Depth of the burial of people norm. What is the proper grave? Regulation of burials in Russia

What should be the grave depth? What do confessional funeral rites talk about this? Are there standards on the legislative level?

Peter 1 - dig a grave of at least 3 ARSHIN

The initiator of the adoption of laws on the regulation of the burial process in Russia was Peter I. He decided to dig a grave with a depth of no less than 2 meters (3 Arshin). The topic attracted the attention of the Tsar-Novator shortly before his own death in 1725 - the first decree on the funeral was adopted in 1723

At this time, the Russian Empire experienced the period of formation, and many areas of everyday life, where previously focused only on traditions, the usual of ancestors, community rules and common sense were standardized and legislative definition.

The issue of the decree was designed to reduce the mortality rate from mass diseases and Mora. The years have shown that these concerns were not in vain. Although Russia did not happen to survive the epidemics of the plague, destroying more of the population in Europe in Europe and the 17th centuries than war, medicine and health care was available to a little, and most of the epidemics developing from rotting the remains were generally impossible to cure.

Plague of 1771 in Russia. One of the reasons is bad arrangement of cemeteries

In 1771, a terrible plague broke out in Russia. In a number of reasons, Mora was non-compliance with Petrovsky decree and poor cemetery arrangement. And, although epidemiology then existed only in its infancy, the task was delivered to analyze the factors that influenced the rapid spread of the epidemic.

Alexander I introduces punishment for the grave of the wrong depth

Therefore, Alexander I has already established legislative responsibility for "funeral crimes" - for anyone who wakes the grave of the wrong depth. It is clear that in rural cemeteries, this rule could be observed not too strictly, but, with the introduction of punishment, the state bodies have the opportunity to control the disposal procedures - moreover, even carry out reburial if the conditions are violated.

Lack of space in cemeteries in Moscow and major cities

The problem made himself felt: people faced a shortage of available areas in cemeteries. Of course, at the huge expanses of the Russian Empire, the situation was not so crying, as in Victorian Britain, where multi-tiered crypts were arranged, but still the factor of urban crowds made itself felt. Families often buried the departed in the graves where they were already buried. Since there, where the cemetery land cost money, he forced high costs and the desire to save.

The emergence of burial instructions

Only at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The most significant movements began to occur: the state proposed clear instructions, determined the exact rules - which depth of the grave, how to care for cemeteries, and, more importantly, how to control all these decrees. The creation of such instructions has delivered the Russian empire for one level with other civilized states, the management bodies of which were ready to attract alive criminal liability, but not to give the deceased to serve the cause of new deaths.

Earth and water

What factors affect the coffin in the grave? As the main one, obviously, properties are distinguished, the soil features of the land that the deceased. It may seem, "a pair of soil meters from above will fit any coffin, there is nothing to think," however, such delusions have repeatedly led to crying outcomes. The grave soil should not be too dense to pass through it. But if the soil is too light, then the grave depth of 2 meters is the minimum necessary.

Up to 2 meters or 6 feet down

The following factor that must be considered is the relationship between the Earth and water, and, more precisely, the layer of soil waters characteristic of a particular area.

The system of thin channels penetrating the fertile layer of soil up to clay bases is responsible for the autumn-spring circulation. In most latitudes in Russia, the cold penetrates the thickness of the Earth to about 2 meters ("6 feet down"): Above this mark, the soil waters turn into ice in winter and return back to the liquid phase in the summer, as a result of which the soil as if "pulsates ", shrinking and increasing in volume.

Problems

It is easy to imagine what happens with the coffin, placed not too deep: they are shifted, move from place to place, collisions of small stones, etc. It is not critical until the cavity in the ground, washed with water, or water flows do not cause corrosion of the coffin surface (if the flowing volume of water is very large), and then they turn it at all. Therefore, if there is an opportunity to get buried the deadline of the freezing of water, this perspective will protect his chapter.

Underground protection

The deceased flesh should not be opened by the underground waters, otherwise the decisions of the organic are able to disseminate infection for a distant distance: Underground water drainage systems can be drawn up to dozens of hundreds of kilometers. Unlike the EU countries, in Russia, control over compliance with the burial standards is not so strict, especially in the villages.

Therefore, in our legislation, it was decided to establish the norms of admissibility when the sections under the cemetery were administered - so that they were immediately built only where the epidemiological risks are minimal.

In particular, rigid restrictive measures touched the territories whose soil is capable of holding water in a layer to 2 m. From the soil surface (especially swamps), as well as territories where colors / avalanches / villages / flooding occur. And, although these norms exclude entire sectors of potentially free territories located in the transition from medium to northern latitudes and Festrotandra, their execution annually prevents thousands of deaths every year.

Summing up the interim total: the characteristics of the soil / soil and the height of the held waters should act as priority factors in any region, where the question is solved as the grave depth should be.

The depth of the grave according to GOST

To date, the development and detailing of the norms in the funeral industry, in particular, stipulate the features of the protruded grave, compliance with sanitary conditions, etc., were summarized in one federal law, which is called "about burial funeral business". Although on the ground it can be complemented by other regulatory acts, it is with his text that should relate to the procedure carried out during the disposal. Here are the main excerpts related to the issue under consideration:

• It is impossible to dig a grave deeper than 2.2 m. (Maximum): a deeper pit increases the risk of bringing groundwater to the surface. The characteristics of the soil specific area allow you to vary this value, however, the underground layer should not be closer to 1.5 m. - This is a minimum, and the corresponding value is measured to the upper part of the coffin.
• Minimum graves in length / width / depth - 2/1/1/15 m. Respectively. If we are talking about the grave where the child is buried, smaller dimensions are allowed. There is also a minimum of a distance in which one grave should be placed relative to the other: between long sidewalls it is at least 1m., Between short (ends) - at least 0.5 m.
• So that the burial place can be identified as such, a memorable plate / mound should be placed. The latter also has a maximum height (not higher than 0.5 m), and at the same time - because it protects the burial from the water flowing over the surface, it should be wider than the grave itself, go beyond the boundaries of the rectangular area.
• Bury the dead in a sitting position permissible; In this case, the minimum thickness of the soil over it is 1m. (incl. Matter).
• When it comes to fraternal graves, coffins can be placed in 2 rows; Then the minimum depth is 2.5m. The minimum distance between the lower level of the grave and the aqueous layer is reduced: up to 0.5 m. In height of the upper / lower rows of coffins should also be divided as minimum of 0.5 m.

The original is taken by W. slavikap Why buried at a two-meter depth?

In English, there is one phrase that is translated as "6 feet down". Giving it, people imply death or funeral. But it was unlikely that anyone thought, why the dead people bury themselves on a 6-foot depth (2 meters).

This tradition takes its beginning in 1655, when all England was devastated by a bubonic chum. In these terrible years, people feared the spread of infection, and the Mayor of London issued a special decree, which regulated how to deal with the bodies of dead people to avoid the spread of infections and infections.

It was then that it was decided to knock the graves to a depth of 6 feet (2 meters). Many people doubted that this was the right decision, because the infection, first of all, was transferred to insects, and not dead bodies.

Be that as it may, this standard remained to this day.

In the United States, for example, the standard of depth varies from the state to state. In many cases, it is 18 inches. It turns out that the authorities of some states believe that one and a half meters is quite enough. But there are cases when the dead people are placed on a depth of 4 meters: this is done so that there is a place for other dead on the surface. Typically, this procedure is applied in the case of relatives and close people.

2 meters of depth is considered today the most common standard. The depth exceeding this indicator may cause problems, for example, in New Orleans, where many underwater streams. Moreover, there have been cases when the coffins burned too deeply, pushed out from the bottom of the soil.

In the UK, for example, people adhere to the standard adopted several centuries ago. It is clear that the reason is completely different. Special services urge people to follow precautions: Coffins must be buried to such depths so that the animals could not dig the grave and expose the body or coffin.

First, this is a compromise. It is impossible to bury too close to the surface so that the corpse, for example, did not open the beasts so that it does not expose at a strong rain, etc.; And too deep to dig a lazy and hard.
However, in the modern English-speaking world "six feet" - rather, idiom than the real rule. Deaders bury at different depths, depending on local conditions and customs.

Some of this are associated directly with church customs. The land for graves in Christianity is sanctified, and only its upper three meters are "consecrated". Therefore, the desire to get buried the dead man at such a depth of or with a historical habit, or with religious views.

We encounter examples in literature as suicides, hypocrites (then considered sinful) and other unworthy sought to bury either behind the cemetery fence, or below the level of three meters.

Among other things, you can push off from purely pragmatic approaches. In our latitudes, the depth of the landscape of the Earth to 180cm (just 6 feet). Above this level, water in the soil freezes in winter, and melts in the summer - expands and decreases. Accordingly, she moves and fuses everything that is in insufficient depth. Below the level of freezing the dead somehow quieter. Coffins will be preserved longer.

From ancient times, people bury their departed. Accompanied by mournful living, the dead go to the ground from which they came. Funeral rites were present in all cultures, although sometimes had significant differences. One of the most common funeral methods was the burial in the earthen graves.

In addition to the ritual burial, it also has important practical importance. Run with the soul, the body loses its vitality and begins to decay rapidly. This process represents a serious danger of living people who are distinguished by rotting thermal substances can be deadly.

Even terrible if death was caused by an infectious disease. The terrible epidemics that took thousands of lives were often caused by the opening of the old graves and the release of sipping microorganisms sleeping there.

How to spend the burial ritual right? What is the grave depth to comply with all the requirements of the rite and prevent possible hazards for the health of living people?

The depth of the coke of the grave is determined by some factors. The grave should reliably protect the body from the erosion of underground waters, natural disasters (for example, landslides), taking animals. Therefore, it cannot be located too deeply, where it will threaten the water of the soil, nor too superficial.

The first of the Russian rulers who realized the need to form and comply with certain sanitary rules that determine which depth should be a grave, Peter is the Great. In 1723, he commanded the highest decree to dig graves to a depth of at least 3 Arshin, which is just over 2 meters in the modern system of measures.

Such a command, the ruler hoped to prevent possible epidemics, and, as time showed, was right. Failure to follow the decree, poor condition of cemeteries led to the plague in 1771. Alexander I introduced punishment for the "funeral crimes" - non-compliance with the rules of the depth of the grave.
But the problem did not disappear, the cemeteries and places on them were catastrophically lacked. Cases of burial of new dead in old graves were the norm. Only at the very end of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century, the situation began to change, clear instructions were developed, it was determined on which depth digging the grave and how to organize the cemeteries, and serious control of these prescriptions was created.

Depth of the grave by sanitary standards
The cemetery device is stipulated in detail by federal legislation and regulatory acts of land management. All rules are based on clearly formulated and tested by the time and experience of sanitation and ecology.

What depends the depth of the grave for a person?
- Land.
The deadman returns to the ground, and in many respects from it, properties, the depth of the grave will depend on. Two meters deep into the soil should be dry and easy, passing the air, otherwise the cemetery on such an earth cannot be arranged.
- Water.
The body should be as securely protected from contact with underground waters. This is necessary in order to avoid water infection with the products of the rotational decomposition of organic substances. Therefore, it is strictly forbidden to have cemeteries in the territories, where the groundwater costs above two meters deep from the surface of the Earth. It is precisely the properties of the soil and the level of groundwater, it is necessary to be guided by determining the depth of the grave in each particular area.
- Natural disasters.
Logically ban on the cemetery device in areas subject to frequent landslides and collapses, flooding, in swampy locations.
- Culture and religion.
Some religions have clear prescriptions for each stage of life of believers, including for the device grave and burial. Of course, it is necessary to observe them in strict accordance with the requirements of sanitation, otherwise not to avoid serious problems.

The depth of the grave according to GOST.
There is GOST R 54611-2011 - these are household services. Services for the organization and conduct of funerals. General requirements
All the circumstances affecting the grave itself and provide sanitary security have been carefully reworked and decorated in the form of a federal law. He is called "About the burial and funeral business", and all actions in this area should be agreed with him.

1. The maximum depth of the grave pit should be no more than 2.2 meters. Further immersion threatens close contact with the waters of the soil. Depending on local conditions, the depth may vary, but the distance to groundwater in any case should be at least half a meter.


2. The minimum depth in accordance with the law is one and a half meters (measured to the coffin cover).


3. Measurements of the grave pit minimally make up 2 meters in length, 1 meter wide, 1.5 meters in depth. The size of children's graves can be reduced. The distances between the grave pits should not be less than a meter along the long side and less than half a meter - in short.


4. Above the grave is necessarily installed plate or saturate. It also exists certain requirements, so it should be at a height of no more than half a meter. The mound is an additional protection of the grave from the effects of surface waters, it should be over the edges of the grave pit.


5. If the dead man burst in the sitting position, it is necessary to provide the thickness of the layer of the earth above it is not less than one meter, including the grimy embankment.


6. In exceptional cases, the devices of fraternal graves dig them to a depth of at least two and a half meters (during the burial of coffins in two rows). The bottom of the grave pit, of course, should not reach the level of groundwater minimum half a meter. The upper range of burial is from the bottom not less than half the meter.

Compliance with the rules of the cemetery device and a certain depth of the coppe graves ensures the sanitary security of the population and should be performed everywhere.

In clause 10.15 of the recommendations "On the order of the funeral and the content of cemeteries in the Russian Federation" of the MDC 11-01.2002 is a table:
in the burial of the coffin with the body, the grave depth should be established depending on the local conditions (the nature of the soil and the level of groundwater standing); At the same time, the depth should be at least 1.5 m (from the surface of the earth to the cover of the coffin). In all cases, the mark of the bottom of the grave should be 0.5 m. Above the level of groundwater level. The grill should be made of no more than 2-2.2 m. Nadmogyl mounds should be arranged with a height of 0.3-0.5 m. From the surface of the earth .

In Sanpin's sanitary rules 21.1279-03, which has lost strength from the moment of the introduction of Sanpin 2.1.2882-11, in Section 4 of the "Hygienic requirements for the organization of burials and the rules of the cemetery" Clause 4.4 established that during the burial of the coffin with the body, the grave depth should be installed Depending on the local conditions (the nature of the soil and the level of groundwater), not less than 1.5 m.

In the new SanPine 2.1.2882-11, this rule is not specified. So all the graves are digging on the recommendations from paragraph 10.15 "On the order of the funeral and the content of cemeteries in the Russian Federation" MDK 11-01.2002.

Sources:

This is what the German archaeologist of the last century writes about this, Evald Schuldt, who specialized in the study of Slavic settlements and Megaliths in Mecklenburg:

The most striking destruction in megalithic tombs arose in the late Slavonic period. So, for example, one of the chambers of an ancient dollar in the long mound, which was in the forest near Alt Statasov in the Tetherovsky district, was almost eliminated when a pit for late Slavic burial (Ingumation) was dying. Skeletons discovered at a depth of only about 30 cm are well preserved, as they were covered on top of a layer of small limestone debris.

Small depth Most mogilstudied in Chelyabinsk notis an exception: the bulk of Russian burials XII-XVIIIcenturies in Vyatka land hasdepth up to 0.8 m (Makarov LD, 1990.

Samgulov G.Kh.

chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Scientific Center URO RAS

To the question of the funeral rite of Russian Urals and Siberia

This article appeared as a result of an attempt to streamline questions related to the funeral rite of Russians. The impetus was the detection of another XVIII century cemetery in Chelyabinsk. The first was revealed in 1996 on the Square of Yaroslavsky (Samygulov G.kh. 2002a, 2002b), the second in 2004, at the intersection of K. Marx and Kirov. Both cemeteries are not indicated on the plans of the city and are not known by archival documents. But if the cemetery, found in 1996, is well correlated with the location of the first Chelyabinsk Church - Nikolai Wonderworker and fully falls on the plan of 1768, the newly discovered cemetery was located outside the first Chelyabinsk fortress (founded in 1736) and turned out to be in a residential Buildings after the expansion of Chelyabinsk in the middle of the XVIII century. Brief description of the materials of the study of necropolis on the pl. Yaroslavsky in 1996 published (Samygulov G.kh. 2002a, 2002b), so we will give the characteristics of the funeral rite of the newly detected necropolis.

Nine burials, five adults and four children were cleared of everything. The graves are located approximately one line north - south, while oriented by the West-East, with seasonal deviations. Eight buried lay head west, in one burial a deceased child was put on his head east. Unlike cemeteries on the pl. Yaroslavsky, in this case the graves are much more "spacious," as a result, some features are more pronounced. So, three adults and one child burial are grouped quite compact, one burial is located 2 m to the north of this group, the rest to the south at intervals of 4, 1.5 and 3.5 m. In the middle of the southern graves, child burial is pushed. Obviously, family burial groups existed that due to the large density of the location of the graves, it was much worse on the materials of the cemetery to pl. Yaroslavsky.

The crosses had in five burials from nine, and in two cases, incomplete crosses - with a broken lower end and with a broken lower end and side crossbar. The missing parts of the crosses were not discovered, although they were searched specifically, still it seems that the crosses were put into the grave already broken.

Of the nine burials: three adult burials were committed in coffins, one adult and one children's one - in decks. One adult backbone was lying on the Beresto layer and was covered with a different layer of Berest. Three children's burials were obviously with lubannye boxes or wrapping in Lob - travelers remained in the form of a brownish dust. Among the burials with Lob was also baby burial with oriental orientation.

General features for both cemeteries - the presence of a deck, the use of beered, a small depth of a significant part of the burials, the absence of crosses in the graves, the presence of a minor amount of incomplete, broken crosses. Separately, it should be noted the eastern orientation of one burial on the newly identified cemetery. All crosses, preserved enough to read the inscriptions on the front side (the reverse side or extermines to the inadmissibility of the text, or these are secondary castings, where the text is not necessary initially) - from those that are customary called old-supplied. Speaking of all the crosses, I mean crosses from the burials of both cemeteries, by the way, the crosses from the layer also "Old Believes". In general, we have a set of signs of the "non-canonical" burial rite, or funeral rites, most of which are already perceived as standard for Russian burials of the Urals and Siberia of the XVII-XVIII centuries. We will try using the materials of publications on the archeology of the Russian late period and to some extent archival documents, consider the listed features.

In general, Slavic, later, the Russian funeral rite, Beresta was used by Vänikami - the burial of the XII century in Bershehnya Savanov and in Dolly decks in Moscow (Shelyapina PS, 1971. - P. 146-148; Panova TD, 1989. - P. 221). In addition, the coffin coating was recorded during excavations in Novgorod (Mongight A.L., 1949. - P. 72). The decks are also known from the period of the Middle Ages (Shelyapina P.S., 1971. - P. 146; Sedov V.V., 1973. - S. 10-16; Yushko AA, 1976. - P. 73-74). As we can see, the decks were used in the burials and in the XVIII century.

If the Russian central regions of Russia for late Middle Ages, the use of Berriest and in general a variety of intra-human design (female structures, dresses, etc.) under the influence of Christianity practically disappeared, then a somewhat different situation in the Kama region. Up to ethnographic modernity, the use of Beresta and Luba is traced when the dead of the dead at the ancestors of the Udmurts, Komi-Permyakov and Komi-Zyryan are also recorded, these elements in Russian burials are also recorded.

A characteristic feature of the above-mentioned details of the funeral rite is their "vitality". V.A. Oborin mentions that the Zywandin Komi-Permyaks covered the decks and female coffins in Beresti, and sometimes in her or Corra wrapped the dead back in the XIX century (Oborin V.A., 1999. - P. 267). He also describes the case of a study of the 18th century burials, where baptized comi-perm were buried and, obviously, the Russians, and the design of the graves included the features of pagan workers - coverage of coffins BERESTIC (OBORIN VA, 1999. - P. 268-270) . The presence of various types of burial design, including the wrapping of the lob and bark and the production of frames from the Plakh notes for the pre-Christian cemeteries Udmurtov N.I. Jusova (Rysova N.I., 2001. - P. 109-110, 116, 126).

Obviously, as the Russian population entry into the Kama region and Vyatka Land, mutual influence occurred in a wide variety of areas, including in the funeral rite. The design of the burial of Finns Prikamye was similar to the fact that Vyatichi practiced in the XII-XIII centuries. An example of at least one cemetery studied in the Perm Prikamye dated by the XVII century, which detected burials in decks (springs), coffins, shot down with nails, as well as wrapping in Beresto and Louba - Ilyinsky burial ground. Moreover, the authors of the study link the features of the monument with the interaction of the Christian Russian and the pagan local population, and the wrapping of the body of Beresti is referred to the signs of the early stage of the Russian development of the Kama region (Korenuk S.I., Melnichuk A.F., 2003. - P. 165-174).

In case of security studies of the cemetery of the first-settlement of the Kamensk-Ural Sverdlovsk region, dated the first half of the 18th century, the berst was recorded in 10 of 43 cleared burials. Children wrapped off Best, and in adult burials, the coffins were covered on top of two beds, perhaps the lid (Pogorelov S.N., Svyatov V.N., 2002. P. 119). During the examination of several burials, the cemetery of the Nikolaev monastery was cleared a grave pit, lined with two layers of Berestov, between which the layer of coal was recorded (Kullayev E.A., 1998. P. 97).

It is possible to state with a lot of confidence that the presence of birchings and Luba, the presence of birch and Luba, the presence among the buried immigrants from the Kama region. Moreover, it could be both Russians, from the Prikamsky Old-timers and the baptized representatives of the Finnish peoples. In comparing the materials of the research materials of Russian cemeteries, they are noticeably difference in the indicated sign: in Chelyabinsk the number of graves with the use of Berestov and Luba 23%, in Kamensk-Uralsky - also 23%, in Verkhoturia and the Nikolaev monastery - one burial with Bershest from those studied; Of the 336 graves of Necropolis of Ilimsk Ostrog, only one is cleared by the berethenian box; Of the 137 burials of the grain of the Izyuk-I - not one with Bershest or Lub. Obviously, in the absence of written sources, research materials can be used as indirect evidence confirming the presence of the XVII-XVIII of the Russians from Kama among the first-XVIII of Russian settlements of the Zuralia. In this case, according to this indicator, the share of immigrants from the Kama region among the residents of the settlement is hardly possible, since the use of Beresta and Luba in the burials in the Kama region was also not a common phenomenon. For the same reason, the lack of burials with the use of the bark does not mean that there were no Prikamsky bush among the inhabitants.

The small depth of the majority of graves studied in Chelyabinsk is no exception: the bulk of Russian burials of the XII-XVIII centuries in Vyatka Earth has a depth of up to 0.8 m (Makarov LD, 1990. - pp. 65); Less than 1 m was the depth of most burials of the Zisuk-I burial ground (Tataurova L.V., 2002. - P. 236); The depth of burial in Kamensk-Uralsky was 0.5-1.0 m from the modern surface (Pogorelov S.N., Svyatov V.N., 2002. - P. 119). It is quite legitimately an explanation by ld. Makarov's small depth of the graves of pre-Christian funeral traditions, and the small burial depth was characteristic not only for Russians, but also for the traditional funeral rite of the peoples of Kama region, in particular, the Udmurts (Jesova N.I., 2001. - P. 116, 125).

Such shallow burials are not typical for the canonical, or now perceived as canonical, Christian rite. On measures taken by spiritual or secular authorities to increase the depth of gravestones in the XVII century, we are not known. However, during the XVIII - early XIX century, steps were repeatedly taken to bring the depth of the graves at least to 2.5 Arshin. On October 16, 1723, the highest commandment came out, followed by the decree of the Holy Synod about the need to dig a grave in three ARSHIN; Similar decree was released by the Synod in 1740 - on the basis of the commission of the Commission for the construction of St. Petersburg and the Resolution of the Governing Senate. On July 8, 1808, on the basis of the highest decree, another decree of the Synod was published on the depth of the burials at least 2.5 Arshin, and it was stipulated that not only the priests of cemetery churches will be followed by the execution of this rule, but also quarterly warders, and county police (Okache, F. I - 33, OP. 1, d. 2669. L. 1-3). Interesting is the fact that in all the cases of "companies" in compliance with the sanitary standards of burials was the main authorities. In the latter case, the highest decree was published on the statement of the Minister of the Interior. The church was a guide of these events to life so far, since the cemeteries were in its "jurisdiction", moreover, the fulfillment of priests at the places of the latter of the mentioned declarations was controlled by the secular authorities. Obviously, the overall idea that the depth of modern burials is determined by the Christian tradition, is not fully consistent with reality - rather this is a consequence of the activities of the authorities for the installation of sanitary standards in relation to cemeteries. In the same way, and from the same considerations, the authorities in the XVIII century achieved the removal of cemeteries beyond the limits of settlements (Okache, F. I-33, op. 1, d. 367).

One of the burials of the newly detected cemetery in Chelyabinsk is focused on the east, which contradicts the Orthodox fancal canon, while the stenter is found in the burial. The unit burial with an oriental orientation was found at the burial ground of the Izyuk-I (Tataurova L.V., 2002. - pp. 326), similar graves were identified on the Ilyinsky burial ground in Kama region, during the excavations in the pride, baby burial was cleared in the Lubyan Box and East The orientation, such a phenomenon was recorded in the Rusinsky burial ground of the XVIII century, where baptized comi-perm were buried (Korenuk S.I., Melnichuk A.F., 2003. - P. 178-179). Most likely, the burials with oriental orientation in Orthodox cemeteries were left by baptized Prikamsky Finns and do not necessarily indicate the pagan nature of the grave, as well as the northern orientation of the graves. Thus, in the Prikamye, the burials with the orientation of the North - South with Orthodox Crosses (Lychagin E.L., Mingaliev V.V., 2003. - P. 161) were investigated at two monuments.

It has already been said that the native crosses were found in all burials. Such a situation is quite characteristic of the cesspots of the XVII-XVIII centuries and earlier time. LD Makarov writes about the extremely small number of crosses in Russian burials of the XII-XVI centuries and expresses the assumption that the crosses were made from short-lived materials (Makarov LD, 1990. - P. 67). At 53, the burial burial of the cemetery in Verkhoturia accounts for 1 cross, 40 burials of the first necropolis of Kamensk-Uralsky - 4 Cross (Pogorelov S.N., Svyatov V.N., 2002. - P. 119). There are no crosses in most of the burials of the Ilyinsky burial ground. This circumstance, as well as the non-canonical orientation of the graves, according to the authors, indicates that part of the buried were not Christians (Korenük S.I., Melnichuk A.F., 2003. - P. 177-178). In research, 336 burials were investigated and about 200 Crosses (Milabies VI, 1999. - P. 113 were found. When considering the data, not one monument, but in several, the absence of crosses in terms of burials from the low-ended part goes into the category of stable signs. A.E Musin, with reference to etc. Panova, writes that she, analyzing more than 4,000 burials, including the graves of the highest clergy, concluded about the practical absence of crosses in the graves of the XI-XV centuries; In the XVI-XVII centuries, the burials with crosses can be from 1/5 to 1/3 of all studied burials (Musin AE, 2002. - P. 47).

Thus, the absence of crosses in the graves - the reflection of the funeral practice existing in the Middle Ages, which in the XVI century began to change, however, and in the XVIII century there is still a rather significant interest, and in some cases most (Pogorelov S.N., Saint V.N. ., 2002. - P. 119) Cemetery burials do not contain crosses. Consequently, the absence of crosses in individual burials of the Christian cemetery of the XVIII century does not give reason to confidently talk about unresolved buried.

Making a slight retreat from Chelyabinsk themes, but in connection with the general theme of the article, I want to touch one conflict associated with the discussion of the studies of the Zasuk-I (Tatauerova L.V., 2000. - pp. 423; 2002. - P. 257; 2002 . - p. 232-236). The cemetery, and the Orthodox, was identified during the study of the Russian settlement. We highlight two points - the cemetery existed next to the houses, one burial was found under the floor of the hut; For a number of signs, including in the form of crosses, the cemetery was attributed to the Old Believer (Tataurova L.V., 2000). M.L. Berezhnova, S.N. Corushenko and A.A. Novoselov in an elegant article "How historians create myths" caused the conclusions of L.V. Tathaur. They expressed doubt that the cemetery left the Russian population and suggested searching for a testimony of any baptized Finno-Things, who lived in the village in the XVIII century, based on the fact that the cemeteries near the houses are not peculiar to the Russians (Berezhnova M.L., Corushenko S.N., Novoselova A.A., 2001. - P. 50-56). In this regard, I would like to bring information published by S.I. Dmitrieva. She writes that in Russian settlements on the messen, grim crosses can be seen not only in the cemetery, but also near the house - opposite his front corner, near the threshold, in the garden. This is explained "those who retained in this region before the beginning of the 20th century are customary to bury relatives near the housing" (Dmitriev S.I., 1984. - P. 461). Therefore, it can be said that the ethnographic data records very diverse versions of the funeral rite and the organization of cemeteries in the Russians. This "non-Russian" funeral tradition was characteristic of a certain part of the population of Pomor, from where the settlement of Siberia in the XVII-XVIII centuries was.

Relative to the Old Believer Crosses of the Zyisuk-I M.L. Berezhnov and colleagues supported the view that the Old Believer Crosses were in the course of the unstasivers due to the shortage of crosses at all (Berezhnova ML, Corushenko S.N., Novoselova A.A., 2001. - P. 50-56). The approach is faithful, but the thought is not brought to a logical completion. With regard to the XVIII century, we can rather talk about the almost complete absence of unstariable, i.e. Nikonian crosses. Look at the publications in which there are descriptions of either the image of the crosses from the excavations of Russian cemeteries, the settlement layer of the XVIII century, or the crosses of the XVIII century from the museum collections - do you find a lot of crosses with the titles "in Qi"? In Chelyabinsk, all the crosses found in the burials of two cemeteries, one of which was official, in the church and both cross from the cultural layer - Old Believers. A similar picture, judging by publications, is observed in the Kama region and the Sverdlovsk region (Pogorelov S.N., Svyatov V.N., 2002; Korchagin P.A., 2001; Lychagin E.L., Mingaliev V.V., 2003) . And this is the situation not only the Urals and Siberia.

Materials of the excavation of the cemetery of the Moiseevsky Monastery in Moscow. Necropolis acted in the XVII-XVIII centuries and was closed in 1771. The authors of the publication of materials noted that most of the burial studied refers to the late period of the existence of necropolis - after 1671. In the cemetery were buried both the nuns of Moiseeva Monastery and the laity. In addition to metallic (38 units), wooden (28 units) crosses were also found. On metal crosses, the authors of the publication of materials recorded the inscriptions characteristic of old-supplied crosses, i.e. "King of Glory" (Veksler A.G., Berkovich V.A., 1999). In this case, it is of interest that the Titla Inci (Jesus Nazaresky - King Judea) is fixed on wooden crosses. Logging on the material of crosses and burials The authors of the article did not lead, it is likely that the wooden crosses were found in the burials of the nun. Based on Vyatka L.D. Makarov noted that in the XVII-XVIII centuries, cypress crosses appear in the burials of the priests (Makarov LD, 1990. - P. 67).

The situation is quite transparent: in the XVIII century there are practically no metallic crosses of Nikonian type. Crosses from the burial cemeteries at churches and from non-finish, which, according to written sources, are defined as old-handed, do not differ in iconography. If you judge the crosses, almost all the baptized population of Russia belonged to the Pomeranian sense of old-believe.

The most interesting thing in the whole situation with the interpretation of crosses is already available, only implicitly. E.P. Vinokurov in the article on the cast crosses of the XVII century (in reality about the crosses of the XVII-XIX centuries) indicates the difference between the Old Believers and Nikonian crosses, and it is not at all in the titles on the front side of the Cross, but in the text of the Psalm on the turnover ( Vinokurova E.P., 1997. - P. 359-360). S.V. Gnutova and E.Ya. Zotov write that in the workshops of Moscow and the Great Ustyug, the shapes for casting crosses were often made with impositions from the original avgovy crosses, that is, from the Old Believer (Gnutova S.V., Zotova E.Ya., 2000). The only one, none of these authors told the direct text that the iconography of the crosses, established after the reform of Nikon, did not become the norm for casting crosses in the XVIII century. Perhaps they imply that it is all known. Identify the cross from the layer on the inscription on the revolving side is most often impossible, since the inscriptions are heated in the process of socks, subsequently the metal is corrosive - i.e. The inscriptions are simply not read.

The situation with the crosses is not characteristic, then indicative. Everyone proceeds when they are interpretation from the generally accepted point of view: there is (and were almost from the very split) Crosses of Old Believers and official-Orthodox. And imagine that all the discussions of the 18th century on titles, and not only between the theologists of official Orthodoxy and Old Believers, but also within the Old Believers (Christianity, 1995a. - P. 442; Christianity, 1995. - Pp. 27), almost did not affect On the most mass category of cult accessories - crosses - rather difficult. Nevertheless, based on the existing material, in my opinion, it is possible to come to this conclusion: during the XVIII century, there were almost the only category (there were many types) cast crosses were crosses, iconography and the form of which were in the XVII century, those crosses, Which we consider old-handed. In reality, the form and the iconography of these crosses were formed before the split of the Orthodox Church, and after the split were automatically turned out to be Old Believes - the Old Believers continued the existing traditions, which implies the Word itself. But after all, and for all the rest, these forms of crosses were "Daughters and Stuffing". But the reformed church, apparently, achieved mass release of crosses with new iconography only by the end of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century. Therefore, cast crosses in the burials, as well as in the cultural layer of the XVIII century have iconography, which is not associated with "Niconianhood". Those people who have had to wear the crosses of the "new sample": sacred maintenance workers, monks, etc. Wood wooden crosses with "lawful" titles "in qi".

It turns out that we do not have clear justification for the allocation of old-supplied burials. The usual triad signs - crosses, a small depth of burials, decks - does not work. The depth of most graves on the official cemeteries of the first half of the XVIII century does not exceed 1 m, the decks are general phenomenon, the crosses of all "Old Believes". Apparently, without these written sources it is impossible to talk about any confident interpretation of a confessional affiliation (within Orthodoxy) the graves of the XVIII century.

Another point is the absence of a cross-tank does not give grounds to interpret the burial as pagan, even if the orientation of the buried does not coincide with the canonical Orthodox.

The result of attempts to deal with the signs of the funeral rite was the situation of complete uncertainty - it turns out, we cannot distinguish the old supplied burial from the officially Orthodox, even the pagan grave certainly cannot be determined if it is on an Orthodox or mixed cemetery. That is, we can define some pagan elements, but confidently say that unresolved is buried - no.

Obviously, it is necessary to produce any other criteria, new approaches, since the usual approaches of the right result are not guaranteed. And there is nothing strange in this, these criteria were developed on the basis of some categories of sources, mostly written, and there was no possibility to carefully check them. Now the archaeological study of the monuments of the late period is increasingly going and our pretty abstract, book views are checked on a specific material. It is necessary for more detailed, a detailed study of the funeral rite with an emphasis on archaeological material and attracting all the same written sources. Without their use, we have very little chance of understanding many issues in the course of work.

Literature and sources

Berezhnova M.L., Korushenko S.N., Novoselova A.A. Logistic analysis of one construction:as historians create myths // Integration of archaeological and ethnographic studies: Sat. Scientific Tr. / Ed. A.G. Selezneva, S.S. Tikhonova, N.A. Tomilov. - Nalchik; Omsk: Publishing House of OMGPU. - 2001. - P. 48-56.

Veksler A.G., Berkovich V.A. Materials of archaeological research of necropolis of the Moiseevsky Monastery on Manezh Square in Moscow // Culture of Medieval Moscow. XVII century. - M.: Science. - 1999. - P. 199-206.

Vinokurova E.P. Metal cast crosses XVII century. // Culture of medieval Moscow. XVII century. - M.: Science. - 1999. - P. 326-360.

Dmitrieva S.I. Mezen crosses // Monuments of Culture. New discoveries: writing, art, archeology. - L.: Science. - 1986. - P. 461-466.

Koreniuk S.I., Melnichuk A.F. Ilyinsky Necropolis - the Christian cemetery with the pagan traditions in Perm Great (the second half of the XVI - the second half of the XVII centuries) // Proceedings of the Kama Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition / Ed. A.M. Belavin. - Perm: Perm. State Ped. un-t. - 2003. - Vol. III - pp. 164-182.

Lychagin E.L., Mingaliev V.V. Moginal seat Poster XVIII century. // Works of the Kama Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition. / Ed. A.M. Belavin. - Vol. III. - Perm: Perm. State Ped. un-t. - 2003. - P. 155-163.

Makarov ld The burial monuments of the Russian population of the Vyatka Land (XII-XVIII) // The interaction of the ancient cultures of the Urals: the Inter-University Collection of Scientific Labors. - Perm: PUGU PUGU. - 1990. - P. 63-71.

Mongight A.L. Excavations in the Martiryan Parity of the Sofia Cathedral in Novgorod // Ksiimk. - 1949. - Vol. XXIV. - P. 70-75.

Musin A.E. Christianization of the Novgorod Earth in the IX-XIV centuries. The funeral rite and Christian antiquities. - St. Petersburg: Center "Petersburg Oriental Science", 2002.

Oboy V.A. Komi-Permyaki // Finno-Ugry of the Volga region and the Urals in the Middle Ages: collective monograph / resp. ed. MG Ivanova. - Izhevsk: While Uro Ran. - 1999. - P. 255-298.

Panova TD Feline complexes on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin // Soviet archeology. - 1989. - № 1. - P. 219-233.

Samgulov G.Kh. The first Chelyabinsk cemetery (according to the results of archaeological excavations) // Culture of Russians in archaeological studies: a collection of scientific papers / ed. L.V. Tathaur. - Omsk: Publishing House Omsk. Ped. un-ta. - 2002a. - P. 133-136.

Samgulov G.Kh. Finno-Ugric elements of some of the burials of the first-settlements of Chelyabinsk // Ethnic interactions in the Southern Urals. Abstracts Region reports. Screenshots. conf. / Ed. HELL. Tairov et al. - Chelyabinsk: Publishing house. - 2002b. - P. 191-193.

Samgulov G.Kh. Orthodox crosses from the cultural layer of the XVIII century ("Old Believer" crosses) // Ethnic interactions in the Southern Urals. Materials of the II Regional Scientific and Practical Conference / Ed. HELL. Tairov et al. - Chelyabinsk: Rifey. - 2004. - P. 190-193.

Sedov V.V. Early mounds of Vyatichi // KSIA. - 1973. - № 135. - P. 10-16.

Tataurova L.V. Archeology about the culture of Russian Omsk priirteshi // Russian Old-timers: Mater. III Siberia. Symposium "Cultural heritage of the peoples of Western Siberia." - Tobolsk-Omsk. - 2000.

Tataurova L.V. On one of the elements of the funeral rite of Russians according to archeology // Integration of archaeological and ethnographic studies / Ed.: Tikhonov S.S., Tataurov S.F. et al. - Omsk, Khanty-Mansiysk: Publishing House of OMGPU. - 2002. - P. 235-236.

Tataurova L.V. Russians: The results of archaeological study // History and culture of Siberia: materials of the anniversary scientific session of the Omsk branch of the Joint Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Ed. A.G. Selezneva, N.A. Tomilov. - Omsk: Publishing House of OMGPU. - 2001. - P. 253-257.

Christianity: Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 3 TT.: T. 2: L-C / Ed. Col.: S.S. Averintsev (ch. Red.) And others. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia. - 1995A.

Christianity: Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 3 TT.: T. 3: T-I / Ed. Col.: S.S. Averintsev (ch. Red.) And others. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia. - 1995

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Okache, F. I-33, OP. 1, d. 2669.

I think this article will be quite reasoned and expanded by the answer to the question.

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Rituals of the burial of the dead in various cultures and religions are sometimes not similar to each other. According to the tradition of body legends, the depth of the grave is kept equally: at least 1.5 meters.

Legislative regulation Copmer graves

The loss of a loved one is always associated with mournful troubles on the burial of his remains. The human body after death begins to decompose, turning into a threat of infection. Therefore, it is important to make a ritual of burials to comply with sanitary standards. The federal law "On the burial and funeral business", adopted at the legislative level in 1995, is regularly updated and complemented. But there are sections that for many decades remain unchanged. They regulate the size of the territories of the burials, their remoteness from settlements.

Such a process, like a cup of grave and its size, are listed in the recommendations "On the order of the funeral and the content of cemeteries in the Russian Federation" MDK 11-01.2002. According to regulations, dig a grave is necessary to a depth of at least 1.5 m and no more than 2.2 m from the coff cover. A deeper digging can trigger the contact of the buried with an underground aquifer, which is fraught with their subsequent infection and the spread of infection. A smaller depth is not safe due to the washing and weathering of the soil. We must take into account and the threat of digging the remains of wild animals.

Parameters of the last refuge

Conducting a loved one in the last way, it takes about the fact that his last refinement meets all the standards. The depth to which the grave should be digging is just one parameter. The width and length of the burial are also regulated by the rules: 1.5 m and 2 m, respectively. The interval between the grave pits is clearly registered: in the burial, it is necessary to retreat from neighboring graves at least 1 m along the long side and at least 0.5 m in short. Drop the pit, produce the ritual of burial and fall asleep the coffin ground with the deceased is only part of the device of individual burial.

It is also important to install over the grate plate or arrange a holmik.

Since the land in the place of a raised grave eventually settles, it is necessary to prevent a large number of surface water from entering the grave pit so that the soil is not erosion and the tomb of either the remains in it do not occur over time. To this end, the mound is equipped with a height of no more than 0.5 m, which necessarily protrudes around the perimeter beyond the borders of the grave. In the future, relatives of the deceased usually install it around the perimeter with a stone flower, either lay out with plates.

How to dig up the grave for non-standard rituals

In some confessions, traditions are prescribed to betray the Earth the body of the deceased in a sitting position. This tradition is inherent, in particular, Muslims and Buddhists. In a multi-confessional state, with freedom of religion, there are regulations for such situations.

It is necessary to dig up the grave for the burial of the body of the body so that the thickness of the earth is at least 1 m with a grave hill.

Sometimes there is a need for mass burials. In such cases, the rules provide exceptions, stipulate the possibility of burial bodies in level 2 in-level. But it is not allowed to dig a grave at the level of groundwater level.

Their horizon must defend from the bottom of the pit at least 0.5 m. The same distance must be withstanding between the grave floors. Dugged in such cases, the grave should be in depth, taking into account compliance with all standards of at least 2.5 m. The general procedure for the funeral device prohibits the organization of the cemetery near water sources, on zybuchi soils, as well as in marsh and seasonal flooding sites, avalanche and Landless zones.

Why is the grave depth of 1.5 meters?

The ritual of the burial is thousands of years. Barely realizing the danger that the decomposing body is paid, society has organized the funeral case, determining where and how to dig a grave. In Russia, the first progressive step in this direction was taken by Peter I, having determined the depth of the grave into three ARSHI with his decree (just over 2 m). The norm was noticeable in Western countries. In England, it was installed in 1655 and accounted for 6 feet.

Another Russian ruler Alexander I went further, introducing a punishment in 1808 for violation of the rules of burial, introducing a definition of "funeral crime." It was pushed by the epidemic of the plague 1771, provoked by widespread antisanitarian. The fact is that in the winter, when to dig a grave because of the freezing land it was hard, in many regions of the deceased barely poured the earth. Oshesty waters blurred the burial sites, and the infection was rapidly spread around the surroundings.

Is it possible to transfer a cemetery?

The breaking of old graves with the purpose of burial in their place of the new remains in those years was ordinary. Often relatives of the deceased to save on the burial, they independently buried the body into already existing graves. Copk graves in places of old graves was banned simultaneously with the decree of Alexander I on strict withstanding the depth, to which the grave should be sled. Responsibility for compliance with the rules, the emperor laid on the ministers of the cult. In 1896, the chapters of church parishes were recognized as officials who carry personal responsibility for the size of the grave and the state of parish mistakes.

The punishment was financially a fine of 1 to 5 rubles, but too, too, the violators could be subjected to arrest for a period of 3 to 7 days.

The prohibition of demolition cemeteries is valid for our day. The law "On the burial and funeral business" it is indicated that if in exceptional cases it is necessary to transfer the cemetery to another place, recreational activities at the site of former graves can be produced only after 20 years. The only possible solution for such places is the placement of green plantings. Any construction, the more residential, is strictly prohibited.

From ancient times, people bury their departed. Accompanied by grieving alive, the dead go to the ground from which they came. Funeral rites were present in all cultures, although sometimes had significant differences. One of the most common funeral methods was the burial in the earthen graves.

In addition to the ritual burial, it also has important practical importance. Run with the soul, the body loses its vitality and begins to decay rapidly. This process represents a serious danger of living people who are distinguished by rotting thermal substances can be deadly.

Even terrible if death was caused by an infectious disease. The terrible epidemics that took thousands of lives were often caused by the opening of the old graves and the release of sipping microorganisms sleeping there.

What depth digging the grave?

How to spend the burial ritual right? What is the grave depth to comply with all the requirements of the rite and prevent possible hazards for the health of living people? The depth of the coke of the grave is determined by some factors. The grave should reliably protect the body from the erosion of underground waters, natural disasters (for example, landslides), taking animals. Therefore, it cannot be located too deeply, where it will threaten the water of the soil, nor too superficial.

The first of the Russian rulers who realized the need to form and comply with certain sanitary rules that determine which depth should be a grave, Peter is the Great. In 1723, he commanded the highest decree to dig graves to a depth of at least 3 Arshin, which is just over 2 meters in the modern system of measures. Such a command, the ruler hoped to prevent possible epidemics, and, as time showed, was right. Failure to follow the decree, poor condition of cemeteries led to the plague in 1771. Alexander I introduced punishment for the "funeral crimes" - non-compliance with the rules of the depth of the grave.

But the problem did not disappear, the cemeteries and places on them were catastrophically lacked. Cases of burial of new dead in old graves were the norm. Only at the very end of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century, the situation began to change, clear instructions were developed, it was determined on which depth digging the grave and how to organize the cemeteries, and serious control of these prescriptions was created.

Depth of the grave by sanitary standards

The cemetery device is stipulated in detail by federal legislation and regulatory acts of land management. All rules are based on clearly formulated and tested by the time and experience of sanitation and ecology.

What depends the depth of the grave for a person?

Land

The dead man returns to Earth, and in many respects from her, land, properties, the depth of the grave will depend on. Two meters deep into the soil should be dry and easy, passing the air, otherwise the cemetery on such an earth cannot be arranged.

Water

The body should be as securely protected from contact with underground waters. This is necessary in order to avoid water infection with the products of the rotational decomposition of organic substances. Therefore, it is strictly forbidden to have cemeteries in the territories, where the groundwater costs above two meters deep from the surface of the Earth. It is precisely the properties of the soil and the level of groundwater, it is necessary to be guided by determining the depth of the grave in each particular area.

Natural disasters

Logically ban on the cemetery device in areas subject to frequent landslides and collapses, flooding, in swampy locations.

Culture and religion

Some religions have clear prescriptions for each stage of life of believers, including for the device grave and burial. Of course, it is necessary to observe them in strict accordance with the requirements of sanitation, otherwise not to avoid serious problems.

The depth of the grave according to GOST

All the circumstances affecting the grave itself and provide sanitary security have been carefully reworked and decorated in the form of a federal law. He is called "About the burial and funeral business", and all actions in this area should be agreed with him.

• 1. The maximum depth of the grave pit must be no more than 2.2 meters. Further immersion threatens close contact with the waters of the soil. Depending on local conditions, the depth may vary, but the distance to groundwater in any case should be at least half a meter.
• 2. The minimum depth in accordance with the law is one and a half meters (measured to the coffin lid).
• 3. Measurements of the grave pit minimally comprise 2 meters in length, 1 meter wide, 1.5 meters in depth. The size of children's graves can be reduced. The distances between the grave pits should not be less than a meter along the long side and less than half a meter - in short.
• 4. Above the grave is necessarily installed plate or embankment. It also exists certain requirements, so it should be at a height of no more than half a meter. The mound is an additional protection of the grave from the effects of surface waters, it should be over the edges of the grave pit.
• 5. If the dead man is buried in the sitting position, it is necessary to provide the thickness of the layer of the Earth above it is not less than one meter, including the grimy embankment.
• 6. In exceptional cases, the device of fraternal graves digs them to a depth of at least two and a half meters (during the burial of coffins in two rows). The bottom of the grave pit, of course, should not reach the level of groundwater minimum half a meter. The upper range of burial is from the bottom not less than half the meter.

Compliance with the rules of the cemetery device and a certain depth of the coppe graves ensures the sanitary security of the population and should be performed everywhere.