The natural and climatic conditions of the ancient China. China: geographical position

Huge occupying profitable geographical position - China. She is located in East Asia. Its relief is very diverse. China has mountains, hills, plains, highlands, river valleys, deserts. This is a huge square of China deserted. After all, most of the population focuses on the plains.

Geographical position

China on the world map occupies position on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its area is almost equal to the area of \u200b\u200ball of Europe. China covers a territory of 9.6 million square kilometers. On the square, only Russia and Canada overtake this country.

The territory of China stretches for 5.2 thousand kilometers from the east to west and 5.5 thousand kilometers from the south to the north. The eastern point of the country is located in the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, the most western one - the South South - among the northernmost ones on the Amur River in Mohe.

China on the world map from the east is washed by several seas that are part of the Pacific Ocean. The country's coastline stretches for 18,000 km. The sea in China creates a border with five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Brunhem and the Philippines.

From the south, north and west passes the land border. Its length is 22117 km. By land, China has a border with Russia, DPRK, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Nepal, Pakistan, Butane, India, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar.

China's geographical position is quite successful for its economic development.

Relief

The country relief is very diverse. China, whose geography wide, has a stepped landscape. It consists of three levels dropping from the West to the East.

In the south-west states are and Himalayas. They are the highest step in the landscape of such a country as China. Geography and relief mostly consist of Nagrai, Plateau and Mountains. The lowest level consisting of plains is off the coast.

Southwest China

A part of the world's highest mountain system is located in the south-west of the country. In addition to China, Himalayas spread out in the territories of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan. On the border of the state under consideration there is 9 of the 14 highest mountains of the globe - Everest, Chochi, Lhotse, Makal, Cho-Oyu, Shishabangm, Chochi, several vertices from the massif Gasherbrum.

Tibetan Highlands is located north of Himalayas. It is the largest area and the highest plateau in the world. He is surrounded by the ridges from all sides. In addition to the Himalayas, neighbors of Tibetan Highlands - Kunlun, Cilyanshan, Karakorum, Sino-Tibetan Mountains. The last of them, and the Yunnan-Guizhou-Plateau adjacent to them are a hard-to-reach area. It is cut in deep saloune and Mekong.

Thus, the characteristic of the geographical position of China in the southwest is distinguished by the presence of mountainous areas.

Northwest China

In the north-west of the country near Tibetan Highlands there are the Tarim pool, the desert tacla makan and Turfanskaya Vpadina. The latter object is the deepest in East Asia. It is still nursing the Jungan Plain.

Eastern Tarim basin contrasts even more geographical position. China in these places changes the landscape on the steppe and desert. This is the territory of the autonomous region. It is located on a high plateau. Its most of the deserts of Gobi and Alashan. Plateau Lesova adjoins them from the south. Very fertile and rich in forests.

Northeast China

The northeastern part of the country is pretty flat. There are no high mountain ranges. In this part of China is plain Sunlyao. She surrounds small mountain ranges - Big and Small Hinganes, Changbayashan.

North China

In the north of China, the main agricultural zones are concentrated. This part of the country consists of extensive plains. They eat well rivers and very fertile. These are such plains like Liaohees and North-Chinese.

Southeast China

The southeastern part of the country stretches from the Huiianshhan Ridge to the Zignlin Mountains. It also belongs to Taiwan Island. The local landscape consists mainly of mountains alternating with river valleys.

South China

In the south of the country there are areas Guangxi, Guangdong, and partly Yunnani. This also includes a year-round resort, Hainan Island. Local relief make up hills and small mountains.

Climate and weather

The climate of the country is not uniform. It affects a geographical position. China is in three climatic belts. Therefore, the weather in different parts of the country is different.

North and Western China are in the zone of moderate continental climate. The average temperature here in the winter time is -7 ° C, although it happens, it is lowered to -20 ° C. In the summer, the temperature is at + 22 ° C. For winter and autumn, strong dragging winds are characterized.

Central China lies in the zone subtropical climate. In winter, the air temperature ranges from 0 to -5 ° C. In the summer it keeps at + 20 ° C.

South China and Islands have a tropical monsonic climate. There, the thermometer column in the winter is ranging from +6 to + 15 ° C, and in the summer increases for + 25 ° C. For this part of the country is characterized by powerful typhoons. They occur in winter and autumn.

Annual precipitation decreases from the south and east to north and west - from about 2000 mm to 50 mm.

Population

According to 2014, 1.36 billion people live in the state. Big country China is a house for 20% of land inhabitants.

The state is on the verge of the demographic crisis of resettlement. Therefore, the government is struggling with a high birth rate. His goal is one child for the family. But demographic policy is flexible. So, it is allowed to give birth to a second child with ethnic minorities, as well as families living in rural areas, if the first child is a girl or has physical deviations.

Part of the population opposed such policies. Especially it is unhappy in the countryside. After all, there is higher the need for the birth of a large number of boys as a future workforce.

But according to forecasts, the population population will grow despite this. According to calculations, in 2030 in China will live half a billion people.

Population density

The population is very uneven population. This is due to the difference in geographic conditions. The average population density is 138 people per square kilometer. This indicator looks quite acceptable. He does not talk about overpopulation. After all, the same figure is also characteristic of some European countries.

But the average indicator does not reflect the real situation. There are areas in the country where almost no one lives, and 21,000 people per square kilometer live in Macau.

Half countries are practically not populated. The Chinese live in river pools, on fertile plains. And in the highlands of Tibet, in the deserts of Gobi and Takla Makan there are almost no settlements.

National composition and population

Different nationalities live in the country. Most of the population considers himself hangers. But besides them, 55 nationalities distinguish in China. The largest nations are Zhuhans, Manchuri, Tibetans, the most small - Loba.

Dialects in different parts of the country are also different. The difference between them is so great that a resident of the South China will not understand the resident of the North. But in the country there is a national language of Putunha. Chinese residents moving from the region to the region are obliged to own it to avoid communication problems.

Mandarin, or Beijing, Dialect is also common in the country. It can be considered an alternative to Putunha. After all, the Mandarin dialect owns 70% of the population.

Religion and beliefs of the population

From the middle of the 20th century in China, as in the communist state, the following religious beliefs and beliefs were welcomed. Atheism was the official ideology.

But since 1982, a change has happened in this matter. The Constitution entered the right of freedom of religion. The most common religions here are Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. But Christianity, Islam, Judaism also also popular.

Largest cities

In China, there are not many big cities. The population of this country is not urbanized. But where the construction of the city begins, it grows to the size of a huge metropolis that unites a large number of residential, business, commercial, industrial and agricultural zones. For example, Chongqing. He is the largest representative of such megacities. According to 2014, 29 million people live in it. Its area is almost equal to Austria Square and is 82400 square kilometers.

Other large cities Countries are Shanghai, Tianjin, Harbin, Guangzhou and, of course, Beijing, the capital of China.

Beijing

The Chinese call Beijing Bacezin. This translated means the northern capital. City layout is characterized by strict geometry. Streets are oriented in parts of the world.

Beijing is the capital of China and one of the most interesting cities of the country. His heart is Tiananmen Square. Translated this word means "the gate of heavenly calm." The main construction on the square is Mausoleum Mao Zedong.

An important attraction of the city is the Forbidden City. He is called Googun. It is a beautiful and old Palace Ensemble.

No less interesting Iyauan and Yuanminyuan. These are garden-palace complexes. They are surprisingly combined with miniature rivers, elegant bridges, waterfalls, residential buildings. There is a wonderful harmony and a feeling of human unity with nature.

In the capital there are many temples of religious trends such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism. One of them is most interesting. This is the temple of the sky Tien Tan. He is the only religious building in the city round shape. He has a unique wall. If you pronounce a word about it even the most quiet whisper, it will be separated along its entire length.

Noteworthy and the temple of the eternal tranquility of UNHEGUN. This is a lamaist religious structure. It contains the statue of Buddha, carved from a solid stem sandalwood. Its length is 23 meters.

There are many museums in Beijing. National picture gallery is particularly noticeable. It stores a large collection of Chinese painting. No less interesting museum of national history, in which you can trace the entire path of development of China.

Landmark is Vanfujin Street. This is a favorite place for walking, both in tourists and the local population. Street history began more than 700 years ago. Now it is reproduced. Street is located in the area shopping center. It is harmoniously combined with ancient and modern culture.

Not far from Beijing begins the Great Wall of China. With her most people and the country is associated with it. This is a grand constructions. It stretches for 67,000 km. Wall construction lasted over 2000 years.

Geographical features

China is a country planted in East Asia. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean - South China, East Chinese, Yellow - Washed China from the East. The sea coast stretches for 14.5 thousand km from the north (North Korea) to South (Vietnam). Taiwan Island is separated by Taiwanese strait from the mainland country.

The country has land borders with: Mongolia (in the north); Russia I. North Korea (in the north-east); Russia and Kazakhstan (in the North-West); Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan (in the West); India, Gilgit-Baltistan, Bhutan and Nepal (in the south-west); Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam (in the south).

Note 1.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 9.6 million square meters. km. China is included in the four largest countries The world, including Russia, USA and Canada besides him.

In China, a different relief is distinguished: mountains, depressions, plateau, extensive plains and deserts.

To large orographic regions include:

1. Tibetan highlands. Located in the south-west of the country, the height is more than 4000 m above sea level.
2. The belt of high plains and mountains - the northern regions of the country. Mountains of Central China and Sichuan, height from 1500 to 3000 m. Here is a shift natural zones - From cold alpine deserts to the subtropical forest.
3. Low accumulative plains and low mountains. East, northeast and south of the country. Height is less than 1500 m above sea level.
4. From the north to south from Beijing to Shanghai stretches along the sea coast, the Great Chinese Plain, Delta Yangzz and the Valley of the Juanhe River.
5. In the southern part of China, there is a pool of the pearl river and its influx of Sizzyan. Wishan Ridge and Nanine Mountain separate him from the Yangtze River Basin.

Climatic belts

The Chinese climate varies from subtropical (southeastern regions) to arid, or sharp continental - in the north-west.

The weather of the southern coast is predetermined by monsoons, forming as a result of the interaction of the absorption properties of the ocean and sushi.

Seasonal movement of air masses contain a lot of moisture in the summer, and relatively dry in the winter. The appearance and disappearance of monsoons largely determine the total rainfall across the country.

Most of the territory of China lies in the field of moderate climate. However, the features of the relief and geographical location of the country regarding the Pacific Ocean determine the large scatter of meteorological and temperature modes.

The following climatic belts are distinguished in China:

• Temperate climate. It is characteristic of the Northern territory of China represented by the province of Heilongjiang and Western regions.
• Subtropical climate. Southeast regions and central regions.
• Tropical monsoon climate. Southern coast, Hainan Island.
• Sharply continental climate. Northwestern regions.

In China allocate several climatic zonescharacterized by a variety of relief and climate: coastal areas, mountainous arrays, deserts, islands. There are large fluctuations in average temperature values \u200b\u200bbetween the northern, central and southern areas, high humidity in the summer in many central and southern territories.

Natural zones

Three large natural zones are distinguished in China:

1. East Musson District;
2. Cold Alpine Qinghai Tibetan District;
3. Northwest Arid District.

The East Musson District is mainly the coast of the South China and East-Chinese seas. It is the warmest and wet area in the summer in China. Summer is long, but not very roast. Winter soft, cool, in January the temperature rarely falls below +10 ºС. Throughout the year, abundant precipitation drops out. On the tropical south-east, the rainy season is observed from May to October. In the summer, the region is subjected to frequent typhoon and floods.

The climate in the Tibetan Autonomous District and in Qinghai Province is extremely severe, cold-alpine. Almost all year round, the temperature does not rise above 0 ºС. Pulling wind blowing. The landscape of this region determined: cold, stony and scant soil, low humidity. Most of the territory - steppes, deserts and semi-deserts. Lowly located gorges are small forest stripes.

The climate of the southeastern regions of Tibetan Highlands is somewhat softer, as warm air masses come from the Indian Ocean.

North-Western territories are characterized by a deserted, dry climate with significant fluctuations in daily and seasonal temperatures. The warm air from the south-east of the country over the mountain plateau and the cold plains of the North-West quickly cools and turns into anticyclones, predetermining clear, dry weather with very hot summer and exclusively frosty weather in winter. Sudes are scarce and fall mainly in the late spring - early summer. Most of the territory - steppes and deserts. The climate is somewhat softened closer to the central regions. The most favorable climate in the Yangtze River basin. Southeast monsoons reach here, summer is warm, and winter is moderate.

Climatic features

In Heilongjiang average temperature In winter, it is -16 ºС, sometimes it can descend to -38 ºС. The average temperature of July is +20 ºС. In the south of Guangdong Province, the average temperature in the winter and summer period is +10 ºС and +28 ºС, respectively.

Different areas of the country receive a different amount of precipitation. On the southern slopes of Cinlin, the precipitation is numerous, their maximum is observed in the summer during the monsoon period. In the north and west direction from the mountains, the amount of precipitation decreases. The most arid - northwestern regions. Here are the deserts of the Ordos, Gobi, Takla Makan.

The rainy season lasts from May to September. Only during this period there may be more than 6000 mm precipitation. In the summer of Indian and Pacific Ocean Missual winds are formed, predetermining the amount of precipitation. In the provinces in the south of the country (Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi), the rainy season opens the monsoons. Rainy weather In June-August moves to the northern regions.

For the eastern and southern regions of China, typhoon, monsime, tsunami, floods, droughts are characteristic.

Each year in the spring in the northern regions, yellow dust storms are observed, nascent in the northern deserts and heading towards Japan and Korea.

First of all, to understand what weather conditions in China for visitors and those who are going to move into this amazing country forever, it is necessary to deal with the common climate in China. On its territory, the country is not small, where there are almost all climatic belts.

The country employs approximately seven climatic belts, highlight the six main:

• Equatorial. For tourists the most favorable climatic belt. Summer is hot for almost all year round. Vegetation is stormy, similar to tropical forestsBut without long rains.South latitude from 15 °.
• Tropical. For tourists who do not endure heat and do not like cold. The vegetation is similar to the tropical forests where monsimes are observed. For meditation: the coldest month in this belt is holding a temperature above 15 degrees, with such a temperature you have time to collect three crops of rice per year.The latitude of this belt is from 15 ° to 23 °.
• Subtropical. Favorable for tourists from european countries, Russia, Canada and other countries with temperate climates. So, the coldest month of the year: temperature from 0 ° and up to 16 ° Celsius. The vegetation of this belt is spiritually evidents us with the beauty of evergreen broad-sided types of forests, where you have time to collect two rice crops for the year.

• Moderately warm. Do not tolerate heat and warm climate? Northerners for your holiday in China is exactly here. Where the average temperature of the coldest month per year varies from - 7 ° and does not exceed 0 ° Celsius. Autumn inspires artists from around the world to draw pictures of deciduous forests of this climatic belt. The harvest is collected 1-2 times a year.Latitude 32 ° -43 °.
• Moderate. For snow lovers, skis, mountains. Who loves cold and winter sports. For you, this is an ideal climatic belt, not too cold and real winter. The coldest month of the year: up to - 25 ° C. Vegetation pleases with freshers, pines, etc. - mixed coniferous rocks of trees. We manage to collect one harvest for the year.
• Moderately cold. This mysterious and mantowing taiga. Latitude from 50 ° and above. Temperature drops below 25 ° C .. Does it stop you? No, in China's stores, you can buy heat underwear and clothes that can withstand temperatures up to - 40 degrees. Circle taiga stormy forests. For harvesting is not a very favorable climate, but several varieties of wheat and potatoes are grown.

The weather in China depends directly from the climatic belt. The weather may be harsh and cold and burning. Small tips for visiting China for the first time.

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Semi-surge The region includes a Qinghai-Tibetan Highlands, inner Mongolia, Jungarian. Agriculture here is only possible in the presence of irrigation. But here are excellent pastures, which contributes to the development of cattle breeding, and since the winter is minor, then the grazing of the cattle is possible all year round. In winter, many breeds of livestock grow thick wool, protecting the animal from the cold.

Arid The area is located in the Gobi Desert. It is characterized by a sharp continental climate. The precipitation falls depending on the area of \u200b\u200b70-200 mm per year, in separate places much less.

From the foregoing it follows that China's climate on larger territory The countries are suspicious, which, together with the nature of the landscape, makes it impossible to occupy agriculture in a number of places, and also creates difficult conditions for residence of people.

Climate change dynamics in China

For the historical period, China's climate has undergone significant changes. As evidenced by archaeological data and written sources, in I thousand BC. And earlier on the Great Chinese Plain, the climate was warmer and wet. This, as well as fertile forest soils contributed to the emergence of agriculture in this region. In turn, it stimulated the birth of Chinese civilization.

At the beginning of our era, the climate became colder, the average temperatures in general corresponded to modern. Then the further cooling began, which covered the whole Eurasia. In general, by the X-XIII centuries. A dry and cool climate was installed on the plain, in East Turkestan - more wet than now; This is evidenced by the numerous ruins of cities in modern deserts and their descriptions in writing sources. In particular, it was the resulting climate aridization and the growth of deserts were one of the main causes of the death of the cities of the state of the Sia. After "small glacial period"The period of gradual warming has come again, which continues until now.

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If you wondered, "What climate in China", then it should be noted that China is a bright, unusual country that manits its history and fascinates with his mystery. In China, one step is preservation ambient and new technologies. This difference is also observed in its climatic features.

First of all, for China is characterized by a pronounced change of seasons, frequent monsoon rains, winds, big sediments in all seasons at one half of the country and hot weather on the other half. China presents three types of climate:

• the predominant is a tropical climate stretching along the southern coast and islands;
• subtropical climate - is located in the central part of the country;
• in the West, north and east - continental climate.

Thanks to such a variety of climates, it makes it possible to create unique landscape. On the territory of the country there are all conditions for the development of agricultural fishery.

In such conditions it is hard to find the time that will be favorable for all areas of China. While on the large part of the country, the scoring sun shines, in the north frosty winter to -28. Winter in the center with a mild climate varies from -3-6 degrees.

Such large differences of indicators can be noted in the amount of precipitation. The largest rain falls on the coast, moving deep into the country, the amount of precipitation becomes less. For example, the smallest average annual number was observed in the history of the Turphian depression in the amount of 3.8 mm. The largest number is registered in one of the provinces of Taiwan - 8400 mm.

In the history of China, the climate suffered large changes from wet and warm to a colder. In proof of this, there are ruins, which are found in modern deserts and numerous records in sources.

For example, if we compare the climate in China with other countries, on the example of the cities of the province of Heilongjiang and the suburbs of London, the temperature in the Chinese town is 5-7 degrees below, despite the fact that they are in the same latitude and such a climate will not be very familiar to Europeans.

China tropical climate

Winter in the southern part of China looks like a late spring and freezing is practically absent. The largest precipitation falls from mid-May to August, the temperature during this period reaches the highest indicators. The coast is often typhoon, especially since the end of August to early September. From October to November, tourists come to rest.

Which resort to choose to relax on the coast? The most popular holiday destination is Hainan Island.

Hainan compare with Hawaii, because the sun shines most of the time and the amount of precipitation is very slightly. Do not forget that Hainan Island is considered a great place to relax not only for locals, but also for tourists. Isois is the island of the South China Sea.

Air temperature in this climatic belt On average, it reaches +25, and water +27 degrees. About 1200 mm of precipitation falls per year.

For this part of the country is also characterized by increased humidity and stuffing. Frequent cases of hurricanes and typhoons. The biggest south coast China is experiencing from mid-May to mid-July, and from mid-October to November, it is during this period the most ambitious and bright fairs, as well as exhibitions.

Subtropical climate

Shanghai weather is something similar to the central European climate, which we are seeing lately. Central China lies on the 35th parallels, which indicates that China is drowning in the summer from the sultry heat. Shanghai, Nanjing and Chongqing are drowning in the scorching sun, it makes movement in the city almost unreal. In summer, the air temperature reaches +27, in the middle of summer - in July, the weather reaches 35 degrees. The last temperature record was broken in 2014, when the temperature mark reached 40 degrees Celsius. In winter, the temperature ranges from +3 to +6 degrees, the lowest temperature that was fixed in January, it is -4 - 6 ͦС.

Increased humidity is 80-90% throughout the year. During the ripening period of the Plum Mum (20 days), torrential rains are collected on this part of the climate. The amount of precipitation per year reaches - 1110 mm. The rainy season begins from mid-June and lasts until mid-July. In the summer there are tropical shower and typhoon.

You can come to Shanghai at any time, but it is recommended to avoid the rainy season.

Description of continental climate

In the north-west of the country, a continental climate is located on the Plateau of the Ordos (Baotou), which is sufficient enough. Cities Huho Hoto, Urumchi, Yinchuan and Lanzhou have a long winter, from six to seven months and can compare it with a real Siberian winter. The temperature in December-February reaches -9 degrees, as for the summer, in July, the temperature of the day + 21-24 degrees. The average annual precipitation ranges from 200 to 700 mm (Yinchuan). Often in this area there are dust storms or rains. It is believed that it is best to relax in the spring-summer period.

China climate has in the northeastern part with cold winterAnd with the onset of spring from Mongolia, it starts blowing "yellow wind", which not only makes it difficult and causes mountains of sand, but also leads to erosion of the surface of the Earth. Summer is very roast, the maximum amount of precipitation falls in August. Autumn is most often warm and sunny.

Characteristic of China's climate is a wide variation of temperatures, preferably between the higher and lower limits.

As for individual areas, Tibet is famous for the special severity of the climate. The temperature difference in the day and night reaches 20 degrees, there are sand storms and a large sprinkle air. In winter, the city is unavailable due to solid snow passages. From the beginning of May to mid-September, the day is warm to +6, and at night, due to the high location in the mountains (almost 3800 m) the temperature drops below zero. In addition, through permanent winds The air temperature seems even lower.

Due to being at such a high point, the amount of oxygen in the air increases to 63%, which is useful for the body, except those people who suffer hypertension.

The best time for visiting Tibet is considered the end of May - July, the heat in this area of \u200b\u200bthe territory is transferred easier.

The most ideal time for arrival in China is considered late spring or the beginning of autumn, for the south the best time is November and December. But it all depends on seasonality and weather conditions.

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