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If we consider environmental problems, then one of the most relevant is air pollution. Ecologists beat the alarm and call on humanity to reconsider their attitude towards life and consumption of natural resources, because only protection against air pollution will improve the situation and prevent serious consequences. Find out how to solve such an acute question, affect the environmental situation and save the atmosphere.

Natural sources of clogging

What is air pollution? This concept includes the introduction and entering the atmosphere and all its layers of non-characteristic elements of a physical, biological or chemical nature, as well as a change in their concentrations.

What does the air pollute? Air pollution is due to a variety of reasons, and all sources can be divided into natural or natural, as well as artificial, that is, anthropogenic.

Starting with the first group to which pollutants generated by nature itself include:

1. The first source is volcanoes. Hanging, they throw out huge amounts of the smallest particles of various breeds, ashes, poisonous gases, sulfur oxides and other no less harmful substances. And although the eruptions occur quite rarely, according to statistics, as a result of volcanic activity, the level of air pollution increases significantly, because up to 40 million tons of hazardous compounds are emitted annually into the atmosphere.
2. If we consider the natural reasons for air pollution, then it is worth noting such as peat or forest fires. Most often, fires occur due to unintentional arsons by a person who negligently refers to the rules of security and behavior in the forest. Even a small spark from a not fully spent campfire can provoke the spread of fire. Less often fires are caused by very high solar activity, because of which the peak of danger accounted for a good summer time.
3. Considering the main types of natural pollutants, it is impossible not to mention the dust storms that arise due to the strong gusts of the wind and the mixing of air flows. During a hurricane or other natural phenomenon, tons of dust rise, which provoke air pollution.

Artificial sources

The contamination of air in Russia and other developed countries often provides the influence of anthropogenic factors caused by the activities that people carry out.

We list the main artificial sources causing air pollution:

• The rapid development of industry. Starting with chemical air pollution caused by the activities of chemical plants. Toxic substances emitted into the air environment are poisoned. Also contamination of atmospheric air harmful substances cause metallurgical plants: metal processing is a complex process involving huge emissions as a result of heating and burning. In addition, air and small solid particles are contaminated, formed in the manufacture of building or finishing materials.
• Particularly relevant the problem of air pollution by road. Although other species also provoke emissions into the atmosphere, but it is the machine that have the most significant negative impact on it, since they are much more than any other vehicles. In the exhausts secreted by road and arising during the engine operation, there are mass substances, including dangerous. It is sad that every year the amount of emissions increases. An increasing number of people will acquire the "iron horse", which, of course, has a pernicious way to affect the environment.
• Operation of thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler installations. The vital activity of humanity at this stage is impossible without using such installations. They supply us vital resources: warm, electricity, hot water supply. But when burning any types of fuel, the atmosphere changes occurs.
• Household waste. Every year the buying ability of people is growing, as a result, the volume of waste generated. Their disposal is not paid due attention, and after all, some types of garbage are extremely dangerous, have a long period of decomposition and highlight pairs that differ in extremely unfavorable effects on the atmosphere. Each person pollutes the airline daily, but much more dangerous waste of industrial enterprises, which are distinguished to the landfills and are not utilized.

What substances most often contaminate air

The substances polluting air are incredibly much, and environmentalists constantly open up new ones, which is associated with the rapid pace of industry development and with the introduction of new production and processing technologies. But most often in the atmosphere, such connections are found as:

• Carbon oxide, which is also called carbon monoxide. It has no color and odor and is formed with defective burning of fuel at low oxygen volumes and reduced temperatures. This connection is dangerous and causes death due to lack of oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide is contained in the atmosphere and has a slightly suicide smell.
• The sulfur dioxide is highlighted during the combustion of some sulfur-containing varieties of fuel. This connection provokes acid rains and oppress the breath of man.
• Dioxides and nitrogen oxides characterize air pollution by industrial enterprises, as they are most often formed during their activities, especially in the production of some fertilizers, dyes and acids. Also, these substances may be released as a result of fuel combustion or during operation of the machine, especially when it is malfunction.
• Hydrocarbons are one of the most common substances and can be contained in solvents, detergents, oil refining products.
• Lead is also harmful and used for the manufacture of batteries and batteries, cartridges and ammunition.
• Ozone is extremely toxic and formed during photochemical processes or during the operation of transport and works of the factories.

Now you know which substances pollute the air pool most often. But this is only their small part, the atmosphere has a variety of different compounds, and some of them are even unknown by scientists.

Sad consequences

The scale of the effect of air pollution on human health and the whole ecosystem is generally simply huge, and many of them underestimate. Start standing with ecology.

1. First, due to the contaminated air, the greenhouse effect developed, which gradually, but globally changes the climate, leads to warming and melting of glaciers, provokes natural cataclysms. It can be said leads to irreversible consequences in the environment.
2. Secondly, acid rains become increasingly frequent, which have a negative impact on all living on Earth. By their fault, whole populations of fish are dying, not able to live in such an acidic environment. Negative influence is observed during the examination of historical monuments and architectural monuments.
3. Thirdly, fauna and flora suffers, since dangerous couples inhale animals, they also fall into plants and gradually destroy them.

A contaminated atmosphere extremely negatively affects human health. Emissions fall into lungs and cause failures in the operation of the respiratory system, the hardest allergic reactions. Together with blood, dangerous compounds are spread over the body and wear it strongly. And some elements are capable of provoking the mutation and rebirth of cells.

How to solve the problem and save ecology

The problem of air pollution is very relevant, especially if you consider that the ecology has deteriorated greatly over the past few decades. And it is necessary to solve it comprehensively and several paths.

Consider several effective measures to prevent air pollution:

1. To combat air pollution in individual enterprises, it is mandatory to establish cleaning and filtering structures and systems. And on highly large industrial plants, it is necessary to begin the introduction of stationary inspection posts for the pollution of atmospheric air.
2. In order to avoid air pollution, cars should go to alternative and less harmful energy sources, such as solar panels or electricity.
3. In the protection of atmospheric air from pollution, the replacement of combustible fuels will help with more accessible and less dangerous, such as water, wind, sunlight and other, which do not require burning.
4. The protection of atmospheric air from pollution should be maintained at the state level, and there are already laws aimed at protection. But it is also necessary to act and monitor control in individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
5. One of the effective ways to include air protection against pollution is to establish a system for the disposal of all waste or their processing.
6. To solve the problem of air pollution, plants should be used. Widespread landscaping will improve the atmosphere and increase oxygen volumes in it.

How to secure the atmospheric air from pollution? If all of humanity fights him, that is, the chances of improving ecology. Knowing the essence of the problem of the pollution of the atmosphere, its relevance and the main ways of solving, must be together and comprehensively struggling with pollution.

Continuous technical progress, continuing nature enslavement by man, industrialization, beyond recognition that has changed the surface of the Earth, became the causes of the global environmental crisis. Currently, in front of the population of the planet, such environmental problems are especially acute such as pollution of the atmosphere, the destruction of the ozone layer, acid rains, the greenhouse effect, soil pollution, the pollution of the world's ocean and overcrowding.

Global Environmental Problem # 1: Atmospheric Pollution

A daily average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air containing, in addition to vital oxygen, a whole list of harmful suspended particles and gases. The atmospheric pollutants are conventionally divided into 2 types: natural and anthropogenic. The latter prevail.

With the chemical industry, things are not the best. Plants throw such harmful substances such as dust, fuel oil ash, various chemical compounds, nitrogen oxides and much more. Air measurements showed the catastrophic position of the atmospheric layer, polluted air becomes the cause of many chronic diseases.

Pollution of the atmosphere is an environmental problem, not a mischief familiar to residents of absolutely all corners of the Earth. It is especially acutely felt by representatives of cities, which operate enterprises of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, chemical, petrochemical, construction and pulp and paper industries. In some cities, the atmosphere is also very poisoned by motor vehicles and boiler rooms. All these are examples of anthropogenic air pollution.

As for the natural sources of chemical elements polluting the atmosphere, it includes forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosions (dispelling soils and particles of rocks), the proliferation of pollen, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radiation.

The consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere

Atmospheric air pollution adversely affects human health, contributing to the development of heart and light diseases (in particular, bronchitis). In addition, such an atmosphere pollutants as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide destroy the natural ecosystems, destroying the plants and causing the death of living beings (in particular, river fish).

The global environmental problem of the pollution of the atmosphere, according to scientists and government representatives, can be solved by the following ways:

• restriction of population growth;
• reduction of energy utilization;
• improving energy efficiency;
• reducing waste;
• transition to environmentally friendly renewable energy sources;
• cleaning air into specially contaminated territories.

Global Environmental Problem # 2: The depletion of the ozone layer

The ozone layer is a thin strip of the stratosphere, protecting everything alive on the ground from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the sun.

Causes of the environmental problem

Back in the 1970s. Ecologists have found that the ozone layer is destroyed under the influence of chlorofluorocarbons. These chemicals are part of the cooling fluids of refrigerators and air conditioners, as well as solvents, aerosols / sprays and fire extinguishers. Other anthropogenic exposures contribute to a lesser extent to thinning the ozone layer: the launch of space missiles, aircraft flights in high atmospheric layers, nuclear weapons testing, reducing the forestry of the planet. There is also a theory according to which global warming contributes to thinning of the ozone layer.

The consequences of the destruction of the ozone layer

As a result of the destruction of the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation passes freely through the atmosphere and reaches the surface of the Earth. The impact of direct UV rays adversely affects the health of people, relaxing the immune system and causing such diseases as skin cancer and cataracts.

World Environmental Problem # 3: Global Warming

Like the glass walls of the greenhouse, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen and water vapor oxide allow the sun to heat our planet and at the same time prevent the exit into space of infrared radiation reflecting from the surface. All these gases are responsible for maintaining temperature, suitable for life on Earth. However, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere is another global environmental problem, referred to as global warming (or greenhouse effect).

Causes of global warming

During the XX century, the average temperature on Earth increased by 0.5 - 1? C. The main cause of global warming is considered to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to an increase in the volume of fossil fuels incinerated by people (coal, oil and their derivatives). However, according to the application Alexey Kokorina, head of climate programs World Wildlife Foundation (WWF) of Russia, "The greatest number of greenhouse gases is formed as a result of the operation of power plants and emissions of methane during the production and delivery of energy resources, while road transport or incineration of associated petroleum gas in torches are made of relatively low harm to the environment".

Other global warming prerequisites are the overpopulation of the planet, reducing the area of \u200b\u200bforest arrays, the depletion of the ozone layer and toasting. However, not all environmentalists are responsible for increasing the average annual temperatures entirely on anthropogenic activities. Some believe that the natural increase in the number of ocean plankton contributes to global warming, leading to an increase in the concentration of all the same carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Consequences of greenhouse effect

If the temperature during the XXI century will increase by 1 more? C - 3.5? C, as scientists predict, the consequences will be very sad:

• the level of the oceans will rise (due to the melting of polar ice), the number of droughts will increase and the process of desertification of land will increase,
• many species of plants and animals will disappear, adapted to existence in a narrow range of temperatures and humidity,
• run hurricanes.

Solving an environmental problem

Slow down the global warming process, according to ecologists, the following measures will help:

• raising fossil types of fuel
• replacing fossil fuel is environmentally friendly (solar energy, wind energy and marine currents),
• development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies
• taxation of emissions to the environment,
• minimization of methane loss during its production, transportation through pipelines, distribution in cities and villages and applications at heat supply stations and power plants,
• introduction of carbon dioxide absorption and binding technologies
• tree planting,
• reducing family size
• environmental education
• application of phytomeliolation in agriculture.

Global Environmental Problem # 4: Acid Rain

Acid rains containing fuel combustion products also pose a danger to the environment, human health and even for the integrity of architectural monuments.

The consequences of acid rain

The solutions of sulfur and nitric acids contained in contaminated precipitation and fog, aluminum and cobalt compounds are contaminated with the soil and reservoirs, adversely affect vegetation, causing suchurance of deciduous trees and coal coniferous. Due to acid rain, the yield of crops falls, people drink toxic metals enriched (mercury, cadmium, lead) water, marble architectural monuments turn into plaster and blur.

Solving an environmental problem

In the name of the salvation of nature and architecture from acid rain, it is necessary to minimize the emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen into the atmosphere.

Global Environmental Problem No. 5: Soil Pollution

Every year, people pollute the surrounding environment of 85 billion tons of waste. Among them are solid and liquid waste of industrial enterprises and transport, agricultural waste (including keriformicates), household garbage and atmospheric fees of harmful substances.

The main role in the pollution of the soil is played by such components of man-made waste as heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, thallium, bismuth, tin, vanadium, antimony), pesticides and petroleum products. From the soil, they penetrate the plants and water, even the spring. In the chain, toxic metals fall into the human body and not always quickly and completely out of it. Some of them have the property to accumulate for long years, provoking the development of heavy diseases.

Global Environmental Problem # 6: Water Pollution

Pollution of the World Ocean, Underground and Surface Water Sushi - Global Environmental Problem, responsibility for which entirely lies with the person.

Causes of the environmental problem

The main pollutants of the hydrosphere today are oil and petroleum products. In the Water of the World Ocean, these substances penetrate the collapse of tankers and regular wastewater discharges by industrial enterprises.

In addition to anthropogenic petroleum products, industrial and household objects contaminate the hydrosphere with severe metals and complex organic compounds. The leaders in poisoning the waters of the World Ocean with minerals and biogenic elements are agriculture and the food industry.

Does not bypass a side of the hydrosphere and such a global environmental problem as radioactive pollution. The prerequisite for its formation was the burial in the waters of the world's ocean of radioactive waste. Many powers with the developed nuclear industry and the atomic fleet, from 49 to the 70s of the XX century, were purposefully stored in the sea and the oceans, harmful radioactive substances. In places of burial of radioactive containers, the cesium level is often excavated. But "underwater polygons" is not the only radioactive source of contamination of the hydrosphere. Water of the seas and oceans are enriched with radiation and as a result of underwater and surface nuclear explosions.

The atmosphere is the gas shell of the Earth, the mass of which is 5.15 * 10 tons. The main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen (78.08%), argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), and the remaining elements are located toextremely small quantities: hydrogen - 0.3 * 10%, ozone - 3.6 * 10% and t, d. By chemical composition, the entire atmosphere of the Earth is divided into the lower (to the ^ -gromosphere, having a composition similar to the surface air, and a top-heterosphere, inhomogeneous chemical composition. For the upper atmosphere, the processes of dissociation and ionization of gases occurring under the influence of the radiation of the Sun. in The atmosphere besides these gases, various aerosols are also present - dustless or water particles that are suspended in a gaseous environment. They may be of natural origin (dust storms, forest fires, eruption of volcanoes and D.R.), and technogenic (productivity result man). The atmosphere is divided into several areas:

The troposphere is the lower part of the atmosphere, in which more than 80% of the entire atmosphere is concentrated. Its height is determined by the intensity of vertical (ascending downward) air flows caused by the heating of the earth's surface. Therefore, it stretches at the equator to a height of 16-18 km, in moderate latitudes up to 10-11 km, and 8 km on the poles. It is noted a regular decrease in air temperature with a height - on average by 0.6c for every 100 m.

The stratosphere is located above the troposphere to a height of 50-55 km. The temperature at its upper boundary increases, which is associated with the presence of the ozone belt here.

Mesosphere - the boundary of this layer is located up to a height of 80 km. The main feature is a sharp decrease in temperature (minus 75-90c) at its upper boundary. Silver clouds consisting of ice crystals are recorded here.

Ionosphere (thermosphere) pacpitch to a height of 800km, and it is characterized by a significant increase in temperature (more than 1000 ° C), under the action of ultraviolet radiation of the Gaza Sun in ionized state. With ionization associated glow and the emergence of polar beams. The ionosphere has the ability of repeated reflection of radio waves, which provides real radio communication on Earth, an exosphere - located above 800 km. And stretches up to 2000-3000 km. Here the temperature exceeds 2000 C. Gas speed approaches the critical value of 11.2 km / s. The atoms of hydrogen and helium dominate, which form the crown around the earth, stretches to a height of 20 thousand km.

The role of the atmosphere of the length of the Earth's biosphere is enormous, as it is its physician chemical properties provide essential life processes in plants and animals.

Under the contamination of atmospheric air, any change in its composition and properties should be understood, which has a negative impact on human and animal health, the condition of plants and ecosystems.

Pollution of the atmosphere can be natural (natural) and anthropogenic (technogenic),

Natural air pollution is caused by natural processes. These include volcanic activities, weathering of rocks, wind erosion, mass flowering plants, smoke from forest and steppe fires, etc. Anthropogenic pollution is associated with the release of various pollutants in the process of human activity. In scale, it significantly exceeds the natural pollution of atmospheric air.

Depending on the scale of distribution, various types of air pollution are distinguished: local, regional and global. Local pollution is characterized by an increased content of pollutants in small territories (city, industrial area, agricultural zone, etc.). With regional pollution in the sphere of negative impact, significant spaces are involved, but not the entire planet. Global pollution is associated with a change in the state of the atmosphere as a whole.

According to the aggregative state, the emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are classified for: 1) gaseous (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc.); 2) liquid (acids, alkalis, salts solutions, etc.); 3) solid (carcinogenic substances, lead and its compounds, organic and inorganic dust, soot, resinous substances and other).

The main contaminants (pollutants) of atmospheric air generated during the production and other human activity - sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO 2), carbon monoxide (CO) and solid particles. They account for about 98% in the total emissions of harmful substances. In addition to the main pollutants, in the atmosphere of cities and towns there are more than 70 names of harmful substances, among which are formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride, lead compounds, ammonia, phenol, benzene, servo-carbon, etc. However, it is precisely the concentrations of major pollutants (sulfur dioxide, etc.) Most often exceed permissible levels in many cities of Russia.

The total world emissions into the atmosphere of the four main pollutants (pollutants) of the atmosphere in 2005 - 401 million tons, and in Russia in 2006 - 26.2 million tons (Table 1).

In addition to these major pollutants, many other very dangerous toxic substances fall into the atmosphere: lead, mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals (sources of emissions: cars, melting plants, etc.); Hydrocarbons (CNNM), among them the most dangerous benz (a) Pyrene with carcinogenic action (exhaust gases, boiler firebox, etc.), aldehydes, and primarily formalde guide, hydrogen sulfide, toxic volatile solvents (gasoline, alcohols, ethers) and etc.

Table 1 - Emission to the atmosphere of the main pollutants (pollutants) in the world and in Russia

Substances, million tons	Dioxide sulfur	Azoto oxides	Carbon oxide	Solid particles	Total
Summer World ejection
Russia (stationary only sources)					26.2
				11,2
Russia (including all sources),%				12,2	13,2

The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere is radioactive. Currently, it is mainly due to globally distributed long-lived radioactive isotopes - products for testing nuclear weapons conducted in the atmosphere and underground. The surface layer of the atmosphere also contaminate emissions into the atmosphere of radioactive substances from the existing NPPs during their normal operation and other sources.

The emissions of radioactive substances from the fourth block of the Chernobyl NPP in April - May 1986 are occupied by the emissions of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April - May 1986 (Japan) 740 g of radionuclides were thrown into the atmosphere, then as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in 1986, the total emission of radioactive Substances in the atmosphere amounted to 77 kg.

Another form of contamination of the atmosphere is the local excessive flow of heat from anthropogenic sources. The sign of the thermal (thermal) contamination of the atmosphere is the so-called thermal zones, such as the "Heat Island" in the cities, warming of water bodies, etc.

In general, judging by official data for 2006, the level of pollution of atmospheric air in our country, especially in the cities of Russia, remains high, despite a significant decline in production, which is associated primarily with an increase in the number of cars.

2. Basic sources of pollution of the atmosphere

Currently, the "main contribution" into the pollution of atmospheric air in Russia includes the following industries: heat and power plant (thermal and nuclear power plants, industrial and city boiler houses, etc.), further enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, oil production and petrochemistry, vehicles, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and production Building materials.

The role of various branches of farms in the pollution of the atmosphere in developed industrial countries of the West is somewhat different. For example, the main amount of emissions of harmful substances in the United States, Great Britain and Germany falls on motor vehicles (50-60%), while the stake of thermal power industry is significantly less than 16-20%.

Heat and nuclear power plants. Boiler installations. In the process of burning solid or liquid fuel to the atmosphere, smoke, containing complete products (carbon dioxide and water vapor) and incomplete (carbon oxides, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, etc.) of combustion, is released into the atmosphere. The volume of energy emissions is very large. Thus, a modern thermal power station with a capacity of 2.4 million kW spends a day to 20 thousand tons of coal and throws out into the atmosphere during this time 680 T SO 2 and SO 3, 120-140 tons of solid particles (ash, dust, soot), 200 t Nitrogen oxides.

Transfer of installations on liquid fuel (fuel oil) reduces ash emissions, but practically does not reduce sulfur oxides and nitrogen emissions. The most environmentally friendly gas fuel, which is three times less pollutes atmospheric air than fuel oil, and five times less than coal.

Sources of air pollution with toxic substances at nuclear power plants (NPP) - radioactive iodine, radioactive inert gases and aerosol. A large source of energy pollution of the atmosphere - the heating system of housing (boiler installations) gives little nitrogen oxides, but many part-combustion products. Due to the small height of chimneys, toxic substances in high concentrations are dissipated near boiler plants.

Black and non-ferrous metallurgy. 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of sulfur oxides and up to 0.05 tons of carbon oxide, as well as in small quantities, such dangerous pollutants, like manganese, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, mercury, et al. In the process of steel-smelting production in the atmosphere, vapor-gas mixtures consisting of phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other toxic substances are ejected into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is also significantly contaminated, in the agglomerating factories, with blast and ferroalloy production.

Significant emissions of exhaust gases and dust containing toxic substances are noted on plants of non-ferrous metallurgy in the processing of lead-zinc, copper, sulfide ores, in the production of aluminum, etc.

Chemical production. Emissions of this industry Although in a small volume in volume (about 2% of all industrial emissions), however, due to its very high toxicity, significant diversity and concentration, represent a significant threat to humans and all biota. On a variety of chemical production, the atmospheric air pollute sulfur oxides, fluorine compounds, ammonia, nitrous gases (mixture of nitrogen oxides), chloride compounds, hydrogen sulfide, inorganic dust, etc.).

Emissions of motor vehicles. There are several hundred million cars in the world, which burn a huge amount of petroleum products, significantly polluting atmospheric air, primarily in large cities. So, in Moscow, the share of vehicles accounts for 80% of the total amount of emissions into the atmosphere. The exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (especially carburetor) contain a huge amount of toxic compounds - benz (A) pyrene, aldehydes, nitrogen oxades and carbon and particularly dangerous lead compounds (in the case of eaten gasoline).

The largest amount of harmful substances in the composition of exhaust gases is formed with the unregulated car fuel system. Its correct adjustment reduces, their number is 1.5 times, and special neutralizers reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases at six or more times.

Intensive air pollution is also noted in the mining and processing of mineral raw materials, on oil and gas processing plants (Fig. 1), during the emission of dust and gases from underground mining, when burning garbage and burning rocks in coverages (groundcons), and so on . In rural areas, the foci of air pollution are animals and poultry farms, industrial complexes, but the production of meat, spraying pesticides, etc.

Fig. 1. Ways to distribute sulfur compound emissions in

astrakhan Gas Processing Plant (APTS)

Under transboundary pollution, contamination, transferred from the territory of one country to the Other Area. Only in 2004, 1204 thousand tons of sulfur compounds from Ukraine, Germany, Poland and other countries fell on the European part of Russia due to its disadial geographical position. At the same time, in other countries, only 190 thousand tons of sulfur fell from Russian sources of pollution, that is, 6.3 times less.

3. Environmental consequences of the air pollution

The contamination of atmospheric air affects human health and the environmental environment in various ways - from a straight and immediate threat (Ud, etc.) to a slow and gradual destruction of various livelihood systems. In many cases, the air pollution disrupts the structural components of the ecosystem to such an extent that the regulatory processes are not able to return them to the initial state and as a result, the mechanism of homeostasis does not work.

First, consider how local (local) pollution of the atmosphere affects the environment, and then global.

The physiological impact on the human body of the main pollutants (pollutants) is fraught with the most serious consequences. Thus, sulfur dioxide, connecting with moisture, forms sulfuric acid, which destroys the pulmonary tissue of man and animals. Especially clearly, this connection is traced when analyzing the child's pulmonary pathology and the degree of concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of large cities. According to the studies of American scientists, in the level of pollution 502 to 0.049 mg / m 3, the incidence (in man-day) population of Nashville (USA) was 8.1%, at 0.150-0.349 mg / m 3 - 12 and in areas with air pollution Above 0.350 mg / m3 - 43.8%. Sulfur dioxide is especially dangerous when it is deposited on dusting and in this form penetrates deep into the respiratory tract.

Dust containing silicon dioxide (SiO 2) causes severe lung disease - silicosis. Nitrogen oxides are annoyed, and in severe cases, the mucous membranes, such as eyes, are easily involved in the formation of poisonous fogs, etc., are especially dangerous if they are in contaminated air together with sulfur dioxide and other toxic compounds. In these cases, even at low concentrations of pollutants, synergism effect occurs, i.e., the increase in the toxicity of the entire gaseous mixture.

The effect on the human body of carbon oxide (carbon monoxide) is widely known. With acute poisoning, general weakness, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of consciousness appear, is a fatal outcome (even after 3-7 days). However, due to the low concentration of CO in atmospheric air, it, as a rule, does not cause mass poisoning, although it is very dangerous for persons suffering from anemia and cardiovascular diseases.

Among suspended solids are the most dangerous particles of less than 5 microns, which are capable of penetrating the lymph nodes, linger in the lung alveoli, clog the mucous membranes.

Very unfavorable consequences that can affect the huge range of time are connected with such minor emissions such as lead, benz (a) pyrene, phosphorus, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, etc. They depress the hematopoietic system, cause oncological diseases reduce The body resistance to infections, etc. Dust, containing lead and mercury compounds, has mutagenic properties and causes genetic changes in the cells of the body.

The effects of the human body of harmful substances contained in car exhaust gases are very serious and have a wide range of action: from cough to death (Table 2). Heavy consequences in the body of living beings cause a poisonous mixture of smoke, fog and dust - smoke. Two Tina Smog, the winter was able to (London Type) and Summer (Los Angeles Type).

Table 2 Effect of car exhaust gases on human health

Harmful substances	Consequences of the impact on the human body
Carbon oxide	Prevents blood absorbing oxygen, which weakens thinking abilities, slows down the reflexes, causes drowsiness and may cause the loss of consciousness and death
Lead	Affects the blood, nervous and urinary system; It probably causes a decrease in mental abilities in children, postponed in bones and other tissues, so dangerous for a long time
Azoto oxides	Can increase the susceptibility of the body to viral diseases (type of influenza), irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia
Ozone	Irritating to the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs, causes cough, disrupts the work of the lungs; reduces resistance to colds; can exacerbate chronic heart diseases, as well as cause asthma, bronchitis
Toxic emissions (heavy metals)	Cause cancer, violation of the functions of the sexual system and defects in newborns

The London-type smog occurs in winter in large industrial cities in adverse weather conditions (lack of wind and temperature inversion). Temperature inversion is manifested in increasing the air temperature with a height in some layer of the atmosphere (usually in the range of 300-400 m from the surface of the Earth) instead of ordinary decreases. As a result, the circulation of atmospheric air is dramatically violated, smoke and pollutants cannot climb up and do not dissipate. Fog often arise. The concentration of sulfur and suspended dust oxides, carbon oxide reach hazardous levels of human levels, lead to circulatory disorder, respiratory, and often to death. In 1952, more than 4 thousand people died in London from Smog from 3 to December 9, up to S. people were seriously ill. At the end of 1962, in Riere (FRG) was able to take 156 people in three days. Only the wind can dissipate, and smoothed a mixed situation - reducing emissions of pollutants.

Los Angeles type smog, or photochemical was able, no less dangerous than London. It occurs in the summer with the intensive effects of solar radiation on the air, saturated, & or rather oversaturated car exhaust gases. In Los Angeles, exhaust gases are more than four million cars emit only nitrogen oxides in the amount of more than a thousand tons per day. With a very weak movement of air or windlessness in the air during this period, complex reactions are coming to the formation of new high-tech pollutants - photooxidates (ozone, organic peroxide, nitrites, etc.), which irritate the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and organs of vision. Only in one city (Tokyo) was a poisoning of 10 thousand people in 1970 and 28 thousand - in 1971 according to official data, in Athens in the days of Smog mortality six times higher than in days relative to the net atmosphere. In some of our cities (Kemerovo, Angarsk, Novokuznetsk, Mednogorsk, etc.), especially those located in lowlands, due to the increasing number of cars and an increase in emissions of exhaust gas containing nitrogen oxide, the likelihood of photochemical smog is increasing.

Anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in large concentrations and for a long time cause great harm not only to a person, but adversely affect animals, the condition of plants and ecosystems in general.

In the environmental literature, cases of mass poisoning of wild animals, birds, insects in emissions of harmful pollutants of large concentration (especially volley) are described. For example, it was established that during sedimentation on honey plants of some toxic dust species, a noticeable increase in the mortality rate of bees is observed. As for large animals, the poisonous dust in the atmosphere affects them mainly through respiratory organs, as well as entering the body together with eaten dusty plants.

In plants, toxic substances come in various ways. It has been established that the emissions of harmful substances act as directly on the green parts of the plants, falling through the dust in the tissue, destroying the chlorophyll and the structure of the cells and through the soil to the root system. For example, soil contamination with dust of toxic metals, especially in compound with sulfuric acid, is destructive effect on the root system, and through it and on the entire plant.

Contaminating gaseous substances affect the state of vegetation in different ways. Only weakly damage the leaves, chewing, shoots (carbon monoxide, ethylene, etc.), others act on the plants detail (sulfur dioxide, chlorine, mercury pairs, ammonia, cyanide hydrogen, etc.) (Table 13: 3). Particularly dangerous for plants of sulfur dioxide (502), under the influence of which many trees die out, and primarily coniferous - pines, spruce, fir, cedar.

Table 3 - Toxicity of air pollutants for plants

Harmful substances	Characteristic
sulphur dioxide	The main pollutant, poison for plant assimilation bodies, is valid at a distance of 30 km
Hydrogen fluoride and silicon fourfluoride	Toxic even in small quantities, prone to the formation of aerosols, operate at a distance of up to 5 km
Chlorine, hydrogen chloride	Damage mainly at close range
Sveta compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon oxide, nitrogen oxides	Infect vegetation in areas of high concentration of industry and transport
Hydrogen sulfide	Cell and enzyme poison
Ammonia	Damages plants at close range

As a result of the impact of highly toxic pollutants on the plants, there is a slowdown in their growth, the formation of necrosis at the ends of the leaves and khuminokov, the failure of the assimilation organs, etc. An increase in the surface of damaged leaves can lead to a decrease in moisture consumption from the soil, the general overwhelm, what will inevitably affect it On the environment of her habitat.

Is vegetation capable of recovering after reducing the impact of harmful pollutants? In many ways, this will depend on the reducing ability of the remaining green mass and the overall state of natural ecosystems. At the same time, it should be noted that the low concentrations of individual pollutants not only do not harm plants, but also, such as the cadmium salt, stimulate the germination of seeds, the growth of wood, the growth of some organs of plants.

4. Environmental consequences of global atmospheric pollution

The most important environmental consequences of global pollution of the atmosphere include:

possible climate warming ("greenhouse effect");


violation of the ozone layer;


1. loss of acid rain.
   

   Most scientists in the world consider them as the largest environmental issues of modernity.
   

   Possible climate warming ("greenhouse effect").The currently observed climate change, which is expressed in a gradual increase in the average annual temperature since the second half of the last century, most scientists are associated with the accumulation in the atmosphere of so-called "greenhouse gases" - carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), chlorofluorocarbons ( Frees), ozone (o 3), nitrogen oxides, etc.
   

   Garnikovy gases, and first of all CO 2, prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the surface of the Earth. The atmosphere saturated with greenhouse gases acts as the roof of the greenhouse. It, on the one hand, passes inside most of the solar radiation, on the other - almost does not miss the heat, re-emitted the earth.
   

   In connection with the burning person, an increasing number of fossil fuels: oil, gas, coal, etc. (annually more than 9 billion tons of conditional fuel) - CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere is constantly increasing. Due to the emissions into the atmosphere during industrial production and the content of freons (chlorofluorocarbons) is growing. By 1-1.5% per year, the content of methane increases (emissions from underground mining, burning biomass, high-horned livestock, etc.). A lesser extent grows the content in the atmosphere and nitrogen oxide (by 0.3% annually).
   

   The consequence of an increase in the concentrations of these gases, creating a "greenhouse effect", is the growth of the average global air temperature in the earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the warmest was the warmest 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2006 and 1988. In 1988, the average annual temperature was 0.4 ° C higher than in 1950-1980. Calculations of some scientists show that in 2009 it will increase by 1.5 ° C compared to 1950-1980. The report prepared under the auspices of the UN International Group on Climate Change Problems is argued that by 2100 the temperature on Earth will become above 2-4 degrees. The scale of warming for this relatively short time will be comparable to warming that occurred on the ground after the ice age, and therefore environmental consequences may be catastrophic. First of all, this is due to the estimated increase in the world's ocean due to the melting of polar ice, reducing the area of \u200b\u200bmountain glaciation, etc. Modeling the environmental consequences of increasing the ocean level of only 0.5-2.0 m to the end of the XXIV., Scientists installed, That this will inevitably lead to a violation of climatic equilibrium, flooding of seaside plains in more than 30 countries, degradation of multi-nesting rocks, the fever of extensive territories and other adverse consequences.
   

   However, a number of scientists see in the alleged global climate warming and positive environmental consequences.
   

   Increased concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere and the associated increase in photosynthesis, as well as an increase in climate moistening can, in their opinion, lead to an increase in productivity as natural phytocenoses (forests, meadows, savannah, etc.), and agrocenoses (cultivated plants, gardens , vineyards, etc.).
   

   On the issue of the degree of influence of greenhouse gases on global climate warming, there is also no unity of opinion. Thus, in the report of the intergovernmental group of experts on climate change (1992), it is noted that the climate warming on 0.3-0.6, observed in the last century, could be due to the natural variability of a number of climatic factors.
   

   In connection with these data, academician K. Ya. Kondratyev (1993) believes that there is no reason for one-sided hobbies of the stereotype of "greenhouse" warming and extending the task to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a central in the problem of preventing unwanted global climate changes.
   

   In his opinion, the most important factor of anthropogenic impact on the global climate is the degradation of the biosphere, and therefore, first of all, it is necessary to take care of the preservation of the biosphere as the main factor of global environmental safety. Man using the power of about 10 TVT destroyed or strongly broken by 60% sushi the normal functioning of natural communities of organisms. As a result, significant mass of their mass is seized from the biogenic cycle of substances, which was previously spent by biota to stabilize climatic conditions. Against the background of a constant reduction in areas with extended communities, degraded, sharply reduced its assimilant capacity of the biosphere becomes an essential source of increased emissions into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
   

   At the International Conference in Toronto (Canada) in 1985, the task has been set up to the energy in all over the world to be reduced by 20% industrial carbon emissions into the atmosphere. At the UN conference in Kyoto (Japan) in 1997, the governments of 84 countries of the world signed the Kyoto Protocol, according to which countries should drop anthropogenic carbon dioxide, which threw it in 1990, but it is obvious that a tangible environmental effect can only be obtained When combining these measures with the global direction of environmental policies - the maximum possible preservation of communities of organisms, natural ecosystems and the entire Earth's biosphere.
   

   Violation of the ozone layer. The ozone layer (ozoneosphere) covers the entire globe and is located at a height of 10 to 50 km with a maximum ozone concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. The saturation of the ozone atmosphere is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching the maximum in the spring in the indoor region.
   

   For the first time, the depletion of the ozone layer attracted the attention of the general public in 1985, when space with a reduced (up to 50%) of ozone was found above Antarctic, the name "ozone hole" was discovered. Since then, the measurement results confirm the widespread decrease in the ozone layer almost throughout the planet. For example, in Russia over the past 10 years, the concentration of the ozone layer decreased by 4-6% in winter and 3% in the summer.
   

   Currently, the depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat of global environmental safety. Reducing the concentration of ozone weakens the ability of the atmosphere to protect everything alive on Earth from rigid ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, for energy even one photon from these rays is enough to destroy chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is not randomly solar burns in areas with low ozone content, there is a growth in the incidence of people with skin cancer, etc. So, for example, in the opinion of a number of ecologic scientists, by 2030 in Russia, while maintaining the current depletions of the ozone layer, skin cancer will be sick 6 million people. In addition to skin diseases, eye diseases (cataract, etc.) are possible, suppression of the immune system, etc.
   

   It has also been established that plants under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation gradually lose their ability to photosynthesis, and the violation of the vital activity of the plankton leads to the breaking of the trophic chains of the biota of aqueous ecosystems, and so on.
   

   Science has not fully installed, what are the main processes that violate the ozone layer. It is assumed both natural and the anthropogenic origin of "ozone holes". The latter, according to the majority of scientists, is more likely and is associated with the increased content of chlorofluorocarbons (freons). Freons are widely used in industrial production and in everyday life (refragments, solvents, sprayers, aerosol packaging, etc.). Rising into the atmosphere, freons decompose with the release of chlorine oxide, which is destroyed by the ozone molecules.
   

   According to the International Environmental Organization Greenpeace, the main suppliers of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) are USA - 30.85%, Japan - 12.42; United Kingdom - 8.62 and Russia - 8.0%. The United States struck in the ozone layer "hole" with an area of \u200b\u200b7 million km2, Japan - 3 million km2, which is seven times more than the Square of Japan itself. Recently, in the United States and in a number of Western countries, plants for the production of new types of mining agents (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) were built with a low potential for the destruction of the ozone layer.
   

   According to the Protocol of the Montreal Conference (1987), revised then in London (1991) and Copenhagen (1992), it was planned to reduce chlorofluorocarbon emissions by 1998 by 50%. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" (2002), the protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere from environmentally hazardous changes is provided by regulating the production and use of substances that destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere, on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation and its legislation. In the future, it is necessary to continue to solve the problem of protecting people from UV radiation, since many of the chlorofluorocarbons can persist in the atmosphere of hundreds of years. A number of scientists continue to insist on the natural origin of the ozone hole. The reasons for its occurrence are seen in the natural variability of the ozoneosphere, the cyclic activity of the Sun, others associate these processes with riftogenesis and degarison of the Earth.
   

   Acid rain. One of the most important environmental problems with which the oxidation of the natural medium is associated is acidic rains. They are formed during industrial emissions into the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which, connecting with atmospheric moisture, form sulfur and nitric acid. As a result, rain and snow are acidified (pH number below 5.6). In Bavaria (Germany) in August 1981, rains have fallen with education 80,
   

   Water of open reservoirs is crying. Fish dies
   

   The total world anthropogenic emissions of the two main air pollutants - the peroxidation of atmospheric moisture - SO 2 and NO 2 are annually more than 255 million tons (2004). On the huge territory, the natural environment is crying for, which is very negatively reflected in the state of all ecosystems. It turned out that natural ecosystems are destroyed even with a smaller level of air pollution than the one that is dangerous for a person.
   

   The danger is usually not acidic precipitates themselves, and the processes occurring under their influence. Under the action of acidic precipitation from the soil, not only the naturally necessary nutrients are leached, but also toxic heavy and light metals - lead, cadmium, aluminum, etc. subsequently, they themselves or formed toxic compounds are absorbed by plants and other soil organisms, which leads to very negative consequences. For example, an increase in the acidic water content of aluminum is only up to 0.2 mg per liter flying to fish. The development of phytoplankton is sharply reduced, since phosphates activating this process are connected to aluminum and become less affordable for assimilation. Aluminum also reduces the growth of wood. The toxicity of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, etc.) manifests itself to a greater extent.
   

   Fifty million hectares of forest in 25 European countries suffer from a complex mixture of pollutants, including acid rains, ozone, toxic metals, etc. So, for example, coniferous mountain forests die in Bavaria. Cases of lesion of coniferous and deciduous forests in Karelia, Siberia and other areas of our country are noted.
   

   The impact of acid rains reduces the stability of forests to droughts, diseases, natural pollution, which leads to even more pronounced their degradation as natural ecosystems.
   

   A vivid example of the negative effects of acid precipitation on natural ecosystems is the acidification of the lakes. It is especially intensively in Canada, Sweden, Norway and in the south of Finland (Table 4). This is explained by the fact that a significant part of sulfur emissions in such industrialized countries, as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom, fall on their territory (Fig. 4). The most vulnerable in these countries of the lakes, since the indigenous rocks, their beds, are usually represented by gantry-gneis and granites that are not able to neutralize acid precipitation, in contrast, for example, from limestones that create an alkaline environment and prevent acidification. Many lakes in the north of the United States are strongly scorn.
   

   Table 4 - Overlooking the lakes in the world
   

   Country	Status of lakes
   Canada	More than 14 thousand lakes are strongly scattered; Each seventh lake in the east of the country caused biological damage
   Norway	In reservoirs, a total area of \u200b\u200b13 thousand km 2 destroyed fish and another 20 thousand km2 ~ amazed
   Sweden	At 14 thousand lakes destroyed the most sensitive types of acidity species; 2200 Lakes almost lifeless
   Finland	8% of the lakes do not have the ability to neutralize the acid. The most scusted lakes in the southern part of the country
   USA	There are about 1 thousand vaccine lakes in the country and 3 thousand almost acidic (data of the environmental protection fund). AOOS studies in 1984 showed that 522 lakes have a strong acidic environment and 964 are on the verge of this

   Overlooking the lakes is dangerous not only for populations of various fish species (including salmon, sigovy, etc.), but often entails the gradual death of plankton, numerous types of algae and other inhabitants, lakes become almost lifeless.
   

   In our country, the area of \u200b\u200bsignificant acidification against acid precipitation reaches several tens of millions of hectares. Private cases of lakes (Karelia, etc.) are noted. The increased acidity of precipitation is observed along the western border (transboundary transfer of sulfur and other pollutants) and on the territory of a number of large industrial areas, as well as fragmentary on Vorontsov A.P. Rational environmental management. Tutorial. -M.: Association of Authors and Publishers Tandem. Publisher Emmes, 2000. - 498 p. Enterprise Characteristics as an atmosphere pollution source The main types of anthropogenic effects on the biosphere The problem of energy support for the sustainable development of humanity and the prospects for nuclear power

   2014-06-13

One of the main conditions for the safety of human health and longevity is clean air. Unfortunately, in modern realities in many corners of the planet, it seems an impracticable mission in many corners of the planet. But is it so impossible to make the air that we breathe, cleaner? And what exactly pollutes the atmosphere most?

All sources that adversely affect the condition of the air basin, environmentalists are divided into anthropogenic and natural. The greatest environmental damage causes exactly the first category - the factors associated with human activity. The contamination of atmospheric air, which is based on natural reasons is not only insignificant on global scale, but are self-sustainable by their nature.

Industry that kills

The source of air pollution "Number One" in developing and some developed countries is industry. The lion's share of emissions into the atmosphere falls on enterprises of energy, color and black metallurgy. Less than harmful to the air pool, but also in dangerous areas such as oil production and refining, mechanical engineering are considered dangerous. In places of industrial production in the atmosphere, phenols, hydrocarbons, mercury, lead, resins, oxide and sulfur dioxide are present in the atmosphere.

In developed countries, atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances has become a pressing problem still century ago. That is why the process of creating environmental legislation has begun before in other states. So, the first to track emissions of enterprises began the Netherlands, adopting relevant laws in 1875-1896. In the US, the act of controlling the purity of air was voted in 1955. In Japan, the law on monitoring and restricting harmful emissions appeared in 1967, in Germany (Germany) - 1972.

When are the charms of civilization harm?

Transportation, being a necessary condition for the functioning of modern society, at the same time is the main threat to human health. All machines using different types of fuel, to some extent pollute the atmosphere. For example, the car actively absorbs oxygen from the air. In return, it highlights carbon dioxide, water vapor and toxic substances (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, soot, benzapine, sulfur dioxide). The contribution that includes separate types of transport to air pollution, looks like this:

• 85% of harmful exhausts fall on passenger and trucks;
• 5.3% - on river and sea vessels;
• 3.7% and 3.5% on air and rail vehicles, respectively:
• less than all (2.5%) The atmosphere pollute the agricultural machinery (seeders, sunels, combines, tractor, arable technique).

Each country solves the problem associated with the contamination of atmospheric air in its own way. Indicative in this regard is the experience of Denmark. After World War II, residents of the small Scandinavian country, whose streets were flooded by cars, began to be outraged by gas. When the oil crisis struck the oil crisis of the 70s, the Danish authorities did not have anything, how to go about the public. A developed bicycle infrastructure was created in the country, a huge tax was introduced for the purchase and use of the car. The idea came to local residents to the soul: the shares of Copenhagen without cars and Sunday without cars. Now Denmark is the most cycling country of the world, which is in the top three of the most pure and prosperous states.

Wind, sun and water - our best friends?

Large-scale contamination of atmospheric air with harmful substances caused by the work of thermal power enterprises. The functioning of power plants on the corner, diesel, fuel oil, kerosene and gasoline is accompanied by the release of hazardous compounds of heavy metals, carbon monoxide, carbon, nitrogen. Over the city, as a rule, dumps of ash remaining when coal burning.

Reduce the gold allows the use of liquid fuel, but on the number of nitrogen emissions and sulfur oxide, this replacement does not affect. Atomic power plants, air pollution with aerosols, radioactive gases and iodine occurs. All kinds of traditional fuels are definitely harmful. Perhaps the gas is conditionally innocuous.

How to avoid an ecological catastrophe? Alternative power sources are allowed to make air. In favor of using the energy of tide-tide, wind and the sun, another argument is also limited to gas and oil reserves. The best practices in the field of energy can boast China, India, USA, Japan, EU. Alternative sources in these countries account for up to 20% of the total energy generation. In coastal regions, tidal power plants are built, in southern countries - sunny. GEOTES, generating energy from the natural heat of the planet, is placed at thermal sources.

Future for eco-frisms

Agricultural production causes greater damage to reservoirs, land and trees than air, but still considered one of the main sources of the atmosphere pollution. As a result of use in livestock firms, an ammonia will be released. The danger for humans, animals and plants represents also used in agriculture of the Yadogymikati. The problem of the problem could be a new type agro-collector, working without the use of herbicides and pesticides. The introduction of the concept of environmentally friendly farms in full swing is in European countries, Canada, USA. Successful farms for the production of healthy products operate in Russia.

Pollution with dust storms

Among the natural sources, the soil weathering is the greatest contribution to air pollution. Strong dustiness is characteristic of the territories with a low degree of moisturgencies of the Earth and weakly developed vegetation. Global air pollution with dust occurs in the desert tacla-makan, gobi, sugar, local - in the Mongolian and Central Asian region. In Europe, dust clouds that change the composition and quality of the boundary layer of the atmosphere are dominated in the southeast and eastern part. The speed and range of contamination spread depends on the particle size. Small dust is held in the air of 1.5-3 weeks, distributed throughout the hemisphere. Large particles apply to hundreds of kilometers, settle within a few hours or days.

How does the weathered of the soil affect the health of a person? If large particles are able to filter our organism, then small dust easily penetrates through the upper respiratory tract and settles in the lungs. According to WHO studies, an increase in the content of suspended particles by 10 μg / m 3 leads to an increase in mortality by 0.5-1%.

Dusty storms harm not only to a person. They are dangerous for the entire planet. The accumulation of hundreds of thousands of dust particles prevents the normal outflow of excessive heat from the Earth. How to solve the problem of wind erosion soil? To prevent dust storms, we create a system of windproof scenery and forest belts, agricultural activities are carried out in order to increase the clutch of the soil particles.

Vulcanism and forest fires

The eruption of the volcano is a rare phenomenon accompanied by catastrophic consequences. Every year, 40 million tons of substances are replenished at a natural disaster at the atmosphere. Among the gases allocated by volcanoes, most of the water vapor. The eruptions are one of the reasons for increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The contaminated air is also dangerous in the fact that the sulcan oxide released by the volcano, entering the reaction with water, turns into sulfuric acid.

In the hot period, there is a problem of forest fires. The cause of ignition can be both solar activity and non-compliance with human security rules. During the natural disaster, air pollution by aerosols, pairs, toxic gases occurs. Forest fires - the second after the ocean the source of emission of methyl chloride. Indirect air pollution occurs: due to the destruction of vegetation cover, the production of oxygen decreases.

The remaining sources of pollution

Slightly on the degree of air pollution in the world are affected by the oceans and the sea. In the process of evaporation into the atmosphere, crystals of sea salts (potassium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium, sodium are falling from the water. The share of substances enriching air masses increases significantly during the storm. In itself, the evaporation of marine salts is not dangerous, however, together with them there may be other, toxic, compounds. Thus, air pollution is inextricably linked with the ecological state of the ocean.

In addition to substances with earthly origin, cosmic dust is also present in the atmosphere. Scientists were calculated that every year 40 thousand tons of such particles settle on our planet. This means that dust from the space is a meager source of air pollution that does not cause serious problems. However, if its number increases, it will be able to significantly affect the climatic conditions of the Earth.

Finally, no matter how banal it sounds, the air is contaminated daily under the influence of smoking people. The composition of cigarettes includes about 400 substances, including ammonia, nitrobenzene, formaldehyde, toluene and many other toxic compounds. All of them inevitably fall into the air together with the tobacco smoke and do not dissolve, but settle, for example, on the soil. It is possible to make an analogy with passive smoking and conclude that our planet suffers from him, and the exit here is the only one - already addicted to people and prevent the younger generations into this process.

So, the main sources of air pollution are associated with human activity. Anthropogenic factors worsening the condition of the air pool include industrial production, transport, heat and power engineering. The degree of influence of each of these reasons in different regions in the world is noticeably different. Among the natural sources, the ecological state of the atmosphere threatens the weathelation of the soil.

As we know, global environmental problems create a threat to all mankind. These include the problems associated with the pollution of the atmosphere.

One of them, as many scientists believes, causes climate change on the planet - noticeable warming recently. Scientists associate this with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Recall that water vapors of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane and some other air gases have the ability to delay thermal (infrared) radiation of the Earth. This leads to an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. By analogy with the processes flowing in greenhouses and greenhouses, this capacity of the atmosphere is called a greenhouse effect.

We will not forget that the most important characteristic of the earthly climate is the average global temperature of the earth's surface. In the process of evolution, life developed under certain climatic conditions. Any organism can live only in a fairly narrow area of \u200b\u200bsuch environmental factors as temperature, humidity, pressure, and so on.Consequently, when they change, we can expect serious violations in the life of natural systems due to changes in their habitat.

Over the past century, the temperature in the surface layer increased by 0.8 0 s, and the increase in 0.6 0 from the degree occurred in about the last 30 years (see Figure).

Mediterranean temperature anomaly

Is there a lot or a little? Increasing the temperature in less than one degree seems insignificant, especially if we take into account that the temperature fell into the glacial periods to dozens of degrees. But the glacial periods occurred and retreating at the scale of millennia, and here we are dealing with dozens of years. As experts believe, the increase in temperature by 2-3 degrees will lead to global climatic changes, the consequences of which will be no less dramatic than from the onset of the glacial period. Meanwhile, many modern climatic forecasts suggest a further increase in temperature, according to different forecasts, by the end of the twentieth century, an increase from 1 to 6 degrees should be expected.

The strongest over the past half a century warming was reflected in the climate of Northern Europe, Siberia, Alaska and to a lesser extent of Antarctica. Already, it is starting to affect: the area covered with ice is reduced, in the Arctic Ocean, the melting of Greenland glaciers and Antarctica occurs. It is predicted that by the end of the twentieth century, the Arctic sea ice will be completely fade in the summer: http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/campaigns/protect-The-Artic/Threat-To-The-Artic/. However, the greatest fears cause the melting of a huge glacial shield of Greenland.

Many scientists associate an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with human activity, mainly with emissions into the atmosphere of fossil fuel combustion products, as well as with the information of the forests (recall that plants in the process of photosynthesis absorb carbon dioxide).

If you want to get acquainted with this global problem in more detail, listen to the speech of the scientist. V. P. Merelesko - Geophysicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Director of the Main Geophysical Observatory named after A. I. Waikova, tells in detail about the essence and possible consequences of climate change. Video 14.

The Greenpeace website offers another expert about climate change. Video 15.

It should be noted that, if the fact of warming the modern climate of doubt does not cause, then the long-term forecast of global warming is disputed by a number of scientists. Discussions on this issue are reflected, in particular, in the comments of Greenpeace to the film "The Story of One Deception", shown on the first channel and dedicated to global warming. Video 16.

In any case, climate change issues are directly related to the existence of humanity. Therefore, interest and concerns that this problem causes in society is clear.

In 1997, in Kyoto, representatives of 160 countries were drawn up a document (Kyoto Protocol), calling for developed countries to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, methane and some other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. With all the ambiguity, a number of wording of the Kyoto Protocol is an important step towards developing suspended environmental policy on a global scale. Even if it turns out that technogenic carbon dioxide emission does not significantly affect global climate change, the tightening of the requirements for cleaning gaseous emissions of enterprises will undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of the local environmental situation.

What do you see possible deceleration paths or stopping the threat of global warming and prevent the climate change related to these changes?

In the previous topic, among the most important functions of the atmosphere, we noted its ability to absorb solar radiation and thereby protect the living organisms from the destructive solid radiation of the sun. "Responsible" for this is located at an altitude of 20-40 km above the surface of the Earth in the atmosphere of a layer with an increased ozone concentration, the so-called "ozone layer".

In 1985, sensational messages appeared in the scientific press: in the ozone layer above Antarctica, over one of the cold snow cover planets, a substantial thinning was found. Dangerous for the whole living ultraviolet of the Sun fluently penetrates through the so-called "ozone hole". Now quite intensive ultraviolet radiation falls not only on the lifeless snow of Antarctica, but also on the moderate areas of the planet, to which most of Europe and the former USSR applies. The concentration of ozone in the stratosphere decreased by 6-8%. And this turns out to be sufficient for a noticeable increase in the intensity of ultraviolet radiation. Video 17.

What is the reason for the refinement of the ozone layer? Scientists believe that it is primarily due to the emission of ozone-depleting substances as a result of the economic activity of ozone-depleting substances, such as freons (used in refrigeration technology, as well as in aerosol cans), and a number of other substances. Animation that you will now see shows that it could happen to the ozone layer for 2065, if the most aggressive ozone-depleting chemicals were prohibited in accordance with the Montreal Protocol, 1987. Video 18.

The international community is making efforts to preserve and restore the ozone layer.

You can get acquainted in more detail with the studies of the ozone layer scientists, learn about the actions of the World Organizations on its conservation. Video 19.

And what can we do, individual people, to solve this important problem for everything? What are our opportunities in reducing the emission of hazardous substances into the atmosphere when burning synthetic materials, energy saving, etc.?

Another global problem associated with the pollution of the atmosphere is the so-called acid rain.