Steppes of Russia. Human economic activity in natural areas The types of business activities in the steppe zone

11.05.2020 | Jurisprudence

Steppe - endless plains covered with herbaceous plants.

For the steppe zone, almost complete absence of trees, thick herbal cover and increased soil fertility.

Steppes of Russia - Location and Description of the Natural Zone

The steppe zone is a little south zone Forests, but the transition from the zone to the zone is stretched a few kilometers.

The territory of the steppe zone is located in the territories of Eastern European Plain, Western Siberia, and also enters the geographic areas of the Pazia.

Plants zone steppes

As soon as spring comes, the steppe is covered with a multi-colored carpet. These are Rannetic flowering plants: tulips, forget-me-not, poppies. As a rule, they have a short growing season and bloom only a few days a year.

For the steppe zone, a conditional "difference" is characterized when the land is growing up to eighty plant species.

Many steppe plants have hairs on the leaves, spines (thistle), or excrete essential oil (wormwood) to protect against excess evaporation. Therefore, the steppe herbs smell strongly.

For the northern steppe characterized by shrubs: almonds, steppe cherries, and for South - cereals: oats, Kickl.

Animals living in the steppes

The animals of the steppe zone are distinguished by the ability to run: it is also steppe hares, the hind legs are much longer than their forest brothers, and unfortunate animals, such as saigak, bison, antilope, roe, and even some birds, such as droughts.

The most common inhabitants of the steppe are rodents: Surki, Susliki, mice-pools. Many are endemic species, that is, not found in any of the other zones.

Suslik at Nora

Because of the abundance of rodents, the entire underground segment of the steppe is existed by nonoras, which save not only from bad weather, but also from attacks of predators. The holes are characteristic as well as for some birds: Udodov, Kamenok, however, most birds that live here, nest right on Earth.

It often happens that other people's holes occupy other animals. For example, wolves capture the dwellings of foxes and badgers, ferrets are in the holes of large rodents, the mountains, and in the Norah small, lizards, some types of snakes.

Environmental problems of the steppe zone

In the ancient times, the steppes occupied gigantic territories, now they are almost completely rapid. Fertile steppe soils are engaged in agricultural crops, while the natural vegetation of steppes almost does not exist.

Pet predecessors have long disappeared: a bull tour, horse-tarpana, which can now be seen only in the photo.

Many types of steppe animals are under threat of extinction, their names are listed in the Red Book, for example, Drop, Saiga, Susliki, Bison, Antelope, and so on.

Human economic activity continues, and every day, new types of animals are threatened. Some of them can be found only in reserves and reserves.

Features of climate

The steppes are located in the subtropical and moderate belts of the northern and southern hemispheres, this is studied in the 3-4 grade of primary school.

The steppe zone includes the classic characteristics of a moderate belt: the summer here is warm, arid, hot winds are often corrected, called Sukhovyi.

At the end of the summer from dry grass and dust, the steppe looks sulfur. Rarely encounter rain rains, after which water evaporates quickly, not to satisfy the soil.

Winter suspends life in the steppe: endless expanses of the steppes are covered with a thick layer of snow, piercing wind blowing.

Scheme of the steppe zone

Insects feed the steppe herbs: Grasshopper, Bogomol, Bee. It is from their quantity that the life of animals and birds directly depends.

Rodents and insectivore birds eat carnivores, such as steppe eaglewhich is the top of the food chain of the steppe, as well as predatory animals: badgers, hedgehogs, cunits.

Soil steppes and their properties

The main difference of the steppe from other natural zones is increased soil fertility.

The layer of humus here can reach 50 cm and more, while in the neighboring forest zone its thickness is only about 15 cm.

Steppe reserves of Russia

In Russia, 28 reserves were created with a steppe or mixed steppe zone, which are under special protection.

Among them, the reserve in Khakassia or the Taiga Museum of Nature, in which such rare animals live like maral, cabgar, American mink and so on.

Przhevalsky Horse in the Orenburg Reserve

Also Orenburgsky natural Reservewhose territory has 47000 hectares. Here are the extinctional designations of plants, for example, heel, Valerian, clean region, as well as 98 species of red-born animals and birds.

Man's activities in the steppe

Due to the fertility of the soil, the steppe is used by a person for growing different crops, mostly drought-resistant plants: sunflower, cereal, corn, millet, various magnesium cultures. The non-painted territory is given to pastures.

Finally, several curious facts:

Steppe zones are found on the map of all the mainland of the world, except Antarctica.
The steppe has almost no trees due to lack of moisture necessary for their livelihoods.
Only in the steppe zone is growing rolling-box - a spherical shrub carrying the wind over long distance and scattering its seeds at this time.
South American plain in America also includes steppes, which are called differently - Prairie.

Conclusion

The steppe is a unique natural zone, a storehouse of unique species of plants and animals that are under threat of extinction and need our strengthened protection. Looking at the endless steppe with her immense expanses, you understand that this territory with its innumerable wealth must be preserved for the following generations.

How is the use of the steppe man, you will learn from this article.

Using man steppe

What is the steppe?

Steppe - This is a natural zone, which is located in the moderate and subtropical belts of the Earth. Her main feature is almost complete lack of wood vegetation. This is due to a small amount of precipitation, usually 250-500 mm per year. As a rule, the steppes are located in the inner areas of the mainland, since their formation occurred under the influence of severe climate continentality. The steppes occupy the huge spaces of North America and Eurasia, the eastern part of the South American subtropical belt (here they are called Pamp), Atlantic Ocean.

Steppe zone: human use

Economic use of the steppe occurs in the most active way. The area has the most important areas of agriculture in the world. Its soils are the most fertile on the planet. Among them chernozem steppes of Southern Siberia and of Eastern Europe, Brown soils of America. The only problem with which farmers face is a lack of moisture, the inability to winter to grow plants. The steppe is an excellent area for growing agricultural plants: corn, wheat, sunflower, and eggplants and fruits.

The possibility of using steppe resources by a person is to develop deposits of minerals. Salted Lakes Ulza, Ebeit and the Medet Group are rich in the reserves of therapeutic mud, mineral salts, raps. They are actively used in the health resorts of the region for balneological purposes. Millions of tons of salts per year are mined in the lakes of the steppe. This is a cook salt, soda, Glaubers Salt (Mirable). From the Lake Ila make medicines for the treatment of nerve and skin diseases, bone tuberculosis and rheumatism.

Nature of Ukraine

§ 54. Human activities in the steppes zone

What natural wealth is in the territory of the zone of the steppe of our country?

1. On the map of the Natural zones of Ukraine, find and read the names of large cities within the Steppe Zone. 2. On the Physical Map of Ukraine (see Forzac 2), determine which minerals are on the territory of the natural zone of the steppe.

What economic activities can people in the steppe zone can?

Coal deposits, iron and manganese ore, fertile black soil are the main natural wealth of the steppe.

Most of all coal deposits are concentrated in Donetsk and Lugansk regions.

Coal lies here at a considerable depth, so the mines are built for its production (Fig. 184, 185).

Fig. 184. Coal mining mine

Fig. 185. Coal mining

Cast iron and steel for the machine-building industry are smelted to metallurgical plants from iron ore.

In all major cities of the steppes zone, engineering plants are working, which produce machines, diesel locomotives, ships, tractors, combines, cars.

Throughout the steppe zone, people are engaged in agriculture, in particular agriculture. People have long been treated with fertile black soils. So that the plants do not die from drought, the fields are irrigated (Fig. 186).

Fig. 186. Watering Fields Dropwise Machine

Irrigation allows you to grow not only wheat, barley, corn, sunflower, and also such a thermal-loving and violated plant, like rice.

Fig. 187. Sunflower field

Fig. 188. Rice field

Only in the zone of the steppe, where a lot of light and heat, grind magnesium cultures: watermelons and melons (Fig. 189).

Large squares in the steppes zone are assigned to vineyards (Fig. 190) and gardens in which cherries, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, grapes.

Fig. 189. Bakhcha

Fig. 190. Vineyard

The vegetation of steppes is a good pet food. Therefore, here contains cows, pigs, sheep, birds. Fish and waterfowl in water bodies are breeding.

Fertile black soils, coal deposits, iron and manganese ores are natural wealth of the steppe zone. Here they are engaged in the extraction of stone coal and iron ore, the smelting of cast iron and steel, production of machines and machines. Cultural plants grow on fertile chernozem, they are engaged in dilution of domestic animals.

1. What natural richness is in the steppe zone? 2. What are the steppes zone at industrial enterprises? 3. What cultivated plants are grown in the steppe zone? 4. What pets are diluted in the steppe?

Odiplom // GMU // 04/01/2014

The influence of natural conditions and natural resources On the territorial organization of society.

Natural factors played and continue to play an essential role in the life and development of human society.

The concept of "natural factors" usually includes the following categories: natural conditions, natural resources, stability of landscapes and environmental situationwhich we will consider further mainly from the positions of management science.

Under natural conditions are a totality of the most important natural characteristics of the territory reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena.

Natural conditions directly affect the life and economic activities of the population. They depend on: the settlement of the population, the development and placement of productive forces, their specialization. They determine the cost of and, consequently, the competitiveness of products manufactured, which is especially important for countries with a significant spread of extreme natural features, among which includes Russia.

Among the components of the natural environment, the characteristics of natural conditions are considered, as a rule, climate, geological environment, superficial and the groundwater, soil, biota, as well as landscapes.

An additional, but very important characteristic of natural conditions is the prevalence of local natural phenomenon-adverse and dangerous phenomena of nature, which includes natural disasters and natural foci of infections.

Climatic features Territories are manifested primarily in the ratio of heat and moisture.

The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle (growth period) is called the biological temperature of temperatures. Thermal resources determine the growth energy of plants.

Being the world's largest country in the territory (about 17 million square meters), Russia is characterized by a significant variety of climatic conditions. At the same time, it should be emphasized that Russia as a whole is the northernmost and most cold country in the world, which affects its farm, the economy, many parties to the life of the population and politics. The consequence of climatic conditions is a long-term permafrost, which covers an area equal to almost 10 million square meters. km.

The specifics of many years of marzlot must be taken into account when creating engineering structures: pipelines, bridges, iron and highways, power lines and other infrastructure facilities.

Moisturizing is manifested primarily in the form of atmospheric precipitation, is the second most important climatic factor. It is necessary for the entire period of life of plants. The lack of moisture leads to a sharp reduction in yield. To identify the conditions for moistening, one or another territory operate with indicators of the amount of precipitation and the magnitude of possible evaporation. In Russia, territories are dominated with excess moisture, i.e. Exceeding the amount of precipitation over evaporation.

The most important factors for the formation of the natural specificity of the region are the relief and geological structure. Having influence all the components of the natural environment, the relief contributes to the appearance of differences in landscapes and at the same time hesitates the impact of natural zonality and high resistance. Engineering and geological conditions of the area reflect the composition, structure and dynamics of the upper horizons of the earth's crust due to the economic (engineering) activity of a person. Based on engineering and geological studies, it is determined by the most favorable places to accommodate various kinds of economic facilities, carry out the stability of rocks during construction work, recycling of shores after filling the reservoirs, dam resistance, determine the requirements for the construction of structures in the conditions of many years of permissive, excessive surface moistening in seismic, clown, landslide areas, etc. Accounting for mining and geological conditions is vital in all spheres of economic activity, but especially in urban planning, transport and hydraulic construction.

For agriculture and a number of other areas of the economy, soil conditions have crucial. Soil is a special natural body that is formed by converting the surface layer of the earth's crust under the influence of water, air and biota and combining the properties of living and inanimate nature. The value properties of the soil are reflected in its fertility - the ability to provide plants with digestible nutrients and moisture and create conditions for obtaining a crop.

Under the bioto in natural sciences, the historically established set of living organisms inhabiting any large territory. Fauna and flora of this territory. The characteristic of natural conditions of terrain also includes an assessment of vegetation and animal world.

In Russia, the main types of vegetation include the tundra, forest, meadow and steppe. Among the various types of vegetation, the forest belongs a special place. Their environmental and economic value, as well as a unique mid-forming role on the planet.

Natural conditions affect almost all directions everyday life population, features of his work, recreation and life, the health of people and the possibility of their adaptation to new, unusual conditions. The total assessment of natural conditions is determined by the level of their comfort for humans. For its measurement, up to 30 parameters (duration of climatic periods, temperature contrast, climate humidity, wind mode, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.)

In terms of comfort, allocate:

1. Extreme territories (polar regions, high-mountainous areas of high latitudes, etc.);

2. Disciplous territories - areas with harsh natural conditions, unsuitable for the life of non-naught, non-adaptured population; divided into cold humid ( arctic desert, tundra), arid territories (deserts and semi-deserts), as well as on mountain areas;

3. Hypercomfort territories uch areas with limitedly favorable natural conditions for the disposal; are divided into boreal (refinered belt forests) and semi-samida (steppes of a moderate belt);

4. Precroph territory - areas with minor deviations from a natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population;

5. Comfortable areas - areas with almost perfect conditions of the external environment for the vital activity of the population; Characterized for the southern part of the moderate belt, in Russia are presented with insignificant areas of the area.

Of paramount importance natural conditions have for those industries national economywhich operate in the open sky. This is a rural, forest and water management. In vast dependence on natural conditions, there are almost all types of construction. The natural parameters of the territory have a significant impact on the organization of urban communal services.

In the north and in other regions with extreme natural conditions, there is a need to create special technical means adapted to these conditions, for example with an increased margin of strength.

The specific form of natural conditions is internally inherent in particular areas of unfavorable and dangerous phenomena of nature (Nov) or natural disasters

To the most common and at the same time, natural disasters dangerous for humans include earthquakes, floods, tsunami, hurricanes and storms, tuning, typhoon, collaps, landslides, villages, avalanche, forest and peat fires. Characteristic examples of adverse nature phenomena are drought, frost, severe frosts, thunderstorms, strong or long rains, hail and some others.

Vital in many cases, novel protection inevitably leads to a significant increase in the cost of construction and content of cities and communications; Technologies adapted to high loads or capable of preventing hazardous impacts.

Natural resources are presented by the elements of the natural environment that can be used in the process of material production at this stage of the development of society. They are used to obtain industrial and food raw materials, electricity production, etc.

As the basis of any production, they are divided into:

1. Resources of subsoil (they include all types of mineral raw materials and fuel);

2. Biological, land and water resources;

3. World Ocean Resources;

4. Recreational resources.

On the basis of exhaustability, natural resources are divided into exhausted and inexhaustible.

Exhausted resources are divided into non-renewable and renewable. Inexhaustible natural resources include water, climatic and space resources, the world's ocean resources.

Mineral and commodity resources remain indispensable for the development of any society. By the nature of industrial and sectoral use, they are divided into three large groups:

- Fuel or combustible - liquid fuel (oil), gaseous (suitable gas), solid (coal, combustible shale, peat), nuclear fuel (uranium and thorium). These are the main sources of energy for most types of transport, thermal and nuclear power plants, blast furnaces. All of them, in addition to nuclear fuel, are used in the chemical industry;

- Metallourgic - ore of black, colored, rare, noble metals, rare and rare earth metals. Make up the basis for the development of modern engineering;

- non-metallic - mining raw materials (asbestos, graphite,

- Mica, Talc), Construction raw materials (clays, sands, limestone),

- agrochemical raw materials (sulfur, salts, phosphorites, and apatites), etc.

The economic and geographical assessment of mineral resources is a complex concept and includes three types of estimates.

It includes: a quantitative assessment of individual resources (for example, coal in tons, gas, wood in cubic meters, etc.), its value is growing as the resource's exploration increase increases and J as it uses; Technological, technical, (the suitability of resources for economic purposes is detected, their condition and study, degree of explorationity and accessibility) and value (in monetary terms).

The total cost of the explored and estimated mineral raw materials is 28.6 (or 30.0.0) trillion US dollars, of which one third is gas (32.2%), 23.3 - coal, 15.7 - oil, and the predicted potential - in 140.2 trillion US dollars (structure: 79.5% - solid fuel, 6.9 -gaz, 6.5 -neft).

The natural resource potential of Russia is located unevenly on the territory. The main and most promising sources of natural wealth are located mainly in the east and north of the country and are removed from the developed areas for very significant distances. Eastern regions account for 90% of stocks of all fuel resources, more than 80% hydropower, high specific gravity Stocks of ores of colored and rare metals.

Nature has a huge impact on man's economic activity. Climatic features, relief, inland waters, long-term permafrost, soil largely predetermine the specialization of agriculture. Natural conditions affect the development of many industries (mining, forest, hydropower, etc.).

Human economic activity

For non-traditional energy types - wind, tidal, geothermal, sunny, natural factor Generally determines. Natural specificity of the territory affects the features of construction, on the development of transport and resort economy.

To prove this, we give as an example the types of agricultural activities of a person in the tundra zone and steppes.

In the tundra area, located in the subarctic climatic belt, where the middle July temperature barely reaches + 8 ° C and the entire territory covers a long-term permafrost with an abundance of swamps and absolutely non-fermented overgrown and stingy tundrovo.

The most important sectors of the specialization of agriculture here are traditional sessions of residents of the Far North - reindeer herding, hunting and fisheries.

In the area of \u200b\u200bsteppes located in the southern regions of moderate climatic beltwhere the average July temperatures are + 22 ° C, with insufficient moisture, fertile black soils, crop production becomes the leading industry of agricultural specialization.

Agriculture here is a developed and diversified form of activity. In the steppe zone, wheat, corn, sugar, sugar, sunflower, essential oil, and vegetable growing, muddy, gardening and greens are developed in the steppe zone.

Among the branches of animal husbandry here, milk-meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, horse breeding, pig breeding, sheep and poultry farming were developed here.

Nature has an impact on man's economic activity.

Prove it by comparing the types of economic activities in different natural zones. For what types of business activities are particularly great significance of natural conditions? Wikipedia
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With the emergence and improvement of a person, the evolutionary processes of the biosphere have undergone a significant change. At the dawn of his appearance, a person mainly provided a local environmental impact. This was expressed primarily to meet the minimum food needs and dwelling.

Ancient hunters with a decrease in the number of commercial animals went to hunt other places. The ancient farmers and cattle products, if the soil is depleted or feeding became less, mastered new lands. The population of the planet was small. Almost completely absent any industrial production. A minor amount of waste and pollution formed at that time as the result of a human activity did not imagine.

Everything could be disposed of due to the destructive function of the living matter.

The growth of the population of the planet, the successful development of animal husbandry, agriculture and scientific and technical progress determined the further development of humanity.

Now there are more than 7 billion people on Earth, by 2030

this number will grow to 10 billion, and by 2050 to 12.5 billion people. Ensuring the population of the Earth with food and energy resources is already an acute problem. Today in countries where there is a constant shortage of food, about 70% of the world's population lives. Catastrophically reduced non-renewable natural resources.

For example, according to scientists forecasts, humanity over the next 200 years is spent all the reserves of metals.

Human economic activity on modern stage Increasingly demonstrates negative examples of influence on the biosphere. These include: Pollution ambient, depletion of natural resources, lands desertification, soil erosion. Natural communities are also violated, forests are cut down, disappear rare species Plants and animals.

Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution - Admission to Wednesday of new, uncharacteristic solid, liquid and gaseous substances for it or the excess of their natural level in the environment, which has a negative impact on the biosphere.

Air pollution

Clean air is necessary for the life of all living organisms.

In many countries, the problem of preserving its purity refers to state priorities. The main reason for the contamination of the atmosphere consists in burning organic fuel. Of course, he still belongs to the leading role in ensuring the energy of all sectors of the economy. To date, the planet's vegetation is no longer able to fully assimilate the products of combustion of liquid and solid fuel.

Carbon oxides (CO and CO2) entering the atmosphere as a result of fuel combustion, the cause of the greenhouse effect.

Sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3), resulting from the combustion of fuel containing sulfur, interact in an atmosphere with water vapors. The final products of such a reaction are sulfur solutions (H2SO3) and sulfur (H2SO4) acids.

These acids fall on the surface of the earth with precipitation, the soil acidification causes the diseases of the person. The greatest extent of acid precipitation suffer from forest ecosystems, especially coniferous. They have the destruction of chlorophyll, underdevelopment of pollen grains, drying and dedication of needles.

Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), exposed to ultraviolet rays, are involved in the formation of free radicals in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen oxides lead to the development of a number of pathological conditions in humans and animals. These gases, for example, irritate the respiratory tract, cause swelling of the lungs, etc.

Chlorine compounds make a significant contribution to the destruction of the ozone layer of the planet.

For example, one free chlorine radical can destroy up to 100 thousand ozone molecules, which causes ozone holes in the atmosphere.

The reasons for radioactive contamination of the atmosphere are accidents at nuclear power plants (for example, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986).

Contribution to this process also makes tests of nuclear weapons and improper disposal of nuclear waste. Radioactive particles that have fallen into the atmosphere are scattered over long distances, polluting the soil, air, reservoirs.

Transportation should be mentioned as a source of pollution of the atmosphere. Exhaust gases of internal combustion engines contain a range of contaminants.

Among them, carbon and nitrogen oxides, soot, as well as heavy metals and compounds with carcinogenic effects.

Pollution of hydrosphere

Freshwater deficiency is a global environmental problem. Along with the spending and lack of water causes concern about the growing pollution of the hydrosphere.

The main cause of water pollution is a direct reset to the water ecosystems of waste industry and municipal wastewater.

In this case, with chemicals in water medium Biological pollution flows (for example, pathogenic bacteria).

When the heated wastewater is reset, physical (thermal) pollution of the hydrosphere occurs. Such discharges reduce the amount of oxygen in water, increase the toxicity of impurities and often lead to the messengers (death of aquatic organisms).

Soil pollution

In connection with the economic activity of a person in the soil, chemicals violate the soil-forming processes and fertility reduction are falling.

Soil pollution occurs when weighing mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. Together with organic fertilizers (manure), biological pollutants can penetrate into the soil.

What economic activity of man changed the appearance of steppes

Depletion of natural resources

Natural resources are the means of the existence of people who are not created by their work, but are in nature.

The main problem is contemporary state - Reducing the number of exhausted and deterioration in the quality of inexhaustible natural resources. This is especially true of animals and plant resources.

Destruction of habitats, environmental pollution, excessive use of natural resources, poaching significantly reduce the species diversity of plants and animals.

During the existence of humanity, about 70% of forest land was cut down and destroyed. This was the cause of extinction of plant species that lived in grassy and shrub tiers. They could not exist in direct solar radiation.

Due to the deforestation of forests, the animal world has changed. Types of animals that had close ties with wood tiers were either disappeared or migrated to other places.

It is believed that from 1600, as a result of human activity, about 250 types of animals and 1000 species of plants completely disappeared completely disappeared. Under the threat of destruction, there are currently about 1000 species of animals and 25,000 species of plants.

Animals and plant resources are capable of constant recovery.

If the speed of their use does not exceed the pace of natural renewal, then these resources may exist for a very long time.

However, the speed of their resumption is different. Populations of animals can restore their number for several years. Forests grow over several decades. And soils, lost fertility, restore it very slowly - for several millennia.

A very important resource problem of the planet is to preserve the quality of fresh water.

As you know, the overall stocks of water on the planet are inexhaustible. However, freshwater accounts for only about 3% of the total hydrosphere. And only 1% of fresh water is suitable for direct use by a person without preliminary cleaning. Approximately 1 billion people on earth do not have permanent access to fresh drinking water. Therefore, humanity should consider fresh water as a exhausted natural resource. The problem of fresh water every year is exacerbated due to the cropping of rivers and lakes as a result of landoral events.

Water consumption increases for the needs of agriculture and industry, water bodies are polluted by industrial and household waste.

The shortage of fresh water and its bad quality affects the health of people.

It is known that the most dangerous infectious diseases (cholera, dysentery, etc.) occur in places where access to clean water is difficult.

Desertification

Desertification - a set of processes that lead to loss natural community continuous vegetation cover with the impossibility of its restoration without human participation.

The causes of desertification are predominantly anthropogenic factors. This cutting down of forests, irrational use water resources When irrigating land and others. For example, excessive cutting of wood mountain vegetation becomes the cause of natural disasters - a landslide, landslides, snowy avalanches.

Excessive load on pastures can lead to desertification with an increase in animal scale. Vegetable cover emitted by animals does not have time to recover and
Soil is subjected to various types of erosion.

Soil erosion is the destruction of the fertile soil layer under the action of wind and water.

Soil erosion occurs due to the mass inclusion by a person in active land use of new and new lands.

The greatest desertification is characteristic of areas with a dry climate (deserts, semi-deserts) - African and Asia countries (especially China).

Today, this problem is international.

Therefore, the UN International Convention on Combating Desertification, which was signed by almost 200 states.

The main consequences of man's economic activity were pollution of the environment, the depletion of natural resources and the desertification of land.

Preventing the destructive influence of the anthropogenic factor at the biosphere is today an important universal problem, in the decision of which every resident of the Earth should participate.

Steppe - Plain in temperate and subtropical zones, crumpled herbal vegetation.

The steppes play a big role in the life of nature of Russia. They are in the south of the country, in particular, in the Black Sea and the Caucasus, as well as in the Valley of Ob and in Transbaikalia.

The soil is a black soil, which is most often on the thicker of forest clay with a significant content of lime.

This black soap in the northern strip of steppe reaches the greatest power and obesity, as it contains sometimes up to 16% humus. By the south of the black soot, the humus is puzzled and goes into brown soils, and then completely comes off.

Climate Steppe

In the areas of steppes, the climate is moderately continental, winter is cold, sunny and snowy, and summer is roast and dry. average temperature January - -19 ° C, July - +19 ° C, with typical deviations to -35 ° C and +35 ° C. The steppe climate is also distinguished by a large duration of the smokery period, large average annual and average monthly temperatures.

Man activity in steppes

The precipitation here falls small - from 300 to 450 mm.

Vegetable world

Vegetation consists mainly of cereals growing with small beams, between which naked soil is visible. Most common different kinds Picky, especially the cake is peristically with silky white censens. He often covers completely large spaces. At a very obese steppes, the types of pickles are developing, which differ in much greater sizes.

On the dry fruitful steppes grows more small kick. After the Kickly, the most important role is played by various types of Tonkonog ( Koeleria.). They are everywhere in the steppe, but a special role is played east of the Ural Mountains, some species are excellent sheep food.

The supply of vegetable mass in the steppes is significantly less than in the forest area.

Animal world

Both in the species composition and on some environmental features, the animal world of the steppe has a lot in common with the animal world of the desert.

Just as in the desert, the steppe is characterized by high aridness, only a little less than in the desert. Animals are active in summer, mostly at night. Many of them drought-resistant are either active in the spring, when there is still moisture after the winter. From unfortunate typical species that are distinguished by sharp vision and abilities to the rapid and long run; From rodents - building challenging holes (Susliki, Surki, Blinds) and jumping species (tubes).

Most of the birds fly away for the winter. Ordinary for steppe steppe eagle, drought, steppe Lun., steppe member, larks. Numerous reptiles and insects.

Soil

The steppe climate is highly dry, so the lands of steppes suffer from lack of moisture. In connection with the fertility of the Earth, there are many more pies and seats for grazing, therefore the steppes suffer.

The soil in the steppe is a black mill, which is most often on the thicker of ice-shaped clay, with a significant content of lime. This black mill in the northern band of the steppe reaches the greatest power and obesity, since it sometimes contains up to 16% humus. By the south of Chernozem, it becomes less, it is made lighter and goes into brown soils, and then completely comes off.

Economic activities

Human economic activity in the steppe zone is limited by natural conditions.

Distributed cattle breeding and agriculture. Basically grow grass, Vegetables, Bakhchy Culture. But often irrigation required.

Diverge large cattle Meatables, sheep and horses. The villages are common along the water bodies - rivers or artificial ponds.

The steppe is an excellent area for agriculture, as for crop production, growing crops such as wheat, corn, sunflower, and for pasture animal husbandry, due to her grasses.

Agricultural activities are traditionally developed in steppe areas.

Role in literature

Very brightly and picturesquely described the steppe in his story "Taras Bulba" N. V. Gogol:

Never plow passed in immeasurable waves wild plants; Some of the horses hiding in them, as in the forest, have pulled them out. Nothing in nature could be better: the whole surface of the Earth was represented by the Green-Gold Ocean, which splashed millions of different colors.

Through thin, high grass stems swayed blue, blue and purple wipes; Yellow Dream popped up his pyramid aspie; white Nash umbrella-shaped dumplings on the surface; Discarded, God knows from where, the spikes of wheat poured in the thick. Under their thin roots, the swirls of the partridge, stretching out their necks.

The air was filled with a thousand different bird whistles. In the sky, hawks were still standing, the breakdowns of their wings and motionlessly fixing their eyes into the grass. Creek moving away aside the clouds of wild geese gave birth to the news in which far lake.

From the grass, the seagull was risen from the scene and luxuriously bathed in blue air waves; She disappeared in the embroidery and only flashes one black touch! Won turned over with wings and flashed before the sun! Damn you, steppes, how are you good! "

Khomutov steppe.

Herd of horses is graze in will

Economic use of the steppes zone

Agriculture in the steppe zone is combined with developed animal husbandry (cattle, horse breeding, sheep and poultry farming). In the west zone, the development of land under arable land can be considered complete: the development of the territory reached 70-80% here. In Kazakhstan and Siberia, the percentage of deposit is much lower. And although there are not all land funds suitable for disassembly, exhausted, the percentage of deposit of Kazakh and Siberian steppes will remain further further compared to European steppes due to increased salinity and the stonyness of soils.

Reserves of arable land in the steppe zone are insignificant.

In the northern, chernozem subzone, they constitute about 1.5 million hectares (mastering of salon-deed chernozem, meadow-chernozem and floodplain soils). In the southern subzone, a dispenser is possible 4-6 million hectares of salt-tanted chestnut soils, but for this it will be necessary to carry out complex anticole measures, and in order to obtain sustainable yields - irrigation.

In the steppe zone more acutely than in the forest-steppe, there is a problem of fighting droughts and wind erosion of soil. For this reason, symbulatention, struggling forestry, artificial irrigation are of particular importance.

The rich soil and climatic resources of the zone are complemented by a variety of minerals.

Among their deposits iron Rud. (Krivoy Rog, Sokolovsko-Sarbaistansky, Lisakovskoye, Ayyatskoe, Ekibastuz), Manganese (Nikopol), Stone Coal (Karaganda), natural Gas. (Stavropol, Orenburg), chromites (MUGOMAKA), stone salt (Sol-Iletsk), phosphorites (Aktyubinsk).

Located on the territory of one of the most mastered natural zones, many mineral deposits are well understood and are widely developed, contributing industrial Development Steppe regions of the USSR.

Literature.

The economic activity of people in the conditions of the steppe. Help!

Milkov F.N. Natural zones of the USSR / F.N. Milkov. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 296 p.

More articles about the steppe

The steppe zone together with the forest-steppe is the main landscape of the country, the field of cultivation of wheat, corn, sunflower, millet, basic crops, and in the west - industrial gardening and viticulture. Agriculture in the steppe zone is combined with developed animal husbandry (cattle, horse breeding, sheep and poultry farming). In the west zone, the development of land under arable land can be considered complete: the development of the territory reached 70-80% here. In Kazakhstan and Siberia, the percentage of deposit is much lower. And although there are not all land funds suitable for disassembly, exhausted, the percentage of deposit of Kazakh and Siberian steppes will remain further further compared to European steppes due to increased salinity and the stonyness of soils.

Reserves of arable land in the steppe zone are insignificant. In the northern, chernozem subzone, they constitute about 1.5 million hectares (mastering of salon-deed chernozem, meadow-chernozem and floodplain soils). In the southern subzone, a dispenser is possible 4-6 million hectares of salt-tanted chestnut soils, but for this it will be necessary to carry out complex anticole measures, and in order to obtain sustainable yields - irrigation. In the steppe zone more acutely than in the forest-steppe, there is a problem of fighting droughts and wind erosion of soil. For this reason, symbulatention, struggling forestry, artificial irrigation are of particular importance.

The rich soil and climatic resources of the zone are complemented by a variety of minerals. Among their deposits of iron ores (Krivoy Rog, Sokolovskaya-Sarbai, Lisakovskoe, Ayyatskoye, Ekibastuz), Manganese (Nikopol), Coal (Karaganda), Natural Gas (Stavropol, Orenburg), Chromites (Mulgarians), Stone Solo Iletsk), phosphorites (Aktyubinsk). Located on the territory of one of the most mastered natural zones, many mineral deposits are well understood and are widely developed, contributing to the industrial development of the Steppe regions of the USSR.

1. Conduring conditions in the steppes zone.

For soil, as for other biological components of the landscape, a latitudinal zonality is characteristic. From the meadow steppes, the following types and subtypes of soil are replaced by desertified: typical, ordinary and southern black soils, dark brown, brown and light-chestnut soils. The regular change of soil types is associated with the action of three leading steppe soil processes: humidopulation, carbonation and coaltonation.

On the scale of the action of the first process - humidopulation - indicates the power of the humus horizon, which in the north of our steppes reaches 130 cm, but to the south, up to 10 cm is reduced. Accordingly, the humus concentration is reduced from 10-12% to 2-3%, and its stocks - with 700 ton to 100 tons per ha. The increase in the intensity of the steppe humidopulation is influenced by an increase in soil moisture deficit, a decrease in active biomass, quantitative depletion of soil flora and fauna.

The second leading process of steppe soil - carbonation - ensures soil carbonation, i.e. Increased content in them carbon dioxide, forms the most important features of steppe biogeocenoses, causing photophyticization of vegetation. The carbonation of steppe soils is manifested in the formation of a special soil horizon saturated with calcium carbonates. This layer of "lime" climbs the bottom of the humus horizon and serves as a screen for substances endowed from it downward aqueous stream. Carbonates may climb either in the form of large mildery, or dissipate in the form of the so-called "white-eyed" - small local inclusions of the rounded form.

The widespread development of carbonates is due, firstly, their high content in rocks, underlying steppes, and, secondly, their accumulation of vegetation itself. Migrating down S. aqueous solutions, carbonates are dug in the subhuming horizon.

The influence of the process of carbonation on steppe soil formation to the south is sharply enhanced. In the forest-steppe chernozem, carbonates have the shape of thin white threads, in ordinary chernozem, "white-eyed" is added to them, which in the southern chernozem becomes the only form of the existence of carbonates. In the zone of development of chestnut soil, carbonates often form solid interlayers. The depth of climbing carbonates depends on the depth of soil injection and, therefore, decreases to the south as the annual amount of precipitation decreases. The presence of carbonates is detected by the action on the steppe soil of a weak solution of hydrochloric acid. Carbonates are rapidly boiling in typical black soil at a depth of about 70 cm, in ordinary - 50 cm, in southern chernozem - 40 cm, in dark brown soils - 20 cm. In the south of the steppes there are carbonate varieties of steppe soils that boil from the surface.

The third important process of steppe soil is the economy. It is often called the Gumus accumulation manager in steppe soils. The process of catering is expressed in increasing south of sodium ion in the soils. Pusing in the soil complex calcium, sodium connects with humus and moves down the profile along with water. The formed compounds are deposited in the subhuming layer, forming a kind of solonal horizon. With good moisture, this horizon swells and becomes viscous and soapy to the touch. With a lack of moisture, it cracks on pronounced columnar separates. At the same time, the humus and solid, as a stone, multifaceted slender columns are often formed under the humus layer.

The farther to the south of the steppe zone, the brighter is pronounced the process of catering, which prevents the process of humidopling. In the subzone of deserted steppes, light-brown soils, developed on clay rocks, are almost all solesteps. Soloncent horizons, then unnecessary wet, then overly dry and dense, unfavorable for soil animals, make it difficult for their participation in the soil formation.

An interesting feature of the sollets is their thermostatic role, due to their ability to accumulate heat. An important feature of the saltwatened horizons is their ability to swell, thanks to which the moisture is longer and is better preserved in the corruptible layer. And, finally, another remarkable ecological property of the swollen salt horizon is its ability to shield the upward moisture stream with sodium salts and thereby protect the upper humus horizon from excessive salinization.

The processes of humidoplation, carbonatization and coalokeeping are called three "whales" of steppe soil formation. In the natural interaction with each other, they form the structure of soil cover steppes, reflecting the main zonal features of the steppe landscape.

2. Superiority of the podzolic process of soil formation.

Dernovo-podzolic soil is the soil of the southern taiga of the taiga-forest zone. This zone is located south of the tundra zone and occupies a huge territory in Europe, Asia and North America. In our country, dend-podzolic soils are distributed in the Eastern European and West Siberian plains.

2.1 Climate

The climate of the taiga-meadow zone is moderately cold and humid enough, but here it is necessary to take into account the length of this zone, respectively climatic conditions Very varied. The climate of southern taiga is more differentiated from the west to the East. Annual precipitation on the European part ranges from 500-700 mm, on Asian - 350-500 mm. The maximum of precipitation falls on the second half of the summer (July August), at least for the winter. In the European part, the average annual temperature is about +4 o in Siberia below 0 o. The duration of the smokery period is 3.5-5 months. For the European part of the forest zone, cyclones have a great influence on the climate, periodically coming from the West, from the Atlantic Ocean (the appearance of cool, cloud and rainy days In the summer and thaws with snowfall in winter). In the eastern parts of the zone, the weather is more stable and climate acquires continental.

The moderate temperature of this area eliminates the possibility of intensive evaporation consequently precipitates exceed and evapoability to 1.0-1.3. Thus, most of the atmospheric precipitation falls into the soil and the development of soil occurs in the conditions of their systematic moistening - water-type water mode. This condition is one of the main for development in the soils of a soda formation process.

2.2 Vegetation

The vegetation of southern taiga is represented by mixed coniferous-wide forests with rich herbaceous cover. The main forest-forming breeds are larch, pine, spruce, white white birch, pine. Along with clean laratory and pine forests, larch-pine-Beloberez and Pine-Beloberez. Also, pine-larch-oak forests are dominated here, as part of which larch, oak, pine, white birch, black and yellow are growing. In the floodplains of rivers grow: Velvet Amur, Ilm, Males, Lipa, Iva, there is a lemongrass and grapes. Very rich and diverse herbal cover. Most of it is: Zelenchuk, median, hoofing, sick, melnik, fragrant and other plants characteristic of large forests. The annual ODEED is 5-6 t / ha. A significant part of the cap comes in the form of roots into the upper layers of soil. In the southern taiga, the process of decomposition of the pumped is more intense than in the northern and middle taiga. The reserves of the litter exceed the value of the annual fading of 4-8 times. With the opead in the soil, up to 300kg / hectares of ash elements and nitrogen enters.

2.3 Relief and soil-forming rocks.

The European part of the zone is represented by dismembered plains (alternation of finite-sea varies with flat moraine plains). Within the Russian Plain and Pechora Plain, glacier and water-glacial accumulatory relief prevails.

The plain background will be diversified by some slightly waviness and tuberism, the places of rather strong hillyness, as well as the dismemberment of the valleys of rivers and rivers whose beds often cut through the whole strata of quarters and deepen in the indigenous rocks of more ancient, origin.

Alluvial plains (Yaroslavl-Kostroma, Mari) are weakly disseminated and folded with alluvial sediments. In Karelia and on the Kola Peninsula, the Self relief with the amplitude of the relative oscillations is common. 100-200 m. For hills (Valdai, Smolensko-Moscow, Northern Hona) is characterized by erosion style of relief with varying degrees. Absolute heights reach 300-450 m. The lowlands (Verkhneolzhskaya, Meshcherskaya, etc.) are characterized by weakly rested flat and weaking plains with heights of 100-150 m, with extensive marshy arrays and a large number of small lakes.

The soil-forming rocks in the European part are represented by moraine sublinks, sometimes carbonate, coating loams, fluvioglacial sediments, often encountered sediments. In the northwestern part, lake deposits are common - tape clay; In the south of the zone - Limsoid Carbonate Suglinki. River terraces are sometimes folded by limestones, places overlooking the surface. The predominant part of the soil-forming breeds does not contain carbonates, has a sour reaction of the medium and a low degree of saturation of the bases.

Western-Siberian lowland is characterized by a flat-flat low-developed relief with a reduced drainage of water-seated spaces, a high level of groundwater and a strong territory wetting. Soil-forming rocks are represented by morane and water-glacial sediments, and in the south - lessoidal sublinks and clays.

To the east of R.naisei, the Taiga-Forest area is located in the field of medium-Siberian Plateau and the Mountain Systems of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. All this territory has a complex geological structure and mainly mountain relief. Soil-forming rocks are represented by eluvium and dellowing of indigenous rocks. Extensive territories here are occupied by Leno-Vilyuyskaya, Zeysky-Bureinskaya, the lower amur lowland, characterized by flat relief. Soil-forming rocks are represented by clay and sublibious annular aluminum sediments.

3. Development of gray forest soils.

eple forest soils are actively used in agriculture for growing feed, grain and fruit-vegetable crops. To increase fertility, the systematic introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, grass and gradual deepening of the arable layer are used. Due to the weak-generated ability of gray forest soils to the accumulation of nitrates, nitrogen fertilizers are recommended to be made in the early level period.

They differ quite high fertility and, with proper use, give good crops of crops. Special attention In the gray forest soil zone, you must pay for measures to combat water erosion, as it covered large areas of arable land. In some provinces, the eroded in different degrees of the soil is 70-80% of Pashny Square. As a result of insufficient applications of organic fertilizers, the humus content in arable layer of gray forest soil decreases. Organic fertilizers should be made for optimal content of humus. The secondary annual dose is 10 tons per 1 hectares, which is achieved by using manure, peat, various organic composts, siters, straws and other organic materials. An important event in the agricultural use of gray soil is limring. During lime, the excess acidity of gray forest soils is neutralized and the flow of nutrients in the roots of plants is improved. Lime mobilizes soil phosphates, which leads to the entry of phosphorus affordable for plants; When making lime, the molibid mobility increases, microbiological activity increases, the level of development of oxidative processes increases, the calcium humates are more formed, the soil structure is improved, the quality of crop production Most gray forest soils contains an insufficient amount of nitrogen forms, phosphorus and potassium, so the use of mineral fertilizers is powerful factor Increased crop yields. The regulation of their water regime is essential for increasing the fertility of gray forest soil.