Fencing on Sadovaya swords. What is the sword different from rapier and sabers? What types of this sport is now

general information:

• The Club "Blade and Line" teaches historical fencing - fencing on blades weapons, which has analogues in the past. Training is divided into several directions: fitness fencing, historical fencing (including the history of costume), cutting targets.
• Our club unites the directions of comprehensive reconstruction, which means complete immersion in the era (VII-XII and XVII century). As a bonus - learning horseback riding, archery and the marine case on departures (the region participants choose themselves).
• Since 2018, we have begun to study the traditions of historical European martial arts (Hema).
• We are members of the Sports Sword Federation. We carry out classes for children on soft weapons.
• Clothes for training in the hall - sports. On club departures - according to the era, on which the departure is organized.

We train in directions:

• Classic fencing with one weapon.
• Sword and Dag.
• Sword and shield.
• Ax and shield.
• Spear / brodex.
• Sword / saber.
• Long sword.
• Duel fencing.
• Teamwork (Troika, Podtsi).

Club city: Moscow.

Year of foundation: 2010.

Head: Pavlyukova Ekaterina Dmitrievna.

Instructors: Pavlyukov Alexey (since 2009), Kamshilin Alexander (since 2008), Pavlyukova Ekaterina (since 2009).

Conducted tournaments and events:

• Annual Historical Reconstruction Festival for Early Middle Ages "Varangian Sails": Boat fighting, Marine training, participation in the reconstruction of the Balt rite "Creation of the World" (2015-2018).
• Annual inter-ophone festival of historical reconstruction "Helga": a combat program, the organization of throwing testers and trade, refereeing (2014-2018).
• Historical fencing tournaments "Holmgang" (2016).
• Tournaments on Hubbling on the replicas of the clink weapon "Singing Blade" (2016-2017).
• Annual Historical Reconstruction Festival for Early Middle Ages "Bogatyr Strength": judging, organization of the tournament in the framework of the festival (2013, 2015-2016).
• The annual festival of historical reconstruction "GNELDOVO": the organization of throwing testers, the organization and holding of master classes, refereeing (2013-2016).
• Annual Historical Reconstruction Festival "Rus Priminal": organization and holding of the tournament within the framework of the festival, refereeing (2016).
• The annual festival of the historical reconstruction of the "epic shore": demonstration performances and master classes on the logging, the organization of throwing testers (knives, axes, sealings), refereeing, boat team (2015-2016).
• The annual festival of historical reconstruction Rusborg: demonstration performances with the equestrian program (2016).
• International Exhibition "Blade - Traditions and Modernity", "Blade on Neva", knife exhibitions in Moscow and St. Petersburg: demonstration performances on fencing and cutting, master classes in the slam, (2016-2019).
• Annual International Exhibition "Equestrian Russia" in KSK "Bitz": an indicative equestrian program (2016).
• Closed cavalry competitions KSK "Ataman" (2015).

In the attack do not go! Back do not go! Do not take protection! Do not take a counterattack! Do not fall! Straight hand do not!
- And what to do?
- Fehuju!

Additional Information

• The former name of the club: Skir "Horoir".
• For fencing we use mass-barber (not sharpened) copies of historical weapons. Fencing technique is restored by historical manuscripts and felbuch. Fencing occurs in the analogues of historical costumes with the obligatory correspondence of the weapon of the fencer.
• Our club participated in the filming of fencing scenes for music groups: Imperial Age (participation), Rarog "Bed" (participation and production), Kalevala "granted" (participation and formulation of fencing scenes).

Contacts:

• Club workshop and interview with candidates: ul. Olkhovskaya, 14, Corps 4, room 13 m (m. Bauman / m. Krasnoselskaya).
• Address of the training hall: ul. Lower Krasnoselskaya, 35, structure K (m. Baumanskaya / m. Krasnoselskaya).
• To sign up for the first training, fill out the form in the VKontakte group: "

Fencing is a noble, very beautiful, elegant and romantic sport. At the same time, this ancient martial art, which is simultaneously perfect and deadly. Fencing is the battle of characters in which there are no extra qualities of comprehension and nobility. Today, we will get to know this exciting sport to you closer and learn what fencing is, how and where it originated, what rules are in place in it, what equipment applies, how are the competitions and succeeded in this matter in this matter. Fencing has distant roots, and let's start.

Historical excursion

The birthplace of fencing is considered to be Spain. It was here that something similar to contemporary art and rapiir originated. In Spain, traded blades for the whole world were produced, which, being very lightweight, had excellent strength characteristics. It is in this country, and later in all of Europe a duel on cold weapons originated. It is believed that the first books were published in Spain, in which fencing was considered. Men loved to fight on cold weapons, and women mastered the fencing much later. Over time, the first school of fencing appeared in the country. Italy, France and Germany were also not much lagged. In the 1470s, in Germany, they established a fencing teacher corporation, and in England - the association of fencers.

By the beginning of the XVIII century, several global schools appeared. The main ones were the French and Italian fencing school. It was they who presented the world famous handles for blade weapons.

In the XIX century, the formation of sports fencing began. And by the end of this century, the first competitions were organized, in the modern interpretation of them. In 1913, an international federation federation was established, which in 1914 approved the rules of the fight. According to these rules, they still compete. To date, the International Fencing Federation includes more than a hundred national federations.

Fencing in Russia

For the first time, interest in the art of fencing appeared in Russia at the beginning of the XVII century. Peter I then made the "rapier science" a mandatory subject for military and civil institutions. In 1816, a fencing school was opened in St. Petersburg to prepare teachers and instructors. Fencing coach, who came out of her walls, was considered a respected man. In 1834, in Russia developed fencing rules on bayonets. Gradually, schools began to be organized in other cities.

From 1899 to 1916, the St. Petersburg athletic community once a year conducted a fencing championship in which all Russia took part. The fencing of Russian masters in the international arena for the first time took place in 1910. One of the Russian athletes won the third place then. Two years later, the first Olympiad took place in the career of Russian fencers. Fencing after that began to evolve at a huge speed.

Later, the Soviet school of fencing will be one of the best in the world. In the 21st century, Master Blade from Russia managed to conquer several dozen gold medals and beat the records of the Soviet national team. Today, the section of fencing is almost in all cities.

Sports fencing

This sport combines three disciplines. The main difference between them lies in the type of weapon used. Fencing can be a saber. The main goal of the sparring is to strike an enemy and protect itself from his injections. The winner becomes the one who will be able to first carry out a certain amount of attacks or achieve better results for a certain period of time.

Weapons

Fencing weapons consist of such elements:

1. Blade.
2. Garda.
3. Gasket.
4. Lever.
5. Nut.

At the edge of the blade there is a special tip. Weapons can be electrified and ordinary. Electrical weapons are connected by wiring with a device that captures injections. The wire passes under the clothing athlete. The tip of such weapons has a special button.

The sword for a total length does not exceed 110 cm, and by weight - 770. The blade has a length of 90 cm. The diameter of the Garda is a maximum of 13.5 cm. The weapon belongs to these. Flexible steel blade has a trigger cross section.

Rapier differs from the sword in such parameters as: Weight - up to 500 g; The diameter of the Garda - up to 12 cm - and the cross section of the klenka is a tetrahedral one. It provides lighter fencing.

The saber has a length of no more than 105 cm. In this case, the length of the blade reaches a maximum of 88 cm. The weight of the saber is 0.5 kg. The saber refers to and has an elastic steel blade with a variable trapezoid cross section. Garda Sabli has a handling that connects it with a handle. The tip of the saber has no.

Affected surface

In the duel on the swords, injections applied to the blade edge into any part of the opponent's body are counted. It is impossible to beat only in the head, unprotected mask.

Now let's discuss the fight on rapiers. In terms of rules, this is a more sophisticated fencing. Rapier in the hands of an athlete requires greater accuracy. In sparring on rapiers, injections are considered only in the rival torso, both in front and rear. Strokes in the head, arms and legs are prohibited. If the rapist caused an injection outside the allowed zone, the duel is suspended, and all blows of this episode are not counted.

In the duel on the sabers it is allowed to make injections and blows into any part of the body, which is above the belt, except for the nape. If the saber fell outside this zone, he does not receive a blow / injection of points, but the battle continues.

In the sparring of Sablists and rapirists, the injection / blow, applied outside the allowed zone, is sometimes counted. This happens if the athlete who is protected, intentionally closed the affected part of the body disappeared. For example, a foot that can often be found by looking through a non-professional fencing. The rules also prohibit specially concerned with weapons of conducting surfaces, including their own costume, because it causes a false operation of the electrical system.

Equipment

We continue to study fencing. What is a fencer costume? This is a white suit consisting of a jacket and trousers to knees with suspenders. The jacket is called a roller. The clothes of the fencer is performed from dense tissue capable of withstanding blows by force to 800 Newtons. These costumes are used at international competitions. For simple training, there is enough fabric withsting the strength of the strike in 350 Newtons.

On the fenceman's feet are put on long white leggings and special shoes. From simple sports shoes, it is distinguished by a flat sole, as well as an enhanced toe and heel. There are low and high models. The second are used when there is a need to fix ankle.

Mask is another important attribute, without which fencing is impossible. What is the protection of the face? This is an extremely important aspect in such a beautiful, but severe sport. A protective mask should not only cover his face from shocks, but also not to interfere with the athlete to see the enemy well. Therefore, in the eye zone mask has a metal grid. A special metal gate protects the neck.

For paristers, the metal mesh isolate plastic shocking overlays on both sides. And the collar is made from a material that is withstanding the strength of the strike in 1600 Newtons. For training, this indicator is 350 Newtons.

Rapirists apply the same masks only with an electric collar. It all depends on which strikes permits this or that fencing.

The saber, as already mentioned, can beat in the face, so masks for sabbers have an uninsulated mesh conductive electricity. In general, the whole saber mask, together with the collar, is made of electrically conductive material.

On the hand holding a weapon, put on the glove. In case of fencing on the sabers, it has an electrically conductive cuff.

The suites described above are put on the shelters, which also withstand shocks by force in 350 or 800 Newtons. To avoid bruises, under the climbers additionally refer to plastic protection.

Since the brazers affected by the surface is the whole body described by the protection of them is quite enough. Rapysts are additionally put on a jacket vest made of conductive material. It displays the surface at which you can strike. Sablists, in addition, a mask is connected to the vest.

Check-in strike

When an injection or a blow (for sablists) is applied, the recorder apparatus gives you to know about it with the inclusion of a green light bulb. If the attack was produced in all the rules, then it is counted and the attacker athlete gets a point. If the punch / injection was applied outside the allowed zone, the white light lights up. If the green and white light bulbs caught fire at the same time, then two strikes were applied, and the first one was invalid. Consequently, the second shot is not counted. Since the fencing on the swords allows any blows, there are no white light bulbs. If the bulbs caught fire at the same time from two sides, each of the players gets the point.

The suit of the fencer can be connected to the recording device, both wired and wireless. In order for the electrical system to determine the pressure, the pressure on the arrow should be at least 4.9 Newton or 0.5 kg for the rapier and 7.35 Newton or 0.75 kg for the sword. As for the blow of the saber, it should be brought to a logical completion. Simple touch here does not bring points.

It is difficult to imagine, but there was a time when the blows were recorded exclusively visually. This important mission was provided to the Four of the Referee, which surrounded the battlefield from all sides. In 1936, the rule was obtained for the first time, according to which shelter injections began to be fixed with the help of electrical appliances. In 1957, rapirists began to compete on this system, and in 1988 and Sablists.

Fencing track

Sparring takes place on a fencing path. Its length is 14 meters, and the width can vary within 1.5-2 meters. As in any other sport, the battlefield has marking. In this case, it is represented by 5 lines perpendicular to the track. The first line is central. At a distance of 2 meters from it on both sides is the battle line. Two more lines are located in seven meters from the central and are called rear borders lines.

Thus, at the beginning of the bout, being on the battle lines, the athlete has 5 meters for retreat and 9 meters for attack. On the side of the track, 2-meter segments are distinguished, which allow the athlete to accurately determine how much the place remains for the retreat, without turning around.

How to pass a fight

We already know in general terms, which is a fencing. What is a fencing costume and what markup has a battlefield, we are also known. Consequently, it's time to move to the most interesting - the process of contractions.

So, at the beginning of the battle, opponents become on the line of its original position side to each other. In this case, one foot crosses the line. Weapons are sent to the enemy, and a free hand starts behind the back. The duel begins and ends when the judge gives the appropriate command. However, the completion of the fight may also occur if a signal is written, notifying that the round time has expired.

Traditionally, refereeing is carried out in French. Before the start of the fight, the judge gives the team "An Gard!", Which is translated as "to battle!". Then he asks athletes the question: "Hey Wu PRE?" To find out whether they are ready. When both fencership respond, the judge gives the team "Alla!". If you need to stop the battle, he utters the word "Alt!", Which is translated as "stand!". Awarding the glasses of one or another fighter, the judge says: "And Drurat", "and Gosh" or "Ku Double." This means: "right", "left" and "both", respectively. When registering an invalid strike, the judge says: "Pa Conte!" - "Do not count." After accrual, the opponents return to the starting positions, and the fight continues. And if the fight was stopped without awarding the hit, he renewed in the same place where he stopped.

The individual duel is divided into three rounds lasting in 1 minute. The break between the rounds is also a minute. The winner of the round the athlete becomes the first to give 15 points or will lead in the bill at the end of the round. If at the end of three rounds the account indicates a draw, an additional fourth round is appointed. At the same time, before it starts, a draw is carried out, in which the winner is selected if an additional minute does not help.

Now consider the command fencing, the rules of which are somewhat different. If team competitions, then each fencer must fight with each athlete of the opponent team. Since the team consists of three people, the match between the two teams includes 9 individual bouts. At the same time, the first battle is completed when one of the parties is gaining 5 points, the second - 10 points, and so on to 45.

The fencer who attacked first receives the status of an attacker, and his opponent, respectively, protecting. With simultaneously applied shocks / injections, an attacker athlete receives the advantage. Alternatively, the priority of action passes from one fencer to another. If the electronic system recorded the strike / injection, but it was applied with a violation of the priority of attacks, the points are not aimed. With mutual contacts, the referee acts in terms of the situation. Punch / injection, applied after the "Stay!" Command, is counted only if the movement began to the team.

Brief about the technique and tactics of battle

Looks a little deeper into such a fascinating sport as fencing. This is the interaction of blades that implies a lot of thin, shelter, verified movements and techniques. It is in this that the main difference of fencing from fights on heavy weapons.

When the direct attack is impossible, the fencer is trying to neutralize the counter attack and counterattack. And in order to eliminate the threat, it is not necessary to shy, you can beat off the blade and immediately put a counterfeit.

In fencing, fraudulent movements play an important role. It may be: a masking that helps to hide the intentions of an athlete; Finds, which are threatening movements; Challenge provoking the enemy to decisive, but not always deliberate actions, and so on.

Modern fencing, depending on the type of weapon used, has some differences in the technique, tactics and rules caused by the history of the origin of weapons. The saber originated from the blade used by the cavalrymen. They fought in horseback fights, so chopping strikes were applied above the belt. This fact predetermined the dimensions of the affected surface in the sports fencing on the sabers.

The sword for its origin is a dueling weapon. The outcome of the duel could determine the injection into any part of the body. Therefore, it was extremely important to apply it to first and defend from the response. The same principle was transferred to modern fencing.

Rapier was originally created as training weapons. Therefore, the conditions for the struggle in rapirists are the most gentle. It is from the rapira who begin fencing. Women once had the right to fight only on rapiers. Since weapons weighs, even children can handle with him. By the way, the fencing for children we will look at a little lower. Such a concept as "tactical directions" also originated from the needs of the training battleship, which was supposed to prepare a person to a real duel.

Penalties

If the athlete stands for the side line of the fight at least one foot, he is awarded a fine of 1 meter. This means that the fight is resumed at a distance of 1 meter from the place of violation towards the intruder. Thus, it becomes a meter less space for retreat. If the fencer interpreted over the back line, one point is counted the enemy. This is called "penalty order." In fencing is unacceptable:

1. Attack running.
2. Deliberate body contact.
3. Push of the enemy.
4. Turn to the enemy back.
5. Punch weapon by floor.
6. Any actions with free hand.

Remove the tip from weapons, try to repair it and other actions are prohibited without the permission of the judge. Leave the field and remove the mask without the appropriate team can also be impossible. For deliberate violations of the rules of athletes receive penalty cards.

Yellow card is given if the fencer is made a warning. If the athlete violate the rules of the second time, he gets a red card. It does not matter here, he repeated his violation or allowed another. A red card, in contrast to yellow, not only warns, but also punishes, media through the penalty area. The black card is given with gross violations of the rules, unsportsmanship and in case the fencer repeats the violation for which he was awarded a red card. Black card denotes disqualification.

Olympiad

Fencing has long been an integral part of the Olympic Games. At the modern Olympics, 18 athletes are represented, two of which are spare. The team includes both men and women. The Olympiad program includes personal and command contests for all three types of weapons that makes modern fencing. Women, as well as men, can fight on swords, rapiers and sabers. The program includes 10 numbers, 6 of which are personal, and 4 commanders. At the Olympiad in Rio, Russian fans looked proudly fencing. Men won two awards, and women are 3 gold, one silver and one bronze. In general medal standings, the Russian national fencing team was in the first place.

Children's fencing

Fencing for children to date is not less than other sports. Sections usually take children from 9 years. In good schools, they are taught not only by technique and tactics of battle, but also tolerance towards the enemy. The decent section of fencing is in every major city. Without this, sparring on fencing would turn into a simple closer to blade.

Fencing in Moscow - Overview of various directions

Today in Moscow there has been a fairly significant layer of various fencing schools in a variety of destinations.

The main mass for today among the schools of fencing in Moscow, clubs and schools of knife battle are occupied. In general, this is understandable. By itself, the knife fight itself is one of the most sought-after fencing directions in demand on the household level.

Everyone wants to be able to own a knife. All cherished the blue dream to put on a gopnik's knife in a dark alley, well, and someone cherishes and a dream to suck a decent citizen and his "sworn friend", such, by the way, not enough. All of them go to school knife combat. The main schools of a knife combat in Moscow is, in fact, people from hand-to-hand combat.

That is, their technique is just an upgraded version of the hand-to-hand combat when instead of a fist or a boxing glove - you have in
hand knife. What is it fraught with? But what. For experts, it is no secret that hand-to-hand fight and a fight with a knife are very different things. Different in everything, in the rack, in the technique of impact, in the muscles involved when hitting, in movements, in the ideology of the battle finally. What is acceptable to hand-to-hand combat is completely unacceptable for knife combat. The knife fight professes one accurate blow. This is an axiom.

If you are running and trying to pull a person with a dozen blows, then almost 100% guaranteed to get at least one blow, but in response. And the problem of the knife is such that in it and one missed blow can often be lethal. Consequently, the base of the knife combat is an instant entrance, defeat, and no less instant output, all the rest of the deliciousness, leading to mutual damage, to allow that not just undesirable, and death is like in the direct sense.

Katana Club adheres to the technique of only pure lesion, with maximum security for themselves - by this we are very different from other schools of knife combat in Moscow, and in general from fencing schools in Moscow.

The second point, and more precisely, the curse of the knife combat in Moscow is tournaments.

That is, as all deliciousness, they thought as checking the strength and dexterity of the participants, and how all the deliciousness after a couple of years reached the apogee of dullness. Their rules are designed for the tournament, and not on the real battle on the street, which the instructor is usually told about, taking the newcomers.

It is no secret that the rules of tournaments are far from real battle as Jupiter from the Earth. The tournament rules of most clubs in general
greetings with hands and legs, although in the real knife fighting on the street it almost never happens, and the one who threw the foot to the foot - gets a guaranteed knife in it and lose a fight and often life.

The tournament rules produce full before Debelism lack of fear of the blade of the enemy - well, it would still be, just imitation, which is afraid of her. As a consequence, people climb the blade without disassembled the fusion, they receive multiple blows and apply themselves, without realizing that in real battle these are two corpses that have fallen off from each other with holes in a bouquer.

Another point is the training weapon itself. Short wooden stupid imitation.

This kind of training projectile is distributed in most clubs in Moscow. What is bad. Well, first weight and length. The area is extremely short and easy. If you make it more, that it will take more serious, much more serious protection than just a fencing mask. These are extra expenses and not only participants, but also clubs, including the safety of classes. Heavy and long wooden weapons can be easily killed. In the right sense, I'm not kidding. Or cruelly cripple. Even the weapon, which is usually there is a danger to the enemy when defeating the neck, abdomen, brushes, if they are poorly protected. Up to death. If you are a stupid rustling with all our way to hit the liver or spleen - you certainly do not protrude a person.

But, except for a hectic hematoma, he can get the gap of internal organs and

Die from the strongest loss of blood before the end of the workout. Especially given the fact that 90% of participants do not dress with defensive vests from pure baggage. This is on the one hand. This is enough

The practice of impacting the end point is distributed to the end point so that nonsense does not get a load 200 and a decent term in prison.

And on the other hand, low weight and dimensions do not give normally to fue your hand, training with such a weapon. Some techniques are generally impossible to train with a small weight of the knife, for example, fast shocks in hand. Does not fly ahead of a knife of such improvers and this weight, although taking even the usual
Folding knife you get a completely different picture.

Katana Club uses in his workouts and sparring not hurried mass boards of real knives, heavy - from 200 - 250 grams or more, for example RAJA 2 or ONTARIO. Our imitations do not cause injections, although it is quite realistic to get a bruise on your fingers, if you come to sparring without gloves. All sparring participants are necessarily protective helmets that protect against contusion and reliably closing faces and gloves. In addition, women are encouraged to wear bibs, avoid breast injuries.

Such an approach of Katana Club to training makes it possible not to loosen the blow in its extreme point, to kill a person from fear, and put it in full force. It forms a reflex in a person always to beat this way, strongly and brutally, not allowing lubricated blows. Secondly, real wave allows you to apply fast, accurate and powerful blows, unlike light wooden imitation.

Another direction of fencing in Moscow, quite popular is a duel fencing. Here the choice of clubs and schools and directions is very wide. From fencing on double-handed swords, from the saber and the grooms and to

Heavy historical swords. All of them unites one thing - it's usually weapons from the textolite, weighing more than 1.1 kg, although sometimes there are also clubs, fencing on steel blades.

The main difference of this area is its extreme trauma. Textolite blade, in contrast to steel practically
Do not bend. They beat them, as a rule, in full force and from all over Duri. This kind of fencing is forced to have a sufficiently expensive protective armor, a fencing mask, upgraded, for if you get a direct blow to a person in a standard sports fencing mask, then the consequence of the face mesh and broken nose, well, if broken so can you collect it.

However, protection does not guarantee from small injuries, such as broken fingers, hematomas from injections, injuries of joints and so on.

One of the most unpleasant phenomena in duel fencing is his terrible cutoff of real life. Tournaments that are held on glasses do not give any real battle skills, moreover, they blurry this skill. In general, everyone knows - weapons are not real, the blows are not deadly, and to earn glasses - we climb, without looking at the enemy blade. The same picture is repeated as in the knife. Even worse. Moreover, the practice that pretended in duel fencing does not bring almost anything of sports fencing, and in vain, in sports fencing, despite his entire embodiment there is something to learn.

Katana Club in his training takes the best and of sports fencing, we try to study and techniques for the masters of sports fencing and thoughtfully transfer them to a more severe weapon.

A mansion is a fencing in Aikido, Kendo and other training of techniques with rods.

Unfortunately, today's Kendo is very far from real combat fencing. In it, a number of techniques - for example, prohibited

Sticking strikes in the face, there is no possibility to retreat during the fight and much more. Not much better things are in Aikido.

From its original option - a fight with a sword, today's aikido is far as the sky from the ground. I'm not talking about the fact that Sparring with a sword in modern aikido is not practiced. In addition, all these schools do not teach battle on different weapons, developing techniques only on the two-handed sword - Katana, and leaving aside the techniques with a short sword and a knife.

Another problem is armor for the same Kendo. The test cost is very high, so today it is a sport for very wealthy people.

In his practice, Katana Club is focused on a thorough study of the practice of Eastern martial arts, with different weapons, both with two-handed and one-handed, short and long, unifying and visiting the classics of the fight with a sword. Katana Club introduces elements to it and from sports fencing, which the word has never been used in the classic Japanese combat art, but which are as effective as possible.

Another directions are a reconstruction fencing in Moscow. The undoubted plus of this fencing is a historical entourage. There are many cons.

First of all, this is quite severe restrictions on the bugurts (indicative battles of the type of knightly tournament) on the types of shocks, weapons, fencing techniques. For example, the steel weapons are forbidden to stacking even stupid blades, because of the fear to cause severe
injuries, injury or even kill participants.

Secondly, extremely high trauma. The blades are generally stupid, but they like them from the soul, so that the steel armor is often not saved. Self, someone gets injuries, withdrawing a person in order for many weeks. Thirdly, there is still a big breaklessness from life than a dealer fencing. Well, will you meet in a person's life dressed in heavy armor?

Unlike these areas, Katana Club as a fencing school in Moscow teaches his students such techniques and strikes that are directed at a daily opponent in the first fully universal - you do not care what weapons you have in your hands - stick, sword, machete, Knife, Saber, Palash or Tourist Topor.

You can successfully protect yourself with any weapon. Secondly, all our techniques are applicable for self-defense, and include all
arsenal strikes - both cutting and stuck. The versatility of muscular movements is developing the ability to use any item as a self-defense weapon. Our techniques are not frosted, not artificial than for example, sinning often a duel fencing, we apply the most effective techniques combining both sports fencing, both historical techniques and techniques from the eastern schools of fencing, including the classics.

In Katana Club you will be able to learn the most efficient style of the battle, with it on different weapons and without reappection, separately receiving knife combat, the battle with the machete or sword is both two-handed and one-handed. After learning in Katana Club, any item will become a weapon, any item in your hands will help you to reverse on the street.

Fencing on rapira

On rapira

The fight on rapiers regulate the provisions on the limitation of the affected surface of the athletes, determining the application of injections only in the body, the advantage of attack and response (core) in situations with simultaneous opponent's opponent, the need to advance by counterattack or remision with mutually applied injections. Moreover, the judge of the battle is visually determined by the tactful righteousness in each fight and difference in the actions of athletes in the time of their start and completion.

The objective possibilities of conducting a battle at a distance, allowing to enter into a variety of contact with blades, because the hand is not affected by the surface (from here and the distance between athletes usually within a long lounge or step and lounge), determine the difficulty of maneuver ahead and, as a result, somewhat economical in nature Movements on the path Maneru battle, with an additional static load on the muscles of rapirists. In turn, due to the large number of invalid injections (in the armed hand, the thigh, a mask), participants have to do much more attacks than necessary for victory.

The most common techniques for the execution of attacks are the drop and step (or jump) forward and the lunge. Moreover, it is often preferred by step and fall, since the beginning of the attack step is less noticeable than a jump, does not give an enemy of an early danger. "Arrow" is rarely used in the attack, for, despite the advantages (length), it does not allow to fully continue the fight in case of its failure.

The main means of fighting are attacks, protection and answers, controls and cores, as the basis of the motor and semantic beat of the opponents is intent and actions that ensure the implementation of the principle of tactical entity with simultaneously applied mutual injections.

The narrowed spatial possibilities of applying injections (only in the body) and the relative ease of manipulating with a lapier blade due to low weight, small amplitudes of its movements and mainly in the horizontal plane determined the exceptional possibilities of the diversity of protective agents. For example, the 4th straight, 6th circular, 2nd or 8th semicircular, 7th high defense defensive can be defended from Ukol to the internal sector from the 6th position. It is quite realistic to use in this situation and countercourse with the opposition, including those combined with evasion, retreat, rapprochement.

The problem for the attacking is and determining the sector of the attack on the basis of the prediction of the possible variety of protection of the enemy, since the small amplitude of defensive movements by the blade allows them to perform them with much greater speed than the possibilities of athletes to change the direction of movement of the weapon. Therefore, preparing an attack, it is necessary to make it unexpected and represent the path of your blade in order not to face the protection of the enemy.

The use of counterattack and Remiz has significant features, since the affected surfaces of the competing fencers are mutually deleted. And to achieve sufficient advance athlete, it is necessary to achieve a visually fixable time difference in the movements to the injection. The ability to create such a temporary advantage over the framework of a simple response to an unexpected two-dimensional or three-way attack (response) of the enemy, and is based on tactful bearing, including a prediction or a challenge from the enemy of the mood to make a fairly long attack, to cause a root earlier than the enemy will begin the final movement of the weapon .

The availability of defensive means and their wide range lead to the fact that the athletes tend to put themselves in the position of performing the response or contractors. The consequence of this is frequent multi-minded contractions, consisting of attacks, protection and responses, controls and cores, both beginnish intentionally and occurring involuntary during the fight (expression).

In addition to the protection of weapons, an unexpected and rapid rapprochement is also an effective means of defense, because the emergence of a close distance during the attack entails an increase in technical difficulties for its completion of the exact shock, which often entails the need for a combination of a summary sewn and step forward, using the counter movement Avoid getting a drop after a failed attack (answer), moving to the nearby battle, the maintenance of which is usually for the martial arts of rapirists.

Of particular importance is the accuracy of injection, especially in attacks and answers. At the same time, the most difficult to achieve the effectiveness of responses and codes, as they are committed, as a rule, in the enemy, standing in the fall, or began closing from the fall forward or backwards. And in these situations, its torso is in a strongly inclined position in relation to the clink of the appreciating response (core) of the rapirist, which creates a disadvantageous angle for contact with the affected surface. It is even harder to apply the answer after parrying the attack performed with the "Arrow", due to the sharp reduction of the distance at the time of the answer. All this opens up opportunities to create an enemy of additional technical difficulties due to the profile position of the body at the time of completion of the attack (answer) or its tilt forward.

It should, however, be borne in mind that during the long tilt of the body forward during the attack process, the back and shoulders become a sector for applying injections.

A variety of protective actions in the fights on rapira, which opens up significant opportunities for masking their varieties, forces athletes to contact attacks with a series of transfers that do not require preliminary detail of the enemy's protective intent. The effectiveness of attacks with a series of transfers increases when they are combined with an enemy challenge to a counterattack with a chain of protection and an answer in the course of convergence. In turn, against attacks with several finges are widely used by counterattack, including in combinations with protection and response.

Attacks and counterattacks of the subsequent intention preceding control and contractors, as well as applied for intelligence purposes, usually serve as the beginning of multi-duty fights, the successful maintenance of which, as well as the application in significant amounts of attacks in the outer sector and circular protection, largely characterize the high qualifications of athletes.

Basic actions

1. Prices directly (translation) from the upper connections. The final position is fixed. The initiative began the fight - at the athlete. Movement blade quick and continuous.

2. Simple attacks by shift directly (translation) to the upper sectors from the compounds.

3. Attacks with one finge in the pre-elected sector on the partner (coach), which reactive (in lurring) protection. The armed hand and the attacker blade move forward continuously, the elimination of the island is minimal.

4. Attacks doubled in a pre-elected sector on a partner (coach) reacting with circular upper protection. The movement of the blade after the form is accelerated to the maximum level.

5. Attacks with action on weapons. Batman, preceding direct injection, is made after rapprochement with the enemy. Batman preceding translation is performed simultaneously with the beginning of the attack.

6. Attacks in three pace on a partner (coach) reacting with two straight upper protection. The maximum speed of the start of the attack is used, as well as accelerate movements in the final attack phase. Translation rhythm continuous.

7. Attacks with one transfer (transition series) on a partner (coach), arbitrary alternating protection to various sides.

8. Protection (controls) 4th and 6th direct from the upper positions and connections. Replies (core) straight with the opposition.

9. Upper semicircular protection from the bottom item (connections) with the answer directly.

10. Circular Upper Protection (Controls) 6th and 4th with response (Contingent) in the upper sector.

11. Lower protection, most often the 8th, with the answer to the upper sector (replaced by the 2nd protection) and the 7th with a direct response (or 7th high with the response in the back).

12. Combinations are sewn and answers - the 4th and 6th straight, 4th straight (or semicircle) and the 4th round, 6th semicircle and 6th round.

13. Drawing by pricker directly to a long attack, transferring a partner attack (coach) with a batman, counterattack to the lower sector with a retreat (squat).

Among the tactical intentions in the lap rapirists prevail the desire to apply the attack. From here and their largest volumes in the performance of the fights in comparison with the means of countering attacks. In addition, a certain part of attacks are mutual, completed in an integrable surface, do not reach targets due to the rapid and long retreat of opponents.

Attacks with fides are distinguished between the species of attacks, quantitatively exceeding simple attacks and attacks with the action on weapons. However, it should be borne in mind that the real interchangeability of the applied attacks and attacks with the action on weapons in situations of relative proximity to the enemy in the lack of information about its protective intentions, in the conditions of expectation of a counterattack. In addition, a large number of simple attacks fall into the number of unfinished actions due to the relative ease of their parry.

Of particular importance is the record of the moment characteristics of countering weapons of the attacker and defending athletes. Thus, the overwhelming number of attacks become both the means of starting the fight. However, the highest relative performance indicators have attacks on training, as well as re-attacks, the use of which requires special preliminary action.

Attack penetration (response)
through a protective barrier

In battle on rapiers, attacks (answers) are prevailing (answers), the motor parameters of which the athlete chooses before the fight, and the starting characteristics correspond to the mechanisms of simple reactions. This explanation is seen in the practical inability to choose the deposit sector along the attack or switch to the injection into the opening sector due to the significantly greater duration of the movements of the weapon in attacks (responses with the fins) in comparison with the defensives. Therefore, when preparing an attack, the most important search and analysis of information about the defensive intentions of opponents, the skill of the athlete to present the path of movement of their own blade, based on the estimated path and nature of protective (counter-attackers) of the enemy's movements to avoid collisions by the blades until the injection of the injection.

The optimal choice of attack is based on the understanding of the tactical essence of the species of attacks and typical situations, which makes it possible to estimate its compliance with the alleged battle, to use the necessary speed, the amplitude of the weapon movements, the length of the attack, take into account the characteristics of the enemy's movements in defense.

Translation technique in internal
and external sectors

With the improvement of transfers, the problem of the narrowing of the amplitude of the movement of a blade to the injection, as well as the creation of an optimal spatial and temporary relationship between the straightening of his own armed arm and the armed hand of the enemy, and the armed hand of the enemy's armed hand. It is also necessary to achieve equally confident transfers to all parts of the body, the lack of difficulties in translations into the outer sector.

In translations into the inner sector, the approach of Garda and the enemy's armed hand is not difficult, therefore the clinking movement can be performed after the start of the movement of the weapon to the affected surface. In turn, when translating into an outdoor sector, the enemy's armed hand serves as an additional obstacle, which determines the need to start moving the movement by the blade by pressing simultaneously with the straightening of the hand, performing it with maximum speed, which will avoid the enemy's armed hand. However, regardless of the transformation sector, the Garda translation and the armed hand are moving only forward and through the shortest path to the point of the injection, not duplicating the side and circular movements of the island of the blade.

Differences in the technique of transfers to the internal and external sectors are pronounced primarily in the incisions of the temporary relations between the hand straightening and the translating the movement of the isge of the blade. Therefore, they are mastered in exercises where the initial distance facilitates or forces to observe the necessary structure of movements. For example, the translation into the internal sector from the sixth compound is initially advisable to train with a slightly greater than the closest. In this situation, the rapist will be able to achieve the rapid straightening of the armed arm and performing the translating movement before applying the injection. At the same time, the preservation of such a structure of movements during translations into the outer sector leads to the delay of the clinks translating movement and causes the expansion of its amplitude. Consequently, that the clinking movement has accounted for the initial phase of straightening the armed hand, injections in the outer sector should initially train from the distance a little less than it is required to fully straighten the hand. Such a situation forces an athlete to hurry with the translating movement, for otherwise the injection of the injection into the outer sector becomes difficult.

Translation amplitudes, Finders

Arms management in attacks (responses) by translation, attacks with fins (double and triple translation, tweaking translation), an attack in three rates is based on the leading brush movements and fingers during the rapid straightening of the armed hand. Garda is just sent forward, without repeating the blade. Movements in the elbow and shoulder joints lead to a significant expansion of the amplitude of transfers, a decrease in accuracy of injections.

Finds should be made quite economically and purposefully, really threatening the enemy, causing its protective reaction. The conviction of the fins is achieved by speed, long and suddenness of the mover of the blade into a specific sector. The fulfillment of several fingers in the attack (answer) is most difficult, therefore, in the training session, the installation is appropriate for the most small side movements of the blade, so that athletes do not allow a significant expansion of the movements of the weapon.

Improving attacks and responses with fins requires considerable effort. The problems of their development are explained by the difficulties of interconnecting actions of the attacker's arms (appreciate) and protecting on speed, amplitude and length. To train similar attacks (answers), they should be repeatedly repeating in situations with spatial and temporary uncertainty, from various initial positions of weapons.

Standard position
armed hand in injections

At the time of applying the injection, the armed arm together with the blade should be an approximately a single line passing through the point of contact of the isge with the affected surface, Garda and the athlete's shoulder. At the same time, the trapezoidal muscle should be relaxed, and the armed hand brush is slightly fixed, since the complete relaxation of the fingers at the time of the injection leads to an increase in the number of misses. Compliance with the standard position of the armed hand when applying Ukolov creates a fencer with the usual conditions for continuing failed fights and thus increases the accuracy of Remizov, the stability of the implementation of control and controls, repeated attacks.

The typical end position of the weapon and the armed hand of an athlete in attacks (counterattacks, answers) is mastered by short-term fixing of injections in training their varieties, which allows you to focus on the standardization of parameters and facilitates the coach control over their observance.

Features of applying attack
With action on weapons

The special role of these attacks is explained by the wide tactical possibilities of their use, and both on defending opponents, so n on intentional counterattacks. The most common batmans in the upper connections, and above all in the 4th.

When performing batmans, seizures, tying, it is necessary to achieve contact with a weak part of the blade defending, to act quickly and continuously. The starting part of the attack in which the batman is performed, capture, as well as the side of the contact of the blades must be sudden for the enemy to avoid the counterattack.

The power characteristics of the movements of the weapon when performing batmans (captures) are interconnected with the tactical task of the species of attack. So, the more powerful and fast movement of the weapon on the batman (capture) is advisable if it precedes the injection directly. At the same time, the Batman himself is performed only after the preliminary part of the attack, under the conditions of the achieved approximation to the enemy for an irresistible subsequent injection. In turn, the batmans, completed by the translation (two translations), as well as all the types of seizures, should be made simultaneously with the starting part of the attack, in order to cause a protective reaction from the opponent, and in the capture also to achieve a steady contact of the blades.

As a special case, a lightweight case is possible, baptman (capture), used in order to mask the starting part of the attack, facilitating the approximation and application of the injection, but completely distinguishable for judges.

Putting attacks, with a series of transfers

The independent tactical essence of attacks with the transfer is explained by the possibilities of successful use in the event of information about the intention of the enemy to protect. So, in the Attack "Fint is direct and transferring from the average distance", if the enemy (coach) is at the bottom position, the transfer will allow to avoid collisions with the top sewn, regardless of whether the defendant will respond to the fint semicircular 6th or 4th . The situation may be more complicated if the defendant, "without catching" the first Fint, retreats, adding another or two direct protection. In this case, it is possible to really lengthen the attack by switching to a series of transfers in the vertical plane.

In the technique of FINTA by transfer, let's say small shuffles, or the delay ("syncop") of the Blade Island in front of his promise to the injection. In attacks with a series of transfers, two or more "tempo" can be missed under the condition of the enemy's rapid protective reaction.

Training attacks in a selection situation

Situation 1.

An attack by translation (double translation) on a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating batman in the 4th and 6th compound. The athlete makes a translation (double translation) in the opening sector.

Situation 2.

Attack on the partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating lagging and timely protection with the answer. The athlete completes the attack or parry the answer to the straight upper counterfeit and causes the core directly.

Situation 3.

Attack on a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating delay protection and retreat protection. The athlete causes an injection in the main attack or makes a re-attack.

Situation 4.

Attack with the action on weapons and translation to the partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating protection and counterattack. The athlete is applied to the attack or parry the counterattack in the course of the convergence and causes the answer.

Situation 5.

Attack on a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating retreat, rapprochement, stop in place. The athlete lengthens or shortens attacks.

System Protection and Control

The main defensive are the 4th and 6th top, 7th and 8th bottom. At the same time, highly qualified athletes are sometimes successful, for example, 2nd and 1st protection instead of the 8th and 7th, since their functions are the same. However, the greatest number of opposition to attacks and answers. It falls on the 4th defense that is technically variatively the rest. The special significance of the application of the 4th defense is also explained by the fact that even in the event of an unsuccessful attempt to parry an athlete, which is in the position of the 4th defense, is much less susceptible to the danger of injection than when performing other protection. In such a situation, the armed hand and weapons close part of the affected surface of the defendant and leave a little space to apply injected. In addition, the movement of the blade in the outer sector is more complicated for an attacking (appreciation) due to the need to avoid a collision with an armed hand of the enemy.

The technique of protection must necessarily vary on amplitude depending on the spatial-temporal features of opponents' attacks. Thus, pariring attacks at a considerable distance between athletes, the armed hand is advisable to be slightly bend, and the progress of the blade of the attacker to the close distance to the affected surface causes the need to significantly flexing the armed arm and approaching weapons to the body of defending.

However, the parameters of protective movements vary in the range of 5 - 15 cm. The exception is only 4th protection, when performing the movement of the elbow of the armed arm back significantly. Moreover, as the Garda approaches the torso, the protection amplitude is expanding, it falls down somewhat down, the blade moves in the vertical direction.

Arbitrary alternation of varieties of protection makes it difficult for the enemy to predict defensive intentions. Specific protection, mainly simple, performed as direct, circular, semicircular, are designed to parley an opponent's attack in a certain sector. In turn, generalizing protection is quite broad in amplitude, represent combinations of semicircular and circular protection used in order to repeal the attack of the enemy in the course of one of the movements of the blade.

The most common combinations of direct and circular upper protection, straight upper and semicircular lower protection, circular upper and semicircular lower protection, circular upper and straight upper protection. At the same time, protection is most often combined with retreat.

Controls are usually specific - straight and upper, as the use of circular upper controls represents significant technical difficulties, despite their effectiveness. Summarizing controls are found in the form of combinations of straight upper and circular upper, straight upper and semicircular lower.

Unified plane in the shoulder position-elbow brush
When performing protection

The extension of the elbow of the duck from a single plane with a shoulder and brush leads to the expansion of the amplitude of protection and the appearance of movements in the shoulder joint when translating, overvoltage of the muscles of the armed arm and the reduction of the accuracy of responses and core.

Control over the position of the forearm, elbow and shoulder of the armed hand when improving protective movements is facilitated by a decrease in the speed of exercise, fixing the protection position in individual fights.

Amplitude protection
Spatial level counterfeit

The movement of the blade in direct protection must be extremely limited, since after parrying the attacks, in the absence of the enemy advance, it is not at all necessary to bring the weapon of the attacking (performing response) outside the body. It is enough to enter into contact with a strong or middle part of your weapons with an enemy blade to get the "right" to a retaliatory injection. Therefore, the amplitude of the side movement of the Garda and the middle part of the blade when parrying attacks (for example, from the 6th position in the 4th defense, from the 4th position in the 6th defense, from the 8th position in the 7th defense, etc. d.) may vary within 10-15 cm.

As the opponent's attack elongates, the eclipse of the tall of his blade to the affected surface, the armed hand of the defending movement bends slightly more, and the amplitude of protection is expanding to 20-30 cm. The movement of weapons in circular protection should also be significant. Moreover, this provision refers to the amplitude of the circular movement by the edge, and the Garda is only partially (within no more than 5 cm) can duplicate it.

Controls are usually performed in the initial phase of the deposition from the fold or backward, but sometimes standing on the lunge. The position of the defendant on the fall is characterized by a low level of shoulders and weapons in the conditions of relative proximity to the enemy. Therefore, it is somewhat wider in amplitude than protection, and in the final phase closer to the affected surface of the defendant (the armed hand is taken over). The weapon becomes vertical, and the level of Garda is slightly higher in relation to the body, thereby providing a full-fledged parishing of the response to the top of the body, shoulders and back.

Protection with rapprochement
Middle Boy technique

Protection with unexpected and rapid rapprochement is an effective means of defense, as the reduction of the distance at the time of attack itself puts additional problems before the enemy; Huming the clinic penetration into the elected sector of the affected surface and the application of the injection. In addition, it is advisable to control the contests that are combined with the convergence in order to avoid obtaining an injection after a failed attack (response), which are often incredible in the near battle.

For effective application of protection with rapprochement, mastering the melee technique, you need to master the application of replies to the shield directly and the translation in the conditions of an emerging distance. Transfers are performed in this situation without straightening the armed arm, and sometimes when taking it on themselves, and the answers are directly applied with a significant lifting of Garda up or with its launch. Rapprochement In order to avoid a response injection, the enemy is accompanied by often evasion down, towards, half digit to the enemy, the removal of the garde up or aside before the start of the injection.

Combination Action Combination

The maintenance of multi-duty fights is initially in the form of tactically substantiated combinations of two or three continuously performed actions, and then their occurrence is determined for athletes with an unexpected retreat or rapprochement of the enemy (coach), parrying attacks.

Training contractions in such situations, as a rule, trichat or four-hour, such as attack, countercystinate and core; protection and response, control and control; counterattack and protection and response. However, it makes sense of combination and from more due to attacks when protecting with the choice. It is only important that there were no template as part of the actions used. So, you need answers (core) directly arbitrarily alternate with responses (core) by transfer, direct protection (controls) to replace circular and semicircular protection (counterfeit) and so on.

After each injection, finalizing the fight, it is advisable to require the athlete of the return of weapons into the initial position. This unit forces to maintain aggravated attention to the end of the exercise, it also contributes to the successful continuation of the fastened bouts in the fights and maintaining technical standards in the movements of the weapon.

Multi-acting contractions impose increased requirements for the accuracy of injections due to the difficulties of applying injuries after protection (control), since in responses and cores it is necessary to overcome the inertia of protective movement with weapons. Special problems also arise in the attack with the fins at an unexpected approach of the enemy. Given the increase in the technical complexity of exercises as the number of continuous interactions of the weapon athlete and coach (partner) increases, the use of multi-diet bumps will bring the conditions of training to the situation at the competition.

in selection situations
between alternative actions

Situation 6.

The athlete parries the upper defensive (4th and 6th) attacks of the partner (coach), an arbitrary attack by the injection directly, by transfer, with batman and shovel (translation).

Situation 7.

The athlete parries the attacks of the partner (coach) to the upper sectors and causes the answers, parry the core and causes injections right.

Situation 8.

The athlete parries simple attacks of the enemy (coach) and causes answers. Does not respond to a response to a false attack, steaming Remiz and causes an answer.

Situation 9.

The athlete parries with the retreat of the attack of the partner (coach) and causes the answers. Does not respond to false rapprochement, series of fins, batmans.

Situation 10.

The athlete parries with the retreat long attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers to standing still. Pars short attacks and causes replies with drop.

Situation 11.

The athlete parries simple attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers. Counteracts the dam right attacks with a long rapprochement (series of transfers).

Situation 12.

The athlete parries with the retreat of the attack partner (coach) and inflicts direct answers. A short attack reacts a retreat and makes an attack (double translation, batman and translation).

Situation 13.

The athlete parries with the retreat of the attack of the partner (coach) and causes the answers. Does not respond to attempts to avoid injection by rapprochement, squats, rotation of the torso.

Maneuvering and false actions weapon

Exercise 1.

The athlete moves with steps and retains a long distance, weapons in the 6th position, does not respond to weapons to the actions of the partner (coach).

Exercise 2.

The athlete maneuver, makes changes to connections, batmans, short simple attacks. The partner (coach) retains a long distance and does not respond to weapons on the actions of an athlete.

Exercise 3.

Athlete and partner (coach) arbitrarily maneuver, make prepaid weapons, false attacks, false counterattacks, protection with the answer.

The athlete commits a preparing simple attack or attack with the action on weapons, and the partner (coach) reacts to the protection. Then an athlete, assessing the intention of the partner (coach), attacks - Fint and translation, Batman and translation.

Disguise attack

Situation 1.

Situation 2.

The athlete independently makes changes to positions and connections, false batmans and short attacks, then attacks.

Situation 3.

The athlete commits false sewn or long retreats on the partner attacks (coach). In the next fight its attacks.

Situation 4.

Athlete attacks with a drop to the bottom sector. In the next fight, a false attack again, then continuously reproduce - Batman and translation.

Situation 5.

The athlete retreats from the long attack of the partner (coach). In the next fight makes an attack on preparation - Batman and translation.

Masking of defensive action

Situation 6.

The athlete uses the upper position, the position of the "weapon in the line", the lower position. Partner (coach) makes a series of attacks, and the athlete independently chooses a moment to apply protection and response.

Situation 7.

Situation 8.

Situation 9.

The athlete makes false protection with the steps back. In the next fight attacks the preparation - Batman and the injection directly (or translation).

Situation 10.

The athlete makes a false counterattack with steps back. In the next fight with a step forward, 7 high protection applies and causes a response to the top in the back.

Call Contact

Situation 11.

The athlete commits a rapid long rapprochement with a partner (coach), then protection with the answer.

Situation 12.

The athlete makes a false long attack on the retreating partner (coach). In the following battle applies a simple attack.

Situation 13.

in standard situations

Model 1.

The athlete alternates simple attacks by an injection in various sectors.

Model 2.

Model 3.

The athlete alternates a real attack (causes an injection) and a false attack with counterfeit and core.

Model 4.

The athlete alternates direct protection with response and circular protection with the answer.

Model 5.

The athlete alternates the answer standing in place and the answer with the drop.

Model 6.

Model 7.

Model 8.

The athlete alternates the answer of the first intention (Nano-Sith injection) and the answer of the second intention with counterfeit and control.

Model 9.

The athlete alternates direct control of the response and a circular control with the core directly (translation, double translation).

Model 10.

Combination 1.

The athlete makes the preparing convergence of the 6th connection, parries the attacks on the preparation or attacks the three translations of the retreating partner (coach). The coach arbitrarily alternates direct upper protection and attack on the preparation of the translation into the inner sector.

Combination 2.

The athlete counterattacks long attacks with the opposition, applies the 2nd defense against the remise partner (coach), makes an attack by a double translation for his retreat.

Combination 3.

The athlete attacks with capture, applies circular protection against the counterattack, makes a transfer to the defendant partner (coach). Partner (coach) arbitrarily alternating a counterattack for translation and defense direct.

Combination 4.

An athlete attacks - Batman in the 1st connection and transfer to the upper sector. The partner (coach) arbitrarily alternates a combination of the upper protection (4th and 6th) and a direct counterattack.

Simulation of probabilistic sequence
actions in the duel

Model 1.

The athlete consistently protects the upper and response, the opposition counterattack, the combination is sewn: direct and circular sewn and response, circular protection with rapprochement and response, attack on training.

Model 2.

The athlete consistently performs an attack with the action on a weapon, an attack with a series of transfers, rapprochement and protection with the answer, attack in three pace, a false attack and core.

Countering the Regulation "Weapon in Line"

Exercise 1.

The athlete attacks - Batman and blasting in side.

Exercise 2.

The athlete attacks - capture in the 6th and 7th compounds and direct injection into the lower sector.

Exercise 3.

The athlete attacks with the action on the weapon, parry the counterattack circular protection and causes the answer.

Fencing on the swords

Characteristic of modern fencing
On swords

The technique and tactics of fencing on the swords are primarily implemented by the provisions of the Competition Rules, allowing the application of Ukolov to any part of the athlete's body, with the exception of the neck (torso, hands, mask, legs), regulating the absence of an opponent with mutual injections to 1/25 a fraction of a second (0 , 04-0.05 seconds). In addition, the weight of the weapon is important (within 700 grams), significant Garda dimensions, awarding simultaneous injections to both fencers. These characteristics of the fight are clearly expressed as part of the actions of attacks and protection, tactical components of their preparation and application, requirements for the accuracy characteristics of injections, manifestations of visual and motor reactions, weapon management.

For the fight on the swords are typical of the far distance between athletes, high vigilance to the positions and movements of the enemy weapon, constant attention to ensuring the safety of their own armed arm and ahead of the standing leg (as they are to the enemy closer than other parts of the body), the desire for maximum accuracy Ukolov At the same time, the enemy's armed hand is the main target, which determines the special significance of the speed and accuracy of the visual and tactile reactions of the fencer, their specialism in accordance with the conditions of a spalar battle.

All varieties of attacks completed by shovel in the body, hand, mask, leg, including attacks with one finge, batman (capture) and their combination are used. However, they prevail in battle ordinary attacks in hand and attacks with the action on the weapon to the hand in hand and torso, since their use narrows the perspective of the opponent's counterattack.

In defense, the most common means - counterattacks representing as it were for the first barrier for an attacker, complemented in the context of continuing the defense and response. The proximity to the enemy of the armed arm and hips in front of the standing athlete at the end of the attack, as well as the "minimum" time required for ahead, has determined the high performance of repeated attacks, counterattacks and remies. Therefore, an integral component of the technique of weapons movements are opposition, especially in attacks and answers.

As it moves to the enemy, both in the attack and when counteracting its attack, the possibilities for applying injections into separate parts of the affected surface are expanded. So, if an athlete beat off the 4th protection of an arrow attack, directed in hand, but the attacking advanced is already deep enough, then the injection will have to be in the thigh in front of the standing leg or the lower body sector, and before the return injection or simultaneously with it. In the same way, the attack (answer) by the translation in the body will end in the hand in hand if the enemy suddenly becomes close during the fight or move the armed arm forward.

An increase in the possibilities of applied to the enemy as the distance reduces in the battle predetermines the high performance of repeated attacks and remies, deviations with a sword directed in the arm of the opponent. The elongated hand in the fight, with a miss in the original attempt to apply an injection or pariring with her opponent, an effective admission to counteract attacks (answers), since the enemy risks stumble upon the blade tip, approaching his hand or other part of the body to the edge of the sword. The same armed hand with an elongated sword is not defenseless, since they are covered with a significant largest Garda. That is why the attack by the instrument in the hand is usually completed by re-attacking the dam in the body (mask) or Remiz in the hand (foot), and the counterattack in the hand precedes protection with the answer in the body. In turn, after a failed response in hand, it is most often necessary to re-attack with the action on weapons and an injection in a torso with the opposition, Remiz in hand.

A variety of defense funds, among which counterattacks, protection and controls, enhanced by multidirectional movements (retreat, rapprochement, evasion) leads to a fairly frequent occurrence of melee. Moreover, the fights in the near battle are breeding, replete with series of repeated injections, semi-rotations in different directions and evasion, and also differ in some power struggle with weapons at the time of collisions by Garda or strong parts of the blades.

Independent importance in the battles have injections in hand with an angle and solar, especially in attacks and counterattacks. Used unexpectedly, they deprive the opponent of the necessary accuracy of attacks.

The movement of the bars have separate pronounced features. In particular, in the battle rack, the legs are slightly bent, the distance between them within 1.5 feet, and the maneuvering along the path is free with a frequent leg-crossing. "Strela" occupies a significant place, although the leading role of attacks with the drop is preserved, step (jump) forward and drop.

In attacks, answers, the initial positions of the weapon, the desire to send the edge of the blade is possible closer to the opponent's brush, widely use Garda's movements in order to protect the armed arm.

In the basics of equipment and fencing tactics on the swords there are many common with fencing on rapiers. First of all, it is the structure of the movements of the weapon when applying injections in the body, the spatial-temporal characteristics of the fins, the need to preserve the uniform plane between the shoulder-elbow and brush in the final position of protection, direct protection technique and control. There is also a leading role of circular upper protection.

The tactics of battle on the swords dictates the need for alternation of definition protection and rapprochement. However, direct protection apply to a much larger volume than semicircular and circular, as attacks and answers are most often one-step and two-way.

In preparing attacks (answers), an important role is played by the Athlete's ability to submit the direction of movement of its own blade, taking into account the intended path and the space-time parameters of defensive actions of the enemy weapons. Therefore, an attacker needs an understanding of the tactical essence of the fighting, which allows "to avoid collisions with the protection and opposition of the enemy, to optimize the choice of the most productive means for each situation, as well as the speed and amplitude of their weapons movements, the length of movements along the fencing path, etc.

The martial arts of the bars occurs against the background of constant interaction with the weapon, leading to the emergence of multi-dual battles, most often the vehicles, with significant difficulties of preserving the techniques in the conditions of unexpected elongations of the donation of the fight. Therefore, as it improves typical actions, a considerable time should be given to training a variety of combinations, both consisting of deliberate actions and an arbitrarily alternating coach during classes.

To achieve skill in fencing on the swords, confident weapon management is needed, the optimal ratio of species of attacks and countering attacks (counterattacks and responses, Remiz and core). In addition, good maneuverability of athletes, suddenness of attacks, the specialism of visual and tactile reactions, ensuring the accuracy of the injections and the reliability of countering unexpected attacks, create prerequisites for achieving stable sporting results.

Basic actions

1. Simple attacks and attacks with one finge in hand. Promotion to the enemy (coach) in the fall.

2. Attacks with the action on the weapon, most often with the batman, in the hand (torso). The athlete begins the fight on its own, and also attacks the preparation.

3. Counterattacks and Remiza to shovel directly and translate into hand from above with the opposition. The athlete retreats or makes the lunge ("Arrow").

4. Protection (controls) Direct upper (4th and 6th) and direct response to the hand in hand (torso), direct contact with the opposition.

5. Circular upper protection (most often circular 6th protection) and direct response.

6. Lower protection (8th or 2nd) against attacks. In the near battle, the 7th protection (or 1st).

7. Attack with tie - two successively performed captures in the upper and lower connections. Similarly, the responses with the fall to the bottom sector of the body or in the foot are performed.

8. Attacks (counterattacks) by shovel in hand with an angle (chip) - a shinker with an angle to the left, an angle inward with an angle up and right, lifting Garda up or left.

9. Combinations of actions:

a) a simple attack by shovel in hand and remise in hand (leg) with rapprochement;

b) a counterattack by shovel in hand and remiz (a series of counterattack and remizov) with a retreat;

c) attack by dam in the inner sector and re-attack by transfer to the outer sector;

d) a counterattack in hand from above, upper protection with the choice and response to the dam straight;

e) Circular 6th and direct 4th protection and response to the dam straight.

Enclosure technique direct and translation
in hand and torso

When translating, in the desire of athletes to free and minimal over the amplitudes of the movement of the island to the injection, there are differences in the technique of transfers with the shock in hand and the dam in the outer sector of the body.

Prints in hand with translation into the internal and external sectors are the same by rhythmic pattern, and the movement of the edge and straightening of the armed hand begin simultaneously. In turn, translated into the outer sector of the body in comparison with the translation into the inner sector, the molding movement of the blade in the outer sector should be as fast as possible to get ahead of the full straightening of the armed arm and avoid expansion of the amplitude of the movement of the blade.

Features of translations into the inner and outer sector of the body, expressed in different time relationships between the straightening of the hand and the movement of the blade in translation, are easier to be mastered from the distances that dictate the required translation structure. For example, the translation from the sixth compound should initially train with a slightly larger distance than the close one. In this case, the athlete, even with the rapid straightening of the armed hand, will fulfill the translation to fully translate. However, by performing a translation into the outer sector, it is advisable to enter the Garda in the initial phase of the straightening of the armed arm, the objective conditions for which they arise in the near distance, even shorter than what is required to apply the injection. A similar spatial ratio between the athlete and the coach makes it accelerate the movement of the isge in translation, for otherwise the injection of the injection into the outer sector of the torso becomes difficult.

Oppositions in injections

The use of all types of attacks and answers is complicated by the danger of getting a leading injection, and above all in the brush of the armed arm and the thigh in front of the standing leg. Therefore, the execution of attacks is expedient to combine with the ways to protect the armed arm from the counterattack (remise) of the enemy are most effective among which opposition.

The opposition is created by a small movement of the Garda and the strong part of the blade in the direction of the alleged threat from the enemy's sword is the tip. It is performed in parallel with the straightening of the armed hand in the jole. The efficiency of the opposition is precisely in the simultaneousness of multidirectional movements with weapons to the injection and to the side for its opposition to the possible injection of the enemy.

At the same time, an unnecessary opposition, made in the initial phase of straightening the hand to the injection (found in responses and codes), relieves the enemy to apply remise due to an additional tactile signal. In the same way, the penetration of the opposition, its execution, after the straightening of the armed hand, will not save the athlete from the injection injection.

The opposition is most common in the responses, which is explained by the proximity of the athlete to the enemy at the time of the protection, the real danger of receiving a repeated injection for defending, especially in the leg.

The development of opposition should be started when performing injections in a torso from the 6th and 4th compounds. Thus, the standard arms arms are automated in the final phase of the injection. Thus, when the opposition in the 6th compound of the Garda is somewhat rejected in the outer side and up, and the opposition in the 4th compound is created by the deviation of the gard in the inner side and down.

Coordination of movements weapons when performing
Attacks and returns to its original position

In attacks, answers, counterattacks, prepare actions of the weapon, early removal of the Blade is a projection of the enemy's armed hand, as the direction of the sword tip forward itself is due to the ride of applying the injection.

The return of the armed hand to the initial position when closing back after unsuccessful fights should complete the movement of the lunge, especially in situations with a failed enemy by protection or when parrying them attackers in a significant distance. In this case, an extended athlete has an armed hand and threateningly ahead of the tip of the sword are an additional means of countering the enemy when it is an unexpected long convergence.

The flexion of the armed hand at the end of the attacks, the leading arrival of an athlete in a combat rack, makes sense only as a reaction to the protective beat of the blade by an opponent at a distance of a possible response to the dam in the body, as the risk increases with the use of controls.

Crosses in hand with an angle and sochlet

Their use allows you to simultaneously solve the tactical task of applying an injection and complicates the enemy to achieve accuracy in the attack (counterattack) due to the unexpected removal of the armed hand from the projection of his blade moving towards the injection. In addition, the creation of an angle between the brush and the sword, as well as the deflection of the blade at the time of the application of the injection allow you to avoid a collision with the Garda enemy and thereby freely apply to him in the hand.

The edge of the blade in injections with an angle should overcome the shortest possible way identical to those used in injections directly and translating in typical technique. When creating an angle, the Garda moves to any side from the shortest path to the point of the injection within 20-30 cm. The elimination of the blade is to target and create an angle should be passed simultaneously and continuously, otherwise the enemy will receive a signal for adequate response.

Crosses with an angle are most frequent in attacks and counterattacks in the hand. At the same time, for simple attacks, it is characterized by the creation of an angle by the movement of the gard down and inside, and in counterattacks - angle up or in an outdoor side. It is only necessary to take into account that a counterattaking (as a response) fencer is usually in a combat rack and therefore its armed hand is located higher than that of the attacker athlete, thus facilitating the defending angle up.

In battles, injections are used with an angle, directed optionally precisely in vertical or horizontal planes, in particular the counterattack with a simultaneous angle up and in the outside, attacks with an angle in the inner side and down.

Instead of an angular injection, it is often used by the "sniff" due to the deflection of the sword created by a small shuffle of the weapon and the sharp movement of the brush. In this case, in parallel with the straightening of the armed hand for the application of an injury, the blade will arise, in which the tip envelopes Garda opponent.

The composition of the species of attacks

Among the varieties of attacks, simple and attacks are quantitatively allocated with the action on the weapon to the hand in hand. Moreover, it should be borne in mind the real interchangeability of the applied attacks and attacks with the action on weapons due to the relative proximity of the enemy's armed hand, their greatest performance in situations with an insufficient amount of information on its defensive intentions, a relatively smaller probability of a successful counterattack. In addition, a large number of exactly simple attacks in the hand due to the hit in Garda, the tasks of preparing actions are solved along the way, allow us to obtain data on the intentions of the enemy.

Taking into account the moment peculiarities of the interaction of athletes in the fight the most common attacks on preparation and repeated attacks. And this is natural, since the time for the movement of the Blade is a projection in the projection of the armed arm or hips in front of the enemy standing due to mutual rapprochement, and in re-attack the athlete has an inertia of promotion to the enemy and conditions for some distance reducing.

By the nature of the responses of athletes, attacks prevail, the motor parameters of which the athlete chooses before the fight, and its starting characteristics correspond to the mechanisms of simple reactions. An explanation of this - in the practical inability to choose the application sector along the attack or switch to the injection into the opening sector due to the significantly greater length of the movement of the weapon in attacks in comparison with defensions.

Therefore, when preparing an attack, the search and analysis of information about the defensive intentions of opponents, the skill of the athlete to present the way the movement of their own blade is based on the estimated path and the nature of protective (counterattacking) enemy movements to avoid clashes by the blades until the injection is used to use the necessary speed, the amplitude of movements Weapon, the length of execution.

Arms management in attacks is based on the movements of the brush and fingers in the process of rapid straightening of the armed arm. Garda at the same time goes forward, without repeating the side movements of the blade.

Finds should be made minimal, really threatening tofactor, causing its protective reaction. The conviction of the fins is achieved by speed, long and suddenness of the mover of the blade into a specific sector.

Improving attacks with fins requires considerable efforts that are explained by the difficulties of the mutual assistance of the weapon of the attacker and protecting (by speed, amplitude and length), which is achieved by repeated repetition of attacks with fins in situations with various spatial and temporal parameters, from various starting positions of weapons.

At the time of applying the injection, the armed hand together with the blade should be an approximately a single line passing through the point of contact with the isge with the affected surface, Garda and the shoulders of an athlete. Compliance with the standard position of the armed hand when applying Ukolov creates the usual conditions for continuing the fencer who failed shorts and thereby increases the accuracy of Remizov, the stability of the implementation of control and controls, repeated attacks.

When performing a batman, capture, tying, it is necessary to achieve contact with a weak part of the blade defending, to act quickly and continuously. The starting part of the attack in which the batman is performed, capture, as well as the side of the contact of the blades must be sudden for the enemy to avoid the counterattack.

Testing as a kind of capture is distinguished by a significant power of influence on the enemy weapon. Its effectiveness is determined by the continuity of contacting the strong or middle part of the blade attacker with a weak part of the enemy blade during the attack. The most common is the zeeping in the 4th and 2nd compounds with the progress in the foot (lower part of the body) and the zeeping in the 6th and 7th compounds with the dam in the body.

Training attacks in selection situations
between alternative actions

Situation 1.

Attack (counterattack) by transfer to a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating batman in the 4th and 6th compounds. The athlete commits an injection into the opening hand sector (torso).

Situation 2.

Attack on a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating lagging protection (counterattack) standing in place and timely protection with retreat. The athlete makes repeated attacks (Remisa) to the hand in hand (torso, leg), reacting to the retreat.

Situation 3.

Attack on a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating delay protection and timely protection with the answer. The athlete parries the answers direct upper counterfeit and causes core in the body.

Situation 4.

Attack with action on weapons on a partner (coach), arbitrarily alternating protection and counterattack. Athlete parries counterattack in the course of rapprochement.

Situation 5.

Attack with batman on the partner (coach), an arbitrary alternating retreat, rapprochement, stop in place. The athlete lengthens or shortens attacks.

System Protection and Responses (Containers)

The main defensive are the 4th and 6th top, 7th and 8th bottom. At the same time, individual athletes are successfully used by semicircular 2nd protection instead of the 8th and 7th.

The technique of protection must necessarily vary on amplitude depending on the spatial-temporal features of opponents' attacks. So, parrying attacks at a considerable distance between athletes, the armed hand is advisable to be slightly bend, the promotion of the blade of the attacker to the close distance to the affected surface causes the need for greater bending of the hand in the defending and some approach of the weapon to the body.

However, variations with the parameters of protective movements makes sense only in the range of 5-10 cm. The exception is only 4th protection, when performing the movement of the elbow of the armed arm back significantly. Moreover, as the Garda approaches the body, the amplitude of protection expands, the Garda is lowered down, the blade moves in the vertical direction.

Certain distribution have a combination of circular and straight upper protection, straight upper and semicircular lower protection, circular upper and semicircular lower protection, circular top and straight upper protection. At the same time, protection is most often combined with retreat.

Controls are usually straight and upper, as the use of circular upper counterfeit presents significant technical difficulties. Combinations are monitored in the form of a straight upper and circular top, straight upper and semicircular lower.

In the final position of the upper protection, a single plane is needed between the shoulder, elbow and brush, since the elbow extension of the dust leads to the expansion of the amplitude of protection and the appearance of movements in the shoulder joint when translating, overvoltage of the muscles of the armed arm and the reduction of the accuracy of responses and cores.

Control over the position of the forearm, elbow and shoulder of the armed hand when improving protective movements is facilitated by reducing the speed of exercises, fixing the position of the sewn in separate fights.

The movement of the blade in direct protection must be limited, especially in situations of stopping the enemy advance. However, as its attack elongates, the clink is the further approximation of the tie to the affected surface, the armed hand of the protected flexion is somewhat larger, and the protection amplitude is expanding. In turn, the movement of the isge of the Blade in circular protection should be significant. At the same time, Garda is only partially (within no more than 5 cm) can duplicate it.

Controls are usually carried out in the initial phase of deposit from the fall back, but sometimes standing on the lunge. The position of the defendant on the fall is characterized by a low level of shoulders and weapons in the conditions of relative proximity to the enemy. Therefore, it is somewhat wider than the amplitude than protection, and the weapon is closer to the body of the defendant (the armed hand is taken over by himself). The weapon becomes vertical, and the level of Garda is slightly higher in relation to the body, thereby providing a full-fledged parishing of the response to the top of the body, shoulder and back.

An effective means of defense - protection with an unexpected and rapid rapprochement, since the reduction of the distance at the time of the attack itself puts an additional problem in itself, making it difficult to penetrate the blade into the elected sector of the affected surface. At the same time, for their application, it is necessary to master the application of replies to the shield directly and the translation in the conditions of an emerging distance. Transfers are performed in this situation without straightening the armed arm, and sometimes when taking it on themselves, and the answers are directly applied with a significant lifting of Garda up or with its launch.

The movements of the weapon to the injection and controls do not have significant features, with the exception of the need to maintain the contact of the blades in the circle directly, thereby facilitating the execution of the opposition.

As part of the species of answers, injections are prevailing right in the room from the top of the upper protection (4th and 6th), answers and codes to the injection directly in the torso, respondents from the 6th compound to the internal and lower body sectors (thigh). In some situations, there are answers from the 8th (2nd) protection of the translation into the upper sector, the answers to the dam right in the leg. There are also answers with tying, in particular from the 4th defense - an injection point with tying in the 8th connection, from the 6th protection - an injection into the lower part of the torso with the tie to the 7th connection.

Counterattacks and remis

Counteraction attacks and responses are aimed at solving tactical advanced tasks or application of an injection (evasion).

The choice of a variety of counterattack is determined by the distance from which the attack begins, the speed of approaching the enemy, the estimated sector of its injection, the originality of the coordination of the movements of the legs and the armed hand during the attack. It is the conditions for the upcoming fights that dictate the feasibility of performing a counterattack on the initial (starting) phase of the attack, the implementation of the installation to advance the enemy due to differences in the length and speed of action weapons and movement, the use of convergence or retreats.

The most common counterattack by shovel in the hand from above, as the technical simplicity of their execution is combined with the vulnerability of this part of the affected surface of the athletes. It is widely represented in the battle of counterattack by shovel in the hand below, as well as with an angle up and outdoor side, down and the inner side.

Anti-opposition counterattacks are usually performed in hand in hand and an injection in the inner and outdoor sectors from the 6th position or from the position with the omitted weapons. In turn, the Remizes are most often applied to the instrument in the hand directly and the dam right in the torso from the upper compounds, as well as inward in hand and thigh ahead of the standing leg.

Training Protection with answer and counterattack
in selection situations
between alternative actions

Situation 6.

The athlete parries the right upper defensive (4th and 6th) attacks of a partner (coach), an arbitrary alternating attack direct, translating, batman and pricing directly (translation).

Situation 7.

The athlete parries simple attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers. Contact attacks with long convergence.

Situation 8.

The athlete parries the attacks of the partner (coach) and causes the answers, parries arbitrarily performed by core and causes injections in the body.

Situation 9.

Athlete parries long partner attacks (coach) and causes answers. Does not respond to false rapprochement, series of fins, batmans.

Situation 10.

Athlete parries long partner attacks (coach) and causes answers. Does not respond to a short attack response, plays Remiz and causes an answer.

Situation 11.

Athlete parries long partner attacks (coach) and causes answers to standing still. Pares short attacks and causes replies with the drop ("arrow").

Situation 12.

The athlete parries the long attacks of the partner (coach) and inflicts direct answers, parries an arbitrarily performed short attack and makes an attack with one finite and an injection in hand (foot).

The direction of the point of the sword into space
Most likely location
Armed hand opponent

The focus on the enemy's armed hand of the opponent with the preparing movements of the blade and martial arts of the weapon will play a positive role primarily in unexpected situations and when continuing failed attacks, i.e. In the fights with the complication of the conditions for preserving attention, achieve adequate responses and accuracy of injections. The implementation of this provision is facilitated by the fact that in which part of the hand or the body of the torso either sent his opponent's injection, the final provisions of its armed hands will be almost identical. That is, it can be in advance to conditionally determine the place in space in front of the fencer with the most likely advent of the enemy's armed hand committing an attack. This space will be less than a volleyball ball (15-20 cm), if the edge of the sword is described in front of the fencer an imaginary circumference. Therefore, the improvement of counterattacks, attacks on the preparation and repeated attacks, Remiz and the cores should be interconnected with the direction of the silence of the sword into space with the most likely finding the enemy's armed hand.

Typical exercises are built as follows: the coach (partner) performs rotational, vertical and horizontal movements by armed with armed hand, arbitrarily alternating various starting positions of the weapon, and the athlete changes the direction of the enemy's tip, striving to keep him targeted in the hand of the enemy. Then, on the rapprochement and movement of the coach (partner) weapon forward attacks with the drop in preparation and causes an injection. In turn, attempts to make a trainer (partner) to make an attack counteracts the shield in the hand right.

Then the exercises in which the coach (partner) performs attempts to perform capture (zagging) to the lower and upper compounds, in motion to the student and with a retreat on his attacks, and the student serially infects translations into the hand. Similar to the coaches are also advisable (unexpectedly for an athlete) to complete the fulfillment of the well-known athletes of techniques, thereby creating multi-dual contractions.

Preparation of attacks in martial arts blades

The composition of the species and the use of preparing actions in fencing on the swords have significant features. Thus, the game of the weapon is distinguished by a variety and significant contact with the enemy's clinics, aimed at the distraction of his attention to disguising intentions and possible actions and on the creation of a protective barrier due to martial arts by the blade, which makes the choice of varieties and the beginning of the attack.

Among the means of preparation - imitation of attacks in various sectors of hands and legs, false protection, changes in positions and connections. Including various movements of weapons, differing in the structure of movements from the standard technique of action by the blade.

Improving maneuvering
and false actions weapons

Exercise 1.

The athlete and partner (coach) are martial by the blades and make a threat to prick in hand.

Exercise 2.

The athlete and partner (coach) maneuver, arbitrarily close on the average distance, change the initial position of the weapon.

Exercise 3.

Athlete and partner (coach) maneuver, arbitrarily making false attacks and counterattacks in the hand.

Selection of attacks. Ideomotor training

Exercise 1.

The athlete makes a preparing rapprochement (entry into connection) or a false simple attack, and the partner (coach) is inactive with a weapon or reacts. Then the athlete attacks with the finite and causes an injection into hand.

Exercise 2.

The athlete makes a false attack with FINT or action on weapons, and the partner (coach) responds to counterattack. Then the athlete attacks with the opposition or parry the counterattack and causes the answer.

Disguise attack

Situation 1.

The athlete independently maneuver forward and backward, then attacks after step back or step forward.

Situation 2.

The athlete independently makes changes to positions (connections), false batmans, then attacks in hand.

Situation 3.

The athlete performs false counterattacks (protection), retreating from the attack of the partner (coach). In the next battle, it attacks his deposit from the fall.

Situation 4.

The athlete makes a false attack with the drop in hand (thigh). In the next fight, a false attack again, then continuously re-attack.

Situation 5.

The athlete retreats from the long attack of the partner (coach). In the next fight makes an attack on the preparation - Batman and the injection directly (translation).

Cottage masking and response protection

Situation 6.

The athlete uses the upper position, the position of the "weapon in the line", the lower position. The coach makes a series of attacks, and the athlete retreats, reacts with false protection, chooses a moment to apply a counterattack.

Situation 7.

The athlete makes false straight protection in step back. In the next fight applies circular protection and response.

Situation 8.

The athlete makes false protection in step back. In the following battle applies a counterattack with the opposition.

Situation 9.

The athlete makes false protection with the steps back. In the next fighting counterattacks in the hand in the top (mask), removing the standing leg ahead.

Call Contact

Situation 10.

The athlete commits a quick and long rapprochement with a partner (coach), then an attack with the action on the weapon.

Situation 11.

The athlete makes a false long attack on the retreating partner (coach). In the following battle, applies a simple attack with "opposition, an attack with the action on weapons.

Situation 12.

The athlete comes closer and false baphman. In the next battle attacks with the batman, parries a counterattack of a partner (coach) and causes an answer with the drop.

Independent choice of action
in standard situations

Model 1.

The athlete alternates attacks in various sectors of hand, torso, leg.

Model 2.

The athlete alternates a real attack and a false attack with a counterfeit and core.

Model 3.

The athlete alternates various opposition to counterattacks.

Model 4.

The athlete alternates attacks with fins and attacks with action on weapons.

Model 5.

The athlete alternates direct and circular upper protection, the upper n and lower protection with the answer.

Model 6.

The athlete alternates protection with the answer and counterattack.

Model 7.

The athlete alternates protection with retreat and protection with a convergence, the answer is standing in place and the answer with the drop.

Model 8.

The athlete alternates the answer directly and answer the translation.

Model 9.

The athlete alternates the answer of the first intention (causes an injection) and the answer of the second intention with counterfeit and core.

Model 10.

The athlete alternates a direct control from the answer and a circular counter-from the answer, the core directly and the transfers (double translation).

Model 11.

The athlete alternates protection with a response and a two-way attack on a retreating partner (coach).

Combinations of action with probabilistic
tactical adversary solutions in the fight

Combination 1.

Contracting in hand from above with opposition, top and answer protection.

Combination 2.

Counterattack in the arm on top, attack by dam in the torso, 2nd protection against the partner's remise (coach) and the answer.

Combination 3.

Attack in hand with a step and fall, then re-attack "Arrow" - Batman in the 4th connection and injection in the body.

Fencing on sabers

Characteristic of modern fencing
On sabers

Fencing on sabers in the last 20th anniversary varies significantly. New provisions in the rules of fighting, and above all, a decrease in the fencing track, eliminating the battle stop to prevent an athlete about approaching the "border" line, the prohibition of "arrows" and run forward caused significant changes in the composition of the fighting, their tactics of their preparation and application in the fights .

The modern battle system was formed in many ways and thanks to the improvement of the technique of technical and tactical training. In particular, today they immediately teach fencing on sabers, pre-acquaintances engaged in other types of weapons, and regular workouts are often starting in 9-10 years.

For the holding of the saber athletes use the entire length of the handle, in the battle stands of the legs are slightly bent, the torso in the invertation is drawn to the enemy, movement without standardized parameters.

Connections of blades during maneuvering and the preparation of attacks are practically absent due to the high distance distance. During the battle, weapons are usually in the upper position, most often in the intermediate position between the 3rd and 4th, or omitted down with the advanced Garda and the edge sent towards the enemy.

Fundamentals and fencing tactics on sabers are determined by the possibilities of applying to the enemy as shocks and injections, the advantage of attacks with mutual and simultaneous actions of the participants in the fight. In addition, the low weight of the weapon and a significant affected surface (torso, mask, arms) predetermine the ease of blowing strikes in any plane. All this makes attacks and counterattacks in the most effective means of conducting the fight and creates difficulties for use sewn.

A modern athlete seeks to attack as much as possible from any part of the track. First of all, attacks immediately after the presidential jury team: start. From here, very. Painful mutual attacks as a consequence of the fighting participants of the fight for the right to begin the offensive.

High performance attacks is achieved by an increase in their duration due to the start from a distance of four meters and more, the combination of two attacks into a continuous combination. In this case, the attacker, especially catching up the enemy, is able to strike into the opening sector, or parry the counterattack in the process of rapprochement and cause the answer.

Defense has changed. In it, the main place occupies a variety of combinations of action, consisting of protection with the answer, counterattack, retreats, attacks on training.

In the battles on the sabers, a special role is assigned to attacks applied on the basis of an alternative choice between their varieties, which makes it possible to achieve effectiveness without the preliminary detail of the offensive and defensive intentions of the enemy. Only at the time of the beginning of the fight feels the need for certain information about the opponent, mainly about the mood to apply a simple attack or an attack with fins, counterattack or response to the answer. Consequently, the situation of the beginning of the fight is characterized by tactical martial arts in terms of scheme "The enemy thinks I think he thinks." Similarly, the direct tactical contact between athletes and the implementation of the information received in subsequent battles, fights, are preserved.

The repetition of mutual attacks makes an independent element in the battle tactics on the sabers, makes mutual attacks to the means of exposure to the decisions and actions of the enemy in a duel relating to the initiative of the principle, the space of the battlefield, the duration of the preparation of attacks. Therefore, in the conditions of advantages in the account or, on the contrary, with a losing position, the use of mutual attacks in order to destroy the resulting tactical ties.

Basic actions

1. Easy attack by a shock on a mask from the 3rd position. Punch is ahead of the completion of the lounge.

2. Attack with a series of fins on the left and right side with an alternative selection of the strike sector. The rhythm of the fins is continuous. Sluffs are excluded by blade, pauses, Garda oscillations.

3. Simple attack by transfer to the opening sector (right or left side). The amplitude of impact is minimal, the movement of Garda forward straight.

4. Attack with batman in the 4th connection. Begins long rapprochement, then batman and hit are performed.

5. Upper protection (3rd, 4th, 5th) with an alternative choice of their variety. The amplitude of protection and the degree of approach to the weapon of an athlete to their own body is measured with a distance to the attacking opponent.

6. A counterattack by hitting the hand in the outdoor sector with a retreat, as well as after a false convergence. A counterattack on a mask.

7. 4th semicircle (circular) protection and response to a mask to deprive the opponent initiative to start an attack.

8. Crimaging directly (translation) from the position of "weapon in line" with a retreat of different lengths.

9. Attack for the preparation of the enemy by a mask strike (with a series of fins and a blow to the opening sector).

10. Attack with long rapprochement and subsequent protection and response (with the action on weapons in situations of applying an opponent's position "Weapon in line").

The ratio between the species of attacks

The most common attacks are simple attacks on a mask with a duration of more than one fencing tempo and attacks with a series of fins and sector sector with a shock on the right or left side.

The situation for the use of a simple attack can be like waiting for the opponent's counterattack, and the complete absence of information about the enemy's mood to a certain opposition. It is important only to foresee the direction (forward or backward) and the length of the movement of the defendant. In turn, the use of attacks with Finders requires prediction of the opponent's intentions to counteract protection.

Almost all attacks (except for preparation attacks) are performed in the form of combinations consisting of two continuously following attacks, the first of which preparing a simple attack on a wave mask (jump forward and drop), and the second is the actual simple attack by a shock on a mask (or With a series of fins and a blow to the opening sector).

In fencing on the sabers, the attacks with FINT are preserved in a pre-elected sector, as well as attacks with a batman and a blow to the elected sector (series of fins). Their use is usually preceded by a preparing convergence with an opponent or preparing retreat.

Leading movements in the technique of impact (injection)

In attacks the main two weapons movements are.

1. Punch on a mask from the 3rd position. The main attention is paid to the starting speed and straightness of the movements of the hand and weapons.

2. A series of fins on the left and right side with an alternative selection of the shock application sector.

Constantly train also shocks on the right and left side into the opening sector.

The blow is a single, fast and continuous movement of an armed hand and a saber. Shoulder, elbow and white joint, as well as fingers are actively and comprehensively involved. Major efforts performs a ray-uplume joint, and the actual blow is only the ray-taught joint and fingers. Moreover, the inclusion of all listed components does not occur most often, which makes it possible to conditionally divide the movement of the strike on the "delivery" and "logging". At the same time, the straightening of the armed hand in the shoulder and elbow joints, performed with the maximum initial speed, is complemented by the movement in the ray-tank joint, which guides the blade blade to the target, and the fingertip makes a clear contact with the affected surface, which is easily perceived by hearing. Such a structure of movements is especially noticeable in shuffles on a mask combined with a slight tilt of the body forward. Failure to comply with the required coordination of movements by armed with arm and weapons when applying shocks, ahead of the movement of a brush to the blow leads to premature conclusion of the Blade is a projection of the affected surface. The consequence of this will be a miss or sliding touch of the enemy, resembling an injection.

Transferred and translation (the transfer attacks are typical for the battle on the sabers) are performed after the starting straightening of the armed arm on strike, and only through the efforts of the brush. Moreover, the movement of Garda should be straightforward, and the hand, changing the direction of the blade blade before the blow, turns without displacement to the side.

Retreats from typical technology are suitable when performing responses and coders with a flock on a mask from the near distance. Early brush movement in this case will only accelerate the application. In addition, in the responses to the left and right side, the conditions of the close distance require to strike additional energetic movements in the shoulder and elbow joints (especially in responses from the 5th defense).

In the circle, the distribution of efforts in time to move the weapon and the armed hand differs from the accepted to strike. Fast Pronation of the forearm and movement in the ray-exclusive joint, withdrawing the tip on the target, is ahead of the moment of complete straightening of the armed hand and applying the injection.

The edge of the blade in the strike (hug) is sent to the target for the possibility of a shorter way, and the Garda, moving straightly, in the final phase is at the level of the deltoid muscle along the outer border of the attacking body (appreciating) mask. The exceptions are answers on the right side, when applied, Garda makes sense to send a position somewhat lower than typical to avoid an undesirable collision with the Garda opponent.

Series Findov

Finding techniques in attacks (answers) with the choice of the opening sector consists of a short promise of weapons forward and the series (5-10) extremely fast and economical over the amplitude (20-30 cm) of oscillatory movements of the blade performed due to sharp efforts with a brush fixed in the fingers Handle Sabl. Finds are performed against the background of gradually accelerating straightening of the armed arm and weapons. The edge of the blade should not be moved more than 45 0 ahead of the vertical due to the danger of a collision with the protection of the enemy.

Moment and distance
To start the strike (injection)

Coordination of movements with weapons and legs in fencing on sabers When performing attacks, it is subordinate to the need to start the final movement of the blade at the time of convergence with the enemy per distance sufficient for the maximum quick and continuous straightening of the armed arm and strike. For an attack committed for a moment earlier from the distance is somewhat more ended with a slip. In addition, the armed hand, advanced in the attack (response), is a target for a leading counterattack (remise), and delaying with a blow by elongation of the attack increases the capabilities of the counterpart enemy to win the tempo.

The moment and distance for the final movement by an armed hand to strike are also interconnected with the speed of rapprochement of the attacker with the enemy, from which, in turn, the depth of movements of the weapon in the figs, the moment of performing the batman (capture), the number of fins, etc.

Making attacks (answers) with FINTS on a fixed trainer (partner) from various distances (from the average to a long-distance), in various movement techniques (lunge, jump forward and lunge, combination - jump and drop + lunge), the fencer on the sabers is mastering rational for Each situation coordinate movements with weapons and legs. It should be striving in every attack to strike the first third blade from the island. At the same time, depending on the type of attack (a simple attack, an attack or response with fins, an attack with the action on weapons), the initial distance and the speed of rapprochement varies the depth of the fins, the moment of execution of the batman (capture), the number of fins. Consequently, an attacker, at high speed converging with the enemy, can start the final movement of the blow from the distance somewhat more than the slower attacking athlete.

Retreat and rapprochement of the coach (partner), as the student of the technique of attacks, arbitrarily and unexpectedly for the student vary in depth and speed. But the most important is the improvement of attacks on fast and long retreating opponents characteristic of a saber battle. As a result of the workout, the ability to anticipate remote and torque parameters of kits, adjust the spatial and temporal features of action, depending on the enemy movements, are formed.

The implementation of the injection by the time of the final movement of the weapon differs from shock. The movement of the island begins a little before straightening the hand to have time to bring the blade to the target. Otherwise, it is possible to miss, caused by the passage of the isge of the Blade for the tomb of the enemy in an attempt of the injection, the displacement of the Garda to the side, transfers in the shoulder joint, etc.

Training attacks in situations of choice between
Alternative actions

Training attacks is most effective in simulating the coach of situations with the conditions of choice of two alternative actions or tactical components of their execution.

The athlete performs an attack trainer (a simple attack with a mask with a mask, an attack with a series of fins, an attack with the action on the weapon), based on one of the combinations of the movements of the legs (lifting + jump forward and the drop, jump and lunge + drop, a series of steps forward + lunge ). Responding during the attack on the actions of the coach, implements one of the alternative tactical tasks.

Situation 1.

Attack on the enemy (coach), an arbitrarily alternating retreat, rapprochement, stop in place. The athlete lengthens or shortens the attack, anticipating remote and torque scope parameters.

Situation 2.

Attack on the enemy (coach), an arbitrarily alternating counterattack and protection. The athlete strikes the specified or opening sector.

Situation 3.

Attack on the enemy (coach), arbitraryly alternating timely and delaying counterattacks from various distances. The athlete parries timely counterattacks in the course of rapprochement.

Situation 4.

Attack on the enemy (coach), which makes too early and delaying counterattacks and protection. The athlete should not respond to false actions.

Training attacks in situations with a probabilistic choice should be practically at every lesson. At the same time, the coach (partner) always clearly defines for itself at least two alternative actions or tactical components of their use, alternate them unexpectedly for an athlete

Initially, the actions of the athlete in each situation are trained separately, then this rule is necessarily only for the start of classes. In the future, various situations can be combined in one exercise. It is most advisable to unite the training of actions athlete in situations of the first and second, first and third, second and fourth, third and fourth.

The ratio between varieties of protection

Among the protective actions, five of their varieties are preserved performed by substitution of weapons to strike with the task of parrying an attack in a certain sector. However, between the 3rd and 2nd, 4th and 1st defense, there is a duplication of functions in the defense of the right and left side, and therefore their use is inexpedient in the same volumes. The main tops are the main protection: the 3rd, 4th, 5th, providing steady defense from the shocks of the dust, inside, from above, both from attacks and counteracts and responses. In turn, the protection of the lower - the 1st and 2nd are preserved as auxiliary for intentional use in individual combat situations.

Paring attacks, as a rule, is combined with a retreat, because even timely protection is often ineffective if the enemy deeply advanced during the attack.

Among the methods of performing protection are the most typical for fencing on the sabers of protection for the protection of the substitution, since, removing the armed hand, the athlete insures itself from the blow to the brush or forearm and retains the possibility of repeating re-attack. In addition, the movement of the weapon to its own affected surface ensures opposition to the strong part of the blade of the weak part of the enemy weapon, which reduces the likelihood of getting a blow when the enemy blade is deflected. All this makes the protection of the substitution by a highly efficient means of countering shocks.

Impact protection is designed to fight against attacks with long preliminary rapprochement and vertical position of weapons, but especially against attacks with fints, and undergoing protection is usually performed in the 4th protection with the answer on the right side and in the 1st protection with a shock on a mask (left side).

Protection in the overwhelming majority is presented as simple and single-step actions. The reason is that bypassing the protection started a little earlier the final phase of the attack, due to the switching to the blow to another sector, it is not difficult. Therefore, the main thing when performing protection is their spatial-temporal accuracy, the achievement of which is most realistic only in simple protection. From here, the desire of athletes does not respond to fins, actions on weapons, but to apply protection only to the final phase of attacks.

Direction and amplitude of protective movements

In the technique of protection and controlling the depth and amplitude of movements of the weapon can vary significantly. They depend on the length and speed of the opponent's attacks, the distance at the time of parry, the positions of weapons before trying to defend themselves, from the intentions of the defendant and others.

The depth of the protective movement towards itself and the amplitude of the lateral movement of the weapon when parrying the 3rd and 4th defenses are not standard. Only when mastering the basics of technology are improved typical end positions of protection, when performing the elbow of the armed hand is 5-7 cm from the body. Then the technique of protective movements is also mastered, allowing you to parry attacks with the maximum use of anatomical hand capabilities. Thus, when defending against short attacks, the armed hand is slightly bent, at the same time in the near distance, it bends down to the movement of the elbow for the body in the 3rd defense and contact of the forearm with the body in the 4th protection.

The position of the weapon in the 5th defense is significantly changed in depth, depending on the length of the attacks of opponents. Changes in the level of protective movements for remoteness from the mask should not exceed 10-15 cm. Similar requirements are also presented to the technique of the 1st and 2nd lower protection. Their remoteness from the torso varies only in small limits.

The performance of the 3rd and 4th counterfeit does not have significant technical features. When parrying an answer, an armed hand, as a rule, does only a larger path, and countercycling due to dangerous proximity. For the enemy almost always as fast as possible and energetic.

General requirements for the technique of all varieties of protection: a sharp and clear turn of the blade towards the blade of the attacker, the implementation of the actions with weapons is out of connection with the movements of the body, head, the elimination of the side fluctuations of the body.

Armed hand elbow position
and the island of blade when performing protection

Anatomical shoulder and forearm of the armed arm at the time of the upper defense should be a single plane, not disturbed by the elbow outlet for the projection of the body. The suspension of the armed hand in the shoulder joint within the possible mobility will provide the desired position of the hand in defense. However, adherence to sufficient supination shoulder is not the lungs, since when performing the 3rd and 5th protection, it is necessary against the background of almost maximum forearm. Therefore, in case of insufficient mobility, the hand in the shoulder joint arises overvoltage of the deltoid muscle, to overcome which special exercises need to expand the amplitude of the movement with hand in the shoulder joint.

The removal of the elbow of the duck from a single plane formed by the forearm and an anatomical shoulder deprives the movement of the strike (injection) of the necessary rectinity, contributes to the technique of movement in the shoulder joint. And this, to a certain extent, negatively affects the efficiency of the movement of the brush in the management of a weapon, reduces the speed and accuracy of the application of responses and core.

The elbow removed elbow allows you to more accurately observe the necessary amplitude of the lateral movements of weapons in defense. This is especially true of the 3rd protection, which in addition to the torso insures from the shocks of the dust and armed hand. In addition, the dudder elbow, as well as the insufficient conclusion of the blade for the projection of the body (mandatory minimum of 5-10 cm), turn the armed hand to the target for a successful attack.

A peculiar technique is inherent in the 1st and 2nd lower protection. When they are fulfilled, it is necessary to pronathize the forearm and shoulder, semicircular movements of weapons in the elbow joint and some conclusion of the elbow up, not exceeding the level of gard.

The quality of the protection is largely depends on the position and direction of the island of the Blade. When parrying attacks in the hand in distance from the body, the blade of a defending fencer is directed up-forward approximately at an angle of 45 0 in the 3rd protection, back-up in the 4th, ahead, inside (and slightly up) in 5 . As weapons approaches the torso when parrying deep attacks of opponents, the tilt is the island ahead (in the 3rd and 4th defense) decreases and thereby creates a larger protective "front". The fully vertical position of the weapon should not be taken, as this will lead to clashes with the weapon of the attacker's opponent under disadvantageous for a protective corner. There will be unnecessary fluctuations in weapons at the time of protection, leading in separate situations to incomplete parry, some break in time between protection and response, which reduce their accuracy.

Changes to the direction of the isge of the Blade in the 5th protection during parrying of various attacks on the length of attacks are impractical and makes sense only in varying the provisions of the 5th protection in height. In the same way in the 1st and 2nd protection, when they approaching them to the body (it is only small), the angle of inclination forward and down in the direction to the more vertical weapon position changes slightly.

Position "Weapon in line"

As a means of countering attacks, this provision was distributed in a saber due to the conditions of a utmost distance, using two-stage offensive combinations in which an attacker athlete often reacts to a smoothly exhibited blade, especially if the defendant does it against the background of retreat. The success of Ukolis from the position of "Weapon in Line" is also explained by a large duration of attacks, often up to two or three seconds, objective possibilities for the injury to varying the torque parameters of the blade movements and creating an effect of suddenness.

At the same time, the use of the position of the "weapon in line" position is beyond the scope of the intention to inflict the countercover. The initial position of the fencer before the fight with an elongated hand and aimed forward with a blade, comprising a threat to an injection when counteracting the attack, forces the enemy to increase the duration of the preparation of the attack due to the complication of the choice of its type, and the defendant allows you to go to the positional battle with a smaller risk that in separate situations , in particular, the line of the border is forced. Therefore, the elongated hand is both an independent means of preparation aimed at deterring the attack initiative of the enemy.

Training Protection with the answer, counterattack
(preparation attacks) in selection situations
between alternative actions

Counteraction Attacks are initially trained as specified by the parameters of their use in the duel (from certain distances, to the initial or final phase of attack, with rapprochement or retreat). Then the mains are situations with an alternative choice of two (three) actions or tactical components of their implementation.

It is most important and difficult to master the response with the answer, which are trained both separately and in common exercises with counterattacks, attacks on training, attacks after a deep retreat.

Situation 5.

The athlete parries the attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers (core). The direction of protection determines in the course of the attack.

Situation 6.

The athlete parries the attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers. For false (short) rapprochement, Finds and Batmans do not react.

Situation 7.

Athlete parries long partner attacks (coach) and causes answers. Does not respond to short attacks and plays remies.

Situation 8.

The athlete parries the long partner attacks (coach) and causes answers to the mask. Pars short attacks and causes answers to right side.

Situation 9.

The athlete parries simple attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers. Contact shock on the hand of the dust on the attacks with a series of fins.

Situation 10.

The athlete parries simple attacks of the partner (coach) and causes answers. Counteracts the attack mask with a long convergence.

Situation 11.

Athlete parries long partner attacks (coach) and causes answers. Farming short attacks and attacks (with a jump and drop) with a shock on a mask (plays Remiz or strikes the opening sector).

Situation 12.

The athlete parries simple attacks of the partner (coach) retreating the steps back and delivers the answers. Attacks with the fall at the beginning of the opposition of the enemy, attacks with the fides after a deep digression and completion of the attack by a partner (coach).

Each given standard situation is mastered separately, and their various combinations are also appropriate.

In training, qualified fencers most often combine situations 5, 6 and 7, as well as situations 9 and 10.

Specialization of complex visual motor reactions makes high demands on the psyche athlete and coach, which determines the need to dose exercises.

Combinations of action in defense

In defense, combinations of action, consisting of a counterattack with a retreat (rapprochement) and continuously performed protection with response, retreat protection and a counterattack with a blow to the specified sector, are widely used. The tactical task of the first action in combination is to impede the reaction of the enemy, to speed up his attack (predetermine the sector and depth), go to do a longer (lengthen) to lead a counterpart (attack on preparation). Especially effective combination with visual interference.

Combination 1.

Counterattack (false) imbightening mask and protection with response.

Combination 2.

Counterattack (false) impact on the hand of the retreat and protection with the answer.

Combination 3.

Attack for preparing (false) by dam with the drop and 1st semicircle protection with the answer.

Combination 4.

Protection with retreat (false) and counterattack with a shock in hand.

Combination 5.

Attack on the preparation (false) impact on the mask with the drop and the 5th protection with the answer.

Combination 6.

Protecting with retreat (false) and counterattack by shift.

Exercises for improving the movements of the saber

Application of impact (injection), the application of protection with the answer is distinguished by large simultaneous efforts. As a result, the muscles are overstated, the intensity of attention and the overall tension of the mental sphere increases the limit.

Regulation of the level of total athlete's strength, the elimination of residual overvoltages in the muscles after individual movements is achievable in exercises consisting of several continuously and consistently performed actions with weapons. Figures on hand, mask, bodybuilding, protection and answers, Remisa. According to tactical content, sequences and rhythms, attacks are simulated simple and attacks with fins, counterattacks and remies, protection against responses and core.

Exercise 1.

A series of strikes: on hand on top, masked, on hand from above, along the movement of the saber in the 3rd position (complemented by protection and response).

Exercise 2.

A series of shocks (transfer) on the right side, on the left side, on the right side and return to the 3rd position (complemented by the protection and response).

Exercise 3.

A series of protection and responses with a shock on a mask, controlling and codes with a shock on a mask.

In training qualified fencers on the sabers, it is most important to increase the level of tactical adequacy of the selected actions for use in a standard situation. To solve this pedagogical task, tactical models are intended in which the athlete independently chooses a combat effect among interchangeable in a certain situation, adequately acts in modeling of probabilistic tactical enemy solutions in a fight, and then in a duel.

The main effect of the proposed models is to transfer the functions for choosing actions from the coach (defining only the overall content of the exercise, the situation of the use of actions) to the trainee athlete.

Independent choice athlete
Of the two (three) actions in the standard situation

Model 1.

The coach (partner) attacks the mask (with a series of fins). The athlete arbitrarily alternates a summary of the 4th defense with the response to the mask and the attack on the preparation - Batman in the 4th connection and a blow on the mask.

Model 2.

The coach (partner) attacks the mask strike (left side, with a series of fins). The athlete arbitrarily alternates a combination of action: a) an injection into the fall and summarizing 1st protection with the answer; b) a counterattack by prick with steps back and summarizing 1st protection with the answer.

Model 3.

The coach (partner) counterattacks the shock on the hand. The athlete arbitrarily alternates a simple attack by a blow on hand from above, a simple attack by a shock on a mask, preparing an attack and the 2nd defense with the answer.

Model 4.

The coach (partner) makes deep rapprochement before the attack. The athlete arbitrarily alternates the attack on the preparation of the mask, an attack on training with a series of fins to a blow on the right or left side, an attack with a series of fins after fast and deep retreat.

Simulation probabilistic
Tactical solutions in the fight

A probabilistic selection of actions is originally mastered in the fights started by the prepaid effect and completed depending on the enemy actions by switching to an attack or protection and response (counterattack).

Model 1.

Partner (coach) arbitrarily alternating simple attacks on the preparation and counterattack by a blow on hand (mask) after retreat. The athlete makes a preparing step forward (lunge), then parries the attack and causes an answer, attacks with a jump and falling out of the retreating and counterattacking partner (coach).

Model 6.

Partner (coach) arbitrarily alternate attacks on preparation with the fall, counterattack standing still, steps back and counterattack. The athlete attacks with a jump and drop by a shock on a mask, responds with acceleration to rapprochement (stopping in place) and attacks a repeated mask when the partner is retreated (coach).

Simulation probabilistic
Tactical solutions in the duel

The fencer should strive to predict the intentions of opponents, focusing on their probabilistic tactical decisions on the results of each taught the fight. To do this, the coach picks up an action athlete for their execution in a certain sequence.

Model 7.

Partner (coach) defenders, sequentially alternating counterattack and protection. The athlete alternately performs a simple attack, an attack with a series of fins, an attack with switching to protection and response, an attack with the action on weapons.

Model 8.

The partner (coach) attacks, sequentially alternating the attack simple, attack with the fins, a combination of two attacks, a deep preparatory convergence. The athlete alternately performs protection with the answer, counterattack, combination of action (false counterattack and response), attack on training.

Model 9.

The partner (coach) and the athlete alternately come and defend themselves, consistently alternate simple attacks and attacks with fins, protection with response and counterattack (attack on preparation).

Features of fighting and training
On electrosables

Observations of coaches and a summary of the experience of the strongest athletes of the world in the competitions on electrosables make it possible to make sure that the basic patterns of the battle are immutable, despite the electrofixation of the strikes (injections). This is due to the lack of problems of target accuracy in fencing on sabers due to the almost equal possibilities of strikes in various planes.

Analysis of the composition of actions in the fights is established an increase in the number of contracts by reducing the volume of protection with the answer, as well as trends towards improving Remizov.

It is noticeable to the desire of athletes to the predominant application of one-step actions, especially counterattack, answers, Remizov, intuitively suggesting a greater likelihood of their effectiveness.

Evaluating the structure of the use of offensive and defensive means, it should be borne in mind that the process of adapting athletes to the electric storage (weapons, equipment, techniques of blows and injuries) coincided with changes in distance and torque characteristics of the preparation and implementation of actions due to the liquidation of the "border" prevention line Fencing path. And this created new conditions for conducting the fight, as they complicated the estimates of the length and duration of the attacks, the moment of the beginning of counterattack and protection with the answer.

Fights have become even more configured as a result of reducing the time spent on the preparation and impact (injection), up to 2-6 seconds.

Experts celebrate the appearance of pursuant shocks in the attacks, with visual refereement of practically non-fixed, repeated strikes after a failed counterattack or response, injections and beats with the opposition.

Unnecessary steel "strong" strikes, the purpose of which was to stimulate the decision of the judge to apply the actual impact, and reasonable - an increase in the requirements for the technique of movements of the weapon, as it is necessary to clearly differentiate the efforts with a brush and fingers at the time of the collision of the saber with the enemy's clinics and the execution of fins and shocks.

In the movements of the electric stroke, in particular in attacks with batman and response, a certain time interval is required between the moment of colliding of the blades and the strike (injection), for otherwise the device will not fix them. It is advisable and rethinking the technique of a "straight arm", since it requires dynamic efforts to fix it at the time of stirring into an electric craft.

Thus, in the technical and tactical training of fencers on the sabers, further corrections are needed in order to accelerate the process of adapting athletes to changes in the conditions of competition, the introduction of new methods of training.

Fencing - This is the Olympic sport, the essence of which is to conduct combat use of cold weapons. The following types of sports fencing are distinguished: on rapiers, on sabers, on swords. Fehestovors need to cause an opponent and reflect or avoid injuries. Fencing competitions are held both between men and between women.

The international federation federation was founded on November 29, 1913 in Paris. Today it is located in Lausanne (Switzerland). Russian federation federation (FFR) official website.

The history of the emergence and development of fencing

Another 3 thousand years ago, the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses III arranged in honor of the victory over the Libyans a fencing tournament. On the frescoes of those times, the weapons clearly differ very similar to the modern, which is used in fencing, as well as masks of protecting faces. In addition to Egypt, the competition was also arranged in ancient Greece, India, Rome, China and Japan.

In the Middle Ages, fencing was carried out mainly by representatives of the aristocracy of feudal principalities and states. Simple townspeople and peasants fencing on sticks, with iron or on alabard.

Fencing as the art of ownership of a sword and rapiir originated in Spain in the XV century, about the same time in Germany, a corporation of fencing teachers was created, and in England, the Association of Fehestovockers.

In the XVI century, the principles of fencing were determined in Italy, expressed in the classification of techniques and actions. Italian teachers have created a course of studying fencing and theoretically substantiated its principles. At this time, such types of weapons were gaining popularity, which could penetrate the blade with the slot between the plates of the lat. This circumstance made the victim of the sword's blade to the edge and, ultimately, led to the appearance of a sword, which finally displaced the sword. Spain has become a homeland rapier with a classic type of handle having a cup-shaped Garda.

The first fencing competitions (in modern interpretation them) were held in 1986 in Budapest.

On November 9, 1913, the International Fencing Federation was created in Paris. In 1914, the first international rules were formulated. In 1921, the first international tournament was organized in Paris under her aegid, who later received the status of the World Cup. The world championships on the swords among men are held since 1921, on the sabers since 1922, on rapiers since 1926.

The first European championship was held in 1981 under the auspices of the European confederation of fencing, and since 1972, the World Fencing World Cup was held.

Fencing rules

Before the beginning of the fight, the weapon must be tested for rigidity, length, the presence of microcracks, and the equipment and the mask must be tested for strength and electrical conductivity.

The victory in the fight is awarded to the athlete, which is the first to apply a certain number of injections to the opponent or will cause more of their number for the allotted time. All injections are fixed by a special electronic system, after fixing the injection, a beep sounds and a special lamp lights up. The arbitrator may not count the injection or blow if it was inflicted with the rules violation. The paristers have the fact of hitting, and the rapirists and sabbers are defined by certain color, whether the injection was shown in the affected surface.

For the intersection of the back of the border, the athletes are punishable by penal injections. For the intersection of the lateral boundaries of the track of penal injections, it is not prescribed, but the battle stops, and the applied blows are canceled. Another penalty area can be obtained for the collision of the bodies, shall be punished with the culprit of the collision.

Fencing track

The fencing path has a size of 14 meters in Dina and 1.5 - 2 meters in width. It is made of electrically conductive material and is isolated from the system of registering injections and beats. The track applies the following markup:

• central line;
• 2 lines of the initial position (at a distance of 2 meters from the central line);
• side limits;
• rear borders of the track.

On each side of the track, two-meter segments (across the entire width) are indicated, which warn the retreating athlete that it is in dangerous intimacy from its rear border.

Fencing equipment

The protective suit of the fencer consists of a jacket and trousers on the knee on suspenders made of lightweight Kevlar. On the legs in athletes long white leggings and special shoes for fencing with a flat sole. On the head of fencers mask with a metal grid and a gate that protects the throat of an athlete. On the hands put on gloves. Under protective suit, fencers are put on protective climbers.

Spacers have a grid of a fencing mask isolated from the inside and outside the plastic shock-resistant material. Masks of rapirists are similar to masks of paristers, but even further have an electric collar. Sablists have a mesh mask and collar are not isolated and performed from electrically conductive material. The saber glove has a conductive cuff.

Rapirists put on top of a suit special metallized conductive vests, and fencers on sabers - jackets that reflect the affected surface of the athlete.

Consider the types of weapons that are used in fencing (differences):

• Rapira - stinging cold weapons with a flexible blade. The length of the rapier varies from 90 to 110 centimeters, and the rapier mass is 500 grams. To protect the hands of athletes, the Garda with a diameter of 12 centimeters is provided in the rapier.
• The sword is a stinging cold weapon, the design is very similar to the Rapier. Unlike the rapier, the swords have a tougher blade (triangular section) and it is 270 grams heavier. Garda, defending the hands of an athlete is equal to 13.5 centimeters in diameter.
• Saber - Rubbing Cold Cold Weapons of Trapezoidal Section up to 105 cm and weighing 500 g.

Judging in Fencing

Fencing refereeing is traditionally conducted in French. All fencing fights conducts a judge who has a certificate of national or international arbitrator. Its responsibilities include:

• calling participants;
• checking equipment before the fight;
• tracking the correct operation of the device;
• observation of the other members of the Judicial Board (assistants, chronometrics, secretaries, etc.);
• submission to athletes of punishments for violations;
• maintain order.

The judge performs his duties with the help of an automatic locking of Ukolov and two assistants, which are followed by using the unarmed hand, the closure of the affected surface, injections applied to the floor when fencing on the swords, outputs for the side and rear borders of the battlefield and for all other violations provided by the rules .

Assistants of the judges are located at the opposite ends of the fencing path, their responsibilities include monitoring the overall movement of battle. Assistants must vary by the parties after each period in the battles of the direct departure tour and after each fight in the command meeting.

Fencing Competitions

• Olympic Games.
• Fencing World Championship - Annual international competition on rapiers, swords and sabers.
• Fencing World Cup - Annual Fencing International Competition, which is held under the auspices of the International Fencing Federation. A number of tournaments are held in the season, for each place in a separate tournament, glasses are awarded, which are then summarized.
• National Championships.

2016-06-30

We tried to fully cover the topic, so this information can be safely used when preparing messages, reports on physical education and abstracts on the topic "Fencing".