Types of economic resources. Koshelev A.N.

29.04.2021 | Documentation

Great importance in the national economy have economic resources that determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and scale of development. They represent the basis for economic growth. Essentially, this is a type of good that can be used to produce other goods.

Economic resources - this is a type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.

There are the following types of economic resources:

1) entrepreneurial potential. This is the ability of the population to organize the production of goods in various forms;
2) knowledge. These are specific scientific and technical developments, which make it possible to organize the production and consumption of goods at a higher level than the previous one;
3) Natural resources. These are specific minerals, for example, land, subsoil, as well as climatic and geographical position countries;
4) human resources. This is a specific number of the country’s population, distinguished by certain qualitative indicators - education, culture, professionalism. Taken together, human resources are the most important economic resource, since without it it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the national economy;
5) financial resources. This is capital represented by specific funds available in the national economy.

Natural resources are quite diverse in composition and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, and climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, for using land resources equipment is needed, and its operation requires mineral resources - fuel). Natural resources are divided into:

1) explored. Their extraction is already underway;
2) reliable. Their existence is reliably known, but for various reasons their production is not carried out;
3) forecast. These are minerals that hypothetically should exist, but this is not known for certain.

According to experts, at the current rate of mining, their reserves will be exhausted in about 500 years. At the same time, the economy’s need for them is constantly increasing by an average of 10% annually. To increase the efficiency of using this resource, resource-saving technologies are constantly being developed and introduced.

Human resources in our country are limited. Despite high level unemployment, there is a shortage of human resources distinguished by certain qualitative characteristics - professional and qualification level. There is an acute shortage of employees with certain qualifications and professions, which significantly impedes the development of the national economy.

Economic resources are all types of natural and human capabilities that are used for production in order to satisfy needs.

Creates countless different goods - services and products. Therefore, the amount of resources used must be as huge as the volume of production. In essence, economic resources, which are also called, are various goods that are used to produce other goods. All of them are combined into several large groups. Let's look at them in more detail.

Economic resources and their types

This name brings together all types of minerals, land areas, forests, water, flora, fauna, climatic and recreational opportunities.

Natural economic resources are involved in different ways economic activity:

As the operational bases of production, they represent the immediate territory on which production facilities are located;

As sources they are used in the mining industry;

As objects of production activity, they are represented in agriculture.

Land is a limited and practically irreplaceable resource, so it needs careful treatment by users and government protection. Due to careless attitude towards land, more than six million hectares are withdrawn from agricultural use in the world every year. At this rate, in two and a half centuries, humanity risks losing all land suitable for agriculture.

This type of resource covers people who are engaged in production (economic) activities. Despite technological progress and automation, the role of labor in the production process does not decrease at all. The reasons for this, firstly, are the complexity of the problems that are solved in modern production to meet growing needs. Secondly, work is becoming more and more intellectual, that is, mental effort is growing. Thirdly, in many areas of activity there are high risks and liabilities - for example, in nuclear energy, air transportation, etc.

Since people are the direct bearers of specific technical and organizational knowledge and skills, culture, it is now generally accepted that labor economic resources are not only labor, but the entire human capital, which reflects the level of development of workers.

3) Capital.

This type of resources includes (equipment, machinery, equipment, transport, buildings and structures) and financial capabilities (funds managed by banks and individuals, giving them for use in the form of loans and investments).

4) Entrepreneurial abilities.

These economic resources are separated from others into a separate category and represent the ability to establish a profitable business and manage it effectively. Not every person has a natural ability for entrepreneurship, so not everyone can become successful businessmen. Successful, in addition to knowledge of production technologies, also requires developed intuition, communication skills and persuasion.

5) Information.

Information economic resources include knowledge about needs, opportunities, production and management technologies, prices, etc. In today's society, the following principle is fully realized: whoever owns the information owns the world. That's why it's called information society. Computer technologies and network systems for storing and transmitting data are now of decisive importance.

Economic resources are of great importance in the national economy, which determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and scale of development. They represent the basis for economic growth. Essentially, this is a type of good that can be used to produce other goods.

Economic resources- this is a type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.

There are the following types of economic resources:

1. entrepreneurial potential. This is the population’s ability to organize the production of goods in various forms;

2. knowledge. These are specific scientific and technical developments that make it possible to organize the production and consumption of goods at a higher level than the previous one;

3. Natural resources. These are specific minerals, for example, land, subsoil, as well as the climatic and geographical location of the country;

4. human resources. This is a specific number of the country’s population, distinguished by certain qualitative indicators - education, culture, professionalism. Taken together, human resources are the most important economic resource, since without it it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the national economy;

5. financial resources. This is capital represented by specific funds available in the national economy.

Natural resources are quite diverse in composition and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, and climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, to use land resources you need equipment, and for its operation you need mineral resources - fuel).

Natural resources are divided into:

1. explored. Their extraction is already underway;

2. reliable. Their existence is reliably known, but for various reasons their production is not carried out;

3. forecast. These are minerals that hypothetically should exist, but this is not known for certain.

Human resources in our country are limited. Despite the high level of unemployment, there is a shortage of human resources that differ in certain qualitative characteristics - professional and qualification level. There is an acute shortage of employees with certain qualifications and professions, which significantly impedes the development of the national economy.

9) needs of society and their types

Needs of society and their types

Needs - lack or need of something necessary for human life.

Human demands evolve along with changes in the economy and culture of society. Thus, the creation of useful things helps to satisfy the various needs of people. Scientific and technological progress at enterprises renews the objective world and way of life of members of society, causing them to have qualitatively different needs. For example, when VCRs were first released and began to be sold, many people began to want to purchase them.

We can, in a certain sense, consider the entire history of economics as the history of the formation of needs. Modern civilization (the current stage of development of the material and spiritual culture of society) knows several levels of needs (Fig. 1.2):

physiological needs(in food, water, clothing, housing, etc.);

needs for security(protection from external enemies and criminals, help with illness, protection from poverty);

needs for social contacts(communication with people who have the same interests; in friendship and love);

needs for respect(respect from other people, self-respect, in acquiring a certain social position);

needs for self-development(in improving human capabilities and abilities).

The pyramid of needs to some extent reflects the stages of formation and development of an individual. It’s one thing for a baby to be born experiencing primarily physiological needs. And something completely different - for example, a technical school student who develops the whole complex of normal human needs.

The socio-economic progress of society is manifested in increased needs. This process goes in two directions / Firstly, horizontally. The established demands are spreading among an ever-increasing mass of the population, for example, a car ceases to be a “luxury item” and becomes a “means of transportation.” Secondly, needs change vertically. In this case, a transition occurs from their lower level to a qualitatively higher one.

However, the rise of needs does not consist in a simple proportional increase in all their types. The needs of the lower order are most quickly saturated and have a certain limit of development. Requests higher order- social and intellectual are essentially limitless.

The level of needs increases very noticeably with the change of generations. Let's take people who lived at the beginning of this century. They had no idea that our contemporaries seem ordinary about televisions, tape recorders, refrigerators, subways, jet planes, space rockets and much more.

Therefore, the entire set of social needs is a specific guideline for creative economic activity. In this case, it is necessary to take into account both traditional and newly emerging types of people’s requests.

Economic resources are the type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.

There are the following types of economic resources:

1) entrepreneurial potential. This is the population’s ability to organize the production of goods in various forms;

2) knowledge. These are specific scientific and technical developments that make it possible to organize the production and consumption of goods at a higher level than the previous one;

3) natural resources. These are specific minerals, for example, land, subsoil, as well as the climatic and geographical location of the country;

4) human resources. This is a specific number of the country’s population, distinguished by certain qualitative indicators - education, culture, professionalism. Taken together, human resources are the most important economic resource, since without it it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the national economy;

5) financial resources. This is capital represented by specific funds available in the national economy.

Natural resources are quite diverse in composition and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, and climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, to use land resources you need equipment, and for its operation you need mineral resources - fuel). Natural resources are divided into:

1) explored. Their extraction is already underway;

2) reliable. Their existence is reliably known, but for various reasons their production is not carried out;

3) forecast. These are minerals that hypothetically should exist, but this is not known for certain.

12. Properties of economic resources

The main property of economic resources is their limitation while the need for them is unlimited for the production of goods - goods and services. From this property follows the natural need for the effective use of economic resources to satisfy the needs of the population as fully as possible. In this case, it is necessary to constantly make decisions about the appropriate allocation of resources, that is, about their use in such a way as to get the maximum result from it.

Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, to rationalize the use natural resources knowledge is used - an economic resource, which, based on scientific and technical developments, makes it possible to make complementarity more effective and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists of specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.

The mobility of economic resources lies in their ability to move between industries, regions, and countries. For each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on many both objective and subjective factors. For example, the economic resource – land – will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical location. Human resources that are able to move between national economies are characterized by the greatest mobility.

An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another.

For example, in order to increase production efficiency, you can use both entrepreneurial potential - change production technology, and knowledge - train employees so that they perform their tasks more effectively job responsibilities. The ability to replace economic resources is limited and cannot be produced completely and totally. For example, capital cannot completely replace human resources. The initial replacement of resources can bring positive result, but in the future economic activity becomes significantly more complicated, and its efficiency may be reduced.

The main task of an economic entity is to constantly increase the degree of efficiency and rationality of the use of economic resources, for which their properties are used - interchangeability, complementarity, mobility.

Within the national economy, the circulation of economic resources occurs in their respective markets (for example, the capital market, labor market). Within these markets there is also a certain segmentation (for example, the labor market consists of a segment of managers, economists, and engineers).

Economic resources: their kinds. Great importance in national economy have economic resources, which determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and headquarters of development.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Atyrau Engineering and Humanitarian Institute

Topic: Economic resources and their types

Subject: Economic theory

Atyrau 2011

Introduction

1. Economic resources and their types

2. Natural resources

3. Material resources

4. Labor resources

5. Financial resources

6. Information resources

7. Raw materials

Conclusion

Introduction

To carry out economic activities, a person uses appropriate resources. The word "resource" (from French) means "everything that can be used for economic purposes"

All types of resources that are used in the production process are called economic resources or factors of production.

Let us remember Robinson, who found himself on a deserted island and was forced to live like a primitive man. With the help of a vine, a stick and a piece of a large stone, he made an ax, which became his hunting and labor tool. He then used vines, tree branches, trunks, leaves and other items to build the hut.

Found seeds of steel a necessary condition so that Robinson would start gardening on a plot of land prepared for this. And having tamed animals, he was able to have meat. Of course, Robinson would not have survived in such false conditions if he had fallen into despair and done nothing.

His ingenuity, physical labor and optimism helped him survive the test and became good example for many other people who find themselves in difficulty. Robinson saw them in the things around him beneficial features, the opportunity to be useful to him, that is, he used them as resources.

Types of economic resources. Economists divide economic resources into two large groups:

material resources - land and capital

human resources - labor, intelligence, resourcefulness and entrepreneurial talent of people, their ability to do business.

The theory of economic resources was most clearly formulated by Jean Baptiste Sey (1767-1832). In the XX century. English economist Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) proposed considering a fourth factor - people's entrepreneurial abilities.

Economics deals with the problem of choice - i.e. such decisions that we are forced to make due to the insignificance of our resources compared to our desires. However, choosing one thing means giving up something else. Because resources are limited, having one thing means having to do without something else. To designate the best alternative that we have to do without in order to get what we chose, there is the term opportunity cost.

Only a few goods are available in such large quantities that not a single person will give a penny for them. Such goods are called “free”. However, most goods are still “rare” - they can only be obtained by giving up something else. If we want to possess them, we have to face an economic problem, and therefore they are also called “economic goods.” Society also faces a choice of what to produce and in what quantities. Because factors of production are limited, then with an increase in the volume of production of some goods, the possibility of producing others decreases.

1. Economic resources. Their types and limitations

Economic resources constitute the economic potential of society as the ability to ensure the highest possible level of production of goods and services.

Economic resources are divided into:

1. Material

2. Natural

3. Labor

4. Information

5. Monetary

6. Financial.

Material resources include:

· Work tools

· Objects of labor.

Among the means of labor, labor tools play a decisive role.

Objects of labor (materials being processed) are divided into 2 types:

1st - substances that are first separated by labor from nature and converted into a product, for example, coal.

2nd - raw materials, or raw materials, processed substances.

Properties of economic resources

Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, to rationalize the use of natural resources, knowledge is used - an economic resource that, based on scientific and technological developments, makes it possible to make complementarity more effective and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists of specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.

The mobility of economic resources lies in their ability to move between industries, regions, and countries. For each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on many both objective and subjective factors. For example, the economic resource - land - will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical location. Human resources that are able to move between national economies are characterized by the greatest mobility.

An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another.

economic resource need product

2. Natural resources

Natural resources are a set of objects and systems of living and inanimate nature, Components natural environment, surrounding a person and which are used in the process of social production to satisfy the material and cultural needs of man and society.

Classification

By origin:

· Resources of natural components (mineral, climatic, water, plant, land, soil, animal world)

· Resources of natural-territorial complexes (mining, industrial, water management, residential, forestry)

By type economic use:

Industrial production resources

o Energy resources (Combustible minerals, hydropower resources, biofuels, nuclear raw materials)

o Non-energy resources (mineral, water, land, forest, fish resources)

· Agricultural production resources (agroclimatic, land-soil, plant resources - food supply, irrigation water, watering and maintenance)

By type of exhaustibility:

· Exhaustible

o Non-renewable (mineral, land resources)

o Renewable (resources of flora and fauna)

o Not fully renewable - the recovery rate is below the level of economic consumption (arable soils, mature forests, regional water resources)

· Inexhaustible resources (water, climate)

By degree of replaceability:

· Irreplaceable

· Replaceable

By use criterion:

· Production (industrial, agricultural)

· Potentially promising

· Recreational (natural complexes and their components, cultural and historical attractions, economic potential of the territory)

3. Material resources

Material resources are a set of objects of labor that are involved in the production process (raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, semi-finished products, etc.).

Material resources are involved in production of any type and are a necessary basis for the production of products or the provision of services.

According to the form of existence they distinguish:

· Available resources (reserves finished products and reserves).

· Potential resources (can be obtained through production, import and reuse).

According to their purpose in the production process, material resources act as:

· Objects of labor.

· Labor tools.

According to their function in the production process, material resources are:

· Basic materials.

· Auxiliary materials.

· Fuel and energy.

· Semi-finished products.

· general characteristics material resources of the enterprise is given based on the analysis of primary reporting previous periods and with an eye to the future. Rational consumption of material resources contributes to improvement financial indicators enterprises.

4. Labor resources

Labor resources - part of the population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities, general educational and professional knowledge, practical experience for engaging in socially useful work. Labor resources are fundamentally different from all other types of economic resources. They are the determining and active factor of social production. The boundaries of the working-age population are established by law. Changes in the number of labor resources are directly determined by the birth and death rates of the population, the duration of education, and the ratio of the number of people entering working age and moving into retirement age. Intellectual capital is acquiring a special role - the basis of new sectors of the economy with the intensive use of knowledge.

In the structure of labor resources, from the standpoint of their participation in social production, two parts are distinguished: active (functioning) and passive (potential).

5. Financial resources

Financial resources are cash, available to the enterprise and intended for the implementation of current costs and expenses for expanded reproduction, to fulfill financial obligations and economic stimulation of workers. Financial resources are also directed to the maintenance and development of non-production facilities, consumption, accumulation, to special reserve funds, etc.

Financial resources are intended:

· to fulfill financial obligations to the budget, banks, insurance organizations, suppliers of materials and goods;

· incurring costs for expansion, reconstruction and modernization of production, acquisition of new fixed assets;

· wages and financial incentives enterprise employees;

· financing other costs.

The availability of sufficient financial resources and their effective use predetermine the good financial position of the enterprise, solvency, financial stability, and liquidity. In this regard, the most important task of enterprises is to find reserves for increasing their own financial resources and their most effective use in order to increase the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole.

Effective formation and use of financial resources ensures the financial stability of enterprises and prevents their bankruptcy.

6. Information resources

Information resources are a set of information stored in various documents, reports, massive data obtained and accumulated in the process of practical activities of people and used in social production and management. They are classified as tangible renewable resources. IN modern society information resources determine not only the economic, but also the political and military power of their owner.

7. Raw materials

All material resources used in industry as objects of labor are conventionally divided into raw materials and fuel and energy.

Raw materials represent the totality of the objects of labor available in the country, which are used directly for the production of various industrial products.

Raw material (raw material) is understood as any object of labor for the extraction or processing of which labor was expended and which, under its influence, has undergone certain changes.

Raw materials usually include products from the mining industry (ore, oil, coal, sand, crushed stone) and agricultural products (grain, potatoes, beets), and materials include products from the manufacturing industry (ferrous and non-ferrous metals, cement, flour, yarn).

There are basic and auxiliary materials. Basic materials are those that are included in their natural form in the finished product, constituting its material basis. Auxiliary materials are not included in the finished product, but only contribute to its formation.

Fuel and energy, by their economic nature, are classified as auxiliary materials, but due to their special significance they are allocated to independent group resources.

Conclusion

If a country wants to achieve maximum possible level lives of its citizens, you should pay attention to:

Resource placement. Since resources can be used in several ways, one must carefully choose which one to choose, which one to direct to agricultural production, and which one to industrial production, settling on the combination that will bring maximum satisfaction.

Full employment of resources. A country cannot produce a combination of industrial and agricultural goods that would correspond to a point above the production possibilities curve (for example, point A). On the other hand, if the combination of goods produced turns out to be below the curve, i.e. closer to the origin, output will not be maximized, and some resources will be idle. Combinations of goods located on the production possibilities curve correspond to the state of full employment of all resources.

Quantitative growth of economic resources. Over time, the production possibilities curve shifts up and to the right - the country is able to produce more of both industrial and agricultural goods.

Bibliography

1. Article on the topic: The essence and types of economic resources

http://new-ekonomika.ru/kat.php?kat=2025878107

2. Economic Theory: Textbook for Universities Ed. prof. I.P. Nikolaeva. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2002. - 510 p.

3. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

4. Informational educational portal Khanadeeva E. A

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