Biography of Christopher Columbus. Mystery of the Mysterious Death of Christopher Columbus Photos of Columbus Opening of America
Christopher Columbus - Portrait of an unknown artist 16 in.
Columbus Christopher (Lat. - Columbus, Ital. - Colombo) (1451-1506). Navigator. Born in Genoa. In 1492-1493, he led the Spanish Expedition to search for the shortest sea route to India, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and October 12, 1492 reached about. San Salvador (official opening date of America).
From the Soviet Encyclopedia:
Columbus (Lat. Columbus, Ital. Colombo, Span. Colon) Christopher (1451, Genoa, - 20.5.1506, Valladolid), the famous navigator, by the origin of the Genoese. In 1476--84 lived in Lisbon and Portuga. O-Wah Madeira and Porto Santa. Participated in swimming in North. Atlantic. Based on the ancient doctrine of the Framelessness of the Earth and the existing calculations of scientists of the 15th century, amounted to the Western project, in his opinion of the shortest, Mor. Paths from Europe to India. In 1485, after Portuga. The king rejected his project, K. moved to Spain, where after 7 years of struggle with the support of ch. arr. Andalusian merchants and bankers achieved an organization under its leadership of governments, the ocean expedition. 1st expedition (1492--93) as part of 90 people. For 3 caravels (Santa Maria, Pinta, Ninya) came out of Palos 3 Aug. 1492. Taking from the Canar O-Went of the course for 3., the expedition crossed the Atlantic OK. and reached about. San Salvador in the Bahamas archipelago, where K. was landed until Oct 12. 1492 (Officer. Opening date of America). Oct 28. open. Cuba, 6 Dec.-- Oh. Haiti. Based on Haiti Fort Navidad and leaving 39 volunteers there, K. March 15, 1493 returned to Spain, where he was granted the title of Admiral and the title of vice king of newly open lands. The 2nd Expedition (1493--96) K. As part of 17 vessels with the crew of St. 1500 people 25 Saint. 1493 left Cadiz. 3 Nov. 1493 were open about: Dominica, as well as about. Guadeloupe, then OK. 20 M.antille o-grade (including Antigua and Virgin), 19 Nov.-- about. Puerto Rico, May 5 - about. Jamaica. In 1496 K. laid down Santo Domingo, a number of other yen. settlements. June 11, 1496 returned to Spain. The 3rd expedition (1498--1500) consisting of 6 ships (300 people) went into swim at the end of May 1498. July 31 was discovered about. Trinidad, 1 Aug.-- Part of the South Amer coast. Mainland, 15 Aug. -- about. Margarita. 31 Aug. K. arrived in Santo Domingo. Open lands did not justify the hopes. The courtyard, which expected to find huge wealth and make them the source of its income. At the same time, the expedition K. was absorbed means amounts. Against K. served court circles. In 1500, he was removed from the management of open lands, deprived of other privileges, taken into custody and sent from Santo Domingo to Spain, where he was released. Having achieved permission to continue the search for the Zap. Ways to India, K. organized the 4th expedition (1502-- 1504), K-paradium consisted of 4 small ships. In the course of her was discovered. Coast Center. America. 7 Nov. 1504 K. Returned to Spain. The discoveries of K. were accompanied by the colonization of land, the basis of the PC. settlements, enslavement and mass extermination of the indigenous population. After swimming, K. American lands entered the sphere of geogr. Representations and contributed to the revision of the medieval worldview and the emergence of new earth science.
Great navigator
Columbal, Christoforo Colombo) (1451-1506), the great Spanish navigator of Italian origin, who led by four transatlantic expeditions to America.
Early years in Genoa and Portugal. Columbus was born in the Italian Republic of Genoa, in the port of the port of the city or in its surroundings. Despite the presence of a significant number of documents, many facts of Columbus biography are difficult to accurately establish. Columbus used the Portuguese version of his named Kristanov Color, living in Portugal, and Spanish - Cristobal Colon, after moving to Spain in 1485.
Grandfather of the Marigold, Giovanni Colombo, moved to the genime from the mountain village, located east of this city. Father Columbus, Domenico, born about 1418, married Susanna Fontanarossa and, to maintain a family, worked as a weak, seller of wool, an interpreter and even acted as a politician. Christopher had three younger brothers (Bartolomeo, Giovanni-Pellegrino and Jacomo) and the younger sister (Bianchinetta). Bartolomeo and Giacomo participated in the expeditions of Columbus after 1492 in the new light and were named Spanish manner - Bartolome and Diego.
Judging by the letters, Columbus became a sailor in an unusually early age and flooded the Mediterranean Sea on shopping ships to the east until O. Chios, who belonged to the then Genoa. Perhaps he was a merchant and at least once commanded the vessel. In the mid-1470s, Columbus Donkey in Portugal and joined the small colony of Italian merchants in Lisbon. Under the Portuguese flag, shopping or naval, he sailed to North in England and Ireland, and perhaps in Iceland. He also visited Madeira and Canary O-Wa and walked along the western coast of Africa to the Portuguese shopping point San Jorge-da Mine (Sovr. Ghana).
In Portugal, Columbus married, becoming a member of the mixed Italian-Portuguese family, whose Italian ancestors settled in this country at the end of the 14th century. and reached a high position there. The youngest of the members of this family, Bartolome to Switch, was taken to the Royal Palace as a comrade of Princes Juan and Heinrich (Heinrich Seavwater). Bartolome was widowed early and received inherited Chin Captain on O. Port Santo near Madeira. It gave him a good income, but he did not give much of the riches. Bartolome's second wife, Isabel Monis, belonged to the family of noble landowners, their estates were in the south of Portugal and O. Madeira. They had a daughter Felipa Montis (the full name of Felipa over-the-year-old Felipa), at which Columbus married in 1478 or 1479. Isabel Monis gave son-in-law and documents stored at her husband who died in 1457. Perhaps the Columbus of them and learned extensive Information on geography.
Travel plan in India. For many centuries, the attention of European merchants attracted such profitable Asian products as spices. Nevertheless, at the end of the 15th century. Traders from Europe still could not penetrate into Asia countries, and were forced to acquire Asian goods from Arab merchants in Alexandria or other ports. Therefore, the Europeans became interested in finding the sea route to Asia, which would allow them to acquire Asian goods, bypassing intermediaries. In the 1480s, the Portuguese tried to beat Africa to penetrate the Indian Ocean in India. Columbus put forward the assumption that Asia can be hit by moving to the West. Probably, the representations of Columbus about the world and the Western way to Asia were gradually developed. His assumptions were based on the opening of the islands in the Atlantic (Canary, Azores, Green Cape, Madeira), on rumors about other islands, various finds, as well as reading numerous scientific books on geography, including the picture of the world (IMAGO MUNDI) of the French Piera D " Ayi and Geography of Greek Scientist Claudia Ptolemy.
The theory of Columbus was based on two incorrect ideas: firstly, the Asian mainland extends to the East about 30 ° further than in fact, and, secondly, Japan is 2400 km east of this mainland. Columbus also incorrectly set the length of the earth circumference. Although he divided the globe 360 \u200b\u200b°, the estimate of the length of its circumference at the level of the equator was understated. Columbus believed that the Canary O-Va was accounted for approximately 4440 km from Japan, whereas in fact this distance is 19,615 km. Similar delusions were also inherent in other educated people to the epoch, including the Florentine humanist and geographer Paolo Dahl Pozzo Toskanjelli, with which Columbus may have rewritten.
Approximately 1483 Columbus tried to interest the Portuguese King Juan II of his expedition plan to Asia Western. The commission of scientists was convened to evaluate the project. Then for unknown reasons, the king refused the Columbus. Perhaps Portuguese experts doubted his assessments of the size of the globe and the distance between Europe and Asia. It should be noted that at the same time Juan II has already sent an expedition to find the sea route to India around Africa. It is possible that Columbus demanded too much for itself personally. Subsequently, the king found navigators, ready to go to the West at his own expense, without requiring royal subsidies or major benefits. However, one way or another in Portugal, the Columbus project has not received approval.
Spain supports Columbus. In 1485, Columbus left Portugal to try his happiness in Spain. In early 1486, when the yard was in Alcala de Enaren, Columbus was represented by the Royal Court and received an audience at the King and Queen. Queen Isabella Castilskaya and her spouse King Ferdinand Aragonian showed interest in the Columbus project. The royal couple appointed a commission under the leadership of Talavera to find out the question of the feasibility of traveling to the West. The Commission made an unfavorable conclusion, however, the king and queen encouraged Columbus, assuring him in what could support him after the completion of a long war on the liberation of Granada from Mavrov.
Waiting for the end of the war for Granada, Columbus met a young woman from Cordoba Beatrice Enriches de Aran. Although they never combined with a marriage, in 1488 they had a son of Hernando (also known as Fernando). Hernando accompanied Columbus during his fourth swimming through the Atlantic Ocean and later wrote the biography of his father - so far one of the most important sources of information about the life of Columbus.
In January 1492, during the siege of Granada, Queen Isabella invited Columbus to the court. After long negotiations and discussion of the arguments of the court royal couple, I realized that the support of Columbus is worth a small financial risk, and rejected the objection of their advisers. The monarchs agreed to subsidize the expedition and promised to assign Columbus the noble rank and titles of Admiral, the Vice-King and the Governor-General of all islands and the mainland, which he will open. Admiral gave Columbus The right to make a decision in disputes arising from trade affairs, the position of Vice-King made him a personal representative of the monarch, and the position of General Governor provided him with the highest civil and military power.
First expedition, 1492-1493. Since sailors from Palos de la Forsers violated the Royal Law, under illegal trade in African waters, the monarchs decided that this city would provide the Columbus expedition two vessels. These were two caravels called "Pint" and "Ninya." In addition, Columbus chartered a four-matte sailboat (NAO), called Santa Maria. All three vessels differed in small sizes and were typical shopping ships of that era. Santa Maria had a width of 5.8 m and a length of 18.3 m, and other vessels were even smaller. Columbus collided with difficulties in the set of people in his team, as the sailors feared that they would not find the earth and could not return home. Finally, with the help of a famous Sailor Martina Alonso Pinson Columbus gained a team of 90 people. The monthly salary for the team was 2000 marated for captains and pilot, 1000 - for sailors and 666 - for Jung.
Three vessels left Palos early in the morning on August 3, 1492. A small flotilla first headed towards the Canary o-you, where Columbus decided to wait for the passing wind. After the repair of vessels and replenish the province of the Flotily left O.Gomer on the Canary Archipelago on September 6, 1492, taking the course to the West. Columbus and other pilots used a navigation system based on directions, time and speed of movement when laying a vessel rate and establishing its location. They determined the direction of the compass, time - on the sandy hour, noted every half hour, and the speed is on the eye. Columbus was led by two systems for calculating the distance in a valuable magazine, one for themselves, and the other for the team. Contrary to legend, he did not try to deceive the team. On the contrary, he probably calculated the course first in those measures that he learned in Italy and Portugal, and then translated these figures to the measures taken from the Spanish navigators.
The journey passed calmly with associated winds and almost without complaints from the team. On October 12, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Juan Rodriguez Bermeho saw the lights ahead, and at the dawn, the court had anchor at the Islands in the Bahamas archipelago, which residents of the local tribe (secretly) were called Guanakhani, and Columbus renamed San Salvador. Although there is still a discussion on the first place of disembarking, most likely, it was modern O. San Salvador. Assuming that he is in Asia, Columbus called the Aboriginal Indians.
With the help of conductors from the tribe, the secret flotilla continued to sail in the waters of the Bahamas archipelago and visited Cuba. All this time, Columbus was in vain sought rich ports of Asia. Pinson without the permission of Columbus left Cuba and went to "Pint" to search for other lands to establish trade with aborigines. Columbus on the two remaining vessels swam to the island, which he called Espanyola (in the translation of the Spanish Island, now O.Gaiti), and examined his northern coast. Early in the morning under Christmas due to the fault of a young watch sailor "Santa Maria" was stranded and crashed. On the only vessel "Ninya", Columbus reached the coast and founded the first settlement of Navidad (Span. "Christmas city"), in which 39 people left. January 4, 1493 He prepared for returning to Spain on Ninier and swam east along the northern coast of Espanyola. Soon the Pinson joined him, and on January 16, Ninya and Pinta went on the way back. Columbus grabbed seven captive Indians with him in proof of what was reached by the part of the world, previously not known to Europeans.
By samples and mistakes, Columbus caught a passing wind, which drove his court home. Upon approach to Azores, the storm looked for a trigger in different directions. On February 15, Columbus on NNINE reached O. Santa Maria, from where he continued her way in Spain in nine days. During the next storm, the worst part of the sails on the "Ninnier" was torn, the ship and the team threatened death. On March 4, they got to the shore of Portugal north of Lisbon and stopped there to pass and repair the vessel. Columbus inflicted the court of courtesy to King Juan II and 13 March sailed to Spain. Two days later, Ninya arrived in Palos. Martin Alonso Pinson on Pinton appeared in this port on the same day a little later Columbus.
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand had a warm welcome Columbus. In addition to the previously promised privileges, they gave him permission to the second, more extensive expedition. Columbus assured them that a rich Asian mainland is close to the islands open to them, where he wanted to establish a colony.
Second Expedition, 1493-1496. Ferdinand and Isabella contributed to the plans of Columbus, providing him with trial and people to send to Espanyol. The queen ordered the aboriginal in the Christian faith. Columbus easily found 1200 people who agreed to go with him as future settlers. Flotilla from 17 vessels went from Cadiz on September 25, 1493 and reached the Canary O-Gossing October 2, and in ten days he went into swim in the Atlantic. On November 3, they landed on the island of the Caribbean, which Columbus called Dominica. From there he swam along the small Antilles and Virgin Islands, bypassing Puerto Rico, to Espanyol.
To the greatest surprise of the arrivals, it turned out that all 39 people left in January in Navidade died, mainly as a result of the shym with the aborigines. Despite this, Columbus founded a new settlement, calling him La Isabel in honor of Queen of Spain. Unfortunately, the place for settlement was chosen unsuccessfully: there were no fresh water nearby, and because of this it was subsequently abandoned. In addition to searching for gold and determine the location of the ports of the "Great Chinese Khanate", Columbus engaged in trafficking in slaves. He and his people armed with arkebuses, along with horses (for the first time in America, during this journey) and the battle dogs were held on Espanyol, excreting gold, and if they met resistance, they took gold with force and captured prisoners.
Leaving his brother Diego to edit Espanyola, in the spring of 1494 Columbus took an expedition along the southern coast of Cuba. He believed that Cuba is part of the Asian mainland, and even forced the crew members to sign a document in which she assured his coronal patrons, which really found Asia.
During the absence of Columbus on Espanyol, a small fleet arrived under the command of Bartoloma Columbus and found a colony in a state of chaos. Disappointed colonists returned to Spain and described Columbus and his brothers as unfit administrators. Spanish monarchs were sorry for the inspection of Juan Aguado, which at the end of 1495 confirmed their worst fears: the mortality among the Indians was too high, mainly due to the policies of the colonists (in 1508 it was estimated that the number of local people decreased for the previous 16 years from 250 thousand to 60 thousand people). In addition, due to illness and desertion, the number of Europeans has greatly decreased. Many simply left the colony and walked on the ships to Spain. Columbus went to Spain on March 10, 1496, leaving her brother Bartolome on Espanyole. His tiny flotilla consisted of two vessels - "Ninya" and participating in the first expedition of India, built on Espanyole from the remains of two Karavel. Columbus arrived in Cadiz on June 11, 1496.
Third Expedition, 1498-1500. By 1496 Ferdinand and Isabella no longer hoped to get an ambulance from Columbus enterprises. It became clear that only time and grave labor will bring income from the colonies. Despite the accusations of the absence of abilities to manage, Columbus managed to convince the monarchs to give permission to the third expedition using NAO and two caravels for surveying new lands, as well as three more caravels for delivery to Espanyol food, 300 men and 30 women to replenish the contingent of colonists.
Flotilla, published in May 1498 from Spain, was divided from O.Gomer on the Canary Archipelago. Three vessels took a direct course on Espanyol. Columbus on three other vessels went on to the south, reached the O-Great Girl Green Cape and then turned on July 7 on July 7. Visiting O.Trinidad on July 31, he sailed to the north-west to the shores of America. Having found an extensive river delta (R. Ooroko in modern Venezuela), Columbus realized that there was a huge array of sushi. It seemed to him that these lands were located near the Eden described in the Bible.
After the coast survey in the Orinoco Columbus Delta area went to Espanyol, where Bartolome and Diego could not clean up. Alarmed by the reports of Columbus, Ferdinand and Isabella sent Francisco de Bobadile to investigate cases in the colony and, if necessary, to take extraordinary measures. Quickly appreciating the situation, he arrested all three columbus brothers for the inability to clean up the colony, confiscated their money and, causing to the shackles, in December 1500 sent to Spain. Immediately upon return, Columbus was called to the court in Granada. Expressing his sympathies to Columbus, the monarchs assured that they never ordered to skate him into the shackles. Nevertheless, until September 1501, they detained the consideration of his statements about restoring rights.
Ferdinand and Isabella returned the Columbus part of the titles and all the property, but did not leave the authority. The monarchs also did not give permission to the next expedition and began to create a new structure of the colony management, appointing the Governor of Espanyola Nicolas de Obando. Owando sailed to the Caribbean region in February 1502 for 30 ships with a large group of settlers. Only in March 1502 Ferdinand and Isabella allowed Columbus to head a new transatlantic expedition.
Fourth expedition, 1502-1504. Flotilla Columbus consisted of four not very well prepared small caravel, which had mediocre crews. Columbus, who turned 51 years old, and his 13-year-old son Hernando sailed on the flagship ship from Cadiz on May 11, 1502. After leaving the Canary O-Wa, they crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the island, which Aborigines called Matininho, and Columba renamed in Martinique. Blowing through the Antilles archipelago, the fleet reached Espanyola on June 29, although Ferdinand and Isabella banned Columbus there to disembark. Columbus knew that Governor Obandso is going to send great flotilla to his homeland. Noticing an approaching hurricane, he warned Owando about the storm and asked permission to enter the Espanyola bay. Owando raised the fears of Columbus and ordered raising sails. As the Columbus predicted, the storm broke out, and the entire fleet of Owando, with the exception of one ship, sank.
Leaving Espanyol, Columbus and his companions made a further journey, mainly along the shores of Central America. Columbus still believed that he was in Asia, not far from R. Hang. Indians Guayami, who lived in the territory of modern Panama, traded gold with the Columbus expedition, but furosely opposed the attempts of Europeans to establish a settlement. In April, 1503 guai forced Europeans to leave their land. During the retreat, one ship sank, and the three remaining hardly kept afloat. Columbus threw another vessel in the sea, and then went to Jamaica. He returned to Spain on November 7, 1504.
Columbus in the Spanish city of Valladolid died on May 21, 1506 in the presence of Diego's brother, Sons of Diego and Hernando and several friends on the expedition. His remains were transported to Seville in 1513, and then approximately 1542, reburied in the Cathedral of the city of Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic).
In biography Christopher Columbus More white spots than reliable facts. His name is surrounded by legends, it remains one of the most mysterious figures in history. Until recently, he was written exclusively as a great discoverer, but recently more and more studies appear in which scientists offer to look at him on the other side. So, the American historian Howard Zinn is confident: the appearance of European settlers in the new light marked the beginning of mass colonization, slave trade and extermination of indigenous peoples.
Information about what the Columbus was engaged before the start of great travel was not fixed. Some researchers are confident that the navigator thoroughly hid some facts of his biography, as in the past it was a robber and slave trade. He really sailed to the shores of West Africa, where the slave trade was actively conducted, but did not preserve accurate evidence of what he actually did there. There is also a version that the future discoverer was born in the family of commoner who earned trade and weaving, and therefore did not like to mention his doubtful origin.
The first European settlement in the New World (which Columbus called India, then China, then Japan) was La Navidad ("Christmas") on the island of Haiti. In 1492, one of the ships of the Spanish squadron crashed, the team got to the coast, and Columbus decided to leave the Spaniards on the island, founding the first settlement. Food reserves were insignificant, but Columbus was confident that sailors could easily submit their local population. When a year later, the navigator returned to the island, he learned that the aborigines killed all settlers for the poor handling of them.
The most famous mistake of Columbus was confidence that he reached the shores of Asia. However, the navigator was mistaken in his calculations - Asia was at least 3 times further than he intended, and on his way a new continent had a new way. In South America, Normans were long before Columbus, but the colonization of the continent began with his expeditions. At the same time, in the Spanish Colony on Haiti, he set a harsh order: any uprisings were brutally suppressed, while he did not gently gentle the local population, nor Spanish settlers. The colonists even complained to Columbus Spanish king. The Royal Commissioner arrested the navigator and brought him to Spain in the shackles. However, the King Ferdinand not only freed Columbus, but also financed his fourth expedition to a new light.
Columbus did not simply appreciate its merits - he demanded to appoint him to the vice-king of new lands. King Ferdinand considered these ambitions excessive, although the navigator made a lot of profitable suggestions. So, for example, he suggested sending new lands of non-free citizens to the settlement of new land, but criminals that reduced the cost of their content in prisons. However, this medal had a reverse side: the criminals often raised rebellion against the authorities of the settlements.
The main argument of Columbus was the assumption that there are many gold in Asia in which Spain needed. And the navigator pledged him to get it for the state treasury, in exchange for the tenth of the profit, transfer to the Office of open lands and the fame of the discoverer. He also promised to bring to Spain "So many slaves as much as it would be."
In his report on the first expedition, he claimed that he reached the shores of Asia (in fact it was Cuba) and islands near the coast of China (Haiti). He failed to find rich gold deposits, but the locals were taken to Spain as slaves: 500 of the most strong Aravak men and women, 200 of which were killed in the way. The attitude to the local residents remained in the colonies was extremely cruel: Men were in the mines, and women were on plantations.
The death of Columbus in 1506 was almost unnoticed - by that time his glory was a fool. After 20 years after his death, the merits of the navigator began. In America and today, the attitude towards him is ambiguous: the day of Columbus is not only noted by parades, but also mass protest demonstrations, during which the discoverer is called the colonizer and carry his portraits with the inscription "Killer".
The indigenous residents of the captured territories often not only became slaves, but also served as a means of entertainment Europeans: Perhaps soon I will register before the creation of a series of posts about doubtful portraits of famous personalities, dubious in the sense that it is not clear whether they really depict the very person. For the personality lived in the era rather distant and lifted-lifted portraits or were not preserved, or did not exist at all. Well, of course, it will be not about Pythagore and not about Vladimir Red Sunshine, but about people who lived in times when portraying has already become more or less ordinary.
This time - Christopher Columbus, he is Cristobal Colom, he is Cristoforo Colombo.
Lovely portraits of Columbus were not preserved, but the description of his appearance was left, made by Bartolome de Las Casas:
The growth was high, above the average, the face had a long and inspiring respect, the nose of the eagle, the eyes of bluish-gray, the skin is white, with a reddish, a beard and mustache in his youth were reddish, but in the writings we have grown.
Bartolome himself in 1493, when he saw Columbus was only 9 years old, a description was made a lot of decades later, so his accuracy should not be absoluting. However, at least some hook.
Let me remind you that the exact date of the birth of Columbus is unknown (it is usually considered that he was born in 1451), and he died in 1506.
Chronologically the earliest is this portrait, allegedly depicting Columbus:
Lorenzo Lotto, 1512
Color reproduction I, alas, did not find. Who and when I identified Columbus in this portrait - I do not know. Perhaps this happened already in 19 V.
Sebastian del Pjambo, 1519.
The inscription in the portrait indicates that this is really Christopher Columbus, but whether this inscription is authentic - it is not known for certain. It can be assumed that Sebastian Del Piombo really created this portrait as an image of the first-standing of America, but was guided by his ideas about his appearance. Clothing and hairstyle correspond to the time of creating a portrait, and not the end of the 15th century, when the Columbus was about as many years as the man depicted Del Piombo.
Ridolfo Girlandiao, OK. 1520-1525
The portrait does not indicate that it is Christopher Columbus, but there is such an inscription on copies from this portrait created in the 16th century. For example, here:
Portraits of Sebastian Del Piombo and Ridolfo Girlandian became canonical portraits of Columbus. The third option canon, and perhaps the most famous:
Unknown artist, 16 in.
The inscription testifies that this is Christopher Columbus. There is a version that it is a portrait of Paolo Toskanlyli, who submitted Columbus idea to get to India Western way. But the reliable portraits of Tuscanneli also did not seek, and he lived even earlier than Columbus. Yes, and the news about the correspondence of Columbus and Toskanlyli apocryphically.
Christophano del Altissimo, 1556
Christophano Del Altissimo became famous as the author of portraits of various famous people, both reliable and apocryphal. We assume that rather written by the portrait of Columbus is a copy from the previous portrait than the opposite, or both of them go to some one source.
A man depicted on these portraits is very similar to the scientist Giovanni Agrostino della Torre, whom Lorenzo Lotto depicted with His Son Niccolo in 1515:
Rella Torre's headdress is the same as a man with a portrait of Ridolfo Girlandiao, and there is an extrasecious similarity between them. I do not assume that Giovanni della Torre served as a prototype for Columbus, but I put forward a hypothesis that a person from the portraits of an unknown artist and Christophano del Altissimo (probably, they were already created as portraits of Columbus), and then The navigator was assigned to a man with a portrait of Girlandian, perhaps due to similarity with the previous. It is dressed and triggered by this man rather in the beginning of the 16th century, than the end of the 15th.
I note that all the most mentioned portraits together do not have to depict the same person, but portraits Lorenzo Lotto, Ridolfo Girlandiano, Christophano del Altissimo and similar to the last portrait of the unknown artist, can, but with a large stretch.
But the non-canonic image of Columbus:
Alejo Fernandez. Fragment of the central part of the altar, known as "Madonna of the Common Wind", or "Patrone of the Maritime" (about him), approx. 1531-1536
The altar is entirely:
The person depicted in the profile corresponds to the description of Bartoloma de Las Casasa, more precisely, less than other portraits does it contradict. In particular, he has a beard and hair long, in fashion late 15th century. It is important that the portrait is created by Spanish, the artist, and not Italian, like all the previous ones and it is impossible to completely exclude that Fernandez used a prominent profile portrait of Columbus. However, this version somewhat contradicts too rich apparel "Columbus"
There are still many pictures of Columbus, not stacked in the canon, asked the three portraits mentioned here, but their claims for accuracy are even more dubious.
See also:Christopher Columbus is a medieval navigator, who opened Sargassovo and the Caribbean Sea, Antilles, Bahamas and the American continent for Europeans, the first of the famous travelers, overwhelming the Atlantic Ocean.
According to various testimonies, Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, in the territory of the current Corsica. Six Italian and Spanish cities claim the right to be called His Motherland. The childhood and youth of the navigator is significantly unknown, almost nothing, the origin of the Columbus family.
Some researchers call Columbus Italian, others believe that his parents were baptized by Jews, Marranians. This assumption explains the incredible level of education, which Christopher received, a leaving of the family of ordinary weak and housewives.
According to some historians and biographers, Columbus under 14 years old studied at home, while he had brilliant knowledge in mathematics, knew several languages, including Latin. The boy had three younger brothers and sister, and they were all trained by coming teachers. One of the brothers, Giovanni, died in childhood, the sister of Biankell rose and married, and Bartolomeo and Giacomo accompanied Columbus in his wanders.
Most likely, Columbam, full assistance was provided with counterparts, rich Genoese financiers from Marranov. With their help, the young man from a poor family hit the University of Padua.
As an educated person, Columbus was familiar with the teachings of the ancient Greek philosophers and thinkers depicting the land with a ball, and not flat pancake, as believed in the Middle Ages. However, such thoughts, like Jewish origin during the Inquisition, which raged in Europe, should have hidden thoroughly.
At the University, Columbus began his friends with students and teachers. One of his loved ones was Astronomer Toskanlyli. According to its calculations, it ranked that to cherished India, complete irreparate wealth, was much closer to sail in the west direction, and not in East, rich Africa. Later, Christopher held his own calculations, which, being incorrect, confirmed Toskanlyli hypothesis. So the dream of a Western journey was born, and her Columbus devoted his whole life.
Even before entering the university, a fourteen-year-old teenager Christopher Columbus experienced marine wanderings. The father made a son for one of the shopping shhun for learning the art of navigation, trade skills, and from this point on, the Biography of Columbus-Maritavochor started.
The first navigation of Columbus in the position of UNGI made the Mediterranean Seas where the trade and economic paths between Europe and Asia were crossed. At the same time, European merchants knew about the wealth and gold places of Asia and India, which resold them wonderful silk and spices from these countries.
The young man listened to extraordinary stories from the mouth of the eastern merchants and walked the dream to reach the shores of India in order to find her treasures and get rich.
Expeditions
In the 70s of the 15th century, Columbus married Felipe Monis from the rich Italian-Portuguese family. The father-in-law of Christophore, settled in Lisbon and who went to the sea under the Portuguese flag, was also a navigator. After death, he left maritime maps, diaries and other documents that were inherited to Columbus. According to them, the traveler continued to study geography while simultaneously studying the works of Piccolomini, Pierre de Aili ,.
Christopher Columbus took part in the so-called northern expedition, as part of which his path passed through the British Islands and Iceland. Presumably, there is a navigator and heard Scandinavian sagas and stories about the Vikings, Ericsson Ericsson, who reached the coast of "Big Earth", overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.
The route, which allowed to get to India west, Columbus was back in 1475. He presented an ambitious plan for the conquest of a new land on the court of the Genoese merchants, but did not meet support.
A few years later, in 1483, Christopher drawn with a similar proposal to the Portuguese king Juan II. The king gathered the Scientific Council, who reviewed the Genoese project and found his calculations are incorrect. Upset, but the nonsense Columbus left Portugal and moved to Castile.
In 1485, the navigator asked the audience from Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella Castilskaya. The spouses accepted him favorably, listened to the treasures of India Columbus, and the same as the Portuguese ruler, convened scientists to the Council. The Commission did not support the navigator, since the possibility of the Western way implied the shag-likeness of the Earth, which contradicted the teachings of the Church. Columbus was barely declared a heretic, but the king with the queen was walked and decided to postpone the final decision until the war was completed with the Moors.
Columbus, which moved not so much thirst for discoveries, how much desire to get rich, diligently hiding the details of the campaign travel, sent messages to English and French monarchum. Karl and Heinrich did not respond to letters, being too busy internal politics, but the Portuguese king sent a invitation to continue the discussion of the expedition to the navigator.
When Christopher declared this in Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella gave consent to the equipment of the ships squadron to search for the Western way to India, although the poor Spanish treasury had no funds for this enterprise. The monarchs promised Columbus the noble title, the title of Admiral and the vice-king of all the lands that he had to open, and he had to be borrowed from Andalusan bankers and merchants.
Four expeditions Columbus
- The first expedition of Christopher Columbus took place in 1492-1493. On the three ships, Karavellah Pinton (the property of Martin Alonso Pinson) and Niña and the four-person sailboat "Santa Maria", the navigator passed through the Canary Islands, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, opening on the way Sargassovo Sea, and reached the Bahamas. On October 12, 1492, Columbus stepped on the Earth of the island of Samam, called San Salvador. This date is considered to be the Day of Opening America.
- The second expedition of Columbus took place in 1493-1496. In this campaign, small Antilles, Dominica, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica were opened.
- The third expedition refers to the period from 1498 to 1500. Flotilla from the six courts reached the islands of Trinidad and Margarita, putting the beginning of the opening of South America, and ended in Haiti.
- During the fourth expedition, Christopher Columbus sailed at Martinique, visited the Honduran Gulf and examined the coast of Central America along the Caribbean Sea.
Discovery of America
The process of opening a new world stretched for many years. The most amazing thing that Columbus, being a convinced discoverer and an experienced navigator, was believed until the end of his days she believed that he had opened the way to Asia. The Bahamas, open in the first expedition, he considered part of Japan, followed by wonderful China, and behind him - and cherished India.
What did Columbus opened and why the new continent got the name of another traveler? The list of discoveries performed by the Great Traveler and the Seavworker includes San Salvador, Cuba and Haiti, belonging to the Bahamas archipelago, Sargassovo Sea.
In the second expedition, seventeen ships led by the flagship "Maria Galant" went. This type of vessel with displacement in two hundred tons and other ships were taken not only by sailors, but also colonizers, cattle, suppres. All this time, Columbus was convinced that he opened Western India. Then the Antilles, Dominica and Guadeloupe were opened.
The third expedition led the ships of Columbus to the continent, but the navigator was disappointed: India with her gold paints did not find it. From this travel, Columbus returned to the shackles accused of a false denunciation. Before entering the port of the shackles, it was removed from it, but the promised titles and the titles of the navigator lost.
The last journey of Christopher Columbus ended with a crash off the shores of Jamaica and the hard disease of the head of the campaign. He returned to sick, unhappy and broken failures. Amerigo Vespucci was a close companion and a follower of Columbus, who had taken four travels to the new light. Its name is called a whole continent, and the name of Columbus and not reaching India, one country in South America.
Personal life
If you believe the biographers of Christopher Columbus, the first of which was his own son, the navigator was married twice. The first marriage with Felipe Monis was legal. Wife gave birth to Diego's Son. In 1488, Columbus was born the second son Fernando, from communication with a woman named Beatris Enriches de Aran.
The navigator equally cared about both sons, and the younger even took with him the expedition when the boy turned thirteen years. Fernando became the first one who wrote the biography of the famous traveler.
Christopher Columbus with his wife Felipe Monis Subsequently, both Sons of Columbus became influential people and took high posts. Diego was the fourth vice-king of New Spain and Admiral India, and his descendants were titled Marquisians of Jamaica and the Duke of Verague.
Fernando Columbus, who became a writer and scientist, enjoyed the favor of the Spanish emperor, lived in a marble palace and had an annual income to 200,000 francs. These titles and wealth got the descendants of Columbus as a sign of recognition by Spanish monarchs his merit in front of the crown.
Death
After the opening of America from the last expedition, Columbus returned to Spain with a mortally sick, aged man. In 1506, the discoverer of the new light passed away in poverty in a small house in Valladolid. The savings of Columbus spent on payments to the debts to the participants of the last expedition.
Tomb of Christopher Columbus Soon after the death of Christopher Columbus from America, the first ships began to come, loaded with gold, which was so dreamed of the navigator. Many historians agree that Columbus knew that she opened not Asia and not India, but a new, unknown continent, but did not want to share glory and treasures to whom one step remained.
The appearance of an enterprising primary retardant of America is also known in the photo in history textbooks. A few paintings were shot about Columbus, the latter was the film of the joint production of France, England, Spain and the USA "1492: the conquest of paradise." The monuments of this great man were installed in Barcelona and Granada, and his ashes from Seville was transported to Haiti.
Christopher Columbus was born between August 26 and October 31, 1451 on the island of Corsica in the Genoese Republic. Education The future discoverer received at the University of Pavia.
A brief biography of Columbus did not save accurate evidence of his first swimming, however, it is known that in the 1470s he made maritime expeditions with trading goals. Already then, Columbus has an idea of \u200b\u200btraveling to India in the West. The navigator turned to the rulers of European countries many times with a request to help him organize an expedition - to the king of Juan II, the duke of Medina-Sili, King Henry VII and others. Only in 1492, Columbus's travel was approved by Spanish rulers, first of all, Queen Isabella. He was assigned the title "Don", promised remuneration in the event of a successful project.
Four expeditions. Discovery of America
In 1492, the first navigation of Columbus was committed. During the journey, the navigator was opened by the Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, although he himself considered these lands "Western India".
During the second expedition, Columbus's assistants were such well-known personalities as the future conqueror of Cuba Diego Velasquez de Cuang, the notary Rodrigo de Bastidas, the pioneer of Juan de la Spit. Then the opening of the navigator included virgin, small Antilles, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
The third expedition of Christopher Columbus was committed in 1498. The main discovery of the navigator was the island of Trinidad. However, at the same time, Vasco da Gama has found a real way to India, so Columbus was declared a deceiver and sent under the convoy from Espanyol to Spain. However, on his arrival, local financiers managed to persuade King Ferdinand II to remove the accusations.
Columbus did not leave hope to open a new brief path to South Asia. In 1502, the navigator was able to achieve the permission of the king for the fourth journey. Columbus reached the shore of Central America, proving that mainland lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea.
Last years
During the last trip, Columbus is seriously ill. Upon returning to Spain, he failed to restore the privileges and rights given to him. Christopher Columbus died on May 20, 1506 in Seville in Spain. The navigator was first buried in Seville, but in 1540, by order of Emperor Charles V, the remains of Columbus were transported to the Espanyol Island (Haiti), and in 1899 again in Seville.
