Which Sudanese variety is best for hay? Sudan grass as animal feed

Sudan grass (or Sudan sorghum, sudan) is a high-yielding agricultural crop. Grows in ideal conditions up to three meters, forming up to 120 stems from one root. With proper cultivation techniques, it produces record yields among forage annual grasses. In the form of silage, hay, and freshly cut green mass, it is used for fattening livestock.

Sudan grass: biological features

Sorghum sudanense belongs to the sorghum genus. The fibrous, powerful root system can grow 2.5 m deep and 75 cm wide. The hairless cylindrical stem is filled with white spongy parenchyma. Not all varieties are tall. There are also compact plants less than a meter high with small (up to 12 shoots) and medium (12-25) bushiness. The varieties also differ in the shape of the bush:

• Erect.
• Recumbent.
• Reclining.
• Spreading.
• Slightly spreading.

It is more convenient to mow slightly spreading upright bushes, so Sudanese sorghum with these characteristics is the most common. In the tropics, very tall Sudanese grass grows, the photo of which is amazing. In Russia, more compact varieties are often cultivated: grass Mironovskaya 8, 12, Kinelskaya 100, Aida, Hercules 3, Chernomorka, Volgogradskaya 77, Azimut, Brodskaya 2, Novator 151, Severyanka, Novosibirskaya 84, Kamyshinskaya 51, Zonalskaya 6 and others.

Nutritional properties

Sudanese grass in the form of hay and greens is good. In green mass, protein is 3%, protein is 4.4%, sugars are 7.9-9.1%. It is beneficial to mix Sudanese with legumes, in particular alfalfa. Such mixtures are more saturated with calcium, proteins, and extractive, nitrogen-free substances. Abundance thick green mass, resistance to grazing and the ability to grow quickly (4-5 times per season) make Sudanese one of the best pasture grasses.

The nutritional quality of hay depends on the time of mowing. If it is harvested during the spawning phase, the product will retain a lot of crude protein - 14-16%. Even more protein (14.2-18.9%) will be preserved if the Sudanese is mowed in the booting phase. It is recommended to make silage when grain is being poured. By the way, silage is comparable in nutritional value to corn.

Sudanese grass cultivation technology

For sowing seeds, the optimal predecessors are vegetables and cereal crops (especially winter crops). Pre-treatment against weeds is required. Research by the Siberian Scientific Research Institute has shown that in forest-steppe conditions, a decent harvest of seeds is obtained after fallow, a layer of perennials, and corn.

It is important to properly treat the soil, taking into account its type and zonation. It is most productive to carry out the main processing in the fall. This will help saturate the ground with moisture from prolonged autumn rains and snow. In Western Siberia (forest-steppe zone), in the fall the field is plowed deeply (25 cm), and in the spring, in order to retain moisture, leveling is carried out in two tracks, rolling the fields by planners before and after sowing ensures uniform shoots.

With the exception of wetlands, Sudan grass is not demanding on soil. Biological features ensure a good harvest even on brackish lands. The best predecessors are peas, pelyushka, vetch, alfalfa, cabbage, and potatoes. It is also beneficial to grow pulses together with Sudanese sorghum.

The faster the first and second mowings are carried out, the greater the green mass will grow in the next 2-3 mowings. It is recommended to use mower-conditioners to remove hay. Flattened stems wither faster and better, and natural drying is accelerated.

Seed preparation

Seeds sudanese grass responsive to pre-sowing preparation. Treating is alternated with air-thermal heating and treatment with microfertilizers. The seeds receive a biological impulse, germinate quickly, and are saturated with microelements with minimal fertilizer consumption.

One of the ways to activate biochemical and physiological processes is to spray before planting with special solutions containing boron (can be replaced with zinc) and manganese. 15-18 g of ordinary potassium permanganate and 6-9 g of boron or zinc salts are dissolved in 2 liters of water. This volume is enough to process 1 quintal of seeds. To ensure even distribution, the seeds are thoroughly mixed several times. They need to be dried before sowing.

More modern method pre-sowing preparation - vernalization. 20 liters of water are poured into the container and a hundredweight of seeds is added. Wait until the seeds completely absorb water. Then they are taken out and formed into small piles, kept in this state for 8 days in the dark at 20-30˚C. To prevent rotting, the mass is regularly turned and shoveled. It is necessary to monitor the rate of germination. If the seeds hatch too quickly, the piles are raked. Vernalization is especially effective for seed crops.

Seeding rates

Sudanese grass is sown only in warm soil (+10˚C). The seeding rate varies depending on the sowing technique. With a continuous row method - within 25-30 kg per 1 ha. With the wide-row method in arid regions, the norm is half as much - 10-15 kg. If there is sufficient moisture, seeds are planted mechanically to a depth of 3-5 cm. On dried, light soils, seeds are planted deeper - 6-8 cm. If Sudanese grass is sown in a mixture with other seeds, the seeding rate is reduced by 15-25%.

Pre-sowing soil preparation

Pre-sowing preparation is labor-intensive. If you skip one of the stages, the density of seedlings, bushiness, and productivity will decrease. The order of operations is as follows:

1. Peeling.
2. Deep fall plowing.
3. Early spring harrowing.
4. Double pre-sowing cultivation.
5. Pre-sowing soil compaction.
6. Post-sowing soil rolling.

Timely application of fertilizers increases productivity. Recommended rates per 1 hectare: 20-30 kg of potash, 30-45 kg of phosphorus, 30-45 kg of nitrogen fertilizers.

Beneficial features

In addition to the abundant harvest of fodder green mass, Sudan grass has a beneficial effect on the soil and suppresses weeds. Thanks to its fibrous, powerful roots, the crop increases the moisture capacity and air permeability of soils, loosens them, makes them lighter, structures them, and drains them when there is excess moisture. Soil loosened by grass allows air to pass through more efficiently, beneficial soil microorganisms and worms reproduce better, accelerating the processing of humus. The plants themselves suffer less, and productivity increases.

Sudanese's ability to grow on saline soils makes it possible to include salt marshes that are unsuitable for other crops in crop rotation. In places where erosion progresses, it is also useful to sow this grass with powerful, dense roots that keep soil particles from weathering and washing away.

But there are nuances. Like corn, Sudanese extracts many microelements from the soil, depleting it. The problem is solved by joint planting with legume annuals. High-quality fertilizing also restores microbiological balance.

Here is some very limited information about Sudan grass from Wikipedia:

Sudan grass, or Sudanese, or sorghum sudanese(lat. Sorghum × drummondii) - an annual herbaceous plant, a variety of sorghum - crops of the family Poaceae, or Poaceae ( Poaceae).

Cultivated as a forage plant in Western Europe, in northern and eastern Africa, India, South and North America, Australia, in the southern and southeastern regions of the European part of Russia, in Kazakhstan, in the Altai Territory, on Far East.

It grows wild in Africa in the Nile Valley. Forms a bush 0.5-3 m high. The yield of green mass is up to 400 centners per hectare.

Here is more information about Sudan grass:

Sudanese grass: cultivation and beneficial properties

Sudanese grass or Sorochinsky millet, Sudanese sorghum (lat. Sorghum sudanense) is an annual cereal plant, well known as a forage crop in livestock farming, characterized by high productivity and nutritional value.

Thanks to its powerful root system, the plant is also used to improve the structure of the soil (increasing its aeration and moisture capacity, drainage properties), and in mixed crops with annual leguminous crops (soybeans, vetch, china, peas, lupine) - as a green fertilizer.

Sudan grass is characterized as a salt- and drought-resistant, heat-loving plant, not demanding on soil types (with the exception of marshy and highly saline areas).

It grows wild in the Nile River valley (the territory of modern Ethiopia and Sudan). It is cultivated for green fodder in America, Europe, Africa, Australia, India (leader in production), the Far East, Altai, China and Kazakhstan.

The plant forms a herbaceous bush up to 3 m high. Intensive growth of Sudanese begins 1.5 months after sowing, at which time it adds 5 - 10 cm per day, which allows for several mowings per season, since it grows back very quickly after mowing .

The second and third mowings are carried out exactly one month after the previous one. When irrigated, the number of mowings can reach four to five. To obtain silage, Sudanese grass is mowed in the milky ripeness phase of the grain.

The feed value of the green mass and hay of this crop is significantly higher than other cereal grasses due to the high content of proteins (more than 10%), carbohydrates (68%), protein (over 5%, second only to legumes), carotene, sugars and fiber.

It also contains a large number of macro- and microelements: copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, potassium and calcium, phosphorus. Beneficial features Sudanese grass is also due to the presence of vitamins PP, A, B1, B2, B5, B6, H.

Traditionally, Sudanese is grown to produce high-quality livestock feed.

But in India and China, its grain has long been used as a valuable and nutritious food product. Delicious porridge is prepared from this cereal, and cakes are baked from flour.

Sudanese food products are very useful for sick people diabetes mellitus, because it has the ability to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.

In addition, Sudanese cereals contain powerful antioxidants (their quantity is 12 times greater than in blueberries), which helps improve metabolic processes in the body, preventing aging, and stimulating the synthesis of hemoglobin, amino acids, protein, and hormones.

Black soils and chestnut soils are best suited for growing Sudan grass, although it can grow on sandy and loamy soils. This is the so-called short-day plant.

In the initial periods of its growth, it easily tolerates shading. The predecessors of Sudanese can be winter crops, legumes and row crops. Afterwards, the soil is enriched with phosphorus-potassium and nitrogen fertilizers.

To avoid slow growth and thinning of seedlings, which leads to the field becoming overgrown with weeds, Sudan grass is sown only in moist and heated soil (+12° - 16°C) to a depth of 3 - 9 cm. After sowing, rolling is used to retain the necessary moisture in soil.

The seeding rate for Sudanese is 20 – 30 kg/ha. In the case of mixed crops, it is reduced by 15–20%. When warm climatic conditions Shoots appear within 5–7 days, but their further development is slow.

And only in the tillering phase does intensive plant growth begin. 35 - 40 days after emergence, the first mowing can be done. In order to stimulate rapid regrowth, after mowing, the crops are fertilized with organic and mineral fertilizers.

The most productive and high-quality varieties of Sudanese grass include “Mironovskaya 10”, “Dniprovska 54”, “Odesskaya 221”, “Donetskaya 5”, etc.

To obtain green food, plants are mowed when they reach a height of 40–50 cm, leaving an above-ground part of at least 6–8 cm (for the fastest regrowth of green mass).

In the case of growing Sudan grass for hay, the field is harvested at the end of the booting phase (when the plants begin to throw out the panicle inflorescence).

The use of Sudanese as green manure is possible only with sufficient soil moisture, therefore, during dry periods or on dehydrated soils, decomposition of plant residues and their humification are impossible.

Practice shows that growing Sudan grass in mixed crops with protein-rich feed crops (vech, feed peas, corn) allows not only to obtain more valuable and nutritious feed, but also to significantly increase crop yields (up to 23 tons of feed per 1 ha).

Interesting and new hybrid varieties– sorghum-sudanaceae. Their advantage is greater frost resistance (while maintaining the quality of drought resistance) and a shorter growing season (85 - 95 days). They are also successfully grown for green fodder, silage, haylage and for grazing animals.

The search for new, alternative energy sources is increasing interest in the cultivation of Sudan grass as a promising raw material for biofuels.

The unpretentiousness of this crop, its drought resistance, rapid growth, good tillering and the ability to very productively grow green mass after cuttings provide this plant with a leading role among agricultural crops that are used to produce biogas.

For ease of use, grass biomass is pre-briquetted. This eases the problem of storing raw materials, transporting them, and also simplifies the processing process.

Pressing raw materials using a screw method makes it possible to obtain briquettes of maximum density and moisture resistance, which are not inferior to those made from wood waste and, moreover, have a tenfold increased heat transfer rate compared to the original raw materials.

Here are the essential features of Sudanese grass:

The thickness of the stem is 3...9 mm, inside it is filled with parenchyma. The bush produces from 3...12 to 25...100 stems. The more sparsely planted the plants are, the more stems there are in the bush. The inflorescence is a panicle up to 40 cm long.

Young plants suffer from frosts of -2...-3 °C, adults can withstand temperatures of -3...-4 °C. From sowing to germination it takes 5...25 days. In the first 3...4 weeks after emergence, the above-ground mass of plants grows slowly.

New shoots are formed before the flowering phase. The emergence phase is observed 40...45 days after emergence. The panicle blooms for 5...8 days. Flowering occurs in July - August, seed ripening - in September - October.

In hot weather, the duration of the growing season is 20...30 days less. Seed yield can reach 3 t/ha. In the Non-Black Earth Zone, Sudanese grass seeds usually do not ripen.

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Sorghum Sudanese - what is it?

Many herbs are used to feed large cattle. This includes silage, oats, clover, hay, etc. But there is also a type of grass called Sudanese grass. It is called “Sudanese” for short. And translated from Latin - “Sudanese sorghum”. This herb belongs to the family of annual cereal plants. It is grown in the Altai Territory, Kazakhstan, and the Russian Far East. It grows as a wild herb in Africa. Loves warmth, tolerates it well high temperatures air.

Varieties of Sudan grass and planting seeds

Externally, when the grass grows, it looks like mature plant corn, only instead of “heads of cabbage” there are large leaves growing along the stem, and “brooms” at the top. This is a warm-season grass. It reacts very painfully to temperature fluctuations from plus to minus. Therefore, the seeds of this plant are planted when the air temperature reaches above zero and remains at least 10 degrees Celsius for about a week. Depending on climatic conditions, this time falls on average in the month of May. But it can also be sown in June and July, that is, in several stages, thereby obtaining a larger amount of harvest.

There are many varieties of Sudan grass. These are Kinelskaya 4, Chishminskaya early, Aida, Tiganskaya, Azimuth, Voronezhskaya, Chernomorka, etc. This variety of Sudanese grass varieties was bred in different institutes by combining different types cells. This was done for better adaptability and to obtain more yield. All these species differ from each other in their resistance to changes in temperature and daylight hours. That's why different varieties designed for different regions.

Sudan grass care

All they have in common is planting seeds, cultivation, sowing dates, and fertilizers. Sowing of seeds begins when the air temperature returns to at least 10 degrees Celsius. Sudanese seeds are planted in a row at a distance of 30-50 cm. Before planting, they must be prepared. To do this, they are treated in a solution of potassium permanganate for several hours, then dried, and then sown in the soil to a depth of 4-6 cm. To plant seeds, it is better to use the soil on which cabbage, beet, corn, beans and others from this category previously grew. Under normal climatic conditions, the grass sprouts quickly. After 2.5-2 months you can see from 4 to 6 leaves on the surface. Such seedlings have a root system that has not yet established itself, and this allows weeds to “attack” it - they take all the necessary moisture and minerals from the ground intended for the Sudanese plant. Therefore, we must fight them. There are special preparations for such purposes. Usually these are mineral and organic fertilizers, which Sudanese grass likes. After proper care of the grass, it begins to grow quickly and anchor itself in the soil with its roots, which usually “grow” well into the ground to a depth of 3 meters. Sudanese has no main root. Its root system grows into the ground in a “bundle”. Therefore it is called fibrous. Additional roots grow at the bottom of the stem. The stem of Sudanese is powerful. Throughout its growth are powerful large leaves. At the very top there appears a bunch that looks like a “broom”. This “broom” consists of three parts. One spikelet is female, and the other two are male. Pollen from a female flower goes to a male one, and from a male flower to a female one. Thus, pollination occurs. Such pollination is called xenogamous or, as is commonly called, cross pollination.

Harvesting

To get more harvest, Sudanese is mowed after sowing, about 2 months later. Then the grass becomes stronger and begins to grow faster. After that, she is mowed a second time. The number of such mowings can be made several times. This depends on the climatic conditions of the region. This grass can be sown either “single” or in pairs with legumes. This does not affect the yield in any way. It’s just that Sudanese gets more vitamins and becomes more juicy.

From one hectare of land you can harvest up to 10 tons. It also depends on the region and the methods that were used to care for it. Not counting the mowing that was done during the growth process, the harvest of Sudanese grass begins to be harvested when the “broom” has not begun to appear. Such plants have more juiciness and are better consumed by livestock. Sudanese, as a forage plant, is a very nutritious hay for livestock. It contains: protein, fats, fiber. All this must be fed to animals in order to obtain quality products from those involved in animal husbandry.

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01.12.2016

Sudan grass or Sorochinskoe millet, sorghum sudanese(lat. Sorghum sudanense) is an annual cereal plant, well known as a forage crop in livestock farming, characterized by high productivity and nutritional value. Thanks to its powerful root system, the plant is also used to improve the structure of the soil (increasing its aeration and moisture capacity, drainage properties), and in mixed crops with annual leguminous crops (soybeans, vetch, china, peas, lupine) - as a green fertilizer.

Sudan grass is characterized as a salt- and drought-resistant, heat-loving plant, not demanding on soil types (with the exception of marshy and highly saline areas). It grows wild in the Nile River valley (the territory of modern Ethiopia and Sudan). It is cultivated for green fodder in America, Europe, Africa, Australia, India (leader in production), the Far East, Altai, China and Kazakhstan. The plant forms a herbaceous bush up to 3 m high. Intensive growth of Sudanese begins 1.5 months after sowing, at which time it adds 5 - 10 cm per day, which allows for several mowings per season, since it grows back very quickly after mowing . The second and third mowings are carried out exactly one month after the previous one. When irrigated, the number of mowings can reach four to five. To obtain silage, Sudanese grass is mowed in the milky ripeness phase of the grain.

The feed value of the green mass and hay of this crop is significantly higher than other cereal grasses due to the high content of proteins (more than 10%), carbohydrates (68%), protein (over 5%, second only to legumes), carotene, sugars and fiber. It also contains a large number of macro- and microelements: copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, potassium and calcium, phosphorus. The beneficial properties of Sudanese grass are also due to the presence of vitamins PP, A, B in it 1, B 2, B 5, B 6, N.

Traditionally, Sudanese are grown to produce high-quality livestock feed. But in India and China, its grain has long been used as a valuable and nutritious food product. Delicious porridge is prepared from this cereal, and cakes are baked from flour. Sudanese food products are very useful for patients with diabetes, as it has the ability to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. In addition, Sudanese cereals contain powerful antioxidants (their quantity is 12 times greater than in blueberries), which helps improve metabolic processes in the body, preventing aging, and stimulating the synthesis of hemoglobin, amino acids, protein, and hormones. Not recommended only in case of individual intolerance.

Black soils and chestnut soils are best suited for growing Sudan grass, although it can grow on sandy and loamy soils. This is the so-called short-day plant. In the initial periods of its growth, it easily tolerates shading. The predecessors of Sudanese can be winter crops, legumes and row crops. Afterwards, the soil is enriched with phosphorus-potassium and nitrogen fertilizers. To avoid slow growth and thinning of seedlings, which leads to the field becoming overgrown with weeds, Sudan grass is sown only in moist and heated soil (+12° - 16°C) to a depth of 3 - 9 cm. After sowing, rolling is used to retain the necessary moisture in soil.

The seeding rate for Sudanese is 20 – 30 kg/ha. In the case of mixed crops, it is reduced by 15–20%. Under warm climatic conditions, seedlings appear within 5–7 days, but their further development is slow. And only in the tillering phase does intensive plant growth begin. 35 - 40 days after emergence, the first mowing can be done. In order to stimulate rapid regrowth, after mowing, the crops are fertilized with organic and mineral fertilizers. The most productive and high-quality varieties of Sudanese grass include “Mironovskaya 10”, “Dniprovska 54”, “Odesskaya 221”, “Donetskaya 5”, etc. To obtain green fodder, plants are mowed when they reach a height of 40–50 cm, leaving the above-ground part at least 6 - 8 cm (for the fastest growth of green mass).

In the case of growing Sudan grass for hay, the field is harvested at the end of the booting phase (when the plants begin to throw out the panicle inflorescence). The use of Sudanese as green manure is possible only with sufficient soil moisture, therefore, during dry periods or on dehydrated soils, decomposition of plant residues and their humification are impossible.

Practice shows that growing Sudan grass in mixed crops with protein-rich feed crops (vech, feed peas, corn) allows not only to obtain more valuable and nutritious feed, but also to significantly increase crop yields (up to 23 tons of feed per 1 ha).

New hybrid varieties – sorghum-sudanaceae – are also interesting. Their advantage is greater frost resistance (while maintaining the quality of drought resistance) and a shorter growing season (85 - 95 days). They are also successfully grown for green fodder, silage, haylage and for grazing animals.

The search for new, alternative energy sources is increasing interest in the cultivation of Sudan grass as a promising raw material for biofuels. The unpretentiousness of this crop, its drought resistance, rapid growth, good tillering and the ability to very productively grow green mass after cuttings provide this plant with a leading role among agricultural crops that are used to produce biogas. For ease of use, grass biomass is pre-briquetted. This eases the problem of storing raw materials, transporting them, and also simplifies the processing process. Pressing raw materials using a screw method makes it possible to obtain briquettes of maximum density and moisture resistance, which are not inferior to those made from wood waste and, moreover, have a tenfold increased heat transfer rate compared to the original raw materials.

Sudanese grass cultivation technology

Sudan grass is a forage crop. Mainly grown for feeding cows, sheep, and horses. Cultivated as green manure. Prized for its nutritional content. With proper care it gives 2-3 bevels over the summer.

Description

The plant is an annual plant and belongs to the grass family. Root system fibrous, branched, extends 3 m into the soil. Stems are straight, up to 2–3 m high, branched. Inflorescences paniculate. The plant is heat-loving and light-loving, does not tolerate frost, and dies at temperatures below -5 °C.

Source: Depositphotos

Sudan grass is a cereal plant used as animal feed

The green part of the grass contains: protein - 5–7%, sugar - 12–20% and ash. The culture is distinguished by the following positive qualities:

• Soil formation. The plant protects the soil from clogging, water and wind erosion, and loosens the soil.
• Health improvement. Beneficial soil microorganisms develop in the roots, fertilizing the area. Prevents the growth of weeds.
• Versatility. Use grass as livestock feed, silage or green manure - green manure.

Growing is possible in the central and northern regions of the country, but the best harvest is recorded in the southern regions.

Cultivation technology

The plant is unpretentious to soil characteristics, with the exception of acidity and salt concentrations above 0.8%. The culture is drought-resistant: its powerful rhizome extracts moisture from the depths of the earth.

Growing stages:

• Site preparation. Treat the field to remove weeds, plow the soil to a depth of 25 cm in the fall, and use tooth harrows in the spring.
• Seed preparation. Sprinkle the grains with a solution: 15–18 g of potassium permanganate and 6–9 g of boron per 2 liters of water. One serving is enough for 1 quintal of material. Mix the seeds constantly and dry them in a dry place before sowing.
• Disembarkation. Sow seeds after the soil has warmed to 10 °C. The seeding rate depends on the method: with the row method - 25–30 kg per 1 ha, with the wide-row method - 10–15 kg per 1 ha. Bury the seeds to 6–8 cm, in moist soil - 3–5 cm.

After sowing, roll over the field with ring rollers to increase seed germination. It is not recommended to use herbicides to control weeds. Apply harrowing across the rows. After 35–40 days, the grass is suitable for the first mowing.

After cultivation, the soil loses moisture to a depth of 3–4 m. In the steppes and southern regions, it is advisable to alternate planting green manure with melons.

With proper agricultural practices, Sudan grass will produce a good harvest of feed for livestock, enrich the soil with nitrogen and increase the percentage of organic matter in the soil.