Modern roads are considered to be the road from. The axis of a highway is a spatial line consisting of straight and curved sections
ROAD - a complex of engineering structures designed to ensure convenient, continuous and safe movement of cars, as well as other types of wheeled transport. For vehicle traffic, existing horse-drawn roads were initially used; With the increase in traffic intensity, the construction of asphalt roads began in the 1920s. With the increase in speeds and load-carrying capacity of vehicles, the requirements for the strength of road structures and their evenness to ensure a smooth ride have increased. When building roads, they began to follow the principles of landscape architecture - a harmonious combination of the road with the surrounding landscape, fitting the road into the terrain, as well as decorative landscaping. As traffic intensity increased, elements of highway routes began to be designed in such a way as to not only ensure vehicle stability, but also create optimal neuro-emotional tension in drivers, ensuring their attentiveness and long-term performance.
Highways are divided by administrative affiliation (federal, territorial, departmental, private); by access to them ( common use, paid); by functional purpose (international, interstate, highway, regional, local), etc. On public roads, vehicle access is not limited; on toll roads, a fee is charged for each vehicle. Highways that connect economically and strategically important areas and points relatively distant from each other and provide high-speed traffic are called main roads (see Highway).
Used in various countries the classification of highways is determined by national traditions, political and socio-cultural characteristics, as well as the level economic development and technical progress. In most countries, highways are divided into 5 categories according to the estimated traffic volume. The higher it is, the higher the category of the road and its specifications, first of all, the estimated speed (the speed of a single vehicle under favorable weather conditions, a dry and clean roadway). For example, in Russian Federation for highways of the 1st category the estimated speed is 150 km/h, for the 5th category - 60 km/h. At the end of the 20th century, there was a tendency to reduce the maximum design speed, which is associated with the movement of dense traffic flows, when drivers are not able to realize the high speed characteristics of cars.
The main elements that determine the transverse profile of a two-lane highway without a dividing strip on the roadway: roadbed (serves to accommodate the roadway and is the soil foundation for the road pavement), roadway, shoulders for temporary stopping of cars; side ditches (ditches) for draining surface water from the subgrade; edges of the road strip for placing the roadbed, pedestrian and bicycle paths, green spaces, noise protection structures, communication lines, linear buildings of operational services, and so on. The distance between the edges is conventionally called the width of the subgrade. Within the roadway, road pavement is installed with a top layer called pavement. To quickly drain water from the roadway, the coating is given a transverse slope away from the axis of the road. On turns with small radii, turns are constructed (single slope slopes of the pavement towards the center of the curve). For better visibility of the boundaries of the roadway and strengthening the edges of the pavement, edge strips are installed, which have the same pavement design as the roadway and are distinguished by a marking line. Where the highway passes through watercourses, ravines, valleys, gorges, as well as where it intersects with other means of communication, artificial structures are built - bridges, culverts, overpasses, viaducts, overpasses, tunnels, etc.
To ensure traffic safety on highways, road signs and indicators, traffic lights, fences, markings are used; lighting and etc.
The main directions of technical progress in the construction of highways: improving the transport and operational qualities of road surfaces, introducing more advanced construction technologies, increasing traffic safety and environmental protection, increasing the reliability of structures on highways, and increasing the level of service for travelers.
Lit.: Babkov V.F. Highways. M., 1983.
P. I. Pospelov, E. M. Lobanov.
The road must provide convenient and safe movement at the design speed of vehicles of a given carrying capacity during all year round or estimated season at the required throughput with minimal costs. Design speed and traffic safety are ensured the right choice parameters of the plan and longitudinal profile of the road: minimum radii of horizontal and vertical curves, maximum slopes, transition curves, widening of the roadway, slopes of turns, taking into account the driver’s emotional perception of the road.
The highway is a large complex of engineering structures. The main ones are:
· roadbed;
· travel clothing;
· drainage structures;
· overpasses and bridges;
· tunnels and retaining walls.
An important element of the road is its arrangement, i.e. placing road signs, markings, installing fencing, lighting, etc.
The strip of terrain on which roads are located is called a right-of-way or road strip. The width of the right of way is regulated depending on the number of lanes of the road, the height of the embankment, the depth of the excavation, the nature of the terrain and its slope.
According to their purpose, roads are divided into:
· public roads;
· fishing roads;
· roads of local importance (access roads of the general network, industrial enterprises, construction sites, collective farms and farms, service roads, patrol roads and landfill roads).
Public roads include roads that, in the process of forming industrial, social and transport infrastructures, connect cities and towns with each other, as well as with railway stations, river stations and airports.
Field roads include roads that provide transport links to oil and gas production facilities - fields, production bases, rotational camps with cities, railway stations, river stations and airports (usually helicopter connections).
Field roads are divided into inter-field and intra-field. Inter-field roads include roads connecting fields with villages, cities, industrial bases, etc., and intra-field roads connect oilfield facilities of one field.
The passage of vehicles of a given weight is ensured by sufficiently durable road pavement, the construction of a reliable foundation, and the design of overpasses and bridges. Capacity is provided by the required number of lanes. Year-round operation of the road is ensured by the correct calculation and installation of a reliable system of surface and ground drainage, protection of the road from abysses, ice, and snow drifts.
A road may have a different technical level, which depends on its significance in national economy, difficulties natural conditions, traffic composition. According to the classification of SNiP 2.05.02-85 “Highways”, roads along the entire length or in individual sections are divided into categories, see table. 1.
Table 1
| Purpose of the road | Road category | Estimated traffic intensity, units/day |
| Main federal roads (for connecting the capital of the Russian Federation with the capitals of independent states, the capitals of republics within the Russian Federation, administrative centers of territories and regions, as well as providing international road transport connections) | I-a (motorway) | St. 14000 |
| I-b (expressway) | St. 14000 | |
| II | St. 6000 | |
| Other federal roads (for connecting the capitals of the republics within the Russian Federation, the administrative centers of territories and regions, as well as these cities with the nearest administrative centers of autonomous entities) | I-b (expressway) | St. 14000 |
| II | St. 6000 | |
| III | St. 2000 to 6000 | |
| Republican, regional, regional roads and roads of autonomous entities | II III IV | St. 6000 to 14000 St. 2000 to 6000 St. 200 to 2000 |
| Local roads | IV V | Over 200 to 2000 Up to 200 |
The coefficients for reducing the traffic intensity of various vehicles to a passenger car should be taken according to the table. 2
table 2
| Types of vehicles | Reduction coefficient |
| Cars | |
| Motorcycles with sidecars | 0,75 |
| Motorcycles and mopeds | 0,5 |
| Trucks with carrying capacity, t: | |
| 1,5 | |
| 2,5 | |
| St. 14 | 3,5 |
| Road trains with carrying capacity, t: | |
| 3,5 | |
| St. thirty | |
| Notes: 1. For intermediate values of the carrying capacity of vehicles, the reduction coefficients should be determined by interpolation. 2. Reduction coefficients for buses and special vehicles should be taken as for base vehicles of the corresponding load capacity. 3. Reduction coefficients for |
trucks and road trains should be increased by 1.2 times in rough and mountainous terrain.
Public roads are intended for the passage of vehicles with dimensions: the length of single cars up to 12 m and road trains up to 20 m, the width up to 2.5 m, the height up to 4 m for roads of I-IV categories and up to 3.8 m for roads of V category.
Accompanying a cover vehicle is mandatory in all cases when: the width of the vehicle with cargo exceeds 3.5 m; the length of the road train is more than 24 m; and by a traffic police patrol car, if: the width of the vehicle exceeds 4.0 m; the length of the road train exceeds 30.0 m.
When designing infield roads, bridge dimensions and road pavement structures, vehicles and road trains with axial loads of up to 120 kN, a width of at least 2.75 m and a length of up to 30 m should be taken as design (VSN 26-90).
| Industrial roads are also divided into categories according to SNiP 2.05.07-91* “Industrial Transport”. Table 3 View and | general purpose | Road category |
| intra-site and inter-site roads | Estimated volume of traffic, million tons net/year, in both directions | Production, providing production connections between enterprises and their individual facilities (workshops, developed peat fields and forests, warehouses, etc.) among themselves |
| St. 0.7 « 0.35 to 0.7 « 0.35 | - | I-in II-in III-in |
Service and patrol lines providing transportation of auxiliary and household cargo, passage of fire engines, entrances to garages, auto shops, individual oil and gas wells, as well as passage of vehicles along lines of specialized types of industrial transport, power supply lines and other communications serving these lines:
IV-v
The design speeds of vehicles for the design of infield roads are taken according to Table. 4
2. Design speeds at intersections and industrial on-site roads, as well as on serpentines, should be reduced by half, but taken at least 15 km/h.
When designing highways, it is necessary to provide for measures to protect the natural environment, ensuring minimal disruption of existing environmental, geological, hydrogeological and other natural conditions. When developing measures, it is necessary to take into account respect for valuable agricultural land, nature reserves, recreation areas and locations of medical institutions.
The impact of vehicle traffic (noise, vibration, gas pollution, glare from headlights) on the environment should be taken into account. natural environment. The choice of highway route should be based on a comparison of options with consideration of a wide range of interrelated technical, economic, ergonomic, aesthetic, environmental and other factors.
The main elements of a highway are a set of straight, curved sections and slopes that characterize the road in longitudinal and transverse profile.
Rice. 1.
a - diagram of the road section, b - ditch of triangular cross-section, c - cross-section of the slope, d - structure from lateral reserves, e - cross-section of the road in the excavation, f - dumping of soil into the cavalier, g - cross-section road section on a slope; 1 - embankment slope, 2, 12, 17 - embankments, 3 - road surface, 4 - continental soil surface, 5 - shoulder, 6 - ditch bottom, 7 - outer ditch slope, 8 - edge ditch, 9 - embankment edge, 10 - reserve, // - berm, 13 - slope surface before development, 14 - pressure ditch, 15 - cavalier, 16,18 - retaining walls; H: L - slope position.
The alignment of a road is its axis on the earth's surface. The route has turns, ups and downs, and includes straight and curved sections. The route is selected taking into account the requirements for convenient and safe movement of vehicles at given speeds. Natural obstacles (ravines, mountains, rivers) force the length of the road to be increased, laying it in a place accessible for construction. The road route is viewed in two projections. The projection onto the vertical plane represents the longitudinal profile, and the projection onto the horizontal plane represents the route plan.
The longitudinal profile characterizes the steepness of the road at each section. Natural slopes of the terrain may exceed those allowed for roads. In this case, part of the soil is cut off.
The choice of the longitudinal profile of the road has big influence on traffic safety, speed and vehicle performance. Therefore, when constructing roads, it is necessary to comply with technical standards that establish the values of the greatest slopes and determine the conditions for pairing the profile at fractures. In addition, all conditions are taken into account to create smooth and safe movement at a minimum construction cost. For better orientation, the road route is divided into kilometers and hundred-meter sections called pickets.
The road plan is a projection of the road with all the structures located on the road strip onto a horizontal plane.
The road plan determines the width of its structural elements, the length of straight and rounded sections, the radii of curves, and the angles between straight sections.
The transverse profile of a road is a section of a road in a direction perpendicular to its axis; it consists of lines delimiting the roadbed and road pavement. The design elements of a highway are shown on its transverse profile.
In excavations, the subgrade is located below the surface of the earth. The soil from the excavation is placed in an adjacent embankment or moved to side dumps called cavaliers. With small transverse slopes of the terrain, cavaliers are located on both sides of the road surface.
The carriageway is intended for vehicle traffic. The width of the roadway depends on the number of traffic lanes and the width of each lane, and the number of lanes in turn is determined by the estimated intensity and composition of traffic. The need for several lanes in one direction may also arise regardless of traffic intensity, for example, when cars moving in the general flow are significantly different in speed from the main vehicle.
During the first stage of construction or when traffic intensity is low, traffic is limited to one lane for two directions. In this case, driving around and overtaking vehicles is carried out by driving to the side of the road. In this case, movement speeds are reduced. With a narrow road surface in mountainous conditions, driving and overtaking take place at specially arranged sidings. Sidings are widenings of the road surface and carriageway.
Rice. 2. Typical transverse profiles of highways: a - I category on a separate roadbed, 6 - 1 category on one roadbed, c - II category, d - III category, d - IV category, f - V category; A - width of the roadbed, B - width of the road surface of the carriageway, C - width of the right-of-way; 1 - shoulder, 2 - ditch, 3 - road for horse-drawn and tracked vehicles, 4 - bicycle path, 5 - sidewalk, 6 - snow-protective forest plantations, 7 - communication line and place for laying cables and power lines .
When there is heavy traffic and flow in which vehicles move at different speeds, roads are built with two and three lanes in each direction. For safety, adjacent lanes with oncoming traffic are separated to prevent cars from entering another lane.
The roadway is widened for horizontal curve radii of 1000 m or less due to the internal shoulder. However, the width of the shoulder should not be less than 1.5 m for roads of I, II and III categories and 1 m for roads of other categories. If the width of the shoulders is smaller, the roadbed is widened.
On curved sections, road visibility is limited. Obstacles in this case may be forests, bushes, gardens directly adjacent to the road surface on the inside of the curve; buildings and constructions; excavation slopes; a steep slope on the inside of the curve.
Visibility is improved by demolishing buildings, cutting down trees or developing slopes close to the road surface.
The curbs are adjacent to the roadway. They are used for temporary parking of vehicles. If there is no surface on the road, the roadway and the shoulders form one whole.
The road surface is the roadway plus the shoulders. It is limited on both sides by slopes of the roadbed. The edge of the roadway is the line of intersection of the surface of the shoulder with the surface of the slope. If there are curbs made of soil, the edge of the roadway is the edge of the roadbed. The distance between the edges is called the width of the subgrade.
Drainage ditches are located outside the road surface. In the side ditches, as well as in the recesses, external and internal slopes are distinguished. The internal slope is adjacent to the curb.
On roads with heavy traffic, several carriageways are installed with a dividing strip between them.
Pedestrian paths (sidewalks) are located outside the roadbed or on the side of the road.
Cycling is developed near cities and industrial centers. To increase its safety, bicycle paths are allocated. When there is heavy cycling traffic, bike paths are located independently of the road.
Outside the roadbed there are roads for tracked and horse-drawn vehicles, a bicycle path, a sidewalk, tree plantations, etc.
A fracture is formed by the intersection of two adjacent straight sections of a longitudinal profile that have different slopes. Fractures are divided into convex and concave. They impede the movement of the car and are therefore softened. A sharp change in the trajectory of the car at a turning point disrupts the smoothness of movement.
The longitudinal slope of the road may coincide with a curve in plan having a small radius. In this case, the vehicle's driving conditions become more difficult. The slope of the roadway on curves depends on the longitudinal and transverse slopes. The slope on turns contributes to the sliding of stopped, slow-moving or braked vehicles on a slippery surface. Based on this, the norm of the largest permissible longitudinal slope on curves, indicated in table. 1, reduced according to table. 3.
Vertical curves at fractures of the longitudinal profile are suitable if the difference in the longitudinal slope of the mating straight lines is 0.5% or more on roads of categories I and II, 1% or more on roads of categories III, 2% or more on roads of categories IV and V.
Artificial structures are installed in places where roads cross rivers, ravines, gullies, and other roads to prevent waterlogging of the roadbed and ensure the laying of the road route in a place that is difficult to access for construction. As humidity increases, the properties of the soil change dramatically, and its ability to resist loads decreases.
Surface water is drained by constructing ditches. They collect water from the road surface and the surrounding area and drain it to low areas.
The subgrade is also moistened by underground groundwater. To lower and drain groundwater, drainage is used, which is a network of pipes laid underground or rock fill with large voids.
With significant slopes of the earth's surface, a fast flowing stream easily erodes the surface layers of soil. Under these conditions, short ditches are made with differences between them. A water well is provided on each ledge, which quickly fills with water during intense surface runoff.
A system of closed drainage systems for the passage of surface water on city streets is called storm drainage. Water enters the sewer through a lattice cover on the road surface.
The majority of culverts on roads (up to 96%) are pipes that are laid across the road at the bottom of the embankment. When laying pipes, the embankment is made continuous.
When crossing rivers and other roads, checkpoints are installed - bridges of considerable length and height.
The central concept of traffic rules is the road. How else could it be in the ROAD Rules?
Definition from traffic rules (clause 1.2):
“Road” is a strip of land or a surface of an artificial structure equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing strips, if any.
Suitability for traffic is one of the main criteria of a road. An embankment, a dam, an asphalted, concreted, paved section of the earth's land, etc., along which vehicles (hereinafter referred to as vehicles) move, is the road.
But artificial structures (overpasses, overpasses, bridges) that are used to move vehicles are also roads.
Two narrow strips of trampled grass extending into a field? And this is the road.
And even if in the bitter winter a local tractor driver lays a “winter road” right across the field with the help of his bulldozer (to make it shorter to travel to meet his beloved), then this will also be a road. It may be temporary (until the spring thaw), but it’s a journey!
What about the ice crossing? There is no such concept in the traffic rules, but there is a definition that this is also a road. No wonder it is indicated by road signs.
And even brushwood or logs thrown into a swampy peat bog turn into a road - a road in the swamp.
And on all these numerous road options the Rules apply (or, as they say, “work”) traffic.
So, road is a section prepared and intended for vehicle traffic.
It includes (as can be seen from the second part of the quote) the following main elements:
- roadway (one or more), which is divided into traffic lanes;
- dividing strip (if available);
- curbs (if available);
- sidewalks (if available);
- tram tracks (if available).
We will talk about these elements of the road.
roadway
Very often there is confusion with the concepts of “roadway” and “road”. By road we often mean the very asphalt on which vehicles move.
This is mistake! That same asphalt is only part of the road. Namely, the carriageway.
Definition from traffic rules (clause 1.2):
“Carriageway” is an element of the road intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.
And it turns out that it is not the road that has the asphalt surface, but its carriageway.
And it is not asphalt that is the criterion for the roadway, but the movement of trackless vehicles. The roadway can be decorated with a different coating - rubble stone, paving stones, crushed stone - or simply have a soil base.
But this is a roadway that was created specifically for the movement of trackless vehicles. The tram is not one of them.
Lane
Exclusively for the convenience of traffic, the roadway is divided by longitudinal marking lines into special sections - traffic lanes (or traffic lanes).
Definition from traffic rules (clause 1.2):
"Lane"- any of the longitudinal stripes of the roadway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.
In order not to “get lost” on a wide roadway, the driver needs some kind of landmark when driving. Such a landmark is a traffic lane, the width of which is sufficient for unhindered and safe movement.
But what to do in winter, when the markings are indistinguishable?
Or is it not applied to the roadway at all?
In this case, the driver is obliged to independently determine his position on the roadway. And this is done like this: the roadway is divided by a longitudinal line strictly in the middle; the area on the right is ours, on the left is the “oncoming” one.
And the final touch is how many vehicles can pass each other at the same time in one section of the road. The number of vehicles capable of doing this will indicate the number of lanes.
Consequently, lanes for vehicle traffic are necessarily present on the roadway. The driver just needs to find them.
Dividing strip
There are sections of roads in the middle of which you can find an original design - a dividing strip.
Definition from traffic rules (clause 1.2):
"Dividing strip"- an element of the road, allocated structurally and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent roadways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.
Judging by the definition, a dividing strip is a “dead” section of the road, which is strictly prohibited for movement, stopping and parking of vehicles.
Why is there a dividing line? To ensure traffic safety! A dividing strip demarcates and separates traffic flows in opposite directions, making it difficult (or impossible) to enter oncoming lanes. That is why the highway (the fastest section of the road!) must necessarily have a dividing strip (or fences in the middle of the road).
However, the dividing strip can be designed not only with the help of some kind of physical structure, but also with the help of “single continuous” markings (1.2.1).
It is also forbidden to drive, stop or park on such a section of the road.
Speaking about the dividing strip, one cannot fail to note its another important property: a median strip distinguishes adjacent roadways.
And one last point. It is clear that the median strip is not a mandatory element of the road, but has a positive effect on safety.
Roadside
As strange as it may seem, the shoulder is also an element (or part) of the road. And all because traffic on the side of the road is, in rare cases, permitted by the Rules. And most importantly, the shoulder is a section of the road where stopping and parking of vehicles is allowed.
Definition from traffic rules (clause 1.2):
"Curb"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the roadway at the same level with it, differing in the type of surface or highlighted using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.
A shoulder is a road element that is directly adjacent to the roadway and, moreover, in the same plane. Therefore, it cannot be separated from the roadway by some kind of lawn or curb. It is precisely “glued” to the roadway, because it is intended mainly for stopping and parking.
As a rule, the shoulder differs from the asphalt roadway in a different way of covering: it can be expressed as grass, crushed stone, soil, sand, clay, etc.).
However, on large federal highways it is practiced to form the shoulder using the same coating as on the roadway. This is done to ensure maximum safety on the highway so that particles of soil, sand, and clay do not fall onto the roadway and cause trouble during emergency braking of the vehicle.
In this case, the border between the roadway and the shoulder will be a special - continuous or broken - marking line.
Speaking about the side of the road, it should be noted that it is not a mandatory road element. As a rule, in populated areas there is no shoulder as it is unnecessary, because vehicles park or stop using the edge of the roadway.
Consequently, the side of the road is the lot of country roads. By the way, here - in the absence of sidewalks - pedestrian traffic is also allowed.
Sidewalk
A sidewalk is another road element. It is quite justified to classify it as one of the parts of the road. And that's why.
Definition from traffic rules (clause 1.2):
“Sidewalk” is an element of the road intended for pedestrian traffic and adjacent to the roadway or bicycle path or separated from them by a lawn.
In principle, everything is simple and clear. The sidewalk is for pedestrians, and they are traffic participants. That’s why the sidewalk is part of the road. However, in the rarest cases, vehicles are allowed to move along it, as well as stop and park them.
Sidewalks, like curbs, are not a necessary element of the road.
Outside the populated area there is practically no need for them: pedestrians move along the roadsides.
Tram rails
There are many inaccuracies, “blank spots”, etc. in our traffic regulations. One of the gaps is the lack of definition of tram tracks, which are part of the road, but are not a carriageway. Such characteristics are determined by the analysis of the concepts of “road” and “roadway”.
There are two preferential ways to organize tram routes (within the road):
1) in the middle of the road;
2) on the border with the roadway.
The inattention of traffic regulations to the concept of “tram tracks” is unjustified, because they can be used for traffic (in accordance with traffic regulations).
Obviously, we are invited to think for ourselves: tram tracks are a section of road intended for the movement of rail vehicles.
Let's conclude
A road is a part of land (or an artificial structure) intended for vehicle traffic. The road structure includes several elements (roadway and, if possible, dividing strip, sidewalk, shoulder, tram tracks).
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Comments on the article:
Anisim
There may be inaccuracies in traffic regulations. But should we, ordinary drivers, think about these very traffic rules? In particular, whether these are tram tracks or non-tram tracks. The main thing is how the traffic police inspector will react to our speculation.
Hope
How can you not recognize the tram tracks? The traffic rules (as a last resort, in the comments to them) provide precise definitions with all possible variations to them. On this moment driving school instructors explain all the unspoken situations that may arise on the road, and a bad driving school is one that does not provide sufficient knowledge and ideas about our Russian roads
Alexander
Good afternoon. please clarify. There is a street near the building of my place of work, on both sides of which there are “no stopping” and “forced evacuation” signs. However, between the building and the road, tiles 5 m wide were laid. Between these tiles and the asphalt surface of the road, there was obviously once a curb. Now it is practically invisible and protrudes no more than 2 cm above the surface. Do I have the right to park my car in this tiled area? There was a case when the administration wrote a statement to the traffic police and people who left their cars in this area were fined for illegal parking. After all, there are standards according to which a sidewalk is considered such at a certain curb height.
Igor
Hello! Please explain what is the name according to the traffic rules for marking 1.3 (double solid), and if it is a dividing strip, then why does the road with marking 1.3 have one carriageway? (ticket No. 5 question 1). Thanks for the answer!
Eugene
Igor, greetings! Marking 1.3 cannot be a dividing strip (RP). The RP is an element of the road, and the RP is indicated by two (on each side) marking lines 1.2.1 (which marks the edge of the roadway). Therefore, the RP divides the roadway, but the 1.3 marking does not. It simply prohibits one from crossing itself, but the roadway is one!
Stas
By the way, now I’m thinking about the fact that I’m not sure about simple and familiar things. For example, I thought about how I should move as a pedestrian along the side of the road outside settlements and how is pedestrian safety ensured if the road is unpaved and the boundary between the roadway and the side of the road is not always clear? Well, by the way, on topic I remembered a story about how some army concepts were taught to students at the military department. Among other things, a road classifier for military builders was studied there. A special impression was made by the mention that a military road of category 7 is when the forest is felled but not removed.
Paul
How wide should the shoulder of the road be? And the fact that there is a separate life happening on the sidelines, that’s where the surprise lies! On the side of the road there are entire trade markets, be it watermelons from guests from Asia, or apples and potatoes from grandmothers from a neighboring village, marble products, toys, and even completely stationary cafe-type eateries selling coffee, tea, pies; young people travel along the side of the road. and not so much, there are “religious” processions, cyclists are riding, shepherds of peasant villages are driving herds of sheep and cows, sometimes diesel fuel is being sold on the roadsides from tank trucks, inspectors of road and other services are on duty. And all this is not reflected in the traffic rules!
Anna
In response to Pavel’s comment, I think as a driver and a pedestrian. In urban environments, a sidewalk is intended for pedestrians, where public places such as shops and cafes can also be located. Outside the city, such a “sidewalk” is the side of the road. And where does it say that it is prohibited to organize places of sale on the roadside? Another thing is that it may be unsafe if the car skids. Well, at an ordinary city stop, no one is insured against an accident.
And many motorists interpret the gaps in the traffic rules regarding the lack of definition of tram tracks to their advantage. I often see a picture: a tram is stuck in a traffic jam due to a car stuck on the tracks. This point should be written down.
Sergey
The concept of road itself has a relative definition. Traffic regulations largely do not take into account force majeure, both for the driver and the pedestrian. For example, pedestrians must move on sidewalks, pedestrian paths, bicycle and pedestrian paths, and in their absence, along the curbs or, in the absence of such, along the outer edge. There are cases when sidewalks, roadsides, etc. impassable due to weather conditions with poor visibility on the roadway, when a pedestrian has to go out onto the road with vehicle traffic, which leads to emergency situations. The driver didn’t notice, the pedestrian had nowhere to go, neither was at fault, but the accident happened. What do traffic police officers do in this situation in accordance with traffic regulations?
Pugin Anatoly
According to the old rules, the width of the traffic lane was from 3 to 6 m. The edge of the roadway was marked 20 cm from the curb. The standard lane of 3.75 m has now been adopted. In the city, the curbs are 3 m wide. What is the purpose of such standards? They narrowed the width of the roadway and increased traffic jams. We have a central street in the city, the width of the roadway is 12 m. That is, it was possible to drive along a lane in 2 rows for passenger cars. Now the markings have been applied so that the side of the road is 2.5 m wide. We are forced to follow shuttle buses at a speed of 25-30 km/h, we can’t move along the side of the road, and we can’t overtake, the center of the road is marked with continuous markings. Why do the city have 3 m wide curbs?
Andrey
Regarding white spots and inaccuracies in traffic regulations.
The current traffic rules of the Russian Federation classify a tram as a “Route vehicle” - a public vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram) intended for transporting people along the roads and moving along a set route with designated stopping places.
The order of movement on tram tracks is determined by clause 9.6 of the Traffic Regulations of the Russian Federation. Traffic on tram tracks in the same direction is permitted, located on the left at the same level as the roadway, when all lanes in this direction are occupied, as well as when detouring, turning left or making a U-turn, taking into account clause 8.5 Traffic rules Clause 8.5 Traffic rules If there are tram tracks of the same direction on the left, located on the same level with the roadway, a left turn and a U-turn must be made from them, unless signs 5.15.1 or 5.15.2 or markings 1.18 prescribe a different traffic order.
Knowledge of these standards is quite enough to understand that tram tracks can be used for the movement of cars only if they are located at the same level with the roadway and on the roadway, i.e. are part of the road. In other cases, when the tram tracks are not located directly within the road, the effect of the traffic rules (definition of ROAD) does not apply to the tram tracks. I believe that there is no need to give a definition of the term “Tram tracks” in the traffic rules. The introduction of additional terms and definitions regarding tram tracks into the traffic rules is in no way will affect road safety, the existing requirements in the traffic rules regarding Route Vehicles are quite sufficient. (Section 18 of the Traffic Regulations).
Sergey
As far as I know, a road is considered a strip or surface of the earth adapted for traffic. The road can be either field or artificially constructed with demarcation strips, curbs and tram tracks. Even a temporary ice crossing is also considered expensive. There is a concept of a roadway - this is where traffic moves; a traffic lane is any of the lanes wide enough for cars in a row. This is why there are markings on the roads. In winter and where there are no markings, we divide the road into two equal parts into our lane and do not enter someone else’s. The dividing strip and the shoulder are also part of the road, although no vehicles go there.
Ivanovich
In my life, I have had to drive a lot on unequipped rural roads. Roads driven by car wheels through meadows, near fields, etc. And, often, it was necessary to transport goods to places where there was no road, in the very sense of the word. For example, across a field with grain from a combine, with hay across a mown meadow. And then one day such an incident happened. The combine operator's assistant decided to rest and sat down on the edge of a stack of straw left on the field by the combine after threshing the wheat. One of the drivers, moving across the field in the direction of the stacked haystacks, decided to change the route and suddenly, having barely passed the haystack, turned the car around and drove the rear wheel over the haystack and the man lying there. Now here’s a question for discussion: Did the driver violate traffic rules and was he positioned on the road?
The answer to this question should be given by traffic police officers after a detailed study of the circumstances of the incident and all documents.
Paul
Good day.
I live in a village. On the section of the street where I live, there is a “No Stopping” sign on both sides for 300 meters. On one side there is a vacant lot (most of it) and a hospital building, on the other there are private houses. Because The parking lot at the hospital is small, everyone parks their cars on our side (the traffic police do not respond to them) But as soon as a taxi or a friend arrives and the driver is in the car or nearby, the traffic police is right there. The fine is 3,000 rubles, no matter where you stop on the road or near the fence. Are there rules governing this situation?
And further. In winter, when the road is cleared, the snow is pushed into pockets near the houses. And when you start throwing it not towards the fence but onto the road, you get a fine. Is this regulated somehow?
Respectfully yours, Pavel
Without knowing all the nuances regarding your particular situations, it is not entirely correct to give any comments on this issue.
You should first study the protocols on administrative offenses - who was fined, for what, on what basis, ...
We recommend making written official requests (with attached photos and other explanatory documents, this can be done through special sections of requests on the official websites of the traffic police and authorities local government) to the traffic police, the local government body, the organization responsible for maintaining the road and wait for official clarification.
Paul
No, the question is not about fines, but in general. The question concerns residents of private houses. If someone comes to us, we call a taxi or they bring us cargo, can they stop? The strip of land between the road and the fence is 4 meters. Is this all a road or is it already private property? Where is the boundary between the road and private land? And in general, what should residents of the houses do?
Respectfully yours, Pavel.
In principle, it is generally not clear why this sign is here.
1. Find out the ownership of the road (federal, regional, local) and the organization that is responsible for its maintenance.
2. Send an official request to the authorized organization: who hung up these signs and on what basis and how to board/disembark passengers for residents of adjacent buildings. Depending on the answer received, you may have to contact the following competent authorities - the traffic police, compulsory medical insurance, the local deputy, the governor’s reception, ... to resolve this issue.
3. Boundaries and belonging land plots between the road and the houses can be clarified in local authority self-government, administration of your district (depending on whose authority the issue is).
Kostya
Often the traffic police officers themselves do not know the rules of the road. Or rather, not even that way, they simply interpret them in a way that suits them. And the driver is simply lost in this situation and takes everything at face value.
If you drive onto the sidewalk or park it there, and by the way, there are now quite wide ones, and you might even think that this is a road, then personally in our yard such a car will be towed away in 10-15 minutes. Locals who live already know about it, but newcomers are always surprised. I went to the store, came back, but there was no car, and think whatever you want. They load and take away within 5 minutes, no one is waiting for anyone there.
Well, we often have a situation where houses have been built, but there are no parking spaces. As a result, 200 people live there and, let’s say, 120-130 cars per yard, and there are 20-25 parking spaces, but what to do with the rest of the cars is a question. That’s why they put it in such a way that sometimes you can’t get through.
According to traffic police officers, we have roads everywhere, and try to challenge this. And I’m also irritated by situations when you’re driving, and then the markings come to an end, well, they’ve just been erased over time, and you just have to overtake, but it turns out that it was a double solid line, which is barely visible from under the snow and there’s nothing there either you will prove it. Now think about whether to decide everything on the spot or lose your rights...
Igor Ch.
There are brochures “Traffic Rules with Comments”. All such questions are discussed in detail there, just as in the article. You just need to learn the traffic rules once, and then follow the changes. Then you won’t be afraid to argue with the traffic cop.
Valentine
And at our dacha they made a sidewalk that runs along the fence, in order to leave or enter the site, I have to cross this sidewalk, am I breaking traffic rules?
Anton
And I’m really glad that they started to fight against those who park their cars on the sidewalk. Previously, it was realistic that you wouldn’t be able to get through at all, since cars were constantly parked and it was impossible even to pass a pedestrian.
The motivation is that there is nowhere to park it, I don’t understand, because if you bought a car, you probably thought about it. Why should I suffer from this? I am always looking for a place to park my car so as not to interfere, even if it is 500 meters from the place I need.
My most comical incident was when I was driving quite far to the city of Tolyatti by car and decided to spend the night on the side of the road, since I couldn’t go any further, but I forgot one thing, there was previously a sign on this section that said “overtaking is prohibited.” When I woke up, I immediately overtook the tractor, and after 200 meters the traffic police officers. Damn, what’s stopping you, if overtaking is prohibited, from simply drawing a solid line. But she just doesn't exist. What is the general meaning of these signs? Well, update the line periodically and that’s it, and then you know whether to overtake or not.
Another interesting question: is it possible to drive along the side of the road? Many people think so, but as far as I remember the rules - you can stop there and avoid obstacles in an emergency. Otherwise, in the summer we’re just sick of these reckless drivers who just fly by like rockets.
Paul
In our city they have started to radically combat parking on lawns; they are simply installing metal fences along the roads right next to each other! It’s correct to do this, now even in the absence of a “No Stopping” sign, it’s impossible to stop!?
Semyon I.
Here in Moscow there is a dividing strip on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Wide enough. In theory, you can't drive on it. But for mere mortals. But in fact, the chosen ones walk along it with and without flashing lights. How does this relate to traffic rules? Or do they selectively act on some and allow others to violate? And how to approach this, tell me?
Alex2000
Regarding the development of roads, as I understand it, there are problems everywhere. I think I’m not only expressing my opinion. Often, markings are regularly drawn on areas that have become trash, without repairing the asphalt surface itself for years. I agree, markings are needed, but it turns out to be a theater of the absurd.
Sergey
We have a road where you passed. I cleaned the tractor by driving on ice and snow - this is already considered a road. The traffic police put up some kind of sign and clips coupons.
Previously, there was another trick - you drive like that, and they stop you and say that you were speeding. You were driving 90, as you should, and it turns out there was a sign “40”. And it is installed in such a way that it is simply not visible behind the branches. Those who were smarter naturally pointed out this fact and disputed the fine, and those who were not, gave the inspectors bills.
Regarding parking on sidewalks, there are now enough applications where you can complain. Don’t pass by, call the police, let them come and evacuate, well, that’s the only way to teach.
I also remembered that we had a country road between the villages and you will be surprised, but there was a sign 40. How legal is this?
Valentine
Regarding the tractor driver who laid something there, supposedly a road, this is a controversial issue. The road must be owned by someone, for example, municipal or federal or regional. There must be appropriate documents that indicate its class, etc. And if someone arbitrarily laid something similar to a road, then legally there is no road and traffic regulations should not apply to it.
Semyon
Our roads are terrible and the worst thing is that the actions of the same police are aimed not at helping, but at punishing.
A sign will be covered with snow, there will be some dangerous area, there will be no markings, there will be a traffic jam on the bridge and the traffic cops should help and regulate the traffic, but no. They would rather wait and fine anyone who avoids this traffic jam in the oncoming lane. Although it was possible to calmly go out and resolve the whole situation in 10 minutes.
I remembered for myself Golden Rule— if you don’t remember the sign and there are no markings, don’t even think about overtaking until the sign appears or you pass some intersection. In this case, you will never be fined.
Sergey Anatolyevich
Everything is true regarding the expanded definition of what a “Road” is. Any piece of land where vehicles actually move can be classified as a road. According to traffic rules, a traffic accident is an event that occurs on the road. This leads to the question: How many vehicles must pass through the area so that it can be considered a road, and the event associated with a collision or collision can be considered an accident? Is it possible to consider an event, an accident, if two cars are driving behind each other, while the leader is driving off-road, and the second one is moving along the track of the first one (essentially already on the road) and collides due to not keeping a distance?
Andrey
In winter, when the markings are not visible, everyone drives along the ruts left by previous cars. Another question is that these ruts always end up between the rows; I cannot give an explanation for this fact. You drive and think if a letter of happiness will come, because the camera doesn’t care whether I see the markings or not. It is still not clear what to do if you get into an accident with another car in a garage parking lot. Is this a road and there are also traffic regulations there or not?
Eugene
Hello! Please tell me, in the winter season snow dumps form on the roads. Given these snow dumps, is the roadway narrowing or not? That is, the snow dump enters the roadway or forms a shoulder? If possible, please respond by email. Thank you
The Rules use the following basic concepts and terms:
"Motorway"- a road marked with sign 5.1 ** and having carriageways for each direction of travel, separated from each other by a dividing strip (and in its absence, by a road fence), without intersections at the same level with other roads, railway or tram tracks, pedestrian or bicycle tracks paths.
"Road Train"- a motor vehicle coupled to a trailer(s).
"Bike"- a vehicle, other than a wheelchair, which has at least two wheels and is generally driven by the muscular energy of the occupants of the vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or handles, and may also have an electric motor with a rated maximum operating power continuous load not exceeding 0.25 kW, automatically switching off at speeds over 25 km/h.
"Cyclist"- person driving a bicycle.
"Bike Lane"- a road element (or a separate road) structurally separated from the roadway and sidewalk, intended for the movement of cyclists and marked with sign 4.4.1.
"Driver"- a person driving a vehicle, a driver leading pack animals, riding animals or a herd along the road. A driving instructor is treated like a driver.
"Forced stop"- cessation of movement of a vehicle due to its technical malfunction or danger created by the cargo being transported, the condition of the driver (passenger) or the appearance of an obstacle on the road.
"The main road"- a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1-2.3.7 or 5.1, in relation to the one being crossed (adjacent), or a road with a hard surface (asphalt and cement concrete, stone materials, etc.) in relation to a dirt road, or any road in relation to exits from adjacent territories. The presence of a paved section on a minor road immediately before the intersection does not make it equal in importance to the one it intersects.
"Daytime Running Lights"— external lighting devices designed to improve the visibility of a moving vehicle from the front during daylight hours.
"Road"- a strip of land or a surface of an artificial structure equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing strips, if any.
"Traffic"- a set of social relations that arise in the process of moving people and goods with or without vehicles within roads.
"Traffic Accident"- an event that occurred during the movement of a vehicle on the road and with its participation, in which people were killed or injured, vehicles, structures, cargo were damaged, or other material damage was caused.
"Railroad crossing"— intersection of the road with the railway tracks at the same level.
"Route vehicle"- a public vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram), intended for transporting people on roads and moving along a set route with designated stopping places.
"Mechanical vehicle"- a vehicle, other than a moped, driven by an engine. The term also applies to any tractors and self-propelled machines.
"Moped"- a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, the maximum design speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, having an engine internal combustion with a working volume not exceeding 50 cubic meters. cm, or an electric motor with a rated maximum power in continuous load mode of more than 0.25 kW and less than 4 kW. Quadricycles that have
similar technical characteristics.
"Motorbike"- a two-wheeled motor vehicle with or without a side trailer, the engine displacement of which (in the case of an internal combustion engine) exceeds 50 cc. cm or the maximum design speed (with any engine) exceeds 50 km/h. Tricycles, as well as quadricycles with a motorcycle seat or motorcycle handlebars, are considered motorcycles.
types having an unladen mass not exceeding 400 kg (550 kg for vehicles intended for the carriage of goods) excluding the mass of batteries (in the case of electric vehicles), and a maximum effective engine power not exceeding 15 kW.
"Locality"- a built-up area, the entrances to and exits from which are indicated by signs 5.23.1, 5.23.2, 5.24.1, 5.24.2, 5.25, 5.26
"Lack of Visibility"— road visibility is less than 300 m in conditions of fog, rain, snowfall, etc., as well as at dusk.
"Overtaking"— advance of one or more vehicles associated with entering a lane (side of the roadway) intended for oncoming traffic, and subsequent return to the previously occupied lane (side of the roadway).
"Curb"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the roadway at the same level with it, differing in the type of surface or highlighted using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.
"Limited Visibility"— the driver’s visibility of the road in the direction of travel, limited by the terrain, geometric parameters of the road, vegetation, buildings, structures or other objects, including vehicles.
"Traffic Danger"- a situation that arises during road traffic in which continued movement in the same direction and at the same speed creates a threat of a traffic accident.
"Dangerous Cargo"- substances, products made from them, industrial and other waste economic activity, which, due to their inherent properties, can pose a threat to human life and health during transportation and cause harm environment, damage or destroy material assets.
"Advance"- movement of a vehicle at a speed greater than the speed of a passing vehicle.
“Organized transportation of a group of children”- organized transportation of eight or more children on a bus that is not a route vehicle.
"Organized foot column"- a group of people designated in accordance with paragraph 4.2 of the Rules, moving together along the road in the same direction.
"Organized transport convoy"- a group of three or more motor vehicles following directly after each other along the same lane with headlights constantly on, accompanied by a lead vehicle with special color schemes applied to the outer surfaces and flashing lights in blue and red.
"Stop"- deliberately stopping the movement of a vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for longer if this is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading a vehicle.
"Safety Island"- an element of road arrangement separating traffic lanes of opposite directions (including lanes for cyclists), structurally highlighted by a curb stone above the carriageway or marked technical means traffic management and designed to stop pedestrians when crossing the road. The traffic island may include part of the dividing strip through which a pedestrian crossing is laid.
"Passenger"- a person, other than the driver, who is in the vehicle (on it), as well as a person who enters the vehicle (gets on it) or leaves the vehicle (gets off it).
“Parking (parking space)” — a specially designated and, if necessary, arranged and equipped place, which is, among other things, part of a highway and (or) adjacent to the roadway and (or) sidewalk, shoulder, overpass or bridge, or which is part of the overpass or under-bridge spaces, squares or other street objects road network, buildings, structures or structures and intended for organized parking of vehicles on a paid basis or without charging a fee by decision of the owner or other owner of the highway, the owner of the land plot or the owner of the corresponding part of the building, structure or structure.
"Crossroads"- a place of intersection, junction or branching of roads at the same level, limited by imaginary lines connecting, respectively, the opposite, most distant from the center of the intersection, beginnings of curvatures of roadways. Exits from adjacent areas are not considered intersections.
"Rebuilding"- leaving the occupied lane or occupied row while maintaining the original direction of movement.
"A pedestrian"- a person who is outside the vehicle on the road and does not perform work on it. Pedestrians include persons moving in wheelchairs without a motor, driving a bicycle, moped, motorcycle, carrying a sled, cart, baby stroller or wheelchair, as well as using roller skates, scooters and other similar means for movement.
"Crosswalk"- a section of the roadway, tram tracks, marked with signs 5.19.1, 5.19.2 and (or) markings 1.14.1 and 1.14.2 and allocated for the movement of pedestrians across the road. In the absence of markings, the width of the pedestrian crossing is determined by the distance between signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2.
"Footpath"- a strip of land equipped or adapted for pedestrian traffic or the surface of an artificial structure, marked with sign 4.5.1.
"Pedestrian zone"- an area intended for pedestrian traffic, the beginning and end of which are indicated respectively by signs 5.33 and 5.34.
"Pedestrian and bicycle path (pedestrian and bicycle path)"- a road element (or a separate road) structurally separated from the roadway, intended for the separate or joint movement of cyclists with pedestrians and indicated by signs 4.5.2-4.5.7.
"Lane"- any of the longitudinal stripes of the roadway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.
"Lane for cyclists"- a lane of the roadway intended for the movement of bicycles and mopeds, separated from the rest of the roadway by horizontal markings and marked with sign 5.14.2.
"Advantage (priority)"— the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other road users.
"Let"- a stationary object in the traffic lane (faulty or damaged vehicle, defect in the roadway, foreign objects, etc.) that does not allow continued movement along this lane. A traffic jam or a vehicle stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle.
"Adjacent Territory"- territory directly adjacent to the road and not intended for through traffic of vehicles (yards, residential areas, parking lots, gas stations, enterprises, etc.). Movement in the adjacent territory is carried out in accordance with these Rules.
"Trailer"- a vehicle not equipped with an engine and intended to be driven in conjunction with a power-driven vehicle. The term also applies to semi-trailers and trailers.
"Roadway"- a road element intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.
"Dividing strip"- an element of the road, allocated structurally and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent roadways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.
"Permitted maximum weight"— the mass of the equipped vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, established by the manufacturer as the maximum permissible. The permissible maximum mass of a vehicle composition, that is, coupled and moving as one unit, is taken to be the sum of the permissible maximum masses of the vehicles included in the composition.
"Adjuster"- a person vested in the prescribed manner with the authority to regulate traffic with the help of signals established by the Rules, and who directly carries out the said regulation. The traffic controller must be in uniform and (or) have a distinctive sign and equipment. Traffic controllers include police officers and military automobile inspectors, as well as employees of road maintenance services, those on duty at railway crossings and ferry crossings when performing their official duties.
"Parking"- intentional stopping of the movement of a vehicle for a period of more than 5 minutes for reasons not related to the embarkation or disembarkation of a passenger or the loading or unloading of a vehicle.
"Night time"- the period of time from the end of evening twilight to the beginning of morning twilight.
"Vehicle"- a device intended for the transport on roads of people, goods or equipment installed on it.
"Sidewalk"- an element of the road intended for pedestrian traffic and adjacent to the roadway or separated from it by a lawn.
“Give way (do not interfere)”- a requirement meaning that a road user must not start, resume or continue moving, or perform any maneuver if this may force other road users who have priority over him to change direction or speed.
"Road User"- a person directly involved in the movement process as a driver, pedestrian, or passenger of a vehicle.
"School bus"- a specialized vehicle (bus) that meets the requirements for vehicles for the transportation of children, established by the legislation on technical regulation, and owned by right of ownership or other legally preschool educational or general education organization.
