Homemade household items. Russian hut, its decoration and household utensils

Let's start with why no Soviet people could do without anything! Match!

This product of the Balabanovskaya experting factory for the price of 1 kope for the boxes was truly and remains a product not even the first, and the highest need, although ... Of course there are lighters, and the stove is already able to wage independently, and sometimes at night, not finding matches and lighters, I cure from her! And this trick is not entirely safe ... And then the match ... By the way, the one-time lighters widespread now was scared, even empty in the USSR did not disappear - the valve was cut in them and re-used. There were two reasons - firstly, Soviet gas lighters worked worse than the non-sophisticated Chinese, and secondly, it was just "fashionable" ...

But another product of essentials. By the way, with the occurrence of any cataclysm, matches and needles are instantly becoming a terrible deficit. It is so by the way, do not accept for panic ...

Of course, you can declare me: "But what about salt?" And you will be absolutely right, just with me

there is no photo pack of salt those years 7 kopecks. - Stone 10 - "Extra" - for a pack! Matches, needles and salt!

There is a similar modern: that on the left ...

but then, after she pulled me all the pockets, I heal in an old woman - with trifle in my pockets!

So, "Monetnica"

And now one more thing, without which the normal Soviet man did not go shopping.

This is an avoska! True, I disliked it and tried in every way to replace with cellophane packages ...

Universal wand - corrosive in shopping trip. Inoperative practically

it does not occupy a lot of space, in the case of use - stretches to the size of incredible.

A little about the history of the name (if someone does not know). At the beginning of the sixties, when in the country began

the process of lack of products, Arkady Isaakovich Raykin came out with this mesh on stage and

explained: "What is this mesh Avoska! Avos will throw something on sale and where it is thrown

there is always to put! "By the way, the avoska has another important aspect of application - combat!

A couple - the top of the cans of any canned food in a metal stretching carelessly abandoned in Avoska

turn it into skillful hands, in a terrible gun of any fight ...

Also also appreciated the other disposable nonsense like such cups ...

And how the packages were appreciated ... Firstly, even a cheap Tag was worth the ruble, but any package with handles - 3,

and if the picture on it is beautiful then the whole 5th ...

Girls with bags as now with "Wittons" walked ...

Packages were shrule, soap and washed, even simple packaging ...

Schedule Unfortunately, a disposable thing is therefore not survived.

Well, now I ask you to love and complain! The first (and, I must say, the most reliable)

computer! In the early 90s, Inturists bought them with hunting ... And as the same Rarith ...

Schedule! To be accurate in the title "Stationery scores"! Real craftsmen

they considered them at such a speed that it seemed an incomprehensible mind.

Unfortunately, the photos of those "children's" account failed to find, but all their differences from

the biggers were in size and nothing more.

Yes, there were bohoes at the time. Imagine an annual balance on accounts ...

However, there was mechanization - from the simplest Felix

Which I had to master since it cost it seems 15 rubles

A Calculator of Soviet production is this:

Already 220 Rublikov in 1979 ... so on Felix to consider trained ...

And to "Bystricians" ... (this is the same Felix, but with the motor)

And even to the "spark". But this is the end of the 80s, my first PC ...

Especially pleased the red button of the keyboard cutting ...

We mocked the secretary and glue to her signature "Any Key" ...

But another of the main foods, or rather the packaging from under it.

Milk! Kefir! Prostokvash! Acidophilus! And everything is in a glass bottle!

With a lid of multicolored foil ...

White - Milk, Green - Kefir, Golden - Outlet ...

And she in itself treasure! The price of empty containers - 15 kopecks! Tutu cigarettes, damn it!

Put "Prima" for 14 copies and boxes!

Thus, handing up empty dishes could buy something.

It also concerned wine and beer bottles, which cost from 12 to 20 kopecks in

depending on the volume, then it seems in 1983, everyone began to cost equally 20 kopecks.

There was even a joke. What is derived from drunken? - Pugka to the dressed room!

So it's good that a booze that the second derivative is not equal to zero!

True, there were still triangular bags, but they were always flowing,

and later tetrapaks appeared to the 80th ...

Now let's go to the grocery store and come up to the meat department and we will immediately meet us ...

Wrong! Not meat, but this is a poster!

Exactly the same poster was about lamb and pork. And so standing before almost an empty shop window

you started sisy softly ... You saw the juicy chops from the fuel part of the beef, or skewers

from the young lamb, well, or, pork jog ...

And coming out from the store with a "soup set" you, with a half-empty Avoska, began to get home!

All as in a sad joke of those years in the "meat" there is no meat, but in fish-grooming ...

And after all, you will not say that you have no money! Well, yes, you are not a millionaire, but in almost every Soviet

the family was this here is a gray book! Or even a few, and during Gaidarovsky shock

a bunch of people with them got sick ... To the last believed in Sberbank ...

And in the USSR, it was a way to accumulate on something worthwhile. After all, it's not a secret that when

danyushki is easy to put somewhere (under the linen in the closet, in the jar on the mezzanine, in the book

on the bookshelf, etc. etc.), then they go from there immediately, as soon as they want!

Another thing is a savings record ...

While you go to Sberkass, yes, you will be dear in line - you look and the desire to spend disappeared ...

I suggest from the store to leave and look, for example, in the pharmacy!

I think that by the number of buyers of the pharmacy is not inferior to shops, and were years when

pharmacies and surpassed. For example, during the years of anti-alcohol struggle!

From the shelves of pharmacies instantly disappeared all sorts of penny alcohol tinctures

and then there was his turn ...

Well, of course, it is he! Handsome "Triple"! Well, if there were ladies, then some "lilac" took

And here is the famous dental powder. Who could know that he acts on the teeth like an abrasive stone!?

But I sore a belt buckle with him and help me to shine!

The truth for the sake of say that in the years of my childhood it was not sold in a metal, but a cardboard box.

And in the Soviet pharmacies, a set of "Dream of Addict" was sold.

Ephedrine - please, Saltan - How much do you want and very much "codeine with the thermal hydrate" ...

True, at the beginning of 80, the latter was banned ...

Well, now about the holy! About sex! It is said that sex in the USSR was not! Bullshit!

There was also sex, but conjugate with difficulties ...

Actually on the Soviet man to heroically overcome them!

In the hostels - plaid, in the hotels, in one room - by passport,

the housing question was not less, and more rigidly rather than now,

so you want to "live" will be able to ripe ...

There were even condoms!

So, it is "rubber" and called a non-composite product number 2 of the Bakov plant

rubber products, the first product seems to be a gas mask ...

"Rubber" - just enough, but this is a product of watering, richly sprinkled with Talc

and with the characteristic smell of haloshi violent joy as a rule did not cause.

Of course, sometimes someone "lucky" and he got a product "from there."

Legends about all sorts of colors, structures and prubbasters with frozen were transmitted from mouth to mouth.

But for the majority of the population of our Motherland, "Rubber" remained.

Closer to the 80th, other products of the manufacturer appeared - "checked by electronics":

So! Let's go out on the street. Let's go out and go to retail places.

Retail traded blooming in the summer. What do you want most hot summer day?

Well, of course - drink! And here to the rescue comes His Majesty Kvass!

I think there is not a single person who would not love this wonderful drink,

even if he and "booby" ...

12 kopecks liter, 6 kopecks "big" mug in half-liters and 3 kopecks "Little in 250 grams.

Mugs of course, the glass is rinsed right here, so do not be afraid - perhaps ...

The same circles in all beer ...

Especially squeamy wore mugs with themselves, some drank from half-liter jars ...

But Kvass has a undoubted competitor - Her Highness is soda!

In the picture, the wonderful machines selling the carbonated water of the Kharkov plant.

3 kopecks with syrup and 1 kopeck "clean". The machines changed, and the price is not.

In the automata were faceted glasses.

Soap them yourself ...

And another leader on street sale - their excellency beer! Barrel!

However, closer to the 80th beer barrels in Moscow disappeared replaced by stationary stalls

and semi-automatic beer.

But so that there is no queue? I suspect that this so-called. "Production" snapshot!

But such automata were usually in large organizations

or in specialized automatic cafes.

But everything is good ends ... Summer ends and barrels go to warehouses,

and the machines are "preserved" ...

Let's and we rest ... and this is for entertainment

The question is how much these cigarettes cost and how did they call them?

In the life of a person surrounds a lot of items. Some of them are considered extremely necessary, while others are less important. But all people seek to live in comfort and surround themselves with useful things. In the article, consider what is the concept of a "household subject", and we will analyze what is such for an ordinary person.

Description of concept

The objects of life call those things that surround a person and are in the field of its livelihoods. These are a variety of devices, the main task of which is to simplify the life of the population.

Domestic subjects include all that person uses daily. That is, in everyday life. The same thing can be called both household and not. For example, a kitchen stove. If it is used at home for cooking, then this is a household appliance. And if the plate is owned by the restaurant and is applied in production purposes, it does not apply to such.

The essentials need

Domestic necessities include funds, without which the daily life of a person becomes impossible.

These include:

• Food. Food is an important component of people's lives. For the survival of the average person, products such as bread, porridge, meat, fruits, vegetables, water are needed.
• Medications. Many make medicines daily and for medical reasons can not refuse them. Therefore, medicines become an important component of their lives.
• clothing. Each person needs clothing and shoes. They are necessary for almost all actions: work, home affairs, walks.
• Hygienic kits. These are funds that provide human hygiene daily: toothpaste, soap, powder and many other accessories.

Of course, each person can add a list depending on their needs, ways of life and financial opportunities. So, for some car - the daily necessary means of movement, and for others - the subject of luxury.

Kitchenware

In each house you can find small household items that are intended for storage, preparation and eating food. These include:

• spoons, forks, cups;
• pans, storage tanks, kettle;
• tools for cutting: boards, knives, vegetable cleaning devices and similar.

Such adaptations played an important role in the lives of people of all time. Kitchen utensils can be made of various materials:

• metals (copper, iron, steel, aluminum and enamel);
• ceramics (faience, porcelain, clay, glass, glazed ceramics);
• plastics.

The choice of material by the manufacturer determines the quality of the dishes, the ability to influence taste perceptions. Russian legislation regulates the requirements for materials in contact with food.

Clothes and shoes

The wardrobe can also be called a household subject, because things are needed to every person in daily life. With their help, people express their own individuality, emphasize the character and make it possible to know about their preferences.

To household item, the wardrobe includes:

• underwear;
• upper clothes;
• jewelry;
• casual things (pants, jeans, shirts, t-shirts, blouses, dresses and more).

Clothing is an important component of human life. Everyone deals with it, many people follow the fashion and trends, often it is the topic for conversation.

Lighting

Each modern residential premises is equipped with light sources. These are devices that help people in the dark, specialized (for example, lamps for plants) or additional (for example, in darkened housing zones) lighting.

This category includes chandeliers, lamps and sconces. Since each electrical device for work requires current, the lighting sources can be considered hazardous household objects. Their operation should be carried out strictly according to the instructions in compliance with precautions.

Appliances

Due to the accelerated pace of life, people strive to simplify the conditions of their existence as much as possible. This perfectly helps the objects of household appliances. These are electronic devices that help significantly save time, performing such households, like cooking, washing, cleaning, ironing.

These include:

• large household appliances (refrigerator, washing machine, stove);
• small household appliances (microwave ovens, electric kettle, hair dryers, electric shavers, vacuum cleaners and other);
• climate machinery (air conditioners, humidifiers, heaters, fans).

The use of household appliances greatly simplifies the life to all family members. There is free time on hobbies or other classes, such as children.

Furniture

One of the main household items is furniture.

It fulfills the feature of the convenience and arrangement of the housing. Furniture include:

• chairs and tables;
• cabinets and other storage locations;
• cabinets, shelves;
• sofas and armchairs.

Furniture needed to every person. It saves space due to the effective placement of things. It is hard to present housing without a closet for clothes. The wardrobe of the modern man includes things of different styles and destination. Therefore, the place is simply necessary for storage.

Accessories

In addition to listed things, a person uses many accessories in its livelihoods. These are such ordinary household items as:

• hangers;
• mirrors;
• interior decoration objects and paintings;
• textile;
• decorative items (for example, family values \u200b\u200btransmitted by inheritance);
• stands of various purposes.

Their main task is to ensure additional comfort of life. Of course, accessories are not mandatory, but in the absence of comfort becomes defective.

Everyone, returning after a heavy working day, wants to plunge into the atmosphere of a warm home of the hearth. Domestic accessories help him.

Dangerous items in the house

Many household items may not only be useful, but also dangerous. You need to remember this and treat them with attention and caution.

The list of the most dangerous home objects is as follows:

1. Electric extension cords. It is not dangerous not only what they stumble about them and are injured, but also by the fact that they are firewood. More than half of the fires arise due to the malfunction of this household appliance, therefore it is very important to systematically inspect it for a gust or rubbing.
2. Gas plates. Everyone knows that with a random pouring of the burners of them continues to go gas, life-threatening. It is necessary to monitor the stove on which the food is prepared and it is desirable to have a gas-controlled oven. In addition, you should not dry things or hair over the gas stove - it is fraught with fire and burn injuries. In order not to have a fire or explosion when filling the room with gas, it is necessary to ventilate it well, not including electricity.
3. Household electrical appliances - kettles, curls, irons, televisions, lamps and other can also fail. You can not use them with the slightest suspicion of a malfunction and turn off, leaving the house.
4. Household sharp objects - needles, scissors, knives, pins, axes. These things should always be in the places allotted for them, inaccessible to children.
5. Household chemicals. Each house has chemicals and liquids used for washing and cleaning kitchen utensils, washbasins, toilet bowls and the likes of such things. We need to use them in gloves, and if the liquid has a caustic odor, then in a protective mask. Ignoring such rules can lead both allergic reactions and difficult poisoning.

Thus, it can be said that human life is closely related to certain things. That is why those are called life objects. They may differ for people with different sufficiency and needs, but complement the lives with the necessary comfort.

1. Streck 2. Invulsion 3 Pancake Frying

4. Mound Bucket 5. Big Bucket 6.Mo

7. Memorial Measure 8.Manny Jug 9. Mound kettle

10.Derevaya bucket 11.Challer 12.rubel

13. Tolkach Macogon 14. Rocker 15. Oak Barrel for Wine

16. Lapa 17.Kapkan 18. Scales. 1910.

19. Dress Scoop 22. Sign 23.Doloto

21. Three different species

20. SERP 24.BONDARY 25. Corrog 26. Trekti

27. Coal Irons 28. Iron Iron

29. Iron Electric beginning of the twentieth century 31. Stupa 33. Corto

30. Skiira 32 blade 32. Horse plow 34. GERNOV

35. Mixt or Rogach 36. Kocherga 37. Rake

38. Sadnik 39. Wooden shovel 40. Hook

41. NAME 42. Skin 43. Barrel

44. Erzyansky's pair: three types with different decorative carvings.

1. Shining. This is popular in the old century an instrument of labor and the subject of peasant life. With this device, straight threads. We remember Pushkin: "Three girls under the window were late in the evening."
2. Pan. The old deep copper frying pan reminds, rather, a modern pelvis for jam. It was preparing food for the whole big family.
3. Damn Skovorod. On the contrary, a small, shallow skillet, whose starry hour has occurred on the carnival. From modern analogs, it is primarily the material from which it is made.
4. Copper bucket. The bucket can be killed or other liquid from the bucket, barrels, the egg can be welded in the bucket. Nowadays, buckets are usually not copper, but aluminum or enamelled.
5. Big bucket.
6. Small bucket.
7. Copper measure. The object similar to a large mug was actually a dimensional capacity in which exactly a quarter bucket was included.
8. Copper jug. In jugs, they usually wore water from a well or source to home.
9. Copper kettle. Like a modern kettle, served to heat the water.
10. Wooden bucket. He was hollowed out of a solid piece of wood. From antiquity until the XIX century, BRAGA, KVAS, honey poured with such buckets.
11. Clace. Exotic for a modern man tool with "hedgehog" long sharp wooden needles was used for wool and flax.
12. Rubel. The distant ancestor of the iron, with the help of which women stroked underwear. Manually pressing underwear was wound on the rolling pin or roller and rolled out the ruble.
13. Tolkach, he is Macogon. Almost it was a pedestal for a mortar. They were pierced by the seeds of flax, triturated poppy, cottage cheese, oil. Big pushers crushed pigs for pigs.
14. Rocker. Popular in the economy of past centuries, the adaptation that allowed uniformly distribute the severity of the portable cargo. Most often with the help of the rocker wearing water from the well. The rocker was laid on the shoulders, and the buckets with water were hanging on the hooks in its edges, and sometimes other goods. Remember the Russian riddle: "The painted rocker over the river was hung" (Radow - Rainbow)
15. Oak barrel for wine. Wine in the old century was kept, worn and drove out in kegs from oak, in which the drinking drink was preserved no worse than in clay jugs. At the same time, the wooden barrel was incomparably stronger, did not break off from strikes. The plug-in hole on the sidewall plugged the plug, and on the end there was a drain crane. Like other barrels and bans, the wine barrels were tightened with steel hoops.
16. Paw. Today it seems very unusual this an ancient device, with which shoemakers repaired shoes.
17. Trap. Popular hunters trap for catching large animals. The beast squeezed in the drill to the trap. In the twentieth century, the trap was famous in the film "Beware of the car", where the character of Dima Semitzvetov installed it on the "Volga's pedal" to pushing the head of the hijacker.
18. Libra. Presented in the museum, the device for weighing was 100 years old - it was manufactured in 1910. Cast iron mechanism, copper plates.
19. Wooden scoop. This is recruited from bags or other flour, buckwheat and other tanks.
20. Sickle. Weapon for cutting cereals and herbs with a rounded, tousing steel blade and a short wooden handle. Widely used when harvesting. In the older, the thin lunar crescent compared with the sickle. In the twentieth century, a sickle crossed with a hammer turned into one of the main symbols of communism, personifying peasant labor, one with a hammer denoting the work of workers.
21. Three species axes. Many centuries in a row ax consists of a sharp steel blade and a wooden handle. The loggers are filling the trees and cut the branches. Carpenters with the help of axes give the shape of wooden products. Butchers are separated by top plates. The warriors of the past centuries served as cold weapons - they can beat opponents, they can and throw them. Axes and today faith and truth serve to summer houses, tourists, rural residents.
22. Scissors. Here are steel reproduction scissors for metal cutting.
23. Bit. Manual woodworking tool. They can be trimmed by a wooden workpiece, make holes, nests, grooves, etc.
24. Bondar tool.To pull the wooden rings on the barrels.
25. Box Antique oak bag, berers, chips. In the boxes, the peasants we wore bread, salt, other products with themselves on Znitvo and Senokos. The box could also serve for packaging and storing something. Remember the song: "Oh, full of battle ..."
26. Lapties. Characteristic woven low shoes, very popular in Russian villages with antiquity and up to the 20s of the twentieth century. They were worn and men and women. Lapti spilled out of a scroll (faster bedding), berers or hemp. For strength, the soles were littered with a scroll, a row, rope or skin. The lap was tied up to the leg with laces twisted from the same junction, from which the lapti themselves.
27. Coal iron. Used in the economy from the middle of the XVIII century. The principle of operation is very simple - in the housing laid hot corners and closed the lid. For better thrust in the lid, a pipe was made. So that oxygen flows into the sides and rear panel holes are cut. When ironing such an iron should be swung to improve the craving of coal.
28. In Russia, the Iron Iron is first mentioned in 1636, although it appeared much earlier. The iron was made of cast iron or bronze and weighed to 10 kg. Simple irons were the most common in different countries and in different classes up to the twentieth century. They could have different designs and sizes. Preheat such irons on the furnaces, plate or fire.
29. Electric iron. In the first electric irons, there was not yet an incandescent spiral, as in modern iron, and their role was performed by two coal electrodes in both ends of the sole. When turned on between them, an electric arc appeared, which heated the sole. Electric irons turned out to be the most comfortable, their design has developed rapidly, and they replaced all the previous types of irons.
30. The blade of secrei. The sequir is an old cold weapon in the form of an ax with a long handle.
31. Mortar. Wooden container in which the tolver - grind grain or any products. Steps are of different sizes - from large, about half a person's growth, to very small, desktop. For example, in large stups made steels from crude wheat grains, barley, millet, buckwheat. The grain when it is ticking in a step, is freed from the shell and partially grind. Stupa was present in every peasant farm.
32. Horse plow. A typical picture of plowing in the past century: on the field leisurely there is a horse harnessed by a plow, and behind it, leaning his hands on the handle of the plow, the agriculture sticks. The peasant equestrian plow had one blade, which plowed the furrow, preparing the soil. Also, Plow destroyed the rhizomes of plants-weeds.
33. Trough. In the old century, the trough was usually made from wood using half a split log, in which the container was hollowed. Depending on the rock of the used tree, the trough was called oak, linden, aspen, dub, et al. Wooden trough in the economy was used not only for washing or bathing. They were harvested with apples, pickled pickles, stood beer. Inverted bark served as a lid. Also, there were feed troughs in which cattle and bird poured.
34. Millstone. To grind wheat, rye or other grains into flour, two stone circles were used. They rotated, grain raged between them and they triturated grain in flour. The material from which the millstone was done was not random. Typically, the circles were made either of the fine-grained flint of porous sandstone, or from the replaced, containing limestone fossils.
35. Gip or Rogach. Home furnace tool. The device with the help of which was put into the oven and was taken out of the casting furnace, in which the food was cooked. The grasp was a long wooden stick with a semicard metallic Rhitina at the end, for which he was sometimes called a horror. Under each size of the cast iron, his grasp was used - more or smaller.
36. Poker. An indispensable assistant for firebox furnaces. This is usually a long stick or a metal rod with a raised at right angled end. Such a tool allows you to shift, mix firewood in a furnace or fireplace, straw up coal.
37. Rake. Indispensable in the garden, garden, nursery tool that has many appointments. The rakes are breaking the soil, smashes the whisk of already loosened ground, purify the ground from the dug-up of the roots of weed grass, slightly tear the ground between the plants. Also, rake assemble mowed grass, turn it over, remove the cultivated plants. Wooden rakes prevailed in the old days, and in our time - metal.
38. Sadnik. A wide flat shovel, usually a whole wooden, on a long stalk, with which the baked bread is removed from the furnace.
39. Wooden shovel. Unlike metal, it was not used for earthworks, but during the drying of the cleaned grain.
40. Hook. Agricultural device for pulling hay from stack.
41. Chalk. Agricultural instrument for dairy. Consists of two sticks connected by a leather strap or rope. One, that is more authentic, served as a handle, the other thing is that shorter, but it is cold - the shock part. This, second, beating part was made of solid wood, for example, from oak and often with thickening at the end, to the blow was stronger.
42. Skovornel. Home furnace tool. If the castlers put in the oven and raised a rich grasp, the frying pan - a special hook on a long handle.
43. Barrel.
44. Pair Erzyansky. This container, dimensions and cylindrical shape resembling a barrel, not really intended for any liquids, but served as a chest for things, and not simple. The pair is a wedding slotted trunk-jam. It was made from a solid born of linden - from a piece of logs hollow out the middle, leaving the round walls and the bottom. In the middle part of Tulov, the forged ring of iron is attached, on the other hand, an iron pad that served to fix the lid. Such a cylindrical lime chest - a pair in the Mordovian family was considered a mandatory object of utensils. The bet was different sizes, on average, their height reached 80-90 cm, they were tested massive cast iron brackets for locks. In these chests stored canvas, towels, most valuable clothes and decorations. The pair prepared a beet as a gift of daughter-in-law. Usually he was ordered to masters. The customer was calculated by grain or worked in the household of the master so many days how much did the guy did. They were covered with a rich carvings on family life or some labor processes, sometimes female decorations were depicted on it. These drawings carried a certain sacred meaning and should have contributed to the happiness and welfare of a young family. The junction of the chest laying was an important point of the Mordovian wedding. He was not only an acquaintance with the material welfare of the bride, but also had to "provide a happy family life" to "her. Therefore, the pair was purified from the "unclean strength" (we were injected with a lit candle, the icon, the pinch of salt), then put money, bread, cakes, sometimes dishes, so that the "chest was not empty that the young lived." At the end of the rite of the bride distributed gifts to those relatives who brought her a tortillas. And for the deceased birth, she hung on the icon, which her parents blessed in front of a crown, towel. In times, when the hollowed chests began to be replaced by militants, this rite continued to persist. The chests also ordered the master, which part of the money earned laid inside him, "so that life is not empty." Many older women in Mordovia are still preserved betting and chests, in which they store clothes, valuable things.

According to the famous scientist Yu. M. Lotman, "life is the usual life flow in its real-practical forms; Life is things that surround us, our habits and everyday behavior. Life surrounds us as air, and, like air, it is noticeable only when it is missing or it flies. We notice the features of someone else's life, but our life is unfortunate for us - we tend to consider it "just life", the natural norm of practical existence. So, life is always in practice, this is the world of things first of all "(Lotman 1994, 10).

The phrase "traditional life" literally means the course of the daily life of a person in the forms defined by the tradition - in society where adopted and established rules of behavior, skills, the system of representations are transmitted from generation to generation. Naturally, traditional life always has ethnic color. That is why the phrase "traditional life" is often replaced by the words "People's Life", "National Household Entry", "Traditional Household Culture" and others. The book is discussed mainly on the household lifestyle of the peasants and the population of small provincial cities, which have retained communication with rural locality. This is due to the fact that in Russia XVIII - the first quarter of the XIX century. It was the peasantry that was a carrier of traditional forms of culture and life.

Russian nobility, most of the merchants, workers of large industrial enterprises lived within the framework of European culture, urbanistic for their basis and supranational essentially. The lifestyle of the nobleman and the peasant was so distinguished that it made it possible to talk about the presence of two different civilizations among Russian people: noble and peasant. According to the famous historian A. A. Zimin, "the discrepancies between civilizations in the XVIII and XIX centuries was so striking that the impression of two worlds who lived every life could be created" (Zimin 2002, 11). Such a break in the household culture of the Russian people occurred in the Petrovsky era, at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Until that time, representatives of all sections of the Russian society lived in the framework of traditional culture, characteristic of which were static, closedness, loyalty to the Starne.

The reforms of Peter the first and its successors in the economic and political spheres of life, the development of industry, trade, the establishment of strong contacts with European countries was revolved in the cultural consciousness of the country. The update of Russian life was associated with the orientation to the secular culture of Western Europe - the upper layers of the Russian society and the townspeople were ready for her perception and assimilation. The Russian peasantry, on the contrary, in the mass of his own, to the traditional patriarchal lifestyle. Avvakum Protopop in the XVII century. I expressed this worldship like this: "I keep it to death, I am also becoming I will not prelate the limit of the eternal, to us it is necessary: \u200b\u200bit is so in the eyelid century! " The desire to live, as fathers and grandfathers lived, was supported by faith per once and for all of the Orthodmale, accepted by Russia in the X century.

The emergence of any innovations was considered as a rollback to the side, violation of the world ordered by God. The closure of Russian medieval consciousness, unpreparedness to communicate with other cultures crossed out of faith in a special mission of Russia, chosen by the Orthodox people. In the peasant environment, the gradual departure from tradition began in the middle - the second half of the XIX century. New trends that originated in shopping and craft villages, the population of which had durable contacts with the city, then reached many villages, including the most distant from large industrial centers. Nowadays, the lifestyle of Russian peasants is based on the city model, but they have a lot of "remnants of cute antiquity", irrevocably disappeared from the life of citizens.

The world of the Russian village is presented in the book through the description of the peasant dwelling and things that people enjoyed in their daily practice. This approach is quite legitimate. Both the house, and any obligation to be "Memory", and therefore, studying them, you can learn a lot about the social, religious, economic parties to the life of their owners. The house was a focus of human vital forces, here he was protected from bad weather and enemies, from the dangers of the outside world. Here I replaced each other a generation of ancestors, here he continued his genus, here the centuries were formed by the Russian traditional life, which included many items necessary for a person for life and work.

First of all, it was the tools of labor: arable and harrowing soil, cleaning and further processing of the harvest, with the help of which the bread was mined; Cashest care devices; Tools used in crafts and fisheries. Considerable importance had winter and summer transport. Life took place in the house, the inner decoration of which was organized for work and recreation. The house was filled with things used to decorate it, giving it comfort, the objects of a religious cult, as well as a variety of utensils. A person could not do without clothes: everyday and festive, without shoes, hats, etc. All these objects of people's life were created either by the peasants themselves or rustic or urban artisans who took into account the needs and tastes of their customers.

Things made from the hands of the master were well thought out and often amazed by amazing beauty. V. S. Voronov, a well-known specialist in the field of Russian folk decorative creativity, wrote: "All the diverse abundance of household monuments - from a powerful carved platband and painted sleds to a carved pointer, a color clay toy and a cable copper curly castle - amazes the wealth of mature creative fantasy, Witness, fiction, observation, decorative, constructive courage, technical balance - with all the completeness of artistic gifting, in which it is easy and simply was a peasant-artist to design and abundantly decorate any means of everybody, overlooking everyday life in a deep and a bad holiday of live beauty "( Voronov 1972,32-33).

The objective world of Russian peasants was relatively uniformly on all the space of Russia. This is especially true for agricultural, craft guns, vehicles, objects of the situation and decoration of dwellings, which, with rare exceptions, were the same everywhere, which is explained by similar natural and climatic conditions, the agricultural type of peasant economy. The local peculiarities were distinguished by objects, few people associated with the production activities, such as, for example, clothing or festive utensils. So, the costume of a married peasantry from the Vologda province was not like a suit of a woman from Kursk province; The vessels for filing on the table beer from the Vyatka province were not like in the villages of Voronezh province.

Local differences were due to the huge spaces of Russia, the disunity of its individual territories, the influence of neighboring peoples, etc. The characteristic feature of the objective world of the Russian peasant was its relative immutability, stability. In the XVIII - early XX century. He was mainly the same as in the XII - XIII centuries: there were soha with two coulters and a crossbar bump, wooden harrow, sickle, braid, bucket, rocker, clay pot, bowl, spoon, shoe, boots, table , shop and many other things you need. This is due to the age-old stability of the life conditions of Russian peasants, the immutability of their main occupation is agriculture, which determined material needs. At the same time, the subject world of the farmers of farmers was not once formed and frozen.

Over the centuries, new things have been gradually included in it, the need for which was determined by technical progress and, as a result of this, inevitable, albeit relatively slow change in lifestyle. So, at the beginning of the XV-XVI century. Appeared space-litovka, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. In peasant use, such a arable gun was used as a roe, in the XIX century. The peasants began to drink tea from a samovar, cook food on a cast-iron pan, women began to tai of the head instead of ancient removal with a square handkerchief, put on a couple instead of a shirt and a sarafan - a snack skirt. The fact that once seemed someone else was gradually rooted, became his own, traditional. In parallel with this from the consumption, things left, who granted themselves.

In the first half of the XIX century. They stopped using chest head restraints for storing money and values \u200b\u200bon the way. At the end of the XIX century. From the festive consumption disappeared by the scrup, which from the XII century. He served to serve beer on the table. Change of items occurred unnoticed; With one things parted without regret, others, losing functionality, turned into a ritual, the third were "on the alert" about people who left this world. Each subject of Russian traditional life has had a dual nature: in everyday practice, things were used according to their direct, utilitarian purpose, in the ritual practice they showed the values \u200b\u200bof symbols.

For example, a broom was swept off, in the passionate Thursday, the broom was used to protect the house from unclean strength: the woman sat down on her riding and with certain spells ran around her house. Clay grains were in trouble with the pile, in the hands of the pile of the stupa with a pest turned into a symbol of male and female soy. The fur coat was worn during the cold season, - the fur coat, unfriendly for the newlyweds on the shop, became a sign of their fertility in marriage. The pot was an indispensable attribute of wedding and funeral rituals, he was divided into a sign of changes in the status of man. After the marriage night, he broke his friend on the threshold of the newlywed room, thereby showing the present that the night was safe. In the ritual, the funeral of the pot was divided by the removal of the dead man from the house so that the dead could not return to the world of living. Kokoshnik remained a female festive headdress and a symbol of marriage. "Substitution" and "badge" was present in all subjects of people's life.

Some items possessed a large semiotic status, others are smaller. The high degree of badge was endowed, for example, towels - ornamented fabric panels designed to decorate the interior. In the homeland-christening, wedding, burial-memorial rituals they performed mainly as the signs of personnel to a certain family - "race-tribe". In some situations, some objects, turning into symbols, completely lost their real nature.

So,. Yu. M. Lotman in the same book gave examples when the bread from the usual use of the sphere of consumption passes into the scope of the value: In the words of the famous Christian prayer "Bread our urgent gone to us" Bread turns into food, demanding to maintain life; In the words of Jesus Christ, given in the Gospel of John: "I AM Bread of Life; I will not be alkalo "(John, 6:35), bread and a designative word forms a complex symbolic combination. The traditional Russian life is so rich and born that it is virtually impossible in one book in one book in its entirety. This encyclopedic dictionary combined articles about the device of peasant dwellings, about transport, about labor instruments and the main objects of peasant durable, which make it possible to tell many people who have left the past lives.

The hut was the main residential premises of the Russian home. Its interior was narrowed by strict, long-standing with established forms, simplicity and expedient location of items. Its walls, ceiling and gender, as a rule, no painted and not salary, had a pleasant warm color of wood, bright in new homes, dark in old ones.

The main place in the exorbitant was held by the Russian oven. Depending on the local tradition, it stood on the right or to the left of the entrance, the mouth to the side or front wall. It was convenient for the inhabitants of the house, since the warm oven was blocking the way with the cold air, penetrating from Seine (only in the southern, centrally black membrane band of European Russia, the furnace was in the far from entering the corner).

Diagonal from the furnace stood a table over which the Borean was hung with icons. Along the walls were stationary shops, and above them were embedded in the walls of the same width of the shelves - drills. In the back of the hollow from the furnace to the side wall under the ceiling, a wooden flooring was arranged. In the South Russian areas behind the side wall of the oven could be wooden flooring for the spongo - the floor (platform). All this fixed furnishings of the hut was built by carpenters along with the house and was called a choir outfit.

The space of the Russian hut was divided into parts that had a certain purpose. The front corner with the blade and the table was also called great, red, holy: family meals were arranged here, read aloud prayers, the gospel, the psalter. Here on the shelves stood a beautiful dining room utensils. In the houses where there was no barbell, the front angle was considered a parade part of the hut, the place of reception.

The space near the door and the furnace was called the Babi corner, the oven angle, the middle angle, heart, heart. It was a place where women were preparing food, engaged in various works. Pots were stood on the shelves, bowls, near the oven - grasp, a kocher, a pomel. The mythological consciousness of the people determined the furnace corner as a dark, unclean. In the hives, there were no two sacred centers on the diagonal: the center of Christian and the center of the pagan, equally important for the peasant family.

A fairly limited space of the Russian hut was organized in such a way that there was a family of seven or eight people with a large or smaller convenience. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the overall space. Men usually worked and rested in the afternoon on the male half of the hollows, which included the front angle with icons and shop near the entrance. Women and children were in the afternoon on the female half near the oven.

Sleep places were also strictly distributed: children, guys and girls slept on the reagents; The owner with the hostess of the house - under the reservation on a special flooring or shop, to which a broad bench moved; Old men on the furnace or Golbse. It was not necessary to break the order headed in the house without extreme need. A person, his violating, was considered not a knowledgeable commandments of fathers. The organization of the internal space of the huts found its reflection in the wedding song:

I will enter the parents' brightlist,
Pray for all on four sides,
Another first angle of the angle,
I will ask the Lord blessing,
Into the body is white - healthy,
In the mind of the mind-mind
In white handle reduced,
To be able to please in someone else's family.
I will give the corner the average
For bread for salt,
For a pouremian, for a fourth,
For warm dresan.
And the third bow will give the corner to the heat
For his sogrevian
For Calenny Corn
For bricks hot.
And in the last worship
Corner kutno
For his silence,
Behind the gloves down
For sleep, for a sweet dormant.

The woo was kept clean, which was most characteristic of Northern and Siberian villages. The floors in the hut was soap once a week, and at Easter, Christmas and to the prestial holidays, the Golitsa with sand rave not only the floor, but also walls, ceiling, shops. Russian peasants tried to decorate their horses. On weekdays, its decoration was rather modest: a towel on the ship, dominant rugs on the floor.

On the festive day, the Russian hut was transformed, especially if there was no flax in the house: the table was covered with a white tablecloth; on the walls, closer to the front corner, and the windows embroidered or covered with colored towels were hung on the windows; Store and stood chests covered in the house with elegant tracks. The interior of the courtyard was somewhat different from the inner decoration of the hut.

The hill was the front room at home and was not intended for permanent family residence. Accordingly, its inner space was solved otherwise - it had no flats and platforms for the spongas, instead of the Russian oven stood the holland, adapted only for the heating of the room, the shops were covered with beautiful addresses, the front dining room was placed on the climbers, on the walls near the Born. Pictures of religious and secular content and towels. Overhast of the rest of the horses, the harmless outfit of the hill repeated the stationary outfit: in the corner of the corner the Borent with icons, along the walls of the bench, over them the shelves-drills, many chests, sometimes set alone on the other.

The peasant house is difficult to imagine without numerous utensils accumulated decades, if not in centuries, and literally flooded its space. Utensils are dishes for workpiece, cooking and storing food, feeding it on the table - pots, marks, lommers, kinks, bowls, dishes, endands, buckets2, crops, etc.; All sorts of tanks for collecting berries and mushrooms - baskets, body, Tues, etc.; Various chests, straws, caskets for storing household goods, clothes and cosmetic accessories; Items for burning fire and inner lighting at home - fire, Svets, candlesticks and MN. Dr. All these homemade items needed in a larger or smaller number were in every peasant family.

Home apparatus was relatively monotypes on the entire space of the settlement of the Russian people, which is explained by the community of home the life of Russian peasants. Local versions of the objects of utensils were practically absent or, in any case, were less obvious than in clothing and food. Differences were manifested only in the utensils served on the table on holidays. At the same time, the local originality found its expression not so much in the form of dining room dishes, as in its decorative design.

A characteristic feature of the Russian peasant utensils was the abundance of local names of the same subject. The vessels of the same shape, a single destination, made of one material, in the same way, were called in their own ways in different provinces, counties, mosses and further villages. The name of the subject changed depending on its use by a specific hostess: the pot in which the porridge was cooked, in the same house called "Cashnik", the same pot used in another cooking house was called "puppy".

In different ways, the utensils of one destination were called, but made of different material: a vessel of clay - a pot, cast iron - cast iron, from copper - a medical center. Terminology often changed depending on the method of manufacturing a vessel: the vessel of the cooler work for the journey of vegetables - a shredding of a tree duck - Dolbenka, isolated from clay - Korchag. The decoration of the inner space of the peasant house began to undergo noticeable changes in the last third of the XIX century. First of all, the changes touched the interior of the hill, which was perceived by the Russians as a symbol of the richness of the peasant family.

Hardware owners sought to furnish with their objects characteristic of the urban lifestyle: instead of shops - chairs, stools, canapels - sofas with lattice or deaf backs, instead of an antique table with a substolete - urban-type table covered with a tablecloth-"File". The indifference of the tank became the chest of drawers with drawers, a hill for festive dishes and an elegantly cleaned, with a lot of bed pillows, and near the Bores hung in the pictures of the photos and clock-cladders.

After some time, the innovations also touched over: the wooden partition separated the oven from the rest of the space, the city life objects began to actively displace traditional fixed furniture. So, the faults gradually replaced the bed. In the first decade of the XX century. The decoration of the hut is replenished with cabinets, buffets, mirrors and small sculpture. The traditional set of utensils persisted significantly longer, up to the 30s. XX century, which was explained by the stability of the peasant lifestyle, the functionality of household items. The exception was only a festive dining room, or rather, tea utensils: from the second half of the XIX century. In the peasant house, along with a samovar, porcelain cups, saucers, sugar bowls, vases for jams, milkers, metal teaspoons appeared.

In wealthy families during the festive trapes, individual plates, shapes for a jelly, glass glasses, glasses, glasses, bottles, and so on, change the lifestyle of peasants in the XX century, orientation on the style and lifestyle of a big city led to almost a complete replacement Former ideas about the inner decoration of the house and gradually eliminating the traditional household culture.