Anti-ship missiles granite. "Antey" says goodbye to "Granite"

In 1969, the development of anti-ship missile long-range "Granite". Back in the mid-60s, during the development of the Amethyst and Malachite complexes, General Designer V.N. Chelomey came to the conclusion that it was necessary and possible to take a new step towards universalizing launch conditions for long-range missiles.

P-700 Granite - video

He proposed the development of a new complex with cruise missiles capable of launching from under water, and in terms of range and flight speed not inferior to the Bazalt complex. It was supposed to equip both submarines (project 949 "Granite") and surface ships with this complex. New complex received the name "Granite". In the process of creating the Granit complex, for the first time, all the main subcontractors of the branched cooperation worked out many (up to two dozen) options for design solutions for a cruise missile, an onboard control system, and a submarine.
Then these options were evaluated in terms of combat effectiveness, cost and timing of creation, feasibility, and based on the analysis, requirements for a cruise missile and other elements of the weapon system were formulated. The creation of this system was carried out by a team of scientists and designers of the Central Research Institute "Granit" under the leadership of its general director, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize V.V. Pavlov.

Rocket 3M45 complex "Granit"

The rocket embodied the rich experience of NGOs in creating electronic systems artificial intelligence, which allows you to act against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against a warrant of ships.
The missiles themselves will distribute and classify according to the importance of the target, choose the tactics of the attack and the plan for its implementation. To eliminate errors in choosing a maneuver and hitting a precisely given target, electronic data on modern classes of ships are embedded in the on-board computer of the anti-ship missiles. In addition, the car also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of orders of ships, which allows the missile to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, an aircraft carrier or a landing group, and attack the main targets in its composition.

Rocket launch "Granit" from the missile cruiser "Peter the Great" project 1144.2

Also in the on-board computer there is data on countering enemy electronic warfare equipment capable of jamming missiles away from the target, tactical methods of evading air defense fire. As the designers say, after launch, the missiles themselves decide which one will attack which target and which maneuvers need to be carried out in accordance with the mathematical algorithms embedded in the behavior program.
The missile also has means of counteracting anti-missiles attacking it. Having destroyed the main target in the ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the warrant, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target.
The complex was presented for state testing in 1979. The tests were carried out on coastal stands and lead ships: on a submarine and on the cruiser "Kirov".

The tests were successfully completed in August 1983, and by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of March 12, 1983, the Granit complex was adopted by the Navy. The missile of the new universal missile system of the third generation "Granit" (further development of anti-ship missiles - SS-N-3 "Shaddock" and SS-N-12 "Senbox") has both underwater and surface launch, a firing range of 600 km, conventional or nuclear warhead, several flexible adaptive trajectories (depending on the operational and tactical situation in the sea and airspace of the operation area), the flight speed is 2.5 times the speed of sound.
The TNT equivalent of the warhead of each missile is 750 kg, range damaging factors- 1200 meters, the power of a nuclear charge is 500 kt. The launch weight of the rocket is 7 tons. Develops flight speed up to Mach 2.5. Rocket length - 10m, diameter - 0.85 m. Propulsion system: an annular solid propellant booster and a sustainer turbofan engine KR-93.

The complex provides salvo fire with all ammunition with a rational spatial arrangement of missiles and an anti-jamming autonomous selective control system. During the flight, missiles exchange information about targets.
To make it difficult to intercept and better detect a target, the leader missile goes at high altitude, the rest of the missiles move at low altitude above the sea surface. If the leader missile is intercepted, another missile automatically takes its place.
The Granit missile system is armed with 13 Project 949 Granit-type and 949A Antey-class nuclear submarines (Oscar-1 and Oscar-2), 24 missiles each, with an underwater speed of more than 30 knots. Before launching the missiles, the containers are filled with water.

Sectional diagram of the 3M45 anti-ship missile device of the 3K45 "Granit" complex. in red
marked high-explosive-penetrating warhead

Four heavy nuclear missile cruisers of Project 1144 (Peter the Great type) carry 20 missiles each in individual SM-233 below-deck launchers. Launchers are located obliquely - at an angle of 47º. SM-233 launchers were manufactured by the Leningrad Metal Plant. Since the Granit was designed for an underwater launch, sea water is pumped into the missile silos on the Orlan nuclear cruisers before launch. In addition, the TAVKR project 1143.5 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" is equipped with these missiles - 12 launchers.

Section of high-explosive penetrating warhead anti-ship missiles 3M45 "Granit"

Each submarine costs 10 times less than a US Navy Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. There are practically no other forces in the Russian Armed Forces capable of actually countering the aircraft carrier threat. Taking into account the ongoing upgrades of the carriers themselves, the missile system and the Granit anti-ship missiles, the created group is able to operate effectively until 2020. Naturally, at the same time it is necessary to develop and maintain combat-ready systems for combat command and control of forces, reconnaissance and target designation.
In addition to combating AUGs, the combat units of the group are capable of acting not only against formations of ships of all classes during armed conflicts of any intensity, but also effectively hitting targets on the enemy coast with missiles with a conventional warhead. If necessary, ships with the Granit complex can serve as a reserve for solving the tasks of the Naval Strategic Nuclear Forces.

Launch of the "Granit" rocket from the TAKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" project 11435

The first photographs of the secret missile appeared only in 2001 after the tragic death of the K-141 Kursk submarine on August 12, 2000. After the submarine was raised, 23 P-700 missiles that were on board the nuclear submarine on the last trip were unloaded for further disposal.
October 04, 2013 - during the exercises, the forces of the Northern Fleet successfully launched anti-ship cruise missiles at targets in the central part of the Barents Sea. Including, one launch of Granit missiles from the Barents Sea was carried out by the Orel and Voronezh pr.949A SSGNs. Also, one launch was made by the nuclear missile cruiser "Peter the Great" pr.1144. The launch range was no more than 400 km.

Launchers SM-233A anti-ship missiles "Granit" on TAKR pr.1143.5

The performance characteristics of the P-700 "Granit" (3M45)

Dimensions	Length, m - 10 Diameter, m - 0.85 Wingspan, m - 2.6
Starting weight, kg	7000
Speed ​​at altitude, km/h (M=)	2800 (2,5)
Ground/water speed, km/h (M=)	1,5
Range, km	550 (625) along the combined trajectory 145 (200) on an exceptionally low-altitude trajectory
Ceiling, m	14 000-17 000 on the marching section, depending on the trajectory scheme
Minimum flight altitude, m	up to 25 (on the attack area)
Control system	INS + ARLGSN
Warhead	Penetrating 518-750 kg (data differ) or nuclear, up to 500 kt

Photo of the unloading of 3M45 Granit missiles from the Kursk SSGN pr.949A. The design is visible
SRS and folding airfoils of the rocket

MED. Marine training ground near the island of Ile do Levant

The SWG-1 panel flashed and shone like an alarming ruby, the operators of the CIC destroyer Rafael Peralta began preparations for the launch of an experimental missile. Guidance systems woke up, data on the coordinates of the launch point and the optimal route to the target, the design scheme and the method of attack flowed into the on-board computer of the anti-ship missiles. When the “Start” command passed along the chain, the ship shuddered from the rumble of a launching rocket. The last thing that the officers standing on the bridge saw was how terribly the bulkhead bent under the onslaught of violent power. In a moment, it burst, and everything that was nearby was carried away somewhere into the night, night, into the night.

Report the incident to the headquarters of the exercises. Holy Christmas!!! An American destroyer shot through her superstructure ...

What happened (or could happen) at NATO naval exercises? About this - in the new chapter of the naval action movie about the confrontation between modern and means of protection.

In disputes about naval armaments, the main argument of all experts is the P-700 “Granit” anti-ship missiles. Seven tons at three speeds of sound will break through any defense. And none of the wise men somehow guessed: why were they going to sink Russian ships with Russian missiles? Who here wants to repeat the feat of Lieutenant Schmidt? If you are already going into battle, then choose an adequate opponent.

Universal missile air, ship and underwater "Harpoon" (USA and twenty-five of their faithful allies), Exocet (in service with 30 countries), unremarkable "Type 90" (Japan), prohibitively "smart" and modern NSM (Norway - NATO), the little-known RBS (Sweden), the export domestic X-35 Uranus, the promising American LRASM, the decommissioned Tomahawk of the TASM modification, the Israeli Gabriel, the Italian Otomat, the European Scalp-Naval, the Chinese counterfeit "Yingji" for the ragamuffins of Hezbollah and ISIS ...

Weak list? Too weak rockets, the most massive of which (LRASM and TASM) weigh only about a ton.

And it's amazing. None of the foreign anti-ship missiles even came close to the seven-ton “monsters of two elements” from the Chalomey design bureau.

Well, what if “over the hill” they decide to create their own “Granite” and equip all cruisers, destroyers and submarines with it? Well, easily!

"Rattlesnake"

In response to the construction of a series of large destroyers in China, the Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) launched work to create an adequate response. The project became known as the "Revolutionary Long Range Rapid Strike Approach" or RATTLRS ("Rattlesnake") for short.

Supersonic missile launcher of a new generation, capable of incapacitating a ship of the 1st rank due to its massive warhead and high speed. Such a weapon has never been used by the Navy before. Western countries. The only prototype could be Soviet super-heavy missiles designed by the Design Bureau. Chelomeya: "Granite" - "Basalt" - "Volcano".

Length with accelerator - 30 feet 9 meters.
Hull diameter - 1.14 m.
Launch weight - 15000 pounds 7000 kg.
The estimated launch range is 500 miles 800 km.
The flight profile is combined, with a march section at an altitude of 20,000 m.

Thanks to modern technologies it was planned to increase the transcendental characteristics of the Chelomeev missiles to the level of fantastic blockbusters. The declared speed of RATTLRS on the marching section of Mach 3-4 is over a kilometer per second! However, in the final section, due to air resistance at low altitudes, the RATTLRS, like its predecessors, slowed down to one and a half times the speed of sound.

Like its Soviet counterparts, the RATTLRS could be equipped with a high-explosive warhead weighing 700 kg with a focused effect on the target. According to calculations, a directed explosion of a warhead could break the skin over an area of ​​22 square meters. m and completely “burn out” the compartments 12 meters deep.

It doesn't matter how many years the development of a rocket would take. To begin with, it was necessary to determine the circle of its possible carriers. And at this stage, "some difficulties of a technical nature" arose.

The main and practically the only option for deploying missile ammunition in the fleets of the United States and its allies is the Mark-41 universal installation. It is equipped with 85 surface combat units of the US Navy, as well as 24 Japanese destroyers, seven ships of the German Navy, five of the Spanish Navy, etc. etc. In total, over 150 cruisers, destroyers and frigates under the flags of 13 countries of the world.

All these "Orly Burkes" and their clones were originally built based on this system. The below-deck installation with multiple launch cells is one of the main "know-how" in the design of Western ships that have been built since the end of the Cold War.

The installation is extremely compact. The mass of the 64-cell design, together with the missiles, is 230 tons, and it takes up very little space relative to the size of the ship.

Barely visible dotted rectangles in the bow and stern of the destroyer. This is the entire ammunition of the Orly Burke, along with technical means missile launch control and support

The UVP of the longest "shock" modification (installed only on US Navy ships) provides storage and launch of missiles up to 7.7 meters long and with a maximum launch weight of 1.6 tons.

These restrictions are enough to accommodate Tomahawk destroyers and SM-3 space interceptors on board. But will the size of the UVP be enough to accommodate analogues of "Granite"?

For comparison: the diameter of the circumscribed circle (1350 mm, the hull diameter including folded wings) of the Soviet anti-ship missiles is almost three times the diameter of the launch cell of the American UVP. In other words, when deploying Granites on board (one for every 9 cells), the ammunition load of American destroyers will be drastically reduced from 90 to 10 missiles.

Of course, "Granites" as promising RATTLRS would be longer than everything that was put before them. If they are "rammed" into the UVP, they will break through the lower deck and fall down.

But the funniest thing will start when you try to launch monsters. The launchers of the nuclear "Orlans" (SM-233 of the "Granit" complex) are in fact not vertical. These are inclined shafts installed at an angle of 60 degrees to the horizon.

This was done for two reasons.

1. In order to reduce the required power of the launch booster and the mechanical and thermal loads associated with it on the ship structure.

In an inclined launch, the rocket, as soon as it is out of the shaft, immediately opens its wings and begins to use aerodynamic lift to support itself in flight.

2. For security reasons. With a vertical launch, in the event of a failure of the launch booster, a 7-ton rocket will “flop” onto the deck and smash the entire ship. When using an inclined launch, the failed ammunition will have time to fly off to the side for tens (hundreds) of meters and crash into the sea.

But even this was not enough. To prevent the monster from burning the entire ship during the launch process, the SM-233 installation had to be filled with outboard water before launch.

By this point, it became obvious that the standard American UVP, to put it mildly, did not meet the requirements for storing and launching missiles like Granite and Vulcan.

If the crazy designers nevertheless decide to equip the Atago and Ticonderoga with a similar system, then the CM-233 mine will safely “pierce” several bulkheads and stand across the compartments before taking its place. What will they do about seawater lines and new requirements for silo cooling? The answer to this question no longer makes sense.

You can go back 40 years by trying to place missiles in launchers on the upper deck. Side by side, in two rows, as is done on the RRC pr. 1164 "Atlant".

But as soon as they received the sketches, the Advanced Defense Research Agency curtailed the program. The fact is that ABSOLUTELY ALL ships built since the beginning of the 90s have a single appearance with an exaggerated box-shaped superstructure, stretching from side to side.

Japanese "Atago"

French FREMM

Rossiyskiy pr. 22350 "Admiral Gorshkov"

Firstly, to reduce the signature of the ship using stealth technology.

Secondly, for the convenience of layout. Place the bridge higher, along the way using the superstructure itself (instead of the traditional mast) as a “tower” for placing radars. Whose antenna devices are often "glued" to the outer walls of the superstructure.

In this scenario, the destroyer will demolish its superstructure with the very first salvo. About the same as it happened at the very beginning of the article.

You can try to mount a couple of installations on the tank, before the superstructure. Approximately the same as the quad launch boxes for launching the Tomahawks were on the Spruance. The only misunderstanding is that the Tomahawk is five times lighter than the seven-ton Granite.

Seven tons of fire from the launch booster will burn through the Arly superstructure and blow all the destroyer's phased antennas to hell.

Another option with a transverse placement of launchers, when the torch of the engine of the launching rocket is turned overboard, will also not work. Purely because of the layout features of modern Berks, Daringts and Horizons. Most of the silhouette of these ships is occupied by the same box-like superstructure "from side to side". The remaining "patch" of the deck at the bow and in the stern is loaded to the limit with the necessary equipment. UVP cells, universal artillery and a helipad. An attempt to "stick" seven-ton missiles there - only due to the rejection of part of the weapons and systems. However, the exchange of 32 universal missile silos of an American destroyer for a "box" with four RATTLRS anti-ship missiles, from the point of view of the Russian Navy, would be an excellent result. We have achieved our goal. The destroyer of the "probable enemy" has completely lost its versatility, the lion's share of strike and defensive power. And all for what? Four multi-ton anti-ship missiles. Three times "ha".

Project Revolutionary Approach to Time Critical Long-Range Strike(otherwise RATTLRS) in the form of a seven-ton RCC has become a complete absurdity. None of the modern Western warships is capable of firing something even remotely similar to the "Granite" or "Volcano". These exotic monsters were the calling card Soviet Navy, and because of their bulkiness, they were preserved only on a few active units.

Bad advice

As part of the re-equipment with new high-power missiles, the Americans are strongly recommended to cut into needles all 22 cruisers and 64 destroyers, and at the same time 58 multi-purpose nuclear submarines. Since none of these ships current form does not have the ability to fire multi-ton super anti-ship missiles. This could require a deep modernization with the replacement of the entire superstructure and a complete re-arrangement of the hull, comparable in cost to the construction of a new ship.

As for the local regulars of the VO forum, then to the question “What is the problem of putting Granites on a modern destroyer?” a definitive answer was given.

Introduction

The heroine of today's material is the P-700 Granit missile, which has proven itself well during various tests. In the field of anti-ship missiles, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, as the successor, occupied traditionally strong positions. Recall only the first combat use of a missile of this type, when an Israeli missile boat was sunk with the help of the P-15 Termit missile. And the geopolitical significance of our country in those years was difficult to overestimate.

American aircraft carriers plowed the length and breadth of the world's oceans, powerful countermeasures were needed, primarily in the form of missile weapons.

Together with missile weapons the means of its delivery were also needed. Were new types of cruisers, both surface and submarine, have been created. For the USSR, these are Project 949 Granit submarines and Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruisers (Kirov, Admiral Lazarev, Admiral Nakhimov, Peter the Great)

History of creation

The development of the Granit missile system started in 1969. The main doctrine of the application was the versatility of the complex, capable of operating from both submarine cruisers and surface cruisers. The main contractor for the creation of a universal rocket was NPO Mashinostroenie Chelomey. This association was famous for its ability to create universal carriers.

The control system was created at the Granit Research Institute. According to the terms of reference, the rocket had to be independent and without additional guidance search and destroy targets in enemy ship formation.

Fact! High responsibilities were assigned to the new rocket - it must be completely autonomous and must itself choose a target during the flight.

The first tests were carried out in ground conditions in 1975. It was decided to send the rocket for testing on a national scale in 1979. A total of 20 missiles were launched. All tests were quite successful and showed the overall effectiveness of the complex. In the eightieth year, joint tests started with the intended carriers.

In total, 45 missiles left the missile silos, which with filigree accuracy hit the set targets. The results shown showed the overall effectiveness of the missile system. By decision of the state commission in 1983, the Granit supersonic missile was adopted by the naval forces.

Peculiarities

The priority attacked targets are enemy surface ships, it is also possible to shoot at ground targets, but only from a great height, the onboard equipment is not intended for flights over uneven ground. And at high altitudes, the rocket could become a "tidbit" of enemy air defense systems.

The missile homing head is also not designed to attack ground targets. Flights over the ground are carried out exclusively thanks to the inertial coordinate guidance system. The firing range for ground targets is much higher than for sea targets.. This happens solely because of the high flight altitude, where air resistance is less. Cruise flight takes place at an altitude of about 15 kilometers.

On a note! For the Granit missile, the task was to attack surface targets, however, in some cases it can also hit ground targets.

The rocket may appear and in the form of a "lone wolf" and in the form of a pack, where one missile is designed for one ship, and a group of missiles can be a full-fledged team, where each missile performs its function: the leading missile-cover group.

Device

Rocket "Granite" has a spindle-shaped, folding set of wings with a large degree of sweep.

The rocket comes into motion thanks to solid-fuel boosters, then a turbojet engine comes into play, capable of accelerating the projectile to supersonic speed.

In anticipation of the shot, the launch container is filled with sea water for exclusion of the possibility of destruction of the container a hot jet of gases flowing from the engine, the principle of operation of the accelerator is also designed so that it turns on during a “wet” start. After running out of fuel in the booster, it is dropped and the "sea hawk" spreads its wings and rushes to meet its target.

The missile is equipped with an on-board computer system capable of laying the missile route, the ability to select the image of an anti-jamming target, the Quartz station actively jams in the form of reflectors and electronic decoys. The presence of a computer system makes the rocket "smart": the rocket itself can find the target, identify interference, put its own and successfully destroy the target.

Start! The launch of a rocket consists of 2 stages: first, solid-fuel boosters work, and a turbojet engine takes the rocket to supersonic speed

Target hit

A missile can reach its target in different ways.: being at low altitude and making a large slide, where most of the flight takes place in a rarefied atmosphere at high altitude. The pros and cons of flight patterns are obvious. With a low-altitude profile, the flight range drops; when moving at high altitude, the missile is vulnerable to enemy anti-aircraft missiles.

Anti-ship missiles P-700 of the Granit missile weapon system. SSGN project 949A "Antey".

During a group flight of missiles, data can be exchanged between them, they independently find priority goal and secondary, distribute among themselves the "hit list" of enemy ships.

Right on target! The group artificial intelligence of several missiles works according to a certain algorithm, which assigns one of the missiles as the main one in the "flock", the task of the "leader" now becomes to hit the most dangerous target.

When flying over long distances, additional target designation is carried out with the help of aircraft TU-95 "RTs" and K-25 "RTs" helicopters, since the capabilities of carrier radars are limited, saying plain language they are pretty shortsighted. Target designation is also possible with the help of satellites of the Legend system, but its functioning is currently in question.

Unfortunately or fortunately, the combat capabilities of the P-700 did not happen to be tested in the real conditions of the war. But dry numbers and test results say that a fairly solid age-old missile system is still competitive and being within the radius of its use, the enemy will not be able to feel calm.

Video

Anti-ship missiles P-700 of the Granit missile weapon system is a long-range cruise anti-ship missile (ASM) designed to combat powerful ship groups, including aircraft carriers.

Damn, I love this car! Supersonic winged ship with a predatory, elongated fuselage and sharp triangles of planes. Inside, in the cramped cockpit, the eye is lost among dozens of dials, toggle switches and switches. Here is the aircraft control stick, comfortable, made of ribbed plastic. It has built in control buttons. The left palm compresses the engine control stick, directly below it is the flap control panel. Ahead is a glass screen, the image of the sight and the readings of the devices are projected onto it - perhaps it once reflected the silhouettes of the Phantoms, but now the device is turned off and therefore completely transparent ...

It's time to leave the pilot's seat - downstairs, at the stairs, crowded others wishing to get into the cockpit of the MiG-21. I take one last look at the blue instrument panel and descend from a three-meter height to the ground.
Already saying goodbye to the MiG, I suddenly imagined how 24 of the same aircraft were moving somewhere under the surface of the Atlantic, waiting in the wings in the launch silos of a nuclear submarine. Such ammunition for anti-ship missiles is on board the Russian "aircraft carrier killers" - nuclear submarines pr. 949A "Antey". Comparison of the MiG with a cruise missile is not an exaggeration: the weight and size characteristics of the missile of the P-700 "Granit" complex are approaching the characteristics of the MiG-21.

Granite hardness

The length of the gigantic rocket is 10 meters (in some sources - 8.84 meters excluding CPC), the wingspan of the Granite is 2.6 meters. The MiG-21F-13 fighter (later on we will consider this well-known modification) with a fuselage length of 13.5 meters has a wingspan of 7 meters. It would seem that the differences are significant - the aircraft is larger than the anti-ship missiles, but the last argument should convince the reader of the correctness of our reasoning. The launch weight of the Granit anti-ship missiles is 7.36 tons, at the same time, the normal takeoff weight of the MiG-21F-13 was ... 7 tons. The same MiG that fought the Phantoms in Vietnam and shot down the Mirages in the hot sky over Sinai turned out to be lighter than the Soviet anti-ship missile!

P-700 "Granite"

The dry weight of the MiG-21F-13 structure was 4.8 tons, another 2 tons were fuel. During the evolution of the MiG, the take-off weight increased and, for the most advanced member of the MiG-21bis family, it reached 8.7 tons. At the same time, the mass of the structure grew by 600 kg, and the fuel supply increased by 490 kg (which did not affect the range of the MiG-21bis in any way - the more powerful engine "gobbled up" all the reserves).

The fuselage of the MiG-21, like the body of the Granit rocket, is a cigar-shaped body with cut front and rear ends. The nose of both designs is made in the form of an air intake with an inlet section adjustable by means of a cone. Like on a fighter, the radar antenna is located in the Granite cone. But, despite the external similarity, there are many differences in the design of the Granit anti-ship missiles.

Declassified photo. It looks like the warhead of the anti-ship missile "Granit"

The layout of the "Granite" is much denser, the rocket body has greater strength, because. The Granit was designed for an underwater launch (on the Orlan nuclear cruisers, outboard water is pumped into the missile silos before launch). Inside the rocket is a huge warhead weighing 750 kg. We are talking about quite obvious things, but comparing a rocket with a fighter will unexpectedly lead us to an unusual conclusion.

Flight to the limit

Would you believe a dreamer who claims that the MiG-21 is capable of flying a distance of 1000 kilometers at an extremely low altitude (20-30 meters above the Earth's surface), at a speed one and a half times the speed of sound? At the same time, carrying in your womb a huge ammunition weighing 750 kilograms? Of course, the reader will shake his head in disbelief - there are no miracles, the MiG-21 in cruising mode at an altitude of 10,000 m could overcome 1200-1300 kilometers. In addition, the MiG, due to its design, could show its excellent speed qualities only in a rarefied atmosphere at high altitudes; at the surface of the earth, the speed of the fighter was limited to 1.2 speeds of sound.

Speed, afterburner, flight range ... For the R-13-300 engine, fuel consumption in cruising mode is 0.931 kg / kgf * h., At afterburner - up to 2.093 kg / kgf * h. Even an increase in speed will not be able to compensate for the sharply increased fuel consumption, in addition, in this mode, no one flies for more than 10 minutes.

According to V. Markovsky's book "The Hot Sky of Afghanistan", which describes in detail the combat service of the 40th Army and the Turkestan Military District, MiG-21 fighters were regularly involved in strikes against ground targets. In each episode, the combat load of the MiGs consisted of two 250 kg bombs, and during difficult sorties, it was generally reduced to two “hundreds”. With the suspension of larger ammunition, the flight range was rapidly reduced, the MiG became clumsy and dangerous in piloting. It must be taken into account that we are talking about the most advanced modifications of the "twenty-first" used in Afghanistan - the MiG-21bis, MiG-21SM, MiG-21PFM, etc.

The combat load of the MiG-21F-13 consisted of one built-in HP-30 cannon with an ammunition load of 30 rounds (weight 100 kg) and two guided air-to-air missiles R-3S (weight 2 x 75 kg). I dare to suggest that the maximum flight range of 1300 km was achieved without external suspensions at all.

Silhouette F-16 and anti-ship missiles "Granit". The Soviet missile looks solid even against the background of the large F-16 (take-off weight 15 tons)

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The anti-ship "Granite" is more "optimized" for low-altitude flight, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe frontal projection of the missile is smaller than that of a fighter. The Granite lacks a retractable undercarriage and drag chute. And yet, there is less fuel on board the anti-ship missile - the space inside the hull takes up 750 kg of the warhead, it was necessary to abandon the fuel tanks in the wing consoles (the MiG-21 has two of them: in the bow and middle root of the wing).

Given that the Granit will have to break through to the target at an extremely low altitude, through the densest layers of the atmosphere, it becomes clear why the actual flight range of the P-700 is much less than the declared one of 550, 600 and even 700 kilometers. At WWI in supersonic range, the flight range of a heavy anti-ship missile is 150 ... 200 km (depending on the type of warhead). The obtained value completely coincides with the tactical and technical task of the military-industrial complex under the USSR Council of Ministers of 1968 for the development of a heavy anti-ship missile (the future "Granite"): 200 km on a low-altitude trajectory.

This leads to another conclusion - the beautiful legend about the "leader rocket" remains just a legend: a low-flying "flock" will not be able to follow the "leader rocket" flying at high altitude.
The impressive figure of 600 kilometers, which often appears in the media, is only valid for a high-altitude flight path, when the missile follows the target in the stratosphere, at an altitude of 14 to 20 kilometers. This nuance affects the combat effectiveness of the missile system, an object flying at high altitude can be easily detected and intercepted - Mr. Powers is a witness.

Legend of 22 missiles

A few years ago, a respected admiral published his memoirs about the service of the 5th OPESK (Operational Squadron) of the USSR Navy in the Mediterranean Sea. It turns out that back in the 80s, Soviet sailors accurately calculated the number of missiles to destroy the aircraft carrier formations of the Sixth American. According to their calculations, the AUG air defense is capable of repelling a simultaneous strike of no more than 22 supersonic anti-ship missiles. The twenty-third missile is guaranteed to hit an aircraft carrier, and then the hellish lottery begins: the 24th missile can be intercepted by air defense, the 25th and 26th will again break through the defenses and hit the ships ...
The former sailor told the truth - a simultaneous strike of 22 missiles is the limit for the air defense of an aircraft carrier strike group. This is easy to verify by independently calculating the capabilities of the Ticonderoga-class Aegis cruiser to repel missile attacks.

USS Lake Champlain (CG-57) - Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser

So, the nuclear submarine cruiser Project 949A "Antey" reached a launch distance of 600 km, the target designation problem was successfully solved.
Volley! - 8 "Granites" (the maximum number of missiles in a salvo) break through the water column and, having shot up a fiery whirlwind to a height of 14 kilometers, fall on a combat course ...

According to the fundamental laws of nature, an outside observer will be able to see the "Granites" at a distance of 490 kilometers - it is at this distance that a rocket flock flying at an altitude of 14 km rises above the horizon.
According to official data, the AN / SPY-1 phased array radar is capable of detecting an air target at a distance of 200 US miles (320 km). The effective dispersion area of ​​the MiG-21 fighter is estimated at 3...5 square meters. meters is quite a lot. The missile's EPR is smaller - within 2 square meters. meters. Roughly speaking, the radar of the Aegis cruiser will detect a threat at a distance of 250 km.

Group target, distance ... bearing ... The confused consciousness of the command center operators, aggravated by impulses of fear, sees 8 terrible "flares" on the radar screen. Anti-aircraft weapons for battle!
It took the cruiser team half a minute to prepare for missile firing, the covers of the Mark-41 UVP flew back with a clang, the first Standard-2ER (extended range - “long range”) got out of the launch container, and, fluffing its fiery tail, disappeared behind the clouds ... behind it one more... and another...
During this time, "Granites" at a speed of 2.5 M (800 m / s) approached 25 kilometers.

According to official data, the Mark-41 launcher can provide a missile launch rate of 1 missile per second. On the Ticonderoga, two launchers: bow and stern. Purely theoretically, we assume that the real rate of fire in combat conditions is 4 times less, i.e. The Aegis cruiser fires 30 anti-aircraft missiles per minute.

Standard-2ER, like all modern long-range missiles, is a missile with a semi-active guidance system. On the marching section of the trajectory, the Standard flies in the direction of the target, driven by a remotely reprogrammable autopilot. A few seconds before the interception point, the missile's homing head turns on: the radar on board the cruiser "illuminates" the air target and the missile seeker catches the signal reflected from the target, calculating its reference trajectory.

Note. Realizing this lack of anti-aircraft missile systems, the Americans rejoiced. Attack aircraft can attack sea targets with impunity, dropping "Harpoons" from hardpoints and immediately "wash away", diving to an extremely low altitude. The reflected beam is gone - the anti-aircraft missile is helpless.
The sweet life of pilots will end with the advent of anti-aircraft missiles with active guidance, when the SAM will independently illuminate the target. Alas, neither the promising American "Standard-6" nor the "long-range" missile of the S-400 complex with active guidance can still successfully pass the tests - the designers still have to solve many technical issues.
will remain the main problem: Radio horizon. Attack aircraft do not even have to “shine” on the radar - it is enough to launch homing missiles, remaining unnoticed below the radio horizon. The exact direction and coordinates of the target will be "prompted" to them by an AWACS aircraft flying 400 km behind the strike group. However, even here you can find justice for insolent aviators - it is not in vain that a long-range missile was created for the S-400 air defense system.

On the superstructure of the Aegis cruiser, two AN / SPY-1 radar headlights and two AN / SPG-62 target illumination radars on the roof of the superstructure are clearly visible

We return to the confrontation between 8 Granites and Ticonderoga. Despite the fact that the Aegis system is capable of simultaneously firing at 18 targets, there are only 4 AN / SPG-62 illumination radars on board the cruiser. One of the advantages of "Aegis" is that in addition to monitoring the target, the CICS automatically controls the number of missiles fired, calculating the firing so that at any given time there are no more than 4 of them on the final section of the trajectory.

End of tragedy.

Opponents quickly approach each other. "Granites" fly at a speed of 800 m / s. The speed of anti-aircraft "Standard-2" 1000 m / s. The initial distance is 250 km. It took 30 seconds to decide on counteraction, during which time the distance was reduced to 225 km. By simple calculations, it was found that the first "Standard" will meet with the "Granites" in 125 seconds, at which point the distance to the cruiser will be 125 km.

In fact, the situation of the Americans is much worse: somewhere at a distance of 50 km from the cruiser, the Granites' homing heads will spot the Ticonderoga and heavy missiles will begin to dive at the target, disappearing from the cruiser's visibility for a while. They will reappear at a distance of 30 kilometers, when it will be too late to do anything. Anti-aircraft guns "Phalanx" will not be able to stop the gang of Russian monsters.

Launch of the Standard-2ER SAM from the destroyers "Arleigh Burke"

The US Navy has only 90 seconds left - it is during this time that the Granites will overcome the remaining 125 - 50 = 75 kilometers and dive to a low altitude. These one and a half minutes "Granites" will fly under continuous fire: "Ticonderoga" will have time to launch 30 x 1.5 = 45 anti-aircraft missiles.

The probability of hitting an aircraft with anti-aircraft missiles is usually given in the range of 0.6 ... 0.9. But the tabular data is not entirely true: in Vietnam, anti-aircraft gunners spent 4-5 missiles per downed Phantom. The high-tech Aegis should be more effective than the S-75 Dvina radio command air defense system, however, the incident with the downing of an Iranian passenger Boeing (1988) does not provide clear evidence of an increase in efficiency. Without further ado, let's take the probability of hitting the target as 0.2. Not every bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. Only every fifth "Standard" will hit the target. The warhead contains 61 kilograms of powerful brisant - after meeting with an anti-aircraft missile, "Granit" has no chance of reaching the target.
As a result: 45 x 0.2 = 9 targets destroyed. The cruiser repulsed the missile attack.
Silent scene.

Consequences and conclusions.

The Aegis cruiser is probably capable of single-handedly repulsing an eight-missile salvo of the nuclear submarine missile carrier Project 949A Antey, while using up about 40 anti-aircraft missiles. It will also beat off the second salvo - for this he has enough ammunition (80 "Standards" are placed in 122 UVP cells). After the third salvo, the cruiser will die a heroic death.
Of course, there is more than one Aegis cruiser in the AUG ... On the other hand, in the event of a direct military clash, the aircraft carrier group was to be attacked by the heterogeneous forces of the Soviet aviation and navy. It remains to thank fate that we did not see this nightmare.

What conclusions can be drawn from all these events? But none! All of the above was true only for the mighty Soviet Union. Soviet sailors, like their counterparts from NATO countries, have long known that an anti-ship missile becomes a formidable force only at extremely low altitude. At high altitudes, there is no escape from SAM fire (Mr. Powers is a witness!): The air target becomes easily detectable and vulnerable. On the other hand, a launch distance of 150…200 km was quite enough to "nail down" aircraft carrier groups. Soviet "pikes" more than once scratched the bottom of US Navy aircraft carriers with periscopes.

Of course, there is no place for "hat-captive" moods here - the American fleet was also strong and dangerous. “Tu-95 flights over the deck of an aircraft carrier” in peacetime, in a dense ring of Tomcat interceptors, cannot serve as reliable evidence of the high vulnerability of the AUG; it was necessary to get close to the aircraft carrier unnoticed, and this already required certain skills. Soviet submariners admitted that secretly approaching an aircraft carrier group was not an easy task; this required high professionalism, knowledge of the tactics of a “probable enemy” and His Majesty Chance.

In our time, American AUGs do not pose a threat to purely continental Russia. No one will use aircraft carriers in the "marquise puddle" of the Black Sea - in this region there is a large air base "Inzhirlik" in Turkey. And in the case of a global nuclear war aircraft carriers will become far from primary targets.

As for the Granit anti-ship complex, the very fact of the appearance of such a weapon was a feat of Soviet scientists and engineers. Only a super-civilization was able to create such masterpieces, combining the most advanced achievements of electronics, rocket and space technology.

Table values ​​and coefficients - www.airwar.ru

The latest information from the sidelines of the defense industry - submarines of project 949A "Antey" will begin to undergo a rearmament program. Missile systems "Granit" will be replaced by RK "Caliber" and "Onyx". On the given time submarines of the Antey series use the Granit rocket launcher.

Let's take a closer look at these systems:

Granite

The Granit complex uses the P-700 3M-45 cruise missile. Total number missiles on board the "Anteev" 24 units. The main characteristics of the RK "Granit":
- range up to 600 kilometers;
- management ARLGSN + INS;
- the weight of the missile warhead - up to 500 kg in the nuclear version, up to 750 kg in the penetrating version;
- the weight of the rocket is about 7 tons;
- rocket speed 1.5 / 2.5 M.

Anti-ship cruise missile. The development of the complex was started by NPO Mashinostroeniya (OKB-52) V.N. Chelomeya (since 1984 the general designer is G.A. Efremov) in 1969. The chief designer is V.I. V.A.Vishnyakov, since 2003 after the creation of the directorate of the NPO "mashinostroeniya" for the Kyrgyz Republic "Granit" - A.A.Malinin. The development of the Granit missile was a continuation of work on the creation of an underwater launch missile with a range of 400-600 km and a flight speed of 3200-3600 km / h of the P-500P type (carrier - SSGN pr.688, project).

Complex "Granit" had a number of qualitatively new properties. For the first time, a long-range missile with an autonomous control system was created. The on-board control system was built on the basis of a powerful three-processor computer using several information channels, which made it possible to successfully understand a complex jamming environment and highlight the true targets against the background of any interference. The creation of this system was carried out by a team of scientists and designers of the Central Research Institute "Granit" under the leadership of its general director, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize V.V. Pavlov.

The rocket embodies the rich experience of NGOs in creating artificial intelligence electronic systems, which makes it possible to act against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against a warrant of ships. The missiles themselves will distribute and classify according to the importance of the target, choose the tactics of the attack and the plan for its implementation. To eliminate errors in choosing a maneuver and hitting a precisely given target, electronic data on modern classes of ships are embedded in the on-board computer of the anti-ship missiles. In addition, the car also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of orders of ships, which allows the missile to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, aircraft carrier or landing group, and attack the main targets in its composition.

Rocket 3M45 / SS-N-19 SHIPWRECK of the "Granit" complex in the Museum of NPO "Mashinostroenie", Reutov

Also in the on-board computer there is data on countering enemy electronic warfare equipment capable of jamming missiles away from the target, tactical methods of evading air defense fire. As the designers say, after the launch of the rocket, they themselves decide which of them will attack which target and which maneuvers need to be carried out in accordance with the mathematical algorithms embedded in the behavior program. The missile also has means of counteracting anti-missiles attacking it. Having destroyed the main target in the ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the warrant, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target.

In 1966-1967. In the OKB-670 of M.M. Bondaryuk, a draft engine 4D-04 was being prepared for the original scheme for the CR "Granit", designed for a speed of M = 4. In the future, for this missile, a serial marching turbojet KR-93 at M = 2.2 was chosen. The rocket has a turbojet engine and an annular solid-propellant booster in the tail section, which starts work under water. For the first time, the complex engineering problem of starting the engine in a very short time when the rocket left the water was solved.

The ability to maneuver missiles made it possible to implement their rational battle order in a salvo with the most effective form trajectories. This ensured the successful overcoming of the fire resistance of a strong ship grouping.

TTX missiles:
Hull length - 8840 mm (or missiles with SRS?)
Case diameter - 1140 mm
Wingspan - 2600 mm
Diameter of circumscribed circle (rocket in container) - 1350 mm

Starting weight - 7360 kg
SRS weight - 1760 kg
Warhead weight:
- 584 kg
- 750 kg (usual warhead according to other data)
- 618 kg (according to unconfirmed confused data, tape.ru)

Range:
- 700-800 km (on a high-altitude trajectory, according to the TTZ of the military-industrial complex under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1966)
- 200 km (on a low-altitude trajectory, according to the TTZ of the military-industrial complex under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1966)
- 500 km (according to the TTZ VPK under the Council of Ministers of the USSR 1968)
- 700 km (for coastal targets)
- 625 km (nuclear warhead, high-altitude trajectory, unconfirmed data)
- 500-550 km (anti-ship missiles, conventional warhead, high-altitude trajectory, unconfirmed data)
- 200 km (nuclear warhead, low-altitude trajectory)
- 145 km (anti-ship missiles, conventional warhead, low-altitude trajectory)

Flight speed:
- 3500-4000 km / h (according to the TTZ VPK under the Council of Ministers of the USSR 1966)
- 2500-3000 km / h (according to the TTZ VPK under the Council of Ministers of the USSR 1968)
- 1.5-1.6 M (at low altitude)
- 2.5-2.6 M (at high altitude)

Flight altitude:
- 20000-24000 m (according to the TTZ VPK under the Council of Ministers of the USSR 1966)
- up to 14000 m

Sectional diagram of the 3M45 anti-ship missile device of the 3K45 "Granit" complex - SS-N-19 SHIPWREK. The high-explosive penetrating warhead is marked in red.

It should be said that in none of the previous cruise missiles created at NPOM, so many new complex tasks were concentrated and successfully implemented as in the Granit rocket. The most complex design of the rocket required a large amount of ground testing in hydro pools, wind tunnels, heat resistance stands, etc.

After carrying out the full scope of ground testing for the CD and its main elements (control system, sustainer engine, etc.), flight design tests began in November 1975. The complex was submitted for state testing in 1979. Tests were carried out on coastal stands and lead ships: the Kirov submarine and cruiser. The tests were successfully completed in August 1983, and by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of March 12, 1983, the Granit complex was adopted by the Navy.

The missiles of the new third-generation universal missile system "Granit" had both underwater and surface launch, a firing range of 550 km, a conventional or nuclear warhead, several flexible adaptive trajectories (depending on the operational and tactical situation in the sea and airspace of the operation area) , the flight speed is 2.5 times the speed of sound. The TNT equivalent of the warhead of each missile is 618 kg, the range of damaging factors is 1200 meters.

Warhead types:
- nuclear power up to 500 kt - according to other unconfirmed data 618 kt, radius of destruction - 1200 m; according to the agreements between the USSR and the USA (1991), cruise missiles with nuclear warheads are not based on the ships of the Russian and US Navy;

A high-explosive penetrating warhead developed by NPO "Altai" (Biysk), put into service in 1983. The warhead has an armored body and a decelerating fuse.

The complex provided salvo fire with all ammunition with a rational spatial arrangement of missiles and an anti-jamming autonomous selective control system. When creating "Granite", for the first time, an approach was used, the basis of which is the mutual coordination of the elements of a complex system (target designation means - carrier - anti-ship missiles).

As a result, the created complex for the first time acquired the ability to solve any task of a sea battle with a detachment of fire weapons from one carrier. According to the experience of combat and operational training of the Navy, it is almost impossible to shoot down such a missile. Even if you hit the Granit with an anti-missile, the rocket, due to its enormous mass and speed, can save initial speed flight and, as a result, reach the target.

Launchers SM-233A anti-ship missiles "Granit" on TAKR pr.1143.5

The Granit missile system is armed with 12 Antey-type nuclear submarines of Project 949A, 24 anti-ship missiles each, with an underwater speed of more than 30 knots. Four heavy nuclear missile cruisers of Project 1144 (Peter the Great type) carry 20 missiles each in individual SM-233 below-deck launchers. PU are located obliquely - at an angle of 47º. Before launching the missiles, the containers are filled with water. In addition, the TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (project 1143.5) is equipped with these missiles - 12 anti-ship missiles.

Each submarine costs 10 times less than a US Navy Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. There are practically no other forces in the Russian Armed Forces capable of actually countering the aircraft carrier threat. Taking into account the ongoing upgrades of the carriers themselves, the missile system and the Granit anti-ship missiles, the created group is able to operate effectively until 2020.

Description
Developer		TsKBM
Designation	complex	P-700 "Granite"
	rocket	3M45
NATO designation		SS-N-19 "Shipwreck"
First launch		1975
Control system		inertial with active radar final guidance
Length, m		10
Wingspan, m		2,6
Diameter, m		0,85
Starting weight, kg		7000
Warhead type		high-explosive-cumulative	nuclear (500 kt)
Warhead mass, kg		750
Power point
sustainer engine		TRD KR-93
Thrust, kgf (kN)
Starting and accelerating stage		solid fuel
flight data
Speed, km/h (M=)	on high	2800 (2,5)
	near the ground	(1,5)
Launch range, km		550 (625)
March flight altitude, m

http://youtu.be/rAfnkCCpkOU

Onyx

The Onyx missile system uses the P-800 3M55 cruise missile. "Onyx" is a medium-range anti-ship missile and is designed to destroy enemy surface ships with active fire and electronic countermeasures.
The rocket was created at one time as a counterbalance to the American "Harpoons".
Main characteristics:
- rocket weight 3.1 tons;
- rocket speed 2 / 2.6 M;
- firing range 120-300 kilometers;
- altitude characteristics from 10 to 14000 meters;
- inertial control + RLGSN;
- warhead weight 250 kilograms.
What gives the use of rockets:
- autonomy of application (the concept of "fire and forget");
- the use of subtle trajectories;
- high supersonic flight speed;
- the use of stealth technologies such as "Stealth";
- high noise immunity.

The developer of the BASU anti-ship missile system "Yakhont" is the Central Research Institute "Granit".

The power plant of the anti-ship missiles includes a mid-flight supersonic ramjet engine (SPVRD) with an integral starting solid-propellant booster. SPVRD was developed by the Flame air defense system. In 1983, a preliminary design was prepared, and in 1987, flight tests of the engine as part of the rocket began.

SPVRD is designed for marching flight at a speed of 2.0-3.5 M in the altitude range from 0 to 20 thousand meters. Engine thrust - 4000 kgf, dry weight (combustion chambers) - 200 kg. The air intake of the SPVRD is a nose axisymmetric with a central cone. The SPVRD is equipped with a thrust change system with an adjustable nozzle.

In fact, the entire rocket - from the frontal air intake to the nozzle exit, is a power plant organically combined with the airframe. With the exception of the central cone of the air intake, which houses the control system units, the homing radar antenna and the warhead, all the internal volumes of the rocket, including the air path of the ramjet engine, are used for sustainer fuel and the built-in solid-fuel launch and booster stage.

After the rocket exits the launch container, a solid propellant upper stage is switched on, installed according to the “matryoshka” principle in the combustion chamber of the main engine. A few seconds of his work accelerate the rocket to a speed of Mach 2. Then the starter turns off, it is thrown out of the main by the oncoming air flow, and the Yakhont continues flying at a speed of Mach 2.5, provided by a ramjet engine. The missile is equipped with a combined guidance system (inertial in the cruising section of the trajectory and active radar - in the final stage of the flight).

The flight task is formed according to data from an autonomous target designation source. The radar station (RLS) of the homing head can capture a cruiser-class surface target at a distance of up to 75 km. After the initial target acquisition, the missile turns off the radar station and performs a descent to extremely low altitudes (about 5-10 m). As a result, in the middle section, the flight is carried out under the lower boundary of the air defense zone. Later, after the anti-ship missiles leave the radio horizon, the radar turns on again, captures and accompanies the target that the missile is aiming at. In this relatively short flight segment, the Yakhont's supersonic speed makes it difficult to hit it with short-range air defense systems, as well as jamming its homing head.
Due to the short flight time and long range of the homing head, the Yakhont anti-ship missile system does not impose strict requirements on the accuracy of target designation information.

An overview of the entire target position zone from a high altitude creates the conditions for the preliminary target distribution of missiles among the ships of the group and the selection of decoys. The main advantage of the Yakhont missile is a targeting program that allows you to act against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against a warrant of ships. It is in the salvo that all the tactical capabilities of the complex are revealed. The missiles themselves distribute and classify according to the importance of the target, choose the tactics of the attack and the plan for its implementation. The autonomous control system contains data not only on countering enemy electronic warfare, but also methods of evading air defense fire. Having destroyed the main target in the ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the warrant, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target. To eliminate errors in choosing a maneuver and hitting a precisely given target, electronic portraits of all modern classes of ships are embedded in the on-board computer (OCVM) of the rocket. In addition, the onboard computer also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of ships, which allows you to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, an aircraft carrier or a landing group, and attack the main targets.

Early descent of the missile based on the care of the radio horizon relative to the target being fired ensures the disruption of anti-ship missile escort by air defense firing systems, which, along with high supersonic speed and extremely low flight altitude in the homing area, sharply reduces the ability to intercept Yakhont anti-ship missiles, even the most advanced naval air defense.

The missile itself is enclosed in a sealed transport and launch container (TLC). The density of the layout is evidenced by the almost complete absence of gaps between the fuselage of the cruise missile and the inner surface of the TPK. The dimensions of the rocket make it possible to increase the ammunition load of anti-ship missile carriers of the same class by two or three times.
The transport and launch cup is an integral part of the rocket. In the TPS, being fully prepared for combat use, the rocket leaves the manufacturing plant, is transported, stored and issued to the carrier. Without extraction from the container through a special onboard connector is controlled technical condition missiles and their systems.

The rocket launch vehicle is extremely unpretentious in operation, does not require liquid and gas supply, and does not impose additional requirements on the microclimate in storage areas and on carriers. All this as a whole not only simplifies operation, but also serves as a guarantee of high reliability of equipment, which is in “comfortable” conditions throughout the entire service life.

Description
Developer		NPO Mechanical Engineering
Designation	complex	P-800 "Yakhont" ("Yakhont-M")
	rocket	3M55E
NATO designation		SS-N-26
First launch		1987
Geometric and mass characteristics
Length, m		8
Wingspan, m		1,7
Diameter, m		0,7
Starting weight, kg		3000
Transport and launch glass (TPS)	length, m	8,9
	diameter, m	0,71
	starting weight, kg	3900
Power point
sustainer engine		SPVRD
Thrust, kgf (kN)		4000
Mass of KS, kg		200
Starting and accelerating stage		solid fuel
Mass of SRS, kg		ok 500
flight data
Speed, m/s (M=)	on high	750 (2,6)
	near the ground	(2)
Launch range, km	along the combined trajectory	up to 300
	on a low-altitude trajectory	up to 120
Flight altitude, m	on the march	14000
	on a low-altitude trajectory	10-15
	at the target	5-15
Control system		autonomous with inertial navigation system and radar homing head
GOS	range, km	up to 80
	target capture angle, deg	+/- 45
	weight, kg	89
	readiness time, min	2
Warhead type		penetrating
Warhead mass, kg		200 (250)
Launcher slope, deg.		0-90
Combat readiness of the complex for launching from a cold state of the carrier equipment, min		4
Time of interregional inspections, year		3
Warranty period of operation, year		7

http://youtu.be/HNztSsjmLYU

Caliber
The Club-S or Caliber-PLE missile system using the ZM-54E Caliber missile is designed for installation on underwater carriers, the main purpose is to destroy enemy surface ships of any type with strong fire and electronic countermeasures.
The ARGS-54 homing head is made with high protection against interference, it continues to work with a 6-point sea state.
The rocket consists of the main parts - a launch booster, a sustainer subsonic stage, a supersonic penetrating warhead.
The 3M-54E1 missile can also be used on underwater carriers. It differs from the ZM-54E in its shorter length (620 cm), twice the weight of the warhead, and increased range. 3M-54E1 does not have a detachable warhead.
For the first time, they started talking about the Caliber rocket in 1999 after an exhibition in Singapore.
Main characteristics:
- rocket length 8.22 / 6.2 m;
- starting weight 2300/1800 kg;
- penetrating warhead landmine 200/400 kg;
- range of destruction 220/300 km;
- rocket speed: marching 0.8M, at the target about 3M;
- flight height 10-150 meters;
- range of application up to 65 kilometers;
- management of INS + RLGSN;
What gives the use of rockets:
- can be used in a salvo of missiles;
- all-weather and all-weather application;
- practical invisibility due to flight at low altitudes.

History of creation
Rocket systems "Club-N" and "Club-S" are developed and produced (basic elements) by OKB "Novator" (Yekaterinburg). The first test launch of an anti-ship missile (ASM), according to media reports, took place from a nuclear submarine (NPS) in the Northern Fleet in March 2000, the second - in June of the same year from a diesel submarine (DPL) of project 877 Baltic Fleet. Both launches were considered successful.

The first main element of the system is the Alfa universal rocket, which was demonstrated in 1993 (10 years after its development began) at the arms exhibition in Abu Dhabi and at the MAKS-93 international aerospace show in Zhukovsky. In the same year, she was put into service.

According to Western classification, the rocket received the designation SS-N-27 Sizzler (from "sizzle" - a hissing sound made by boiling oil in a pan). In Russia and abroad (according to various media reports, Jane's series reference books, etc.), it was designated as Klub, Turquoise (Biryuza) and Alpha (Alpha or Alfa).

Purpose
The Club-N missile system is designed to engage enemy surface ships and submarines of all types when conducting combat operations in conditions of strong electronic and fire resistance.

Compound
The missile system includes missile (strike missile) systems (RK) "Club-N" (Club-N) and "Club-S" (Club-S), which are installed on surface ships and submarines, respectively, as strike missile weapons .
Missile systems, in turn, include combat means(missiles for various purposes, a universal control system - control systems, launchers), as well as a universal complex of ground equipment that solves the problems of technical support.

rockets the systems are largely unified among themselves, but, depending on the purpose and basing, they have different names and some differences:

Submarine-based anti-ship cruise missile (ASC) ZM-54E of the Club-S (Club-S) complex is designed to destroy surface ships of various classes (cruiser, destroyer, landing ship, transport, small missile ship, etc.) both single and and acting as part of a group, in conditions of organized resistance. The homing head of the ARGS-54 missile (JSC Radar-MMS, St. Petersburg) with a maximum range of about 60 km, a length of 70 cm, a diameter of 42 cm and a weight of 40 kg, has high noise immunity and can operate in rough seas 5 -6 points. The missile consists of a launch booster, a low-flying subsonic sustainer stage, and a detachable supersonic penetrating warhead. Surface-based anti-ship missiles 3M-54TE are used in the Club-N rocket launcher (Club-N) and are distinguished by the presence of a transport and launch container (TLC) for launching from a vertical (VPU) or inclined launcher (PU) installation;

Anti-ship two-stage KR ZM-54E1 of the "Club-S" (Club-S) submarine-based complex is designed to hit the same targets as the 3M-54E, but differs from the latter in a shorter length (6.2 m), increased by 2 times in weight Warhead and 1,4 times the firing range. This allows you to place it on surface ships of small displacement and use it on submarines from NATO standard torpedo tubes shortened to 6.2 m. For the first time, information about this missile was presented at an arms exhibition in Singapore (May 1999) and in the same year in Russia at an arms exhibition in Nizhny Tagil. The rocket consists of a launch booster and a low-flying subsonic sustainer stage (it does not have a supersonic detachable combat stage). Subsonic anti-ship missiles ZM-54E1 can be installed on small displacement ships and foreign-made submarines with shortened torpedo tubes. RCC 3M-54TE1 is used in the Club-N complex (Club-N) and is distinguished by the presence of a TPK for launching from vertical UVP or inclined launchers;

Anti-submarine (sometimes called ballistic) guided missile (PLUR) 91RE1 is designed to destroy enemy submarines. The warhead of the missile is a high-speed anti-submarine torpedo (MPT-1UME) or an underwater missile (APR-3ME) with a sonar homing system used in the Club-S complex (Club-S). The rocket is launched from a 533-mm torpedo tube about 8 m long at a carrier speed of up to 15 knots. The solid propellant engine of the first stage of the rocket ensures its movement on the underwater part of the trajectory, exit from under the water and climb. After separation of the launch stage, the engine of the second stage is turned on, which provides a controlled flight of the rocket to the calculated point, where the warhead is separated from the rocket body, searches for and aims at the target. PLUR 91RTE2 is used in the Club-N complex (Club-N), differs in the size and design of the starting engine and the presence of a TPK for launching from UVP or inclined launchers;

A two-stage cruise missile for destroying ground (coastal) targets of underwater (ZM-14E) and surface (3M-14TE) based on appearance, aerodynamic design, overall characteristics and propulsion system is similar to the ZM-54E1 anti-ship missile and has similarities with the strategic missile launcher of the RK-55 Granat missile system (firing range up to 3000 km). It is distinguished by a high-explosive (instead of penetrating) warhead, which is detonated in the air to cause maximum damage to an object and an ARGS-14E active radar homing head (JSC Radar MMS, St. Petersburg) with a highly efficient missile guidance system at the target in the final section of the trajectory flight. According to these indicators, it surpasses foreign analogues, incl. and the American Tomahawk, which can be interfered with in the GPS satellite navigation system. With a launch weight of 2000 kg (warhead 450 kg) and a flight speed of up to 240 m / s, it is capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 300 km. It was first shown in February 2004 at the 3rd International Exhibition of Land and Naval Weapons "Defexpo India" (Delhi). During its development, the Granat strategic cruise missile (NATO code SS-N-21 Sampson) was used as a prototype, designed to arm nuclear submarines of projects 971, 945, 671RTM, 667AT, etc.

The main characteristics of anti-ship missiles

	3M-54E/TE	3M54E1/TE1
Length, m	8,220/8,916	6,200/8,916
Diameter, m	0, 533/0, 645	0, 533/0, 645
Maximum firing range, km	200	300/275
Flight altitude, m on the march in the final section	10-20 less than 10	10-20 less than 10
Maximum speed, M on the march in the final section	0,6-0,8 0,6-0,8	0,6-0,8 0,6-0,8
Weight, kg: starting (without TPK) warhead	2300/1951 200	1780/1505 400
	inertial + active seeker

Main characteristics of PLUR

	91RE1	91RTE2
Caliber, mm	533	514
Length, m	7,65	6,2
Launch depth, m	20-150	.
Firing range, km from a depth of 20-50 m from a depth of 150 m	5-50 5-35	40 .
Number of missiles in salvo for 1 target, pcs	up to 4	up to 4
Maximum flight speed, M	2,5	up to 2
Weight with warhead (MPT-1UME), kg warhead	2100 300	1200 300
Trajectory	ballistic
Control and guidance system	inertial
Prelaunch preparation time, s	10	10

Shipborne universal control system (SU) missile system, operating in real time, is designed for pre-launch preparation of missiles, the formation and input of a flight mission. According to target designation data from the combat information and control system (radar complex entered by the operator), and according to information from the navigation equipment of the ship, the control system generates data for firing, manages pre-launch preparation and launch, as well as routine checks of missiles.

All devices of the control system, except for the missile weapon control panel, are maintenance-free and waterproof. The equipment is fire and explosion-proof.

Peculiarities
Rocket system "Club" (Club) can be used in almost any physical, geographical and weather conditions. climatic conditions day and night.

The presence in the system of missiles for various purposes with a unified ship part allows you to change the composition of the ammunition load of missiles on carriers, depending on the task and the specific combat situation.

Currently, the missile system "Club" (Club) has no analogues in the world. With its wide application, it is able to radically change the nature of naval combat, which allows even a small and "weak" fleet to become a serious threat to large enemy ship groups and disrupt its important sea communications.

In foreign reference books of the Jane's series, it is considered as a system of anti-submarine and anti-ship (anti-sub / ship cruise missile - ASCM) missiles.

http://youtu.be/9K7EX_ItvVE

Re-equipment of submarines.
The St. Petersburg Central Design Bureau Rubin designed the modernization for the rearmament of the Antey submarines.
Due to almost identical weight and size characteristics, the new missile systems will be placed in "old" containers, in which Granit missiles are currently stored.
According to the data available today, the replacement of the complexes will be carried out at the Severodvinsk plant of OAO TsS Zvezdochka and the Far Eastern plant of OAO Zvezda.
Currently the Navy Russian Federation planned modernization and repair of the Antey submarines. In November of this year, the Zvyozdochka plant completed the repair and modernization of the Voronezh submarine, number K-119.
In its place, a submarine of the Antey project, the Smolensk nuclear submarine, under the number K-410, has already been put in its place for repair work. These submarines are active combat submarines of the Northern Fleet.
The main characteristics of the submarines of the Antey project:
- length 154 meters;
- width 12.2 meters;
- displacement 24,000 tons;
- ship speed underwater 32 knots, surface speed 15 knots;
- autonomy 120 days;
Armament:
- twelve twin launchers with 24 CR "Granit"
- 2 TA 650 mm and 4 TA 533 mm, ammunition 28 torpedoes.

These complexes are planned to re-equip submarines of the Yasen project (project 885).
One of the first nuclear submarines of the Yasen project, the nuclear submarine Severodvinsk, will become part of the Russian Navy in 2012.