SPP with subordinate clauses. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses 5 sentences with subordinate clauses

NGN with clauses of consequence

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence arising from the content of the main part of the sentence. Subordinate corollaries are attached to the main part or one of its predicates by conjunctions so, due to which, due to which and are always in post position: The snow kept getting whiter and brighter, so it hurt my eyes(Lermontov). They had a lot of youthful enthusiasm, as a result of which every task seemed within their reach.

In the SPP about subordinate clauses, the main part is relatively complete in form and content, and the subordinate clause is dependent (one-sided dependence). Therefore, often the subordinate part has a connecting connotation of meaning, that is, it contains, as it were, an additional message. In some cases, the connection between the main and subordinate parts can be so weakened that these parts become intonationally independent sentences: Neither the father nor the mother gave either the girl or the boy an explanation for what they saw. So the children themselves had to resolve the question of the meaning of this spectacle(L. Tolstoy ).

Note. The consequence can be expressed in other types of NGN: Since there was a noticeable increase in dancers for the third quadrille, the couples had to position themselves along the hall and across it.(the consequence is expressed by the second, main, part of the SPP with the prepositive subordinate part of the cause; the relationship is cause-and-effect; By the third quadrille there was a noticeable increase in the number of dancers, which is why couples had to position themselves along and across the hall(the consequence is expressed in the form of an additional remark in the subordinate part of the connecting clause); By the third quadrille the number of dancers had increased so noticeably that the couples had to position themselves along the hall and across it.(meaning of degree and consequence, pronominal-conjunctive correlative clause. Compare also in SSP with the conjunction And and in BSS: By the third quadrille there was a noticeable increase in the number of dancers, and the couples had to position themselves both along the hall and across it; By the third quadrille there was a noticeable increase in dancers– couples had to be located both along the hall and across it.

Additive clauses contain an additional message about what is said in the main part of the sentence.

The connecting message may contain an explanation, an assessment of what is given in the main part of the message, a conclusion from it, or additional comments related to the content of this message, and in the main part of the sentence there are no formal grammatical signs indicating that a subordinate clause follows it (after with the exception of intonation incompleteness), that is, it does not need a subordinate part, but the subordinate clause has a formal indicator of subordination - a conjunction word, and its meaning without the main part is uncertain. This conjunctive word seems to contain the content of the previous main part (in whole or in part). In a complex sentence One of the main benefits of hunting, my dear readers, is that it forces you to constantly move from place to place, which is very pleasant for an unoccupied person(T.) first subordinate clause, joined by a conjunction What, – explanatory, its necessity is due to the semantic incompleteness of the combination is that in the main part. The construction of the explanatory subordinate clause is such that it does not require a new subordinate clause to follow it, and the latter has the nature of an additional comment about the main statement (evaluation of its content). This is the connecting part. The nature of its syntactic relations with the preceding part of the sentence resembles the relations between parts of the SSP, as evidenced by the possibility of replacing a conjunctive word What combination and this, which is unacceptable in an explanatory clause. The actual connecting conjunction is the word and: The dressmaker lost the case, and she not only had to return the money for the suits, but also pay the plaintiff a thousand francs for moral damages(Eb.). In other cases, the function of connecting conjunctions is performed by subordinating conjunctions and combinations.

Connective relations are expressed using allied words What(in different forms), where, where, from, when, why, why, why, how.

The most often used in the connecting function is the conjunctive word What(in different forms): He built a house according to his own plan, started a cloth factory, tripled his income and began to consider himself the smartest man in the entire neighborhood, which his neighbors did not contradict him...(P.); ... She [the wolf] mistook a fox's track for a dog's and sometimes even lost her way, something that never happened to her in her youth(Ch.).

In subordinate clauses, an intensifying-contrastive particle is often used And, emphasizing that the message contained in the subordinate part is caused precisely by the message contained in the main one. Wed: One corner of the curtain was slightly turned up, which made it possible to look into the bedroom(Chekhov) (consequences) and One corner of the curtain was slightly turned up, which made it possible to look into the bedroom(connecting) .

Conjunctive words why, why, why usually in combination with a conjunction And add subordinate clauses with cause-and-effect and target shades of meaning: The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it, causing a deafening shot to immediately ring out.(Ch.) (cause and effect); My brother had to take entrance exams to the institute, which is why he came to the city(target) ; It was already getting dark in the forest, which is why we had to return home(target) .

Least common conjunctive words in subordinate clauses where, where, from, when and union How, introducing shades corresponding to their lexical meaning: spatial, temporal, comparative. Moreover, their connecting function is revealed only in combination with the following and ( where and when and how and): He returned home exactly at five o'clock, when he was supposed to arrive; ...The truth was that he actually lost consciousness, as he later admitted(Adv.); Weak from loss of blood, Benny fell on the battlefield, where he was found in an unconscious state.(Lesk.). Connecting clauses, due to the special nature of connecting relations, are located after the main one or, less often, in the middle. Permissible in some cases, placing them at the beginning of a sentence creates the character of inversion: What often happens in the Indian summer, in the morning the overcast sky began to brighten during the day, and the soft sun without shadows illuminated the earth(Fed.).

Some connecting clauses, as a result of frequent use, have turned into stable phrases: which is to be expected; Q.E.D; I congratulate you on this.

Notes:

1. Close to NGN with subordinate clauses with relative pronouns where, where, from, for which there is a special particle And: He spent two weeks in a hospital in Vladimir, from where he was again sent to the front. However, the relation of the subordinate part not to the entire main or its part, but to a separate word, in this case a noun, makes the connecting meaning additional. The main meaning here must be considered, obviously, attributive.

The meanings of a number of constructions with conjunctions are also accompanied by a connecting connotation for, if only, if only, for nothing, so. All these complex sentences are characterized by: 1) semantic and formal completeness of the main part; 2) lack of correlative words; 3) obligatory postposition of subordinate clauses (impossibility of using them in preposition). However, the leading one in all these sentences is not the connecting meaning, but the one expressed by the lexical meaning of the conjunction: cause, effect, goal, concession.

2. SPP with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to SSP and BSS, which have a pronoun in the second part This: I raped my feelings, and for this nature took revenge on me(Stanislavsky) (cf.: ...for which nature took revenge on me); He chose one or two advisers among the department's engineers– this helped him to be considered a knowledgeable person in the eyes of management(Granin) (cf.: ...which helped him to be considered a knowledgeable person in the eyes of management). The closeness of these sentences and SPPs with subordinate clauses is explained by the fact that the demonstrative pronoun This, same as relative pronoun What, indicates the content of the first part of a complex sentence. The difference between SPP with subordinate clauses and SSP and BSS with a pronoun This in the second part lies in the specially connecting meaning of the first; in the degree of connection of the parts: in SPP it is large, in SSP it is smaller, in FSS the second part is so independent that it is more often used as a separate sentence: The prisoner began to fall behind. This bothered the guard(Lavrenev).

Sentences with words are even closer why because And That's why. Wed: His pockets were always full of all sorts of things, which is why (that's why) he was nicknamed Plyushkin; His pockets were always full of all sorts of things, and that's why he was nicknamed Plyushkin.

Additive clauses contain an additional message about what is said in the main part of the sentence.

An additional message may contain an explanation, an assessment of what is given in the main part of the message, a conclusion from it, or additional comments related to the content of this message, and in the main part of the sentence there are no formal grammatical signs indicating that it is followed by a subordinate clause (after with the exception of intonation incompleteness), i.e. it does not need a subordinate part, but the subordinate clause has a formal indicator of subordination - a conjunction word, and its meaning without the main part is uncertain. This conjunctive word seems to contain the content of the previous main part (in whole or in part). In a complex sentence One of the main benefits of hunting, my dear readers, is that it forces you to constantly move from place to place, which is very pleasant for an unoccupied person (T.) the first subordinate clause, attached by the conjunction that, is explanatory, the necessity of it due to the semantic incompleteness of the combination is in the main part. The construction of the explanatory subordinate clause is such that it does not require a new subordinate clause to follow it, and the latter has the nature of an additional comment about the main statement (evaluation of its content). This is the connecting part. The nature of its syntactic relations with the preceding part of the sentence resembles the relations between the parts of a complex sentence, as evidenced by the possibility of replacing the conjunctive word that with the combination and this (cf.: And this is very pleasant for an unoccupied person), which is unacceptable in an explanatory clause. The actual joining union is the word ???: The dressmaker lost the case, and she not only had to return the money for the suits, but also pay the plaintiff a thousand francs for moral damages (Nab.). In other cases, the function of connecting conjunctions is performed by subordinating conjunctions and combinations.

Subordinating-adjunctive relations are expressed using the conjunctive words that (in different forms), where, where, from where, when, why, why, why, how.

The most often used in the connecting function is the conjunctive word that (in different forms): Maxim, shaking his head, muttered something and surrounded himself with especially thick clouds of smoke, which was a sign of intense work of thought (Cor.); He built a house according to his own plan, started a cloth factory, tripled his income and began to consider himself the smartest man in the entire neighborhood, which his neighbors did not contradict him with... (P.); ...She [the wolf] mistook the fox's track for a dog's and sometimes even lost her way, which never happened to her in her youth (Ch.).

Conjunctive words why, why, why are usually combined with a conjunction and add subordinate clauses with cause-and-effect and target shades of meaning: The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it, causing a deafening shot to immediately ring out (Ch.); My brother had to take entrance exams to the institute, which is why he came to the city; It was already getting dark in the forest, which is why we had to return home.

The least common conjunctive words in subordinate clauses are where, where, from where, when and the conjunction as, introducing shades corresponding to their lexical meaning: spatial, temporal, comparative. Moreover, their connecting function is revealed only in combination with the following and (where and, when and, how and). For example: He returned home exactly at five o'clock, when he was supposed to come; ...The truth was that he really lost consciousness, as he later admitted (Ven.); Weakened from loss of blood, Benny fell on the battlefield, where he was found in an unconscious state (Lesk.). Connective clauses, due to the special nature of the connecting relations, are located after the main one or, less often, in the middle. Permissible in some cases, placing them at the beginning of a sentence creates the character of inversion: What often happens in Indian summer, in the morning the overcast sky began to brighten during the day, and the soft sun without shadows illuminated the earth (Fed.).

As a result of frequent use, some connecting clauses have turned into stable phrases: which was to be expected; Q.E.D; I congratulate you on this.

Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided taking into account the role played in the sentence. You can ask one question for the entire secondary sentence, just as you do with the members of the sentence.

Main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connective. We can give examples that represent all types of subordinate clauses:

1. The flowerbed, which was laid out in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a smaller copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov’s fairy tale about Dunno. (Definitive).
2. And it seemed to me that restless and funny little people really lived there. (Expository).
3. And we don’t see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Adverbial).
4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, the little ones come out of their hiding places and begin to vigorously enjoy life. (Connection).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian define the attribute of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions Which? whose? which? These secondary sentences are joined to the main part by allied words whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are such demonstrative words as such, everyone, everyone, any or That in various forms of childbirth. The following proposals can be taken as examples:

• Living beings, ( which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a kind human attitude towards them.
• Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the bushes of your garden in the morning, will sit on your hand with trust.
• Every person ( Which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the Almighty's creation, must correspond to this title.
• Whether it’s a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (Which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to the wonderful world of nature for a person.

Subordinate clauses

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that relate not to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are joined using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

• And only next to his mother does any baby feel protected, what is provided by nature itself.
• Caring for cubs, tenderness for one’s offspring, self-sacrifice are embedded in a creature at the level of instinct, how every creature has an inherent need to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to clarify, specify one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs, such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clear, necessary, necessary, known, sorry) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). Explanatory clauses are added using:

Unions (so that, what, when, as if, how and others);

Any allied words;

Particles (of the union).

Examples include the following compound sentences:

• Have you ever watched, ( What?) how amazingly the sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
• One day, a person will surely be incredibly happy about this beauty, ( what?) that I discovered a unique world of beauty.
• And it immediately becomes clear, ( What?) that everything around was created for a reason, that everything is interconnected.
• Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (which?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Clauses of manner and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subtypes. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that relate to the attribute or action named in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as image, are classified as subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? How? in what degree? The design of the connection between the subordinate and the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The joining of these subordinate clauses is ensured by conjunctions so that, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

• The girl laughed so contagiously, so spontaneously, that it was difficult for everyone else not to smile.
• The ringing sounds of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if multi-colored peas from a bag suddenly scattered.
• And the baby’s face itself changed so much, as far as this was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is named in the main part of the complex sentence. Referring to the entire main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? Where? Where? and are joined by allied words where, where, where. Often there are demonstrative words in the main clause there, everywhere, there, everywhere, from everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest thicket, where there is moss on the trees.
2. The ants carried on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, wherever these hardworking creatures could get.
3. I am always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main sentence and specifically to one predicate. You can ask the following questions about this type of subordinate clause: how long? How long? When? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (When?) when they grow up next to each other since childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, goals, consequences

1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and relate either to the predicate of the main part or to the whole of it, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, if, if, if, when And How(meaning “if”), then they can be classified as subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate scoundrel turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a person, a monkey or a penguin.
2. For questions because of which? Why? for what reason? from what? adjunct reasons answer. They are joined using causal conjunctions because, because, since. Example: For a child in early childhood, the authority of the parent is unshakable, ( Why?) because his well-being depends on this creature.
3. Dependent clauses indicating the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions For what? for what purpose? For what?, are called subordinate clauses. Their connection to the main part is ensured by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that the baby grows into a thinking person, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
4. Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, indicate a consequence arising from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate clauses of the consequence and relate to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by consequence unions That's why or So, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax even for a minute.

Adverbial clause comparisons

These types of dependent clauses in complex constructions relate either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like what?, joining comparative unions as if, than (that), as if, exactly. Subordinate clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on his side and lifted his paws up, it looks like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Circumstantial clauses

Dependent clauses in a complex construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been or can be committed, are called subordinate clauses of concession. You can ask them questions: contrary to what? no matter what? and join to the main thing with the help of concessionary unions at least (even though), let (even though), that, for nothing, despite and some others. Conjunctive combinations are often used: no matter how much, whatever, whenever, whoever, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were playing happily, their dark spots around their eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing, sentences that are part of a complex sentence are separated by commas.

Adjuncts are those subordinate parts of a complex sentence that are attached to the main part by relative pronouns and adverbs. what, as a result of which. why, why, why.

EXAMPLES. 1) Hoc judge involuntarily sniffed his upper lip, which he usually did before only out of great pleasure.(G.) 2) During a strong storm, a tall old pine tree was uprooted, which is why this hole was formed.(Ch.) 3) He was not home, that's why I left a note.(P.) 4) He had to arrange something in the city, that’s why he left in a hurry.(P.) Such subordinate clauses have the meaning of additional remarks, findings, conclusions.

Notes. 1. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to complex sentences that have a pronoun in the second part This or pronoun adverbs because, therefore, therefore.(Wed: I) Father didn't come for a long time, which worried us all a lot. 2) Father didn't come for a long time, and this worried us all very much. 3) Father didn't come for a long time, and therefore (because, because) we were all very worried.)

2. Words therefore, because, therefore sometimes used to semantically connect individual sentences that are not part of a complex sentence, for example: I was not at home and I did not receive the summons. That's why I didn’t show up to the meeting.

Exercise 165. Indicate the subordinate clauses, their connection with the main clause and their meanings;

I. 1) The snow became whiter and brighter so that it hurt my eyes. (L.) 2) The air was so rare that it was painful to breathe. (L.) 3) The hostess’s words were interrupted by a strange hissing so that the guest was... scared. (G.) 4) Natalya Gavrilovna was famous at the assemblies as the best dancer, which was partly the reason for Korsakov’s offense, who came the next day to apologize to Gavrilo Afanasyevich; but the panache and dexterity of the young dandy did not please the proud boyar who wittily nicknamed him the French monkey. (P.)

II. 1) Avdotya was so overcome with fear that her knees began to tremble. (T.) 2) I will burn the old sorcerer so that the crows will have nothing to scatter... (G.) 3) Solokha poured coal into a tub from another bag and the clerk, who was too bulky in body, climbed into it and sat down at the very bottom so that another half a bag of coal could be poured on top of it. (G.) 4) The red color burns like fire, so I wish I could have seen enough! (G.) 5) The front of the britzka is completely wobbly, so it might not even make two stations. (G.) 6) By this time, they fed me and took me to the bathhouse and interrogated me and gave me uniforms, so I appeared in the dugout to the colonel, as expected, clean in soul and body and in full uniform. (School.) 7) During such an interrogation, Ivan Fedorovich voluntarily rose from his seat and stood up...as he usually did when the colonel asked him what. (G.) 8) He was happy with me, which I didn't expect. (M.G.)

166. Copy using missing punctuation marks; indicate the subordinate clauses, their connection with the main clause and their meanings.

1) Savelich brought the cellar behind me and demanded a fire to prepare tea, which I never thought I needed. (P.) 2) I paid the owner, who took such a reasonable payment from us that even Savelich did not argue with him and did not bargain as usual, and yesterday’s suspicions were completely erased from his head. (P.) 3) The moon was already rolling across the sky and it seemed to me that someone in white was sitting on the shore. (L.) 4) A suspicion arose in my head that this blind man is not as blind as he seems; It was in vain that I tried to convince myself that thorns could not be faked, and for what purpose? (L.) 5) He waved his hand and all three began to pull something out of the boat; the load was so great that I still don’t understand how she didn’t drown. (L.) 6) While he was looking at all the strange decorations, a side door opened and the same housekeeper whom he had met in the yard came in. (G.) 7) He could not rely on his eldest daughter Alexandra Stepanovna for everything, and he was right because Alexandra Stepanovna soon ran away with the headquarters captain of God knows what cavalry regiment and got married to him somewhere hastily. (G.) 8) I don’t know how the general yearning would have been resolved if Yakov had not suddenly finished with a high, unusually subtle sound, as if his voice had stopped. (T.)

167. Copy by inserting missing letters and adding punctuation marks; indicate the subordinate clauses, their connection with the main clause and their meanings.

The hungry wolf got up to go hunting. All three of her wolf cubs were fast asleep, huddled together and warming each other. She licked them and left.

It was already the spring month of March, but at night the trees were shaking from the cold, like in December, and as soon as you stuck out your tongue, it began to sting strongly. The wolf was in poor health and suspicious; She shuddered at the slightest noise and kept thinking about how at home without her no one would offend the wolf cubs. The smell of human and horse tracks, stumps, stacked firewood and the dark manure road frightened her; It seemed to her as if people were standing behind the trees in the darkness and dogs were howling somewhere behind the forest.

She was no longer young and her instincts were astonishing, so that sometimes a fox trail happened, she mistook it for a dog, and sometimes even deceived by her instincts she lost her way, something that never happened to her in her youth. Due to poor health, she no longer hunted calves and large rams as before and already walked far around horses with foals and ate only carrion; She had to eat fresh meat very rarely only in the spring when she came across a hare and took her children away from her or climbed into the men's barn where there were lambs.

(A.P.Chekhov.)

168. Read, indicate complex sentences and their meaning; write it down using punctuation marks.

I. Usually the old man went out to play in the evening, at the first dusk. It was more beneficial for his music to make the world quieter and darker. He did not know the troubles of his old age because he received a pension from the state and was fed enough. But the old man was bored by the thought that he was not bringing any good to people and therefore voluntarily went to play on the boulevard. There, the sounds of his violin were heard in the air in the darkness, and at least occasionally they reached the depths of the human heart, touching him with a gentle and courageous force that captivated him to live the highest beautiful life. Some listeners took out money to give it to the old man, but did not know where to put it; the violin case was closed... Then people put ten-kopeck pieces and kopecks on the lid of the case. However, the old man did not want to cover his need at the expense of the art of music, hiding the violin back in the case, he showered money from it on the ground, not paying attention to their value. He went home late, sometimes as early as midnight, when people became sparse and only some random lonely person listened to his music. But the old man could play for one person and played the piece to the end until the listener left, crying in the darkness to himself. Maybe he had his own grief, now disturbed by the song of art, or maybe he felt ashamed that he was living wrong or he just drank wine...

(A. Platonov.)

II. When the day is falling, when a pink haze covers the distant parts of the city and the surrounding hills, then only one can see the ancient capital in all its splendor, for like a beauty showing only in the evening her best attire, only at this solemn hour can she make a strong, indelible impression on the soul.

What can be compared with this Kremlin, which, surrounded by battlements, flaunting the golden domes of cathedrals, reclines on a high mountain like a sovereign crown on the brow of a formidable ruler?...

(M.Yu. L e r m o n t o v.)

169. Copy using parentheses and punctuation. Indicate the types of subordinate parts.

1) The water is blue (from) the fact that the sky was reflected in it passionately beckoned to itself. (Ch.) 2) The interior of the grove, damp from the rain, was constantly changing, looking (By) whether the sun was shining or covered with clouds. (T.) 3) We lived in a field outside the city in the old (semi) destroyed building (By) why (That) called the "glass factory" may be (By) to what's in his windows (Not) was (nor) one whole glass. (M.G.) 4) The glass door to the balcony was closed (would) there was no heat coming from the garden. (A.N.T.) 5) It was a sad August night, sad (By) to what already smelled like autumn. (Ch.) 6) There were cucumbers (on the) so tender that the greenhouse green of their skin shone white. (Fed.) 7) There was only one road and (at) the volume is wide and furnished with milestones (So) what a mistake it was (Not) Maybe. (Cor.) 8) Nikita himself (Not) knew (By) why does he want to stand and look at this desert. (A.N.T.) 9) (Not) despite the fact that all the windows were covered with snow, I felt that the day had become brighter than yesterday. (Cor.) 10) The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it (from) what (That) hour (same) a deafening shot rang out. (Ch.)

NON-UNION COMPLEX SENTENCES

§ 118. The meaning of non-union complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.

A non-conjunctive compound sentence is one in which the parts are combined into one whole in meaning, but their connection is expressed not by conjunctions and allied words, but by intonation and the relationship of forms of the form and verb tenses, for example: The stars gradually disappeared, the reddish stripe in the east became wider, the white foam of the waves was covered with a delicate pink tint. (T.)

This complex sentence paints a picture of early morning. A complex sentence has three parts; their connection is expressed by enumerative intonation and homogeneity of verb forms: all three predicates are expressed by verbs of the imperfect form, past tense. By these means the simultaneity and coexistence of phenomena is established.

Complex non-conjunctive sentences are not homogeneous in their meanings, intonation and verbal forms: some of them reflect the simplest relationships between the phenomena of reality (simultaneity, the succession of one phenomenon after another), while others reflect very complex ones (causal, conditional

In modern Russian, non-union complex sentences are very widespread in fiction. Along with this, they are widely used in colloquial speech, in dialogue, when intonation, gestures, and facial expressions help express semantic relationships.

EXAMPLES. 1) The horses started moving, the bell rang, and the wagon flew off. (P.) This compound sentence has three simple clauses; they indicate that one phenomenon follows another, the connection is expressed by the intonation of the enumeration and the uniformity of the forms of the predicate: all three predicates are expressed by verbs of the perfect form, past tense.

2) Korchagin did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment. (BUT.) In this complex sentence, the second simple sentence indicates the reason for what is reported in the first sentence, the connection is expressed by explanatory intonation and the relationship of the predicates: both predicates are expressed by verbs of the imperfect form, past tense.

3) I I’ll do it this way: I’ll dig a large hole near the stone itself, spread the earth from the hole over the area, dump the stone into the hole and fill it with earth. (L.T.) In this complex sentence, the second clause explains the first; explanatory meaning is expressed by warning intonation and the use of a pronoun So: I'll do this(and then it is explained exactly how the speaker will do it).

4) Gruzdev called himself get in the body.(Last)

5) The jug got into the habit of walking on water - he couldn’t take his head off. (Last) In the example under paragraph 4, the first sentence contains a condition, the second - a consequence. In the example under paragraph 5, the content of one sentence is contrasted with the content of another. Despite the difference in meaning, both examples are similar in intonation: each has a slight rise in voice at the end of the first part and a short pause after it.

In terms of semantic relations, and in some cases also in intonation, some non-union complex sentences are closer to complex sentences, for example: The road ran towards him, the branches painfully whipped Morozka in the face (Fad.)(Wed: The road ran towards him, and the branches painfully whipped Morozka in the face.) Other non-union complex sentences are closer to complex sentences, for example: Calm down: the wound is not dangerous. (T.)(Wed: Calm down because the wound is not dangerous.) The third complex non-conjunctive sentences allow for different understandings, and therefore they can be correlated with both compound and complex sentences, for example: The forest is being cut down - chips are flying. (Wed: The forest is being cut down and wood chips flying. When the forest is being cut down, wood chips flying. If the forest is being cut down, wood chips flying.) According to the peculiarities of their structure and meaning, non-conjunctive complex sentences are allocated to a special group and are not divided into compound and complex sentences. But it is quite acceptable to note the proximity of some non-union sentences to complex ones, and others to complex ones.

In writing, the relationships between the parts of a non-conjunct complex sentence are expressed by the following punctuation marks: comma, semicolon, semicolon, colon e.

Commas and semicolons are placed between sentences if the semantic relations are close to those expressed by connecting conjunctions.

A comma is used if the sentences are short and closely related in meaning, for example: We drove into the bushes. The road became bumpier, the wheels began to touch branches. (T.)

A semicolon is used when sentences are less related in meaning and more common, for example:

Polesie took us into its depths. Birch, aspen, linden, maple... oak trees grew from the outskirts; then they began to appear less often, a dense spruce forest moved in like a solid wall; then the thick aspen trunks turned red, and there again stretched a mixed forest. (T.)

A double dot is placed between sentences included in a complex non-union sentence if the second sentence clarifies or complements the first. There may be not one, but several explanatory sentences. The most common three cases are:

1) The second sentence (or group of sentences) indicates the reason for what is said in the first, for example: Love the book: it will help you understand the motley confusion of thoughts, it will teach you to respect a person. (M.G.)

2) The second sentence (or group of sentences) explains the first sentence or any member of it, reveals their content: The steppe is cheerfully full of flowers: gorse turns bright yellow, bells turn modestly blue, fragrant chamomile grows white in whole thickets, wild carnations burn with crimson spots. (Kupr.) Something blackened ahead at the bottom of a narrow hollow: it was Pegasus. (T.)

3) The second sentence (or group of sentences) complements the first or its member (usually the predicate), while the first sentence is pronounced with a hint of warning, for example: Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes me. (T.) I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned boat, a miller’s wife was sitting and talking to my hunter. (T.)

If the first sentence is pronounced without a hint of warning, then a comma is placed after it, for example: I hear the earth shake. (N.) In the first part of such non-union sentences, before the colon, words like so, such, next, all, every, that’s what, that’s how, the main thing, important, question, task and under. Wed: Let's do it following: you will go left, and I will go right. That's what bad: your son has no desire to learn at all. We need to understand The main thing: We can't do it without outside help.

T i r is placed in other relationships between sentences included in a non-union complex sentence, in particular:

1) Sentences depict a quick change of events or an unexpected result of an action, for example: I woke up - five stations ran back. (G.) The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it. (Kr.)

3) The first sentence indicates the time of action of what is said in the second sentence, for example: The song ended - the usual applause was heard. (T.)

4) The first sentence indicates the conditions for how The second one says, for example: If he knocks on the shutter, he will tremble and turn pale. (L.)

5) The second sentence (or group of sentences) indicates a consequence that follows from what is said in the first sentence, for example: A light rain falls in the morning - It's impossible to get out. (T.)

Note: The choice of certain punctuation marks to place between sentences often depends on which of the possible relationships the writer wants to establish.

Compare the punctuation in two descriptions by A. S. Pushkin: 1) The deep darkness in the sky was thinning, a shadow lay over the dark valley, and the dawn rose.(“Prisoner of the Caucasus.”) 2) The shadow was thinning. The East is red. The Cossack fire burned.(“Poltava.”)

In a sentence They attacked her; Vladimir Sergeevich began to defend her I. S. Turgenev establishes a simple sequence of events, and not their opposite; therefore, he uses a semicolon rather than a dash, thereby indicating the appropriate intonation.

Exercise 170. Convert the non-union sentences below into complex sentences with conjunctions.

Sample. We couldn’t leave on time: there were no tickets, - We couldn’t leave on time because there were no tickets.

1) Hand in your work on time and you will be guaranteed a vacation. 2) Suddenly it seemed to him: someone entered the house. 3) Our principle is this: if you have done your task, help your friend. 4) You can feel it all: soon the warmth will end, the rains will begin. 5) Only now did he see: a sentry was looming near the door. 6) The water will subside - immediately begin excavation work. 7) Andrey woke up late: the sun had already risen high above the horizon. 8) It’s impossible to get to the village now: the river has overflowed. 9) The boys did not sleep for a long time, talking to each other: everyone was excited by the old man’s story. 10) At the help desk they told me: there will be no plane to Tashkent today, I’ll have to wait until tomorrow.

COMPLEX SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS

§ 119. Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main part; 2) the first subordinate part is attached to the main part, the second - to the first subordinate part, etc.

I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main part can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses have the same meaning and, like homogeneous members, are pronounced in the tone of enumeration;

There may be coordinating conjunctions between them. The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main part is called subordination, therefore homogeneous subordinate clauses are called subordinate.

If subordinate (homogeneous) parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions, then a comma is placed before the latter according to the same rules as with homogeneous members.

1) I remember how we ran across the field, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches they tore off fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes. With the main part of the sentence, there are four homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository), which are connected by the intonation of the enumeration; there are commas between them.

main part

2) My father said that he had never seen such grain and that this year’s harvest was excellent.(A.) With the main part of the sentence, there are two homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository) connected by a single conjunction And,

main part

Subordinate homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository).

3) Yegorushka saw how little by little the sky darkened and darkness fell to the ground, how the stars lit up one after another. (Ch.) With the main part there are three subordinate parts (explanatory); in the second subordinate part the conjunction is omitted How; the first and second subordinate parts are connected by a single union And, which is not preceded by a comma.

main part

Subordinate homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository).

4) He's irritable both when sick and when healthy. At

the main part of the sentence has two homogeneous (subordinate) subordinate clauses (with the meaning of time); each subordinate clause is preceded by a conjunction And; before the second union And a comma is added.

main part

Subordinate homogeneous (subordinate) parts (of time).

5) It was that hour before night when outlines, lines, colors, distances are erased; when the daylight is still confused, inextricably linked with the night. (Shol.)

With the main part, there are two homogeneous subordinate parts (qualifiers), which are very common and have commas inside them; there is a semicolon between them.

main part

Subordinate homogeneous parts (attributives).

2. With the main part, there may be heterogeneous adverbial clauses that have different meanings, for example:

1)When we came, my father showed me several large perches and rafts, which he fished out without me.(A.) With the main part there are two heterogeneous subordinate parts: tense and attributive, which are separated from the main part by commas.

main part

Subordinate non-uniform parts (tense and attributive).

II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate parts form a chain: the first part refers to the main part (clause of the 1st degree), the second refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) and etc., for example: Makar knew. that the severe frost does not joke with people who go into the taiga without gloves and without a hat.(Cor.) Such a connection between parts of a complex sentence is called sequential subordination.

main part

Subordinate clause of the 1st degree (explanatory).

Subordinate clause of the 2nd degree (definitive).

With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause may be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby, for example: The old man warned what if the weather will not improve, there is nothing to think about hunting. The main part has an explanatory part (that there is nothing to think about hunting), but with it - a subordinate part with the meaning of the condition, located inside the first part.

main part

Subordinate clause (expository). Subordinate clause (conditional).

If in a complex sentence there are conjunctions next to each other (what if; what although etc.), then a comma is placed between the conjunctions (example: . higher). A comma is not placed if there is a second part of the conjunction - That or So, for example: 1) The old man warned what if the weather won't improve That there is nothing to think about hunting; 2) The brother sternly told Alyosha, what if he promised to bring a book, So must fulfill his promise.

III. There are complex sentences in which these types of sentences are combined, for example:

At first it seemed scary to Vakula when he rose from the ground to such a height that he could no longer see anything below, and flew over the moon itself in such a way that if he had not bent over a little, he would have caught it with his hat. (G.)

main part

Subordinate part of the 1st degree (of time).

Subordinate clause of the 2nd degree (with the meaning of the degree of action).

Subordinate clause of the 3rd degree (with the meaning of condition).

§ 120. Compound sentences, which include complex sentences.

Complex sentences may include complex sentences; in such complex sentences, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side, for example: While the teacher was explaining to him [Seryozha], he believed and seemed to understand, but how Only he was left alone, he absolutely could not remember and understand that the short and such understandable word “suddenly” is a “circumstance of the course of action.” (L.T.) In this complex sentence the coordinating conjunction But stands between complex sentences. There were two unions nearby: But And as soon as, between which there is a comma. A comma is not used if the second conjunction (when, if, since) has an additional part That or So, For example: We picked mushrooms and said, and when she asked about something That came forward to see my face. (Ch.)

In a complex sentence, a comma is not placed before connecting and disjunctive conjunctions if the sentences they connect have a common subordinate clause, for example: The sun was already setting and fog was rising over the river. when we were returning home.

Exercise 171. Write by inserting the missing letters. Parse the sentences and explain the punctuation marks.

1) The chorus of blackbirds will amaze and delight the one who hears it for the first time, because the bird voices have long fallen silent and in such late autumn you will not hear the same varied singing. (A.) 2) How indescribably magnificent and clear the day becomes when the light finally triumphs and the last waves of warmed fog either roll... up and spread... like tablecloths, then... vayu...sya and disappear into the deep, gently shining heights. (T.) 3) How Odintsova controlled herself, how she stood above all prejudices, but she also felt awkward when she appeared in the dining room. (T.) 4) The ferry moved with such slowness that if it weren’t for the gradual outline of its contours, one would have thought that it was standing in one place or going to the other shore. (Ch.) 5) The clerks from the butcher's shop, whom he questioned the day before, told him that letters were dropped into mailboxes, and from the box they were transported all over the world on postal troikas with drunken drivers and ringing bells. (Ch.) 6) Yegorushka saw how little by little the sky darkened and darkness fell to the ground, how the stars lit up one after another. (Ch.)7) When he [Varlamov] drove up to the rear cart, Yegorushka strained his vision to get a better look at him. (Ch.) 8) Just as a criminal who is being led to execution knows that he is about to die, but still looks around him and straightens his poorly worn hat, so Moscow (in 1812) involuntarily continued its ordinary life, although it knew that the time of destruction is near, when all those conditional relationships of life to which we are accustomed to submit will be broken. (L.T.) 9) At night, when the earth was covered in darkness and one star after another was lit in the sky with the moon, a firefly appeared in the fragrant meadow. (AND) 10) The roosters crowed, but his head still hurt, and there was such a noise in his ears, as if Ergunov was sitting under a railway bridge and listening to a train passing over his head. (Ch.) 11) It had completely cleared up and the people began to rise when I returned to my room. (L.T.) 12) They tried to tell her what the doctor said, but it turned out that, although the doctor spoke very clearly and for a long time, it was impossible to convey what he said (L.T.)

172. Copy using missing punctuation marks.

I. 1) If you have a free hour, if you come on a business trip from the front, walk through the streets of your city at dawn. (Simonov.) 2) If a war breaks out against the class whose forces I live and work with, I will also go as an ordinary fighter in his army. (M.G.) 3) Everything that was done in the past that was generally useful for humanity is all just the beginning of work, just the first stones of the foundation on which our workers and peasants have now begun to build a new world. (M.G.) 4) It’s easy to work when you know that your work is appreciated by the energetic builders of a new world of a new culture. (M.G.)

II. 1) After parting with Maxim Maksimych, I quickly galloped through the Terek and Daryal gorges, had breakfast in Kazbek, drank tea in Lars, and hurried to Vladikavkaz for dinner. I will spare you from describing the mountains from exclamations that do not express anything, from pictures that do not depict anything, especially for those who have not been there, and from statistical remarks that absolutely no one will read. I stayed at the hotel where all travelers stay. (L.) 2) The child sees that his father and mother and his old aunt and retinue all scattered to their corners, and those who didn’t have him went to the hayloft, another to the garden, a third looked for coolness in the hallway, and another, covering his face with a handkerchief from flies, fell asleep where the heat was killing him. and a bulky lunch fell. (Gonch.) 3) The shepherd did not answer immediately. He again looked at the sky and thought to the sides, blinked his eyes... Apparently, he attached no small importance to his words and, in order to increase their value, tried to pronounce them with some solemnity. The expression on his face was senile and sharp, sedate, and because the nose was intercepted across by a saddle-shaped notch and the nostrils looked upward, it seemed cunning and mocking. (Ch.) 4) Meliton trudged towards the river and listened as the sounds of the pipe gradually died away behind him. He still wanted to complain. He sadly looked around and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky and the earth and the sun and the forest, and when the highest note of the pipe swept through the air and trembled like the voice of a crying man, he felt extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that was noticed in nature. The high note trembled, broke off and the pipe fell silent. (Ch.) 5) If you see him tomorrow, ask him to come see me for a minute. (Ch.) 6) In the air, wherever you look, whole clouds of snowflakes are circling, so you can’t tell whether the snow is coming from the sky or from the ground. (Ch.) 7) I only know that an impostor has appeared in Krakow and that the king and the pope are for him. (P.) 8) I read so much that when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I didn’t immediately understand who was ringing and why. (M.G.) 9) The woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and although her words were familiar, Saburov’s heart suddenly ached from them. (Simonov.) 10) Valek hugged me like a brother, and even Tyburtsy at times looked at the three of us with some strange eyes in which something shimmered, like tears. (Cor.) 11) When Kashtanka woke up, it was already light and noise was coming from the street, which only happens during the day. (Ch.) 12) All around, lost in the golden fog, the peaks of the mountains crowded like a countless herd, and Elbrus in the south stood up as a white mass, closing the chain of icy peaks between which the fibrous clouds running from the east were already wandering. (L.)

173. Read, indicate complex sentences and their structure; copy it down, filling in the missing punctuation marks.

MAN IN A CASE

He (Belikov) was remarkable in that, even in very good weather, he always went out in galoshes and with an umbrella, and certainly in a warm coat with cotton wool. And he had an umbrella in a case and a watch in a case made of gray suede, and when he took out a penknife to clean a pencil, his knife was also in a case and his face seemed to be in a case too, since he kept hiding it in his raised collar. He wore dark glasses, a sweatshirt, stuffed his ears with cotton wool, and when he got into the cab, he ordered the top to be raised. In a word, this man had a constant and irresistible desire to surround himself with a shell, to create for himself, so to speak, a case that would seclude him and protect him from external influences. Reality irritated him, scared him, kept him in constant anxiety, and perhaps in order to justify this timidity, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and what never happened, and the ancient languages ​​​​that he taught were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella where he went was hiding from real life.

Oh, how beautiful the Greek language sounds! - he spoke with a sweet expression and, as if to prove his words, narrowing his eye and raising his finger, said: “Anthropos!”

(A.P. Chekhov.)

174. Read, indicate complex sentences and their structure, then indicate the isolated members of the sentence; copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

The sun was already setting. The flowers emitted a damp, irritating smell because they had just been watered. The house began to sing again, and from a distance the violin gave the impression of a human voice. Kovrin, straining his thoughts to remember where he had heard or read the legend, hurriedly headed to the park and... imperceptibly reached the river.

Along the path, running along the steep bank past the exposed roots, he went down to the water and here he disturbed the waders and scared away two ducks. In some places the last rays of the setting sun were shining on the gloomy pines, but on the surface of the river it was already real evening. The carpet crossed the lavas to the other side. In front of him now lay a wide field covered with young, not yet... blooming rye. No... human habitation, no... living soul in the distance and it seems that if you follow the path it will lead to that same unknown mysterious place where the sun has just set and where the flame of the evening dawn is so wide and majestic .

“How spacious, free and quiet it is here! - Kovrin thought while walking along the path. “And it seems that the whole world is looking at me, lurking and waiting for me to understand it.”

But then waves ran across the rye and a light evening breeze touched his... covered head. A minute later there was another gust of wind, but the rye rustled more loudly and the dull murmur of pine trees was heard from behind.

(A.P. Chekhov.)

§ 121. Synonymy of complex sentences.

The same idea can be expressed in different syntactic ways, using both coordinating and subordinating connections, denoting these connections both with the help of conjunctions and allied words, and - in non-union sentences - with the help of intonation. Synonymy of various syntactic constructions is one of the main means of stylistic variation in speech; it contributes to the flexibility and expressiveness of the language. At the same time, syntactic synonyms can be used both within the same speech style and in different styles, differing from each other in stylistic coloring.

For example, connecting constructions (see § 117), synonymous with coordinating constructions, usually do not differ from the latter either in stylistic coloring or in usage. The same must be said about the synonymy of complex sentences with subordinate clauses of consequence and complex sentences in which the conjunction connects sentences denoting actions connected by a cause-and-effect relationship. Wed: Tired, he collapsed on the bed and instantly fell asleep, so (therefore) I could not get a word out of him. - Tired, he collapsed on the bed and fell asleep instantly, and I could not get a word out of him.

On the other hand, complex sentences and non-union sentences differ in the main areas of their distribution: since in non-conjunctive sentences intonation plays the main role in connecting their parts, it is natural that non-conjunction is widely used in oral speech. In book and written speech, intonation cannot directly serve to express the relationships between parts of a statement - for this purpose, conjunctions and allied words are used. Therefore, in book and written speech styles, different types of complex sentences are more common.

Sometimes complex sentences differ in the conjunctions and forms of predicate verbs used in them. Usually these differences are associated with stylistic differentiation.

For example, subordinate reasons attached to the main part of a complex sentence using a conjunction because, have a slightly more bookish coloring than those that are attached to the main part with the help of a conjunction because. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses containing a conjunction are even more bookish (and archaic) for. Wed: I was silent, because I didn’t know what to answer. - I was silent, because I didn’t know what to answer. - I was silent,

for didn't know what to answer.

Compound sentences with subordinate clauses are similar in meaning to sentences in which the predicate is expressed in the form of an imperative mood used in the meaning of the subjunctive, for example: Pinches of fox hair don't regret it she would still have a tail. (Kr.) Such sentences are characteristic exclusively of colloquial speech.

Exercise 175. Write by inserting the missing letters. Indicate the semantic relationships when combining sentences without conjunctions. Explain punctuation marks.

1) A strong wind suddenly began to roar above, the trees began to storm, large drops of rain began to knock sharply, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed - and the thunderstorm broke out. The rain poured down in streams. (T.) 2) The sky was already breathing in autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter; the mysterious forest canopy was revealed with a sad noise, fog lay on the fields; The caravan of noisy geese stretched to the south. (P.) 3) Happy are the pines and spruces: they are forever green, blizzards bring them death, frosts do not kill them. (N.) 4) Don't... sleep, Cossack: in the darkness the night Chechen walks across the river. (P.) 5) The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service. (Gr.) 6) Signs of autumn meet the eye in everything: there is a cobweb stretching out, glistening in the sun, there is a haystack visible, and there a rowan tree hangs over the fence with red tassels, there is stubble stubble... and there The bright winter winter flashed like an emerald. (Grekov.) 7) It’s good to sit and listen to the silence: either the wind will blow...t and the throne...t the tops of the birches, then behind the wall the bell clock will strike a quarter... It would be nice to sit still, listen and think , think, think. (Ch.) 8) I looked around: the night stood solemnly and royally. (T.) 9) I felt ashamed - I could not finish the speech I started. (T.) 10) You will part the wet bush - you will be doused with the accumulated warm smell of the night. (T.) 11) You pass by a tree - it won’t move: it’s basking. (T.)

176. Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

I. 1) The steppe is almost all in the dry yellow...yellow light, it seems sandy. Here and there gardens have swollen among it and from their dark spots the yellow...yellow light is still hot. Pieces of lard or sugar are scattered... the white huts of the farms around them are black poplars, toy people are moving a little, small oxen are moving and everything is in the jets of a sultry haze. (M.G.) 2) A sultry day, silence, life frozen in a bright calm... the sky tenderly looks at the earth with its blue clear eye, the sun's fiery pupil. (M.G.) 3) The moon was not in the sky; it rose late at that time. (P.) 4) N... to catch up with you mad... three horses are well-fed and strong and lively. (N.) 5) The road is hellish, streams, snow, mud, waterholes. (T.) 6) Mr. Tchertopkhanov’s dwelling looked very sad; the logs turned black and stuck out forward with their “belly”; the chimney had collapsed; the corners were propped up and swayed; the large dull gray windows looked out with an expressively sour look from under the shaggy, overlapping roof. (T.) 7) Here a rather interesting picture opened up: a wide hut, the roof of which rested on two smoky pillars, and was full of people. (L.) 8) I crawled through the thick grass along the ravine, I saw the forest was over, several Cossacks were crawling out of it into the clearing and then my Karagyoz jumped out straight to them. (L.) 9) Finally, we climbed Mount Gud, stopped and looked back; a gray cloud hung on it and its cold breath threatened a nearby storm. (L.) 10) A grain of lush fruit fell into good soil and it was born. (N.) 11) The forest is rub...t chips are flying. (Ate.) 12) Once I lied, I become a liar forever. (Last) 13) I wanted to paint and the brushes fell out of my hands. I tried to read, his eyes glided over the lines. (L.) 14) I’m glad for everyone you know. (Gr.) 15) The Cossacks were heard to have made an excellent attack. (L.T.) 16) And this spring, the whole city fell off it [from the bridge], two journalists and a tailor know that. (Kr.)

II. 1) We are growing and younger, time leads us forward. (L.-K.) 2) If a boy loves work, he pokes his finger in a book and writes about him here, he is a good boy. (V.M.) 3) May flows like an elegant river along the wide pavement and flows with an immense song over the beautiful Moscow. (OK.) 4) Metelitsa climbed the hill. To the left... there was still a black ridge of hills, curved like the backbone of a giant beast. (Fad.) 5) Today, after midnight, I can't sleep... a song - a thought is brewing in my head. (Marmot.) 6) We look calmly into a menacing tomorrow, time is with us and victory is ours. (Marmot.) 7) The persecutors of the French language and the Kuznetsky Bridge gained a decisive upper hand in societies and the living rooms were filled with patriots who poured French tobacco out of a snuffbox and began to sniff Russian who... burned a dozen French... broch...rock who gave up Lafite and started eating sour cabbage soup. (P.)

177. Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

1. You have gone four miles... The edge of the sky is red... in the birches the jackdaws are waking up... deftly flying over, the sparrows are chirping near the dark stacks. The air is brightening, the road is clearer, the sky is clearing, the clouds are turning white, the fields are turning green. In the huts, torches burn with red fire behind the gates, and sleepy voices are heard. Meanwhile, in vain it flares up, now golden stripes stretch across the sky in the ravines, swirling pairs of larks sing loudly, the pre-dawn wind blows and the crimson sun quietly floats up. The light just pours out like a stream, your heart perks up like a bird. Fresh fun love! You can see far all around. There's a village beyond the grove, there's another village further away with a white church, there's a birch forest on the mountain behind it, there's a swamp where you're going... The horses are more alive! Trot ahead! There are three versts left... more. The sun is rising quickly, the sky is clear... The weather will be nice. The herd reached out from the village towards you. You climbed the mountain... What a view! The river winds for ten miles, dimly blue through the fog behind it, watery-green meadows beyond meadows, gentle hills in the distance, lapwings screaming hovering over the swamp, through the damp shine spilled in the air, the distance clearly appears... not like in the summer . How freely the chest breathes, how quickly the limbs move, how strong the whole person is embraced by the fresh breath of spring!

(I. S. Turgenev.)

II. A warm wind blew from the south for two days. The last snow has melted on the fields. The foamy spring streams died away from the steppe ravines and rivers. At the dawn of the third day, the wind died down and fell over the steppe, thick fogs were silvered with moisture, last year's feather grass bushes sank in a transparent whitish haze, mounds, gullies, villages, spiers, bell towers, soaring peaks of pyramidal poplars. Blue spring has begun over the wide Don steppe.

On a foggy morning, Aksinya went out onto the porch for the first time after recovery and stood for a long time, intoxicated by the sweetness of the fresh spring air... The mist-wrapped distance, the apple trees in the garden flooded with melt water, the wet fence and road behind her, with last year's deeply washed ruts, everything seemed to her unprecedentedly beautiful, everything bloomed with thick and delicate colors, as if illuminated by the sun.

A patch of clear sky peeking through the fog blinded her with the cold blue smell of rotten straw and thawed black soil, it was so familiar and pleasant that Aksinya took a deep breath and smiled with the corners of her lips at the... intricate song of a lark coming from somewhere in the foggy the steppe awakened an unconscious sadness in her.

(M. Sh o l o h o v.)

COMPLEX SYNTACTIC WHOLE

§ 122. Period.

Among very common sentences, usually complex, periods can be distinguished during stylistic analysis of the text. In pronunciation, each period is divided by a pause into two semantic parts: in the first part of the period the voice gradually rises, and in the second (after the pause) it lowers. The first part of the period is called an increase, and the second is called a decrease. For example:

When with a peaceful family And the coals smolder in the ashes;

Circassian in his father's home And, jumping from his faithful horse,

Sits in stormy times, in the desert mountains

belated,

A stranger will come to him with greetings and stand up affectionately

tired And to the guest in a fragrant cup

And he timidly sits by the fire, - Chikhir serves a joyful one.

Then the owner is supportive

(A.S.Pushkin.)

The pause separating the increase and decrease is marked with t and r.

Note . Greek name"period" (periodos) Means“circle”, figuratively - “rounded speech”.

In terms of content, a period is like a small essay written on a specific topic. So, the theme of the period in our example is the hospitality of the Circassians. It is revealed quite fully; shows: 1) a Circassian at home during a rainy season, 2) the arrival of a belated traveler, 3) treating a stranger to a sneeze.

From the syntactic side, the period does not represent anything new: most often it is a highly developed complex sentence. The semantic relations between raising and lowering are the same as between parts of a complex or complex sentence or between an isolated member and the rest of the sentence, such as: temporary causal, conditional, etc. In our example, in raising we find three subordinate tenses, and in reduction - the main part.

Between an increase and a decrease in a period, a dash is placed at the pause site.

If, in accordance with the construction of the sentence, there should be a comma in this place, it remains (before the dash).

Terms of a period within its parts, if they are very common, can be separated from each other by a semicolon. (See example above.)

Exercise 178. Read expressively. Indicate: 1) the boundaries of increase and decrease, 2) how the syntactic connection between the parts of the period is expressed, 3) what semantic relationships are established between them, 4) the theme of each period.

1) Everything that scrupulous London trades for abundant whims and carries to us along the Baltic waves for timber and lard, everything that in Paris the hungry taste, having chosen a useful trade, invents for fun, for luxury, for fashionable bliss - everything decorated the philosopher’s office at eighteen years old. (P.)

2) In those days when I blossomed serenely in the gardens of the Lyceum:

I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero - in those days in the mysterious valleys, in the spring, with the calls of swan, near the waters shining in silence, the muse began to appear to me. (P.)

3) Like a hawk swimming in the sky, having made many circles with its strong wings, suddenly stops spread out in one place and shoots from there with an arrow at a male quail screaming near the road - so Taras’s son Ostap suddenly flew at the cornet and immediately threw a rope around his neck. (G.)

179. Sort out the periods. Write it down using punctuation marks.

1) When Bazarov, after repeated promises to return no later than a month, finally broke free from the embrace that held him and got into the tarantass, when the horses started moving and the bell rang and the wheels started spinning and now there was no need to look after him, and Timofeich, all hunched over and staggering as he walked, trudged back to his closet when the old people were left alone in their house, which also seemed to have suddenly shrunk and become decrepit, within a few moments Vasily Ivanovich, bravely waving his handkerchief on the porch, sank onto a chair and dropped his head on his chest. (T.)

2) Anyone who has happened, like me, to wander through the desert mountains and peer for a long, long time at their bizarre images and greedily swallow the life-giving air spilled in their gorges will certainly understand my desire to tell and draw these magical pictures. (L.)

3) Just as the owner of a spinning workshop, having seated the workers in their places, walking around the establishment, noticing the immobility or unusual creaking sound of the spindle, hurriedly walks, restrains or puts it into proper motion, so Anna Pavlovna, walking around her living room, approached a silent or too much talking circle and in one word or by moving it again started a uniform decent conversational machine. (L.T.)

Paragraph.

A paragraph is a part of a coherent text, which consists of several sentences and is characterized by the unity and relative completeness of the content.

Example paragraph:

Soon the fox managed to take revenge on the eagle. Once upon a time, people in the field sacrificed a goat to the gods. The eagle flew to the altar and carried away the burning entrails. But as soon as he brought them to the nest, a strong wind blew. And the thin old rods burst into flames. The eaglets fell to the ground. The fox ran up and ate them.(Excerpt from a fairy tale.)

The unity of the content of the paragraph is manifested in interphrase connections. In the above example, these connections are created by the following means: 1) unions but also, with which the 4th and 5th sentences begin; 2) the identity of the mentioned objects (animals): eagle-eagle, fox-fox; 3) replacing repeated nouns with pronouns: the entrails are theirs, the eaglets are theirs; 4) omission of repeating elements: for example, in the 4th phrase with the predicate reported no subject; 5) correlation of aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs: in all sentences, except the 2nd, the predicates are expressed by perfective verbs in the past tense.

In the given excerpt from the fairy tale, there is also a meaningful completeness of the paragraph: its content can be expressed as “The fox’s revenge on the eagle.”

The connection between paragraphs is usually made using the first phrase. So, in our example, the first sentence contains the words soon And take revenge the meaning of which should be clear from the previous paragraph (soon then? take revenge for what?).

In written and printed text, a paragraph is distinguished by indenting the initial line from the left edge of the text.

180. Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Orally explain the interphrase connections in each paragraph.

On a small lake called Larin's Pond, a lot of duckweed always floated. Now the water in the lake was very black and transparent - all the duckweed had sank to the bottom by winter.

Off the coast, there was a glass strip of ice. The ice was so transparent that even close up it was difficult to notice. I saw a flock of rafts in the water near the shore and threw a small stone at them. The stone fell on the ice, the flesh rang...their scales fell off and darted into the depths, and a white grainy trace of the impact remained on the ice. That's the only reason we guessed that a layer of ice had already formed near the shore. We broke off individual pieces of ice with our hands. They crunched and left a mixed smell of snow and lingonberries on your fingers.

Here and there in the clearings birds flew and squealed pitifully. The sky above your head is very light white, and towards the horizon it thickened and its color resembled lead. Slow snow clouds were coming from there.

The forests became increasingly darker and quieter, and finally thick snow began to fall. He melted in the black water of the lake, his face was covered with gray smoke from the forest.

Winter began to rule over the earth, but we knew that under the loose snow, if you rake it with your hands, you could still find fresh forest flowers; we knew that there would always be fire in the ovens, that tits remained with us to spend the winter, and winter seemed the same to us beautiful like summer.

(K. G. P austovsky.)

WAYS OF TRANSMITTING ANOTHER SPEECH

§ 124. The concept of direct and indirect speech.

A speech spoken by someone can be conveyed by speakers either in the form of direct speech or in the form of indirect speech.

Direct speech is a speech spoken on behalf of the person by whom it was once pronounced or could have been pronounced, while preserving all its features.

PRIME R.- Annushka! Annushka! “Come here, don’t be afraid,” the old man called affectionately.

Indirect speech, in contrast to direct speech, is such speech in which the speaker conveys someone else’s words on his own behalf in the form of subordinate clauses.

The above direct speech can be conveyed in the form of indirect speech: The old man affectionately called Annushka and said, so that she would approach him without fear. Annushka answered in a thin voice, that he is afraid.

The Russian language presents another type of subordinate clauses, which is not reflected in any of the educational complexes. These are subordinate clauses. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are not equivalent to any of the members of the sentence; a question cannot be posed to them from the main part, which is the reason for their separation into a separate group.

The means of connecting the subordinate part with the main one in this type of subordinate clause are allied words What(in any case form with or without a preposition), why, why, why, containing the content of the main part; means of communication in PP connectives can be replaced for diagnosis with a pronoun This:

And every time for seven years the old man clutched his heart, What (= this) amused everyone a lot(I. Ilf and E. Petrov) - means of communication - union word What, which is the subject.

I am well, what (= this) and I wish you - means of communication - allied word what, which is the complement .

Types of subordinate clauses in Russian

type of clause	question	connection is verbatim / non-verbal.	means of communication	indicative words in GP	example
unions	allied words
1. determinative	Which?	noun or places. in the main part		which, which, whose, when, where, where, from, what	this one, that one	That house to which we walked, stood on the mountain. House, What stood on the mountain, was clearly visible.
2. explanatory	case questions	verb, prev. adverb, noun with meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings	that, as if, as if, as if, as if not, so that not, whether, not... whether, whether... or, whether... or	what, who, how, which, why, where, to where, from where, how much	That(in all forms)	The news of What I'll come, he was not happy. I don't know, How tell him about it. Necessary, to he came.
3. time	when, how long, from when, until when?	-	when, how, while, barely, only, before, while, until, since, suddenly	When(if it applies to Then or other adverb with meaning. time in the main part)	Then	When She was leaving the living room when the doorbell rang.
4. places	where, where, where?			where, where, where	there, there, from there	I was there, Where none of you were. I'll go Where the eyes are looking.
5. reasons	why, why?	-	because, because, since, for, good, due to the fact that, since, especially since			I was very nervous because I wasn't quite ready to answer.
6. consequences	what is the consequence?	-	So			It was cold, So We didn't leave the house.
7. conditions	under what condition?	-	if (...then / so / then), when (=if), if, as soon as, once, in case			If If you don't call, I'll worry.
8. goals	why, for what purpose?	-	so that (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, so that, if only, if only, if only		then	They came, to say goodbye.
9. concessions	in spite of everything, in spite of what?	-	Although ( though), despite the fact that, for nothing, even though, even though	whatever (no matter), who (no matter) no, which (no matter) no, how much (no matter) no, how (no matter) no, where (no matter) no, where (no matter) no		Although I was ill, But completed the task. How I neither I wanted to go home, but I couldn’t go there.
10. comparisons	like what, like what?	-	as, as if, as if, exactly, in the same way, just as, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if		So	The leaves are turning green as if someone washed them. It was so quiet How only happens in the autumn forest.
11. measures and degrees	to what extent?	places (see demonstrative words), adverb	what, to, any comparative union	how much, how much	so, so, so, (not) so much	It was so quiet What I felt uneasy. We have risen to such heights What It was breathtaking.
12. course of action	how, in what way?	So		How	So	I did everything like this How you told me.
13. connecting	-	-		What(in any case form), why, why, why		Father didn't come for a long time, What everyone was worried. I am well, what I wish you the same.

Punctuation marks in NGN

1. The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause: When he described his path, his voice was calm. When Vronsky looked at his watch, he was so disturbed that he saw the hands on the dial, but could not understand what time it was.

2. A comma is not placed between the main and subordinate clauses if:

a) the subordinate clause begins with NOT: I would like to know not what he said, but how he said it.

b) subordinating conjunctions are preceded by repeating conjunctions AND, OR, OR, etc.: I will reply to you or when I receive the newsletter. Or when I make inquiries myself.

c) the subordinate clause consists of one word: He left and didn't say where.

3. Homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single conjunction AND are not separated by a comma: The tiger stays where the thickets are thickest and where there is enough food.

4. If the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause using a compound conjunction (because, because, while, in order to, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, since, before, just as ), a comma is placed, depending on the meaning of the statement and intonation, either before the entire conjunction or before its second part: I closed my eyes because the glow from the candles was bright. He was late only because there was an accident on the road. The apple trees disappeared because the mice ate all the bark around them.

5. If there are two conjunctions nearby, then a comma is placed between them if the second part of the compound conjunction does not follow; if the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of a compound conjunction, then a comma is not placed between the conjunctions: She said that if she didn’t forget, she would go to the pharmacy in the evening. She said that if she didn’t forget, she would go to the pharmacy in the evening.

6. Stable combinations are not separated by a comma: as best as possible, as if nothing had happened, at all costs, properly, anywhere, as much as you like.