The map is the main tool for the geographer. With her help, he prepares his research, on her he applies his results, which will serve him for further progress. The map is an amazing tool for studying the globe, which alone can give a person the gift of providence. Y. Shokalsky

Baransky N. N. on the role of maps in geography: "The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the initial and final moment of geographical research." "The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the beginning and end of geographical exploration." "The map is one of the criteria of geography." "The map is one of the criteria of geography." "The map is an incentive to fill empty spaces." "The map is an incentive to fill empty spaces." Map is the second language of geography. Map is the second language of geography.

The term "map" comes from Greek word"chartes", which meant a sheet of papyrus for writing. The term "chart" comes from the Greek word "chartes", which meant a sheet of papyrus for writing. A map is a reduced, generalized image of the Earth's surface built in a cartographic projection, showing the objects located on it in a certain system of conventional signs (objects mean any objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality). A map is a reduced, generalized image of the Earth's surface built in a cartographic projection, showing the objects located on it in a certain system of conventional signs (objects mean any objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality).

Cartographic works Works, the main part of which is a cartographic image (i.e. cartographic works are globes, maps, atlases, relief maps, etc.); Works, the main part of which is a cartographic image (i.e., cartographic works are globes, maps, atlases, relief maps, etc.);

Types of maps Geographic map map of the Earth's surface (more fully, a geographical map can be defined as built in a cartographic projection, a reduced generalized image of the Earth's surface and its parts, showing the location, condition and relationships of natural and social objects and phenomena in a certain system of conventional signs) general geographic geographical map a map showing the totality of the main elements of the terrain; Geographic map map of the Earth's surface (more fully, a geographical map can be defined as a reduced generalized image of the Earth's surface and its parts, built in a cartographic projection, showing the location, condition and relationships of natural and social objects and phenomena in a certain system of conventional signs) general geographical map geographical map, displaying the totality of the main elements of the terrain; Topographic map detailed map terrain, which allows you to determine both the planned and vertical position of points. Topographic map - a detailed map of the area, which allows you to determine both the planned and vertical position of points. topographic plan a cartographic image on a plane in an orthogonal projection on a large scale of a limited area of ​​the terrain, within which the curvature of the surface is not taken into account. topographic plan a cartographic image on a plane in an orthogonal projection on a large scale of a limited area of ​​the terrain, within which the curvature of the surface is not taken into account. Thematic map A map whose main content is determined by the specific topic being displayed; Thematic map A map whose main content is determined by the specific topic being displayed;

An atlas is a cartographic work consisting of many maps united by a common idea. For the first time, the name "atlas" in relation to the collection of maps was proposed by the outstanding Dutch cartographer Mercator (1595) in honor of Atlas, the mythical king of Libya. a cartographic work consisting of many maps united by a common idea. For the first time, the name "atlas" in relation to the collection of maps was proposed by the outstanding Dutch cartographer Mercator (1595) in honor of Atlas, the mythical king of Libya.

Interesting The oldest map that has survived to this day dates back to 2250 BC. e. It was a clay tablet, which depicts the river. Euphrates, northern Mesopotamia. The relief map of the American state "California", made in 1924, measured 13.7 m by 5.5 m and weighed 39 tons. The first Russian map is the "Old Drawing", compiled in 1497 by Italians living in Moscow.