Report: Natural zones of North America. Natural zones of America Natural zone map of America

North America is located within all, with the exception of geographic belts. The composition of each of them is distinguished by several natural zones. Moderate natural variety is the greatest natural diversity.

In the north of the mainland, latitudinal zone is pronounced: natural zones are elongated in parallels and replace each other by latitude. The main cause of a pronounced latitudinal is the plain territory of this part of the mainland and in connection with this, a gradual increase from the north to the south of solar heat incoming to the surface.

South natural zones are pulled meridionially, and replace each other by removing sorry. This is due to the fact that mountain barriers meridionally elongated along the Western and Eastern coasts do not allow the Pacific and Atlantic freely penetrate into the continent's depths. Therefore, the change (and therefore natural zones) occurs in two directions: from north to south and from oceanic outskins to the internal areas of the mainland.

Natural zones Arctic and geographical belt. Arctic deserts occupy the islands of the North. The cold and abundance of precipitation contribute to the development of glaciation. In the summer, mosses, lichens, cold-resistant herbs and shrubs appear in lowering and cracks. Arctic soils almost do not contain organic matter. The life of the representatives of the animal world is associated with the Sea, giving food. On the islands typical bird bazaars. In the waters of the seas inhabit seals, walles, whales. White bears, wolves, sands come into coastal areas from the mainland. In Greenland and on the Canadian Arctic Arkipelago inhabit the most large mammal - Sheby, or musky bull.

Tundra and occupy the north of the mainland. Perennial Merzlotus is widespread. In the north - in the Arctic - in Mokhovaya and Lisharynika occasionally, it is possible to meet herbs (essay, fluffy) and polar flowers - forget-me-not, polar poppies, dandelions.

South, in the subarctic belt, the tundra becomes shrub: the low-spirited dwarf birch and Iva, the rustic, blueberry, blueberry appear. Due to the convergence caused by summer thawing, tundra-gley soils are formed in the tundra. South, according to the valleys of rivers, trees appear - black and white ate, and Forestandra begins.

Tundra vegetation provides food diverse animals: reindeer, polar hares, lemming. In small animals hunt polar bear, Polar Wolf, Lescent. White partridges are found, the predatory polar owl, in the summer, waterfowl - geese and ducks arrive.

A moderate geographical belt takes more than 1/3 of the continental area. The climate is characterized by the presence of contrast seasons - warm summer and frosty winter. Taiga is represented by dark and white fir trees and balsamic fir. Pines are growing on dry places: White (Weimutova), banks (stone) and red. For taiga, podzolic and gray forest soils are characterized, in lowlands - peat-marsh. Coniferous forests of the Pacific coast are growing in conditions of abundant moisture, so they are called "rain".

Whole thickets in these forests form shrubs, sometimes spiny, herbs and ferns; Mossi covers trunks, soil, long "beards" hang from the branches. Because of the dense layer of forest litter, the seeds rarely fall into the ground, so young trees grow right on the trunks of the predecessors.

In dense, the wandered global giants stand out. This is Douglas Fir, or Douglasia, and evergreen sequoia, or "Red Tree", forming the most thick forest in the world. The height of these giants reaches 115 m. Under rainforests, mountain brown forest soils are formed. Due to the valuable wood, the forest is strongly cut down.

Animal world Taiga is diverse. There are many large ungulates: deer wapiti, American elk; In the mountains there are a snowy goat and thick-legged ram. Bourge and black American bears are found; - gray and red squirrel, chipmunk; Predators - Puma (or Cougar), Cute, Wolf, Canadian Lynx, Mornosttai, Wolverine, Fox; On the banks of the rivers - beaver, the otter and the musk rat (ondatra). Numerous birds - Klezti, Slavs. One of the largest animal continent is the inhabitant of "rain forests" - Bear Grizzly. The length of its body can exceed 2.5 m.

In the eastern part of the mainland Winter warmer, therefore, among the coniferous trees, deciduous: elm, beech, linden, oak, birch. Taiga is replaced by the zone of mixed and deciduous forests. They are busy surroundings of the Great Lakes and Appalach. Especially diverse in these forests of maples - sugar, red, silver. Closer to the coast of broad forest forests become dominant. They are distinguished by antiquity and wealth of species composition: oaks, chestnuts, beech, hikoi tree, leaf full magnolia, yellow poplar, black walnut, tulip tree. The decomposition of the falling foliage leads to the accumulation in the soil of the organic matter. Therefore, the turf-podzolic, and under the broader - fertile brown forest soils are formed.

The animal world of forests was previously distinguished by unique wealth. Its typical representatives are: Virginsky deer, gray fox, lynx, black bear Baribal, woody dike, american mink, caress, badger, raccoon. Among the endemics are proteins-flying, skunks, the only in North America are the silent - opossums. A varied birds, a lot of snakes, freshwater turtles and amphibians.

For the natural zonality of North America, it is characteristic: the presence of several natural zones in the composition of each geographical belt; Change of natural zones inside the belts: north - by latitude: from north to south, south of the 45th parallel - meridionial: from coaster to the center of the mainland; A wide range of natural zones in a moderate geographical belt.

Abstract performed asset Gennady, 7 "g" class

g. Angarsk

Geographical position.

North America, as well as South, lies in the Western Hemisphere. The size of the territory is 24.2 million kilometers (with the islands). - It is inferior to Eurasia and Africa. North America lies in subarctic, northern, moderate and subtropical belts.

The banks of the continent washed the water of three oceans (quiet, Atlantic, northern ice). In the south, he is connected by a narrow Panaman Clay with South AmericaThrough which at the beginning of the twentieth century a breakthrough shipping marine canal. From Eurasia, North America separates narrow beerngov Strait. In the past, the scene was the experiencing, which connected North America with Eurasia, which determined the similarity of the plant and animal world of these continents.

From the history of the opening of the mainland.

Long before Columbus, at the end of the twentieth century, Norman Eica Rauda with several satellites went from Iceland to the West, reached the lands in unknown earlier - Greenland. Here, in the harsh conditions of the North, Normans created settlements. For several centuries, Normans lived in the south and south-west of Greenland. Later, they visited the northeastern shores of North America. At the end of the 15th century, Europeans reopened Newfownland, Labrador, and then the eastern coast of the mainland. At the beginning of the 16th century, the detachments of Spanish conquerors led by Cortez seized Mexico and some lands of Central America.

Relief and minerals.

Plains. At the base of North America's plains lies the ancient North American platform. As a result of lowering and flooding, its northern part formed the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland. On the northwestern The mainland is a hill, where crystalline breeds of the platform (granites and gneisses) are out of the surface. South of the elevation, central plains extend. Here the foundation of the north-American platform is covered by the sedimentary rocks. The northern part of the mainland, up to 40 degrees S.Sh., was exposed several times to glaciation, (the last glaciation ended 10-11 thousand years ago): Here the glaciers, retreating, left the seeds from clay, sands and stones. In the western part of the North American platform, along the Cordiller, the great lane stretches the great plains folded with powerful marine and continental sediments. Rivers flowing from the mountains cut the plains by deep valleys. By the south, central plains go to Missisype lowland, folded by river nanos. Mississipa lowland in the south merges with coastal lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. They were formed relatively recently as a result of the immersion of these areas of sushi and the accumulation of rivers in the mainland rivers.

Appalachi. In the east, the mainland stretched the mountains of Appalachi.

Cordillera. Along the coast Pacific Ocean Cordiller mountain system extends. Cordillers stretched out several parallel ridges. Some of them take place near the ocean, others are far back to the east. Especially wide ridges diverge in the middle. Here are deep depressions, extensive platea and highlands covered with frozen lava. The most significant of them is a large pool and Mexican Highlands.

Climate.

The reasons affecting the formation of the climate of North America.

Big length of continent.

Prevailing winds (northeastern south of 30 degrees. S.S. and Western - in moderate latitudes).

The effect of warm and cold flows

The influence of the Pacific Ocean.

Plain terrain in the middle part of the mainland (does not prevent the movement of air masses).

Listed reasons identified a wide variety of climate of North America.

Climatic belts and fields.

IN Arctic belt During the whole year, air arctic masses dominate. Severe winters are accompanied by frequent beran, and cold summer - permanent fogs, cloud weather. The greatest territory of this belt (Greenland and some other islands) is covered with glaciers.

For the subarctic belt characteristic frosty winter and moderately cool summer. The amount of precipitation is small, snow covered in winter is insignificant. Perennial Merzlotus is common, in summer months Tips only a small upper layer of soil. Eastern, internal and western regions of a moderate climate belt differ markedly. In the east of the climate region, the climate is moderately continental, on the coast frequent fogs.

In the subtropical belt hot summer and warm winter. However, the invasion of cold air masses from the north causes short-term frost and snowfall. The wet climate in the east of the belt is replaced by continental in the middle part and the Mediterranean in the West.

In the east of the tropical belt climate Tropical wet, and in the inner parts of the Mexican Highlands and on the California Peninsula, the climate is tropically deserted.

In the subequatorial belt lies the extreme south of North America. Here, throughout the year, many precipitation falls and high temperatures are.

Natural zones.

In the north of the mainland, natural zones are stretched by strips from the west to the East, while in the middle and southern parts They are elongated from north to south. In Cordillerach, high-rise lower expectation is manifested.

According to the species composition, the vegetable and animal peace of the north of the mainland is similar to Northern Eurasia, and South - with South America, which is explained by their territorial proximity and general development.

The zone of the Arctic desert.

Greenland and most of the Islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are in the zone arctic desert. Here in places that are freed from snow and ice, on poor stony and swampy soils during short and cool summer Mossi and lichens are growing. In this zone since glacial period There is a sheep. An animal is covered with thick and long dark brown wool, which protects it well from the cold.

Tundra zone.

The north coast of the mainland and the island adjacent to it takes the tundra zone. The southern border of the tundra in the West lies at the Polar Circle, and with the promotion east, it enters more southern latitudes, capturing the Gudsonian coast of the Gulf and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula. Here in the conditions of short and cool summer and many years of marzlota are formed tundra soils, in which plant residues decompose slowly. In addition, the murzed layer prevents moisture seeping, as a result of which its excess is formed. Therefore, peat swamps are widespread in the tundra. On the tundra - guery soils in the northern part of the tundra grow moss and lichen, and in southern - swamp herbs, shrubs from the richness, blueberry shrubs and blueberries, lowered with curvatured trunks of Birch, Willow, Alder. In the North American tundra there are sands, polar wolf, northern deer of Caribou, white partridge and others. In the summer, many fleeting birds fly here. In the coastal waters of the zone a lot of seals, walrus. On the northern coast of the mainland there is a polar bear. In the West, in Cordillera, the mountain tundra comes to the south. South more and more often appears wood vegetation, Tundra is gradually moving into a forest eaten, and then into coniferous forests or taiga.

Taiga zone.

The Taiga zone extends to a wide strip from the west to the east. Podzolic soils are dominated here. They are formed in conditions of wet and cool summer, as a result of which the slight plant opead is slowly decomposed and gives a small amount of humus (up to 2%). Under the thin layer, the white layer is underworld with insoluble elements of the rock, the color resembles ash. For the color of this horizon, such soils are called podzolic. The taiga grows mainly coniferous trees - Black fir, balsamic fir, pine, American larch; There are deciduous - paper birch with smooth white bark, aspen. In the forests there are predatory beasts - bears, wolves, lyns, foxes; There are deer, moose and valuable furny animals - sable, beaver, ondatra. The slopes of the Cordiller addressed to the ocean, dressed with thick coniferous forests preferably from Sitkinskaya ate, Tsugi, Douglas Fir. The forests rise across the slopes of the mountains up to 1000-1500 m, above they are rare and go to the mountain tundra. Mountainwoods are found by bears - Grizzly, skunks, raccoons; in rivers a lot salmon fishThe islands are frying the cats.

Zones of mixed and large forests.

South of the zone coniferous forests Zones of mixed and deciduous, as well as variable wet forests stretch. They are located only in the eastern part of the mainland, where the softer and humid climate, reaching the south to the Gulf of Mexico. Under the mixed forests in the north, gray forest soils are common, under broader - - brown forest soils, and in the south under alternate wet - yellow and red shoes. In mixed forests, yellow birch predominate, sugar male, beech, linden, white and red pine. For broad forests are characteristic different kinds Oaks, chestnut, plane and tulip tree.

Everginene zone tropical forests.

Evergreen tropical forests in the south of Missisypan and atlantic lowlands consist of oaks, magnolia, beaks and dwarf palm trees. Trees are lucked by Lianami.

Zone forestheads.

To the west of the forest area of \u200b\u200bprecipitation falls less, and herbal vegetation prevails. The forest zone passes into the zone of the forest-steppes with black soil soils and steppes with rich in the black soil and chestnut soils. The steppes with high herbs, mainly by cereals reaching a height of 1.5 m, are called prairies in North America. In the valleys of rivers and on moistened reduced areas, wood vegetation is found. Closer to the cordillers of precipitation falls even less and the vegetation becomes poorer; Low herbs - Grand Grass (Zlak) and Bizonova Grass (a long-term cereal with a height of only 10-30 cm) - do not cover the whole ground and grown with separate beams.

Arctic desert

Most of the Canadian Arctic Islands and Greenland.

Climate. Arctic. Negative or close to zero temperatures are dominated.

Soil. Poor, stony and swampy.

Vegetation. Basically, mosses and lichens.

Animal world. Sheby.

Tundra

The north coast of the mainland with the surrounding islands. In the east - the coast of Hudson Bay and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula.

Climate. Subarctic (partially arctic) prevails.

Soil. Tundrovo - Gley, with an excess of moisture.

Vegetation. In the northern part - mosses, lichens; In the southern part - swamp herbs, blueberries and blueberries, shrubs of a richness, low-spirited willow, birch, alder. Wood vegetation appears to the south.

Animal world. Polar Wolf, Reindeer Caribou, Spring, White Partridge and Some Dr. A variety of flight birds. In coastal waters - seals and wershogs. On the north coast - a polar bear.

Taiga

Stretches with a wide band from east to west. Supported coniferous forests.

Climate. Moderate (with high humidification).

Soil. Pretty podzolic.

Vegetation. Mostly coniferous trees - balsamic fir, black spruce, pine, sequoia, American larch. From hardwood - paper birch, aspen. On the slopes of Cordiller - Sitkinskaya fir, Douglas Fir.

Animal world. Wolves, bears, deer and moose, foxes, lynx, sable, beavers, ondatra. In mountain forests - skunks, bears (grizzly), raccoons. In rivers - salmon fish. On the islands - frying the cats.

Mixed and broad forest

South of the tundra zone. (In the eastern part of the North American mainland, variable wet forests prevail).

Climate. Moderate, passing into subtropical.

Soil. Gray forest, brown forests, yellow and red.

Vegetation. In mixed forests - sugar marsh, yellow birch, white and red pine, linden, beech. In wide forests - different types Oaks, Platan, chestnut, tulip tree.

Animal world. Wapiti deer, bears (Grizzly), moose, lynx, wolves, wolverines, raccoons, hares, foxes.

Evergreen tropical forests

In the south of the inntlantic and Missisypan and lowlands.

Climate. Subtropical.

Soil. Gray - brown, brown.

Vegetation. Oaks, magnolia, beech, dwarf palm trees. Trees are lucked by Lianami.

Animal world. Diverse.

Foresty

Shameless plains west of forest zone. (In North America they are called prairies).

Climate. Subtropical.

Soil. Chernozem: apodoline and leached. Chestnut, gray forest.

Vegetation. High perennial cereals: Lena, Kickl and others. In the valleys of rivers - wood vegetation. Near Cordiller - low cereal grass (Grand and Bizonov Grass).

Animal world. Diverse and rich.

Desert and semi-desert zone

A significant part of the California coast, Mexican Highlands and inland Plane Cordiller.

Climate. Moderate (arid).

Soil. Brown and gray deserted.

Vegetation. Black wormwood; in Solonzha - Wan Sollyanki; Spiky shrubs, cacti.

Animal world. Scarce.

Savanns and evergreen forests

On the slopes of the Caribbean and in Central America.

Climate. Change of dry and wet seasons.

Soil. Black, red - brown, brown, gray - brown

Vegetation. Tropical types of severe cereals. Trees are dominated with a long root system and an umbrella form of crowns.

Animal world. Multi-dispense.

Natural zones of North America.

To the latitude of the Great Lakes (the border of the United States and Canada), natural zones replace each other in breadth, and south - meridional. The following natural zones are presented in North America:

1. Arctic desert zone. In this zone are Greenland and most of the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Here in places that are freed from snow and ice, on poor stony and swampy soils during short and cool summer Mossi and lichens are growing.

2. Tundra zone. It takes the northern coast of North America and the island adjacent to it. The southern border of the tundra in the West lies at the Polar Circle, and with the promotion east, it enters more southern latitudes, capturing the Gudsonian coast of the Gulf and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula. Here in the conditions of short and cool summer and perennial marbles are wetted peat swamps. In the northern part of the tundra grow moss and lichens, and in the southern - swamp herbs, shrubs from the richness, shrubs of blueberries and blueberries, low-spirited with curvatched trunks of Beroes, Willow, Alder. In the North American tundra there are sands, polar wolf, northern deer of Caribou, white partridge and others. In the summer, many fleeting birds fly here. In the coastal waters of the zone a lot of seals, walrus. On the northern coast of the mainland there is a polar bear.

3. Zone Taiga. By the south of Tundra, gradually passes into the Festrotandra, and then into coniferous forests or taiga. The Taiga zone extends to a wide strip from the west to the east. The taiga grows mainly coniferous trees - black spruce, balsamic fir, pine, American larch; There are deciduous - paper birch with smooth white bark, aspen. In the forests there are predatory beasts - bears, wolves, lyns, foxes; There are deer, moose and valuable furny animals - sable, beaver, ondatra. In the rivers there are many salmon fish, on the islands there are fools of the cats.

4. The zone of mixed and deciduous forests It starts south of the taiga. In the eastern part of the mainland, there are variable wet forests that reach the zone of the Gulf of Mexico. In mixed forests, yellow birch predominate, sugar male, beech, linden, white and red pine. For decide forests, various types of oaks, chestnut, plane and tulip tree are characteristic.

5. The zone of evergreen rainforest Located in the south of Missisypan and the inntlantic lowlands. Forests consist of oaks, magnolia, beaks and dwarf palm trees. Trees are lucked by Lianami.

6. Zone forest-steppe It begins to the west of the forest area. Here prevails herbal vegetation. The steppes with high herbs, mainly by cereals reaching a height of 1.5 m, are called prairies in North America. In the valleys of rivers and on moistened reduced areas, wood vegetation is found. Closer to the cordillers of precipitation falls even less and the vegetation becomes poorer; Low herbs do not cover the whole ground and grown with separate beams.

7. Desert and semi-desert zone It occupies a significant part of the internal plane of Cordiller, Mexican Highlands and the California coast. Here on gray and brown soils, spiny shrubs, cacti and wormwood, and on saline soils - Solyanka.

8. Zones of Savannan and Evergreen Forests Located in Central America and on the slopes of the Caribbean.

	|	Next Lecture \u003d\u003d\u003e

North America is located in the western hemisphere of our planet. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland (including islands) is 24.2 million km 2. North America is less than Eurasia or Africa. It lies in the subtropical, moderate, northern and subarctic belts. The water of three oceans is washed by the mainland. All this in combination with the relief has formed natural zones of North America. Specific traits Each of them will be discussed below.

It should also be noted that the formation of natural zones affected the gradual advancement of heat from the north to the south. And when driving from east to the West, dryness in the southern part of the mainland increases. The characteristic of the natural zones of North America is reduced to analyzing their climate, middle summer and winter temperatures, the amount of precipitation. Also pay attention to the composition of soils, types of plants and animals, which can be found in the described area.

North America: Natural Areas of Arctic Deserts and Tundra

The first zone (Arctic desert) occupies most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland. The huge area occupied by glaciers is located in the east of the zone. The western part is occupied by the rocky arctic deserts. Glaciers are almost lifeless space. Neither the plants nor animals of the natural zones of North America do not live here. Exception can be made out of some types of algae. In the stony part, you can meet, besides algae, bacteria, mosses and precipitated lichens. Also on land there are lemmings - the polar mice, which are brewing wolves and sands.

The tundra area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland is located in Subarctic climatic belt. It is pretty similar to Asian or European tundra. For soils and soils are characterized by the widespread overwhelming, due to a small amount of precipitation and low temperatures. In this zone there are quite a lot of rivers, lakes and swamps. In peat-gley soils, you can meet such grass as Cassiopeia, forget-me-not, polar poppies, fluffy. Also grow here dwarf birchs, Bugger and Willow. Huge areas are covered with lichens and mkhami. From animals you can meet a wolf, sand, lemming, sheep and deer Caribou.

Fundra and Taiga zones

Compared to Eurasia, here Latstundra is more motley and diverse. River valleys that are closer to the south, covered with forests. The northern border is the growing place of fir (white and black), moss and lichens. In the western part, you can observe a larch, but on Labrador - a balsamic fir. Zone Fondura extends 500 km.

North America, whose natural zones are more in a moderate climatic belt, can boast a zone of coniferous forests extending from the Atlantic coast in the East and up to Pacific in the West. There are many swamps here. Vegetable cover consists mainly of the fir balsamic, white and black fir, however, you can also meet paper birch, american larch and several types of pines. Trees are powerful here, their height is often 70-100 meters. Forest Bizon, American, several types of bears (Grizzly, Baribal), and a red fox, raccoon, ondatra, Skuns, Beaver, live from animals in a taiga.

North America: Natural Zones of Mixed and Wide Forests

The first of the indicated zones occupies the territory of the Great Lakes. Here arrays of coniferous trees are wonderfully combined with small-scale species (poplar, birch) and broad forest forests. Soil brown forest and turf-podzolic. Here you can meet several types of maple (silver, red, sugar), beech, oak, lime, elm, ash. Among the coniferous rocks, pine, fir, fir, larch, fir tree are isolated.

Wide (Appalacian) forests are located with southern and southeast side of mixed forests. The main forest-forming rocks of this natural zone are oak (large-scale, red and white), chestnut, beech, linden. Here you can meet magnolia, black nut and hickory. Variety of vegetation complement the liana, dispersion and thick undergrowth. Such wealth of large forests is associated with fertile brown forest soils. As for the animal world, it remained only in protected areas, in reserves that are rich in North America.

Natural zones of forest-steppes and prairies

Prairies are located on the territory of the Central and Great Plains, a little south of the taiga. Occupy part of the central plains (Western). They are flavored plains covered with highly painting and cereal vegetation. 80% of the entire vegetation world is small and blue bearded. The latter reaches 1.8 m in height. This is due to chernozem the soils of this subzone. This area has currently become one of the main agricultural areas of the United States, where they are engaged in the cultivation of corn. The subzone of the forest-steppe is located from the west to the east through the great plains. Vegetable world It is presented predominantly small aspen groves, meadows (Ticachak, drink, Vein). Soil - meadow-chernozem and gray forests.

Steppes, deserts and semi-desert

The steppe is rather heterogeneous. This zone on average receives up to 600 mm annual precipitation. Chernozem plains crossed tichard, dusty and bearded. This zone is almost completely disassembled and is cut off with ravines and beams. Dry part of the steppes receives up to 400 mm of precipitation a year, which, together with soils with low humus, does not give a high crop.

The deserts and semi-deserts occupy the most arid areas of Colombian plateau, as well as the bulk of the large pool. A year here drops no more than 250 mm of precipitation. The main vegetation on the gray-brown soils is wormwood, a winch grows on the saltwateted soils.

Tropics and subtropics, mixed monsoon forests

The tropical zone is characterized by plenty of heat. The change of natural zones is carried out from the east to the West, which is associated with different moisturies of the territories. Monso forests grow in the south-east of the subtropical belt, on red and yellow-bearing soils. In addition to coniferous breeds, you can see dwarf palm trees, evergreen oaks and shrubs, magnolias are transferred to Lianami. Cyparis grows on the swamps, and on more dry areas - palm trees and pine trees. Here lives a huge number of birds, turtles and alligators.

Also in North America, distinguish the narrow strip of severe forests and shrubs and zones high resistance. For clarity, it is better to make all the information provided in the table, analyzing the natural zones of North America. The table will help streamline the received information and knowledge. The generalized material will also be more convenient for memorization.

In the north of the mainland, natural zones have a latitudinal stretch, and in the central part (south of the Great Lakes) - meridional. At the same time in the east zone of tundras and forestsshifted to the south Compared to its western part and with similar zones of Eurasia. The south of the great American lakes with increasing climate aridness zone are replaced from east to west: from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the rocky mountains of the forests are replaced by forest-steppe and stepma.

Arctic desert zone It takes most of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ice deserts in the East and stony in the West determine the appearance of this zone. Scarce vegetation is represented by stains of moss and lichens. From animals there are sands, wolves and lemmings, but the lives of most animals are associated with the ocean.

For tundra zonescharacterized by widespread overwhelms, abundance of swamps, lakes and small rivers. Mossi and lichen, shrubs and herbs grow on tundrov-gley soils. Characteristic animals of American tundra are: Northern deer Caribou, Spring, Wolf, Sheby and Lemming. Coniferous trees are encountered in the forest tundra - this is black and white spruce, balsamic fir, and in the south and larch.

Due to higher average annual temperatures American taiga Richer species than European. Black and white spruce, balsamic fir, several types of pines and larchs. For the coast of the Pacific Ocean, the Sithhin spruce, Douglasova "Fir", Hemlock and other types of large trees reaching heights like Sythan spruce, 80-100 m. Many animals live in American taiga: Black Bear, Gray Bear Grizzly, American Elk, Forest Bizon, Canadian lynx, Raccoon, Skuns, Ontatra, Red Fox, and others.

Zone of mixed forests Having occupying the Grand Lakes, is represented by arrays of coniferous, fine (birch, poplar) H large-scale forests on podzolic, dend-podzolic and brown forest soils. In coniferous coastal forests, in addition to coniferous rocks, several types of maple (sugar, red, silver), beech, linden, oak, elm and ash are growing. To the West, these forests are replaced by coniferous-finely, in which forest-forming rocks, along with conifers, serve white (paper) birch, balsamic poplar and different types of Osin.

South and south-east of mixed forests is located zone of wide forests From which only small sections have been preserved. These so-called Appalachian forests also have a rich species composition of woody breeds: several oak species (white, black, northern, red), linden, beech, beech, Platan, chestnut, Hickory (trees of the walnut family), tulip tree and leaf full magnolia, Liana. Morning soils are brown forests. Wild animals (bison, brown bears, lynx) are preserved only in reserves.

North American forest and prairie Almost completely disassemble. Central plains in the past are the kingdom of prairies. Once there was a solid herbal cover with a predominance of high (up to 150 cm) of cereals on chernozem-like soils. It was a house for a plurality of rabbits and meadow dogs, bison and vilorerhs antelope, wolves and pum. On the great plains, the prairie was replaced by the steppes on black epic and chestnut soils. They are also mainly disassembled or busy pastures.

In the subtropical climatic belt, almost all lands are engaged in agricultural grounds: cotton fields, tobacco, peanuts. In the past, also from East to the West alternately replaced each other:

variable-wet forests (oak, magnolia, beech, dwarf palm trees, in wetlands - swamp cypress) on the yellow and red soils of Missisypan and the inntlantic lowlands, prairie and low-stroke On red-black and red and chestnut soils of the central part of the mainland, tighted evergreen forests Mediterranean type of the Pacific coast (evergreen oaks, pines, sequoia). Sequoia belong to "live fossil", as they were distributed throughout the northern hemisphere in the smoker time. The average age of these trees reaches 3-4 thousand years, and the record holder turned out to be one spoken tree - counting the annual rings gave age in 4830 years! Sequoia achieve giant sizes: heights over 100 m and several dozen meters in girth. There are cases when souvenir shops and a garage sat in the dupex of the sequel. Inside the part of the sequoance trunk of the girth of 75 m in one of the Museums of New York, the hall was equipped with 150 seats.

In the Interior Areas of Cordiller (Highlands Big Pool, Colorado Plateau, North Mexican Highlands) is located

semi-desert zone and desert subtropical belt. Cracking floral cover is black wormwood and swan. The appearance of the deserts of Mexican Highlands define cacti and yukki from the Agavov family. The animal population is represented by numerous reptiles and rodents, sometimes battleships.

High Plateau of Central America in the past were busy tropical savannes, and the islands and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico - tropical savannes and wet tropical forests On the red and red-brown soils. Now the plantations of various tropical crops are dominated here.

High-rise explanancy it is best expressed in Cordillera, its features are determined by the height of the mountains and the position of their individual parts in different climatic belts.