For all and about everything. Curiosities and records of Nobel Prizes How many scientists got the Nobel Prize twice

Probably, only the desire of mankind for self-expression and heroic actions contributes to the emergence of unusually survivable initiatives. Here I took Mr. Nobel's surname and decided to leave my money to descendants in order to be awarded the Lords excreted in one area or another. It has long so much in the ground with raw, and the people remember him. The population is waiting (some with impatience), when the next lucky shoes will be announced. And candidates tried, put goals, even intrigue, trying to climb the fame to this Olympus. And if everything is clear with scientists and researchers - they receive their awards for real achievements or discoveries, which are distinguished by the laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize? Interesting? Let's figure it out.

Who and for what awards award?

There is a special committee whose main task is to select and approve
candidates for the highest award in this area. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to people who distinguished themselves in strengthening security and stability on the planet. It is issued annually. The procedure takes place in Oslo, the tenth of December. At the same time, to propose a candidacy that will become a laureate can both international organizations and national governments. In the Charter of the Committee they are listed. Anyone who was or is a member of the Nobel Committee also has the right to participate in the extension process. In addition, such privileges are authorized by professors of universities dealing with politics or history.

When they study who received the Nobel Prize of the world, be sure to come together in the name of another political figure, whose activity does not cause critics. Such a person is Tenzin Gyaco, Dalai Lama. This is a completely outstanding personality. From a small years, he was forced to accept spiritual leadership. Buddhists recognized the boy with incarnation of the Lama. Subsequently, he had to take over and political responsibility for Tibet (at sixteen). His whole work is based on kindness, tolerance and love (from the formulation of the Nobel Committee). It should be added that he could not negotiate with the Government of China. Now lives and conducts his ideas in exile.

It turns out, not everything is so simple!

There are also very controversial laureates of this high award. The Committee is often criticized for excess politicia. Residents post-Soviet space Such a figure seems Mikhail Gorbachev. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to such a controversial personality, like Yasir Arafat.

This decision of the Committee is considered scandalous on the grounds that this laureate did not deny the military ways to achieve their goals. On his account not only battles, but also terrorist acts. He himself proclaimed the destruction of a whole sovereign state (Israel). That is, despite the fact that Arafat struggled for the well-being of residents of the Middle East, the title of peacekeeper is difficult to assign. Another scandalous figure is Barack Obama. The Nobel Prize of the World was awarded to him in 2009. I must say that the Committee had to accept the squall of critical comments on this decision.

About Obama More details

In the global press still flashes the opinion that the state president awarded the Avans Award. At that time, he just took office, no more than anything else. Yes, and those initiatives and decisions he made subsequently do not explain at all, for which the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded.

Obama is considered to be president who unleashed the greatest number military conflicts. The victims are not amenable to calculate in view of the "hybrid nature" of these clashes (the term appeared quite recently). He had to decide on bombing and ground operations. He is criticized for the invasion of Syria, riots in Iraq and Ukraine. Nevertheless, Obama received the Nobel Peace Prize and is listed among its laureates.

This "advance award" leads to the emergence of all new scandals. As the occurrence of tension exacerbation political figures They are expressed in favor of reviving this award. There is an opinion that such non-live behavior disgraces a high premium. In the Russian Federation, naturally, it is believed that V. Putin is a more worthy candidate. The Nobel Prize of the World may still be awarded him for true persistence, which he exists in resolving conflicts.

About money

People often interest not so much the achievements of the personalities given this award, and its amount. The Nobel Prize of the World and the truth may hit the imagination. The fact is that all the funds of the Committee are simply so in financial institutions. They "work", increasing in size. According to the will, the profit is divided into five parts. They are not the same and acquire more impressive sizes from year to year. Thus, the very first amount, presented in 1901, was forty two thousand dollars. In 2003, the amount has already been 1.35 million on its size affects the state of the global economy. Dividends that go on payments can not only increase, but also decrease. For example, in 2007, the amount of the premium was equal to 1.542 million, and by 2008 "melted" (1.4 million dollars).

These funds are distributed five equal shares on nominations, and then in terms of the number of laureates, in accordance with the rules, according to which the Nobel Peace Prize is appointed. How much money will go on awards in every year - determines the committee, conducting relevant earnings counts from valuable papers and other assets.

Russian laureates

Our fellow citizens only twice received such an award. In addition to Gorbachev, scientist Andrei Sakharov was awarded such honor. At the same time, not his scientific works became a reason for awarding the award. Sakharov considered the human rights activist and a fighter with the regime. In Soviet times, he underwent sharp criticism and persecutions. The scientist worked on the creation of hydrogen weapons. Despite this, he openly advocated the prohibition of weapon tests of mass lesion, against the arms race. Its ideas were very popular in society and did not like the ruling top.

Sakharov is considered to be a passionate champion of the world, victims of their views. The Nobel Committee applied the wording: "For courage in the fight against the abuse of power ...". Nevertheless, he was, rather, the idealist, a good and non-aggressive person (for memoirs of colleagues). More Russians did not receive high awards, which does not say that in our country does not live worthy personalities. Rather, this fact can be perceived as a political surgery of the Committee, the use of award in geopolitical competition.

Who did not receive award, and worthy?

Many politicians believe that Mahatma Gandhi more than any other figures deserved a high award. This man was engaged in the organization of the struggle of Indians with colonizers. Gandhi had not just to invent ways, with which the weak and unarmed population could confront British armyBut they also needed to relate with the peculiarities of the local religion. This method was invented. It received the name of non-violent resistance and is often used at present. Mahatma Gandhi offered to the Committee five times. Only there were "more decent" candidates (which again can be explained by the politicization of this organization). Subsequently, official persons responsible for the award of the Nobel Prize expressed their regrets about the fact that Gandhi did not become a laureate.

Casus of the Nobel Committee

There are incredible things in the history of this organization, which can be perceived only anecdotically. So, it is known to this award in 1939, no one else like Adolf Hitler was nominated. The Nobel Prize of the World, fortunately, he did not get. And the point here is not in the money. What would be the prestige of the organization, which would call a person by the Peacemaker, guilty of the death of millions of inhabitants of our planet? The Nobel Committee refused to award her, motivating this its decision by the attitude of the Nazis to the Jews.

Nevertheless, during nomination, Hitler's activity looked for the German intelligentsive progressive. He just entered into two large peace agreements, raised the industry, cared for the development of science and art. Currently, people understand, to what extent there were absurd and unreasonable claims of Hitler at a reward. But at that time, the inhabitants of Germany perceived him as a real leader leading them to bright life. Yes, to some extent it was true. He really cared about the Germans, only at the expense of people of other nationalities. To the honor of members of the Nobel Committee, they understood this and refused his candidacy for awarding award.

Collective laureates

This award was three times awarded organizations, one way or another related to the Red Cross. If you consider the first laureate - its organizer, then four. It should be noted that this international organization undoubtedly deserves such a high assessment. Her representatives always find a field for activity. Whether the territories of bloody conflicts or epidemics, they often find themselves in the center of events, stretch the necessary hand to support unfortunate people who are enduring disaster. By the way, once the winner of the award became UN (2001), her peacekeeping forces were noted (1988) and refugee service (1981). From not very famous laureate organizations can be called International Organization Labor (1969). The wave is possible, we do not hear about it because of the fact that since its influence in the world was so great that award was awarded, a lot of time has passed.

Laureates of this serious award a lot. The names of some entered the history of courage and courage, others - scandals and intrigues. Thirds are not remembered at all. Nevertheless, people want this award to fall into the hands of truly decent personalities, despite the political conjuncture.

On October 7, the 112nd Nobel Week started. In Stockholm and Oslo will be called the names of the laureates for 2013. In the very history of the award of the Nobel Prizes, a lot of entertaining.

The relatives of Alfred Nobel were desperate when it turned out that he left the foundation all his state. They tried to even challenge the will. Therefore, only in 1901 - five years after the death of Nobel - the first award award was held. Since then, a lot of water has flowed ...

Does the Nobel Prize often awarded to the dead? What scientists have doubled the honorable award, and what was it generally forbidden to take it? Who was the youngest laureate? In 112 years, there was a lot of entertaining in the history of the award of the Nobel Prizes.

Prize deceit

You can nominate a candidate for a prize only a living person. However, twice in history was awarded posthumously: the Nobel Prize of Peace for 1961 - Dagi Hammersseldu and the Literature Prize for 1931 - Eric Accene Carlfeldt.
At the award ceremony of the Nobel Prize in Stockholm, 2012
Both were nominated after life, but by the time the names of the laureates moved into the world of others. In 1974, the award decided not to give more dead.

Nevertheless, in 2011, the Nobel Prize was again awarded the dead man. When the Nobel Committee announced the name of the Ralph of Steinman, nominated for a premium on medicine, was not yet known that in three days before the ceremony he died. Later, his heirs received the Stainman Prize.

Double laureates

Four scientists turned out to be laureates of the Nobel Prize twice. American physicist John Bardin received it for the first time in 1956 for the invention of the transistor, and for the second time - in 1972 for the development of the theory of superconductivity (the properties of some materials have strictly zero electrical resistance).

The Englishman Frederica Sengeru twice awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry - in 1958 for the establishment of an insulin structure and in 1980 for fundamental studies of the biochemical properties of nucleic acids, especially recombinant DNA.

Two different premiums received an American chemist Linus Karl Poliong - in 1954 in chemistry, and in 1962 - a premium of the world. Polneg was an active enemy of nuclear weapons testing.

There are few women among laureates

SAMI famous woman, twice awarded award, - Maria Curie. In 1903, she received a reward on physics for studies of radiation phenomena, and in 1911 in chemistry for the opening of radium elements and polonium.

In total, women were awarded the Nobel Prize 44 times, and for achievements in the region of one of three disciplines of natural science - only 16 times. This is only three percent of the total number of premium laureates in these areas. Two women received premiums in physics, four - in chemistry and 10 - according to medicine.

Rejected premiums

Laureates of the Nobel Prize of the World Le Scho and Prizes in the field of literature Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept rewards. Sartre did not want any official honors at all, and le breathe motivated his refusal to continue in 1973 civil War in Vietnam.

In addition, at the time of staying in power in Germany, the National Socialists in German scientists was forbidden to take these awards. As a result, without premiums left in 1938 and 1939, Richard Kuhn and Adolf Buttenand (Adolf Butenandt), as well as Gerhard Domagk (Gerhard Domagk) - Laureate of the Nobel Prize of 1939 in medicine. After the end of World War II, they still received diplomas and medals, but not the financial part of the award.

Most of the Nobel Prizes for Scientific Disciplines - Physics, Chemistry and Medicine - was delivered to the Americans. Their share is 43 percent. In second place in physics and chemistry - the Germans, in the third - the British. As for medicine, there is a reverse order here. In fourth place - French.

Most often, the laureates of the Nobel Prize became people born on May 21 and February 28. The average age of the notable Nobel Prize in all six nominations is 59 years. Slightly younger winners of premiums in natural science disciplines. Among Chemists and physicists is 57 years old, according to medicine - 55.

The most young scientist who received a prize was in 1915 a 25-year-old physicist William Laurence Bragg. And the most advanced its owners - Leonid Gurvitz (2007) and Lloyd Stowell Shepley (2012). When they were honored by Nobel Prizes in the economy, scientists were respectively 90 and 89 years.

As revenge, the US government did not give Lainus Polunu passport, and he could not get to the conference in London, where he planned to declare the spiral structure of DNA. Therefore, the priority went to scream and Watson, and not Polingu. Otherwise, Nobel medals could be more.

Linaus Karl Polyneg is the famous chemist, the crystallograph and the pacifist is not in vain is considered one of the most prominent scientists of the twentieth century. By the significance of their discoveries for science, he stands next to the great Albert Einstein, being, according to research, one of the two most popular 19th century scientists! His merits in science, as well as in the field of the struggle for the benefit of humanity, were awarded by two Nobel Prizes - in 1954 with the wording "for the study of the nature of the chemical association and its application to the explanation of the structure of complex molecules" and the world award in 1962. In 1970, During the time of "discharge", Brezhnev rewarded it by the International Leninist Prize "For the Strengthening World Between People", although before that time Linus Pauling was pretty "on nuts" from Soviet scientists for his "bourgeois" views on science.

February 28, 1901 in the American city of Portland in the family of a poor son of emigrants from Germany Germanic Poling and the daughter of American Irish Lucy Isabel Darling was born a reddish volatile firstborn. The boy called Linus. In infancy, he was a rather noisy child, and his father joked that the son had a real Irish throat, although this property did not prevent him from acquiring him to acquire the next year to her daughter, and in a year to give his son another sister.

At the end of 1904, having his wife and three kids in his hands, Herman Polneg, who dedicated himself to a merged and related to the profession of a community of a medical company, decided to change the generation of the activity and settle in a new place. In 1905, he moved to the town, who had a rather sound for the Russian ear, the name Condon, in Oregon. There he became a pharmacist, opening his own establishment. I must say that the pharmacy in America is not quite a pharmacy, but also something like a cafe, although in those days this difference was somewhat less noticeable than now.

Linus Polynong

Image source: http://revistafrontal.com

The boy grew a little and went to school. By that time he knew how to read and write and literally "swallowed" a book for the book. The family moved to Portland in 1910, and his father, wanting to get qualified tips, how to make a right library for the child, wrote a letter with this question to the local newspaper. After all, young Linus studied the Bible - and at the same time, the theory of Darwin was motleyly absorbed. Father feared, as if the guy did not boil the brains. It was necessary to somehow streamline this process. The father died in the same year very young, but before this managed to significantly replenish the library, including books in chemistry, which largely predetermined the fate of the boy.

The family had to be naturally hard. Mother was a housewife, and the inheritance received by her, rather scanty. To feed the family, Linus went to work with a dishwasher in a cafe, and in the evenings disassembled and sorted the paper in the printing house. For a guy, he was closed and thoughtful, he could staring at various insects and sort out the multicolored pebbles so passionately that the sisters were able to Linus a jeweler's career. In 13, Polaneg got to the chemical laboratory and was so shocked and fascinated by this spectacle, which decided to immediately become a chemist. He pinched the kitchenware to his room and acquired his own home survey center.

Because of the needs and need to work, the young man could not continue study at school, but it did not become a barrier for his receipt to the free Oregon Agricultural College, which became the late University of State. Launus studied so hard that all the teachers were paid attention to him. In the last year, he became an assistant at the Department, and another year later - already at once on four. In 1922, he became a bachelor in the field of chemical technology. Polinging is called to the California Institute of Technology in Pasaden, and he writes the dissertation there. Then he marries a pretty Ave Helene Miller, his student, hope and support of the whole life, who gave him three sons and daughter. Together, Ave and Linus lived 58 happy years.

In 1925, Polneg receives the degree of Dr. Chemistry. For five from a small years, he becomes first an assistant professor, then - an adjunct professor, and in 1931, a professor of chemistry. All this time, Linus Paulong was successfully and fruitfully worked on the field of crystallography, translucent x-ray various crystals. He read radiographs with such ease and simplicity that some students laughed, saying that he had vision, allowing him to consider subatomatic structures with his own eyes.

By the way, Polaneg, another young man, had an undoubted teaching gift, able to fully involve the audience in the learning process. He explained his subject as vividly and clearly that students did not notice time. At the same time, Paulong possessed a unique talent: literally several simple and accessible mystery, phrases explain the most complicated processes and achieve successful results precisely in the understanding of the subject. For example, it was not at all possible did not succeed in Great Einstein, who considered all ordinary doctors of physics with fools who could not understand his theory of relativity. Although in fact the brilliant physicist simply did not know how to clearly express her audience. It is good that at least Ioffe with Landau disassembled ...

Polneg receives a scholarship and goes to Europe, where it is in the laboratories of major European luminaries of that time - Zommerfeld, Schrödinger, Bohr.

Back in 1928, the scientist formulated his theory of hybridization or, as it is also called, the theory of resonance. Polneg looked at the molecule as a result of resonance, that is, overlaying several structures on each other. At the same time, each structure tells about the individual features of the properties and structure of the molecule. He wrote his famous "nature of chemical communication" by applying a quantum theory to solve a set scientific problems. This book put it in one row with the largest scientists of the planet. This work is transferred to tens of languages, and the book becomes a guiding star for the development of world chemical science.

Linus Pauling clarified a number of immunity mechanisms, exploring proteins and antibodies. He studied hemoglobin, made discoveries in the field of virology. The World War II forceding Pauling to stand on the path of fighting fascism. Convinced patribist who ignored the last world WarIt develops explosives, reactive fuel, oxygen generators for aviation and submariners. Military doctors received a blood plasma system from it in the field. His contribution to the victory was very large and marked the medal of the US government. But respect for the scientist soon changed the hysteria ...

In the USSR, Pauling theory was met in the bayonets. She caused an outbreak of state obscurantism and communist indignation. After massacres for linguists, cybernetics and geneticists, the target of "Red Scientists" from the MGB became chemistry. The theory of the resonance of Polinga, as well as the theory of the Mesomemeria Ingold's theory of the Mesomeria, the target for the attack on the "bourgeois worldview". In 1951, a meeting of obscurants was held in the USSR from science, "defeated" the theory of Polinging. But this will not prevent the world community to assess the works of the scientist. In 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

As a member of the US federal security commissions, he realized the danger of nuclear weapons and deeply plunged into this question. The result was the anti-war committee formed in 1946, which included well-known nuclear scientists. Polneg proved that the tests of atomic weapons a priori cannot be safe. The audience was dumbfounded. Especially killed by American alone, the fact that due to strontium-90 each year 55,000 children will be born with disabilities, and 500,000 are stillborn, and iodine-131 threatens the thyroid cancer literally to everyone. Panic and protests began in the country, the government made Linus Polinga to the lists of unreliable and became interested in its "anti-American activities". As revenge, the US government did not give a scientist passport, and Paulong could not get to London to a scientific conference, where he planned to grab the world to the DNA spiral. Therefore, the priority went to scream and Watson, and not him. Otherwise, Nobel medals could be more.

Polneg declared the secret agent of the Kremlin when he published the anti-war appeal, signed by 11,000 most important scientists from 49 countries of the world; Then he released the bestseller "No War". In 1960, he made new initiatives against nuclear tests. He was trying to intimidate the prison and a mental hospital, and again accused of cooperation with the Russians. But here it was done that at the time of the mouths of the Militarist Chakups - Linus Paulong receives the Nobel Prize of the World. However, even the award tried to challenge. The press called His wrist: from the English Peace and Russian Sputnik, hinting at the Russian rubles, for which he sold the Communists. The scientist did not pay any attention to inflow by focusing the campaign for prohibiting atomic weapons. Finally, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States sign a testing contract. Polinga at the same time did not remember, but his merit is obvious.

He completely blocked financing, and he could not work more, but did not surrender. Three years later, Paulong again pumped the US government and Congress, signing the Declaration of Civil Disobedience "Conscience against War in Vietnam." Linus Pauling had to leave the university and move to Stafford.

Began kidney problems. Irish kidney is generally a sore place. Moreover, the genetics of Linaus was not at all like a long-lived: his father died at 34 years old, Mom - in 45. Nothing helped. Biochemists, including the famous Irving Stone, offered him to drink Vitamin C. Back in those days, people understood that it was not only in viruses and bacteria. A man, like a monkey, does not produce ascorbic acid, and the rest of the beast is easily, and before gram per day - exactly as much as necessary. Polneg calculated his dose of Vitamin C. It turned out 10 grams per day, as well as 200 times more than you can get with food. Tried a dosage on himself - colds stopped.

In 1970, he released a new book "Vitamin C and the usual cold", all the colors of which were instantly praised by the public. Sedenky, but incredibly alive and smart, 70-year-old Professor became a walking advertisement Vitamin S. Academy of American Sciences recommended 00.6 grams of vitamin with an adult man, and Paulong - from 6 to 18 full grams. The individuality of the dosage of Polneg offered to determine by observing the stomach. Every day a little to increase the dose. How the stomach will bother - that's your norm. The people werehed away in pharmacies all ascorbic, and evil pharmacists fell into rage: expensive medicines stopped completely.

Reviews of cured and imagined was the sea, although the press applied him as much as the destruction of the entire American people. In response, Pauling said that aspirin, who drink when he fell, kills 10,000 people annually, and half of them are children. And from ascorbic acid, no one else died. Without stopping at what happened, the scientist studies the effect of vitamin C on cholesterol. It makes the conclusion rather ambiguous according to modern standards that the use of vitamin C protects the vessels from "bad" cholesterol. At this time, pharmaceutical concerns and individual greedy pharmacists continued to shift the scientist. He was declared charlatan, constantly traveled in newspapers, cut on the road. And he continued to put experiences on himself.

Later, research results have shown that overdose of vitamin C causes serious problems, in particular, on the part of the gastrointestinal tract. Argued that the guilt of the scientist is not here, he simply did not have time to complete the research (although he managed to recommend taking vitamin C whole nation). Even his mistakes in the dosages forced the physicians to seriously take the problem of vitamins. Polneg received two Nobel Prizes, a lot of medals, orders, honorary titles and other awards. But the main award, he handed himself: Paulong lived for almost 94 years, and the last 27 years did not pain. Until the last minute, he was in a bright, living mind, distinct consciousness and vigor. Just once it was not ...

Remain laureates

Among the rules of awarding the Nobel Prizes, there is a condition that all the awards other than a premium of the world can be awarded to one person only one day. Nevertheless, four Nobel laureates who received awards twice are known: this is Maria Sklodovskaya-Curi (in the photo; in 1903, in 1903, in Chemistry - in 1911), Linus Poling (in Chemistry - in 1954, the Peace Prize - In 1962), John Bardin (physics - in 1956 and 1972) and Frederick Senger (in Chemistry - in 1958 and 1980). The three-time winner in the history of the Nobel Prize was only one - the International Committee of the Red Cross, who received the Peace Prize (this premium is the only one who allows nomination not only individuals, but also organizations) in 1917, 1944 and 1963.

Laureates posthumous

In 1974, the Nobel Foundation introduced the rule, according to which the Nobel Prize is not awarded to posthumously. Prior to that, there were only two cases of a posthumous award award: in 1931 - Erica Carlfeldt (in literature), and in 1961 - Doug Hammarsheld (the premium of the world). After the introduction of the rule, it was broken only once, and then by tragic coincidence. In 2011, a premium in physiology and medicine was awarded Ralph Seineman (in the photo), but he died from cancer a few hours before the publication of the decision of the Nobel Committee.

Nobel economy

This year, the amount of the monetary part of the Nobel Prize is $ 1.1 million. The amount was reduced by 20% in June 2012 in order to save. As this step was argued in the Nobel Foundation, the innovation will help to avoid reducing the capital of the organization in the long run, because capital management should be conducted in such a way that the premium can be given infinitely. "

Nobel Tyachik

In the history of the Nobel Prize, only one case was recorded when the laureates received the same Nobel medals for the same discovery twice. Physics from Germany Max von Laue (Laureate of 1915) and James Frank (Laureate of 1925) After introduced in 1936 in the Nazi Germany, the ban on the receipt of Nobel Prizes transferred their medals to preserve Niels Bor, who led the Institute in Copenhagen. In 1940, when Reich occupied Denmark, an employee of the institute of Hungarian Diege de Heveshi (in the photo), fearing that medals can withdraw them, dissolved them in the "royal vodka" (mixtures of concentrated nitrogen and hydrochloric acids), and after release, highlighted gold from the saved The solution of gold hydrochloric acid and handed it to the Swedish Royal Academy. There from him again made Nobel medals, which returned to the laureates. By the way, Diege de Heveshi himself in 1944 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Nobel long-lived

Italian neurobiologist Rita Levi-Montalcini (in the photo) - a long-lived among the Nobel laureates and the oldest of them: this year she turned 103 years old. Premiums in physiology and medicine, she was awarded in 1986, when he noted the 77th birthday. The most elderly laureate at the time of awarding the award was the 90-year-old American Leonid Gurwich (award in economics - 2007), and the youngest - 25-year-old Australian William Lawrence Bregg (a premium in physics - 1915), who became a laureate with his father William Henry Bregg.

Women Nobel

The largest number of women laureates - among the owners of the Nobel Prize of Peace (15 people) and the literature premiums (11 people). However, the owner of the literary award can boast that the first of them was awarded high rank 37 years earlier: in 1909, the Nobel laureate in literature became the Swedish writer Selma Lagerlef (in the photo), and the first woman laureate of the Peace Prize - American Emily Green Boles In 1946.

According to the rules of the Nobel Foundation, for the year to get a premium in one area may not more than three people for different works - or not more than three authors of one work. The first three were Americans George Wipl, George Mineot and William Murphy (in the photo), awarded premiums in physiology and medicine in 1934. And the last (for 2011) is the Americans Solmutter and Adam Rice and Australian Brian Schmidt (physics), as well as Liberiani Elene Johnson-Serlif and LEMA GBOV and a citizen Yemen Tavakul Pocket (Nobel Prize of the World). If the award is awarded not to one person or not for one job, it shares proportionally: first - on the number of works, then - by the number of authors of each work. If the awards are awarded two works, one of which has two author, then the author will receive half the amount, and each of the authors of the second is only a quarter.

Nobel Pass

In the rules of awarding the Nobel Prize, there is no requirement to understand it every year: by decision of the Nobel Committee, if it is not worthy among applicants for a high award, the premium may not be handed. In this case, its cash equivalent is transferred to the Nobel Foundation entirely or in part - in the latter case, from a third to two thirds, the amount can be listed in the specialties of the profile section. For three thousand years - in 1940, 1941 and 1942 - Nobel Prizes were not awarded at all. Taking into account this pass, the Nobel Peace Prize was not awarded (18 times), a premium in physiology and medicine - nine times, in chemistry - eight times, in literature - seven times, in physics - six times, and in awarding award in economics, Entered only in 1969, there was not a single pass.

Nobel transformation

The famous physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1908 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The phrase, whom he reacted to this news, became a winged: the scientist said that "all science - or physics, or collecting brands," and a little later commented on his awards even more figuratively, saying that of all the transformations he witnessed, "The most unexpected has become its own transformation from physics in a chemist."

Nobel heirs

The first laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics was Wilhelm Conrad X-ray, awarded award in 1901 for the opening of X-ray radiation. In total, the work directly related to the use of the opening of X-ray in science, Nobel Prizes were awarded another 12 times, including physics (seven times), in physiology and medicine (three times) and in chemistry (twice): in 1914, 1915, 1917, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1936, 1946, 1962, 1964, 1979 and 1981.