Sensitive periods of child development (by L.S. Vygotsky)

Signs of normal development and deviations from the norm in every age period of the child's life. Critical periods of child's life (bring examples). The age periods of the child's development are accompanied by changes in physiology, the acquisition of skills and knowledge, the formation of character. The child's maturity depends on external and internal circumstances, so the transition to the subsequent stage occurs in each individual. Intrauterine. From the first day of conception and before the birth of crumbs;

Chest age. Lasts from birth and up to year;

The nasal stage of growing up. From the first year to 3 years;

Pre-school period. It is considered from 3 to 7 years;

Stage of younger school age. From 7 years to 12;

The period of senior school age. From 12 to 17 years.

Intrauterine period. Age periods of child development. During this time, the Karapuz forms all organs and systems. In the tummy, he can react to changes in the mood of the mother. Also hear her voice timbre and external sounds. Chest age. The period after birth and to one year old age is characterized by the intensity of growth and the development of the whole organism. This causes his physiological and mental development in the future. The baby is weakly adapted to the environment, its organs are not perfect. The newborn is very vulnerable to all kinds of infections, so it is necessary to create comfort and maintain cleanliness in the house.

High period. The development of the child during this period occurs in three directions: speech, subject activity and motor skills. The ability to speak and the development of intelligence is interrelated. Communicating with peers and native people, the baby learns the world, learns to express their thoughts and ask his questions. While walking the hand, the baby is free and he can take objects and study them. By three years, the kid can tell small poems, go to the toilet alone, use scissors, follow the hygiene hand, draw straight lines, begins to show independence. From this stage, the personality of the future adult is formed.

Pre-school stage.

During this period, the child develops: attention, memory, thinking, behavior manner and personal qualities. The baby continues to develop physically and thanks to this can do exercises, children at this age can existence, to engage in some one for a long time. They copy the behavior of their parents. The child becomes clearer and related. The pronunciation of phrases Baby copies in adults, so it is so important to close relatives to speak and help the child to conduct a dialogue. The kid has an important step in life - school. Pre-school preparation begins with 5 years of age. Children of such ages become observant, capable of logical thinking and conclusions.

Junior school age.

Coming to school, the child begins to actively develop its intelligence. He falls into a new society with its rules that are obliged to perform. The schoolchild is formed responsibility, a sense of duty, ancientity. At school, they train the systematics and the need to bring everything to the end.

Stage of senior school age.

The transition from childhood to the adult world is carried out. At the same time, children are confused and unsure of themselves, they need support and understanding of relatives, although they listened to them.

Personality development is a rapid pace. This is due to sexual ripening. The body develops a rapid pace. Yesterday's children appear physical signs of growing up: hair growth in the body in different places, the accumulation of fat in the chest area and the bodies of the girls, the change in the voice of the voice of the boys, teeth of wisdom begin to grow. Body proportions become similar to adults. A teenager studies himself, at this time he overcomes his shortcomings and develops the necessary character traits, forms views on life.

The process of personality formation. The following ages and crises: a newborn crisis, a crisis of one year, crisis of three years, crisis of seven years, crisis of thirteen years, crisis of seventeen years old. Crisis of three years first symptom, Refusal to perform any requirements from an adult, and the child reacts negatively not to content, but at the request of an adult. Second symptom - This is stubbornness when the child insists on something not because he wants it, but because he demanded it. Third symptom It is a sling, which, in contrast to stubbornness, is more generalized, aimed against the established norms of life and is caused by the desire to insist on his own desire. Fourth Symptom - Himself, which manifests itself in the fact that the child insists on independence in making a decision. He wants to do everything himself, etc. This protest riot when the child's behavior begins to acquire the features of protest, as if a permanent conflict. Symptom of depreciation, when children begin to use indecent words. Preschool age - An important period of formation of personality. It is in the preschool child who studies the personal mechanisms of behavior. In preschool age, arbitrary behavior occurs. The preschooler absorbs ethical standards. He has moral assessments and ideas, an active attitude towards events of life, sympathy, care. Crisis of seven years Call the crisis of immediacy. When moving to school age, there are obvious changes in the nature and behavior of the child, he begins to "mannoco" and "painting." The loss of the beaches of the child occurs, and it can resort to mannium as a means of protection. The child begins to understand himself, focus in his feelings and experiences, and the character of experiences is rebuilt. They begin to acquire the meaning for the child. Experiences lead to loss of immediacy, the child has new relationships to themselves. The positive side of the crisis of seven years, consists in the emergence of such neoplasms as a pride and self-esteem.

During growth, the human body undergo many changes, within certain periods - crisis. The meaning of the word "crisis" from a medical point of view differs from generally accepted in society. For the economy, this is an extremely unfavorable time, after which it is difficult to expect immediate positive shifts. The medicine uses the initial meaning of the Greek word "Krinein" - "divide". That is, the crisis is a sharp transition from one state to another, qualitatively modified. In pediatricians, the stages of the child's development are divided into critical periods. This is the most vulnerable time for the body, but after the crisis, the body acquires new qualities, goes to a completely different level of existence. Anatomy-physiological indicators change, the child grows and approaches the adult level of life.

There are various classifications that are trying to reflect the stages of the child's development in relation to its industry:

• Pedagogical;
• Legal;
• Psychological;
• Medical.

Teachers define age capabilities for teaching children, the degree of their intellectual development. The stages of the development of a child's speech as a second signal system of higher nervous activity are of great importance.

Legal classification determines the degree of responsibility to the law and ensures the property and other rights of juveniles.

Psychology considers the stages of the development of the child in terms of forming a person, taking into account the hereditary and acquired communication skills in society.

Medical classification examines the childhood period as the initial period of life in which children of certain age groups have their own anatomy-physiological features. From the point of view of genetics, the stages of the development of the child include the most initial period of existence, since the formation of the zygote. This is the first crisis in a person's life. Completion of children's age from the point of view of medicine ends with sex ripening.

Age stages of child development

Accordingly, a person's age, childhood years of life is divided into certain periods of time. Medical classification takes into account the anato-physiological features of the body, in relation to medical methods of diagnosis and treatment. Many sections seem not acceptable to society, pedagogy, jurisdiction, but the age stages of the development of the child, one way or another, begin with the first minute after conception and are divided into the following periods:

• Embryonic;
• Perinatal;
• Chest;
• Pre-school;
• Preschool;
• School: Junior and Senior (Pubertate).

The intrauterine stage in the development of the child continues within 280 days, which is 10 lunar months. During this period of life, three crisis points of development of the fetus are determined:

• Education zygote;
• Formation of the placenta;
• Birth.

On each segment of a person's intrauterine life, the processes of bookmarking and the formation of internal organs occur. It has enormous importance for preventing congenital diseases. Harmful factors are excluded, the necessary and safe medicines for the future mother are selected.

The neonatal stage of the development of the child covers the first four weeks of human life. This is a period of newborn, which is characterized by adaptation to life after intrauterine stay. At this time, the child's body is in continuous combating aggressive external factors.

In breast years there is a further adaptation. Children on breastfeeding are more resistant to infections, since they are protected by the immunity of the mother. However, many processes in the body of the kid at this time are inclined to generalization. So, a feverish reaction is almost all children accompanied by convulsive syndrome. To one year of life, the breast stage of the child's development ends. The child is fully adapted to the environment.

Predos-school development period continues from one to three years. Children are subject to age-related infections by increasing contacts with peers. For such a short period of time, all stages of the development of the child's speech are held, so children are subject to compulsory survey of the speech therapist. This is the time of children's infections: chickenpox, measles, scarletins, infectious vapotitis, etc.

The preschool phase of the child's development continues from three to seven years. There is a noticeable reduction in body weight growth, but the growth of the limbs continues. At six years, the replacement of dairy teeth is constant. Pathological processes lose systemic nature, and diseases are limited to the defeat of individual organs.

In the younger school period of childhood, a bone system is subject to the greatest load, the prevention of the spinal curvature is carried out. The change in the nutrition at this stage of the development of the child provokes the development of the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Children suffer due to non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, which is manifested by the diseases of "dirty hands": intestinal infections, helminths, sharp hepatitis.

The pubertal period, that is, the final stage of the child's development, is characterized by the development of secondary genital organs, beginning with 12 years. By the age of 16, the clinical manifestations of all diseases of adolescents occur as in adults.

The main stages of the child's development

Critical periods determine the transitions from one state of the children's body to another. Therefore, the main stages of the child's development are divided by the following crises:

• Newborn;
• The first year of life;
• Three years of age;
• Seven-year-old age;
• Seventeen years old.

In some countries, the age of majority is determined by the age of 21, based on the level of development of higher nervous activity. From the point of view of physiology, the final formation of the person is completed by 25 years.

Each child overcomes the steps moving from one to the other. The age stages are accompanied by the development of skills, skills, knowledge, personal qualities, characteristic features. The upbringing of the child should be based on the age stages of development, given the peculiarities of their flow.

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"Age stages of child development."

Each child overcomes these stages, moving from one to another. The age stages are accompanied by the development of skills, skills, knowledge, personal qualities, characteristic features.

The child's raising should be based on the age stages of development, given the peculiarities of their flow.

There are many classifications of age-related stages. We present the main and more common:

Age stages of child development

1. The intrauterine age stage - from conception to birth, is about 280 days.
2. Infancy - from birth to 1 year.
3. Early age-related stage - from 1 year to 3 years.
4. Pre-school age stage - from 3 to 7 years.
5. Junior school age stage - from 7 to 12 years.
6. Senior school age stage - from 12 to 16 years.

And now about every age-related stage in the development of the child, we will tell in more detail.

Intrauterine development of the child

This stage is very important. After all, it is during this period that the child is laid the foundations of organ systems, a child to learn to hear, to see, breathe. At week 14, the child remembers the voice of his mother and music. Therefore, experts recommend listening to calm classical music, talking to the baby, being pregnant.

Child development in infancy

Physiological indicators: growth - 48-55, weight - 3-4 kg.

Infancy can be divided in turn over the stage: newborn and infant. During the newborn period, the child is vulnerable and not protected from the external environment. It is very important here to carefully care for the child, follow comfort and amenities. In the infant period, the child begins to study the world, seeks to knowledge. The child learns to raise the head, crawl, sit, walk. The baby learns the world through tactile feelings, so he wants to touch everything and try.

From 6 months, the child pays attention to colors and shows interest in them. At this age, the perception of space is developing.

From 7 months, the baby can already shift the items from the box to the box, open the covers, fold the small items in large.

By year, the baby learns the rules for the use of objects

Early age-related stage

4 kg is added to weight, and 25 cm increases to growth.

This stage lasts from 1 to 3 years. The main thing in this stage is social interaction. Child learns to interact with children and adults, get acquainted, be friends. The kid has a desire for independence and independence from parents. The child is aware of the person in three years as a person. He learn to predict and evaluate the actions and situations. Loves to fantasize.

At this age, the child must be able to:

• build a tower from cubes;
• fold simple puzzles for this age;
• beat the ball
• show research actions (breaking something to break something in order to explore);
• perform the simplest requirements of adults;
• fold phrases out of 5 words;
• draw a straight vertical line;
• tell the quatrains and fun;
• know parts of your body and where they are located, show parts of the body on others;
• ask to the toilet;
• alone to drink from the cup and there;
• undress and dress with the help of parents;
• cut paper and try to keep scissors correctly;
• wash and wipe hands.

In three years, a child may have a crisis of three years. Each child is experiencing him in his own way. Someone exhibits negativism, stubbornness, aggression to others, and someone becomes compliant. Although it is extremely rare. These are the usual forms of behavior, characteristic of the crisis of this age.

Children of this age want their actions and acts approved adults and praised.

Children develop and improve speech, thinking. The game is the most important feature of this age. With the help of the game, the child will know the world, relations with people, learn to behave in different life situations.

Pre-school age-related stage in the child

This stage begins with 3 years and ends with the receipt of a child to school. During this period, the personal qualities of the child's nature are initially beginning to be laid, personal behavioral mechanisms are developing. The child seeks to be similar to his parents, so the example is very important here. If you teach the baby do not shout, and then scribble on it, then not your baby to learn. He will copy only you. Speech and communications with peers are actively developing.

During this period, the child is actively developing all mental processes: memory, attention, thinking, imagination, etc. The child is preparing for school, learn to take responsibility.

Children of this age are able to make logical conclusions from their observations.

In 6 years, children occur a crisis. The child begins to grow rapidly, the proportions of the body are changing, constant teeth appear, behavior changes radically. Children predominate a demonstrative form of behavior. The mood is changing hourly, the child is shred and mannifier.

The child of this age should be able to know:

• geometric figures;
• possess the concepts of magnitude, length, altitude;
• compare items in shape and color;
• comparing numbers;
• mathematical signs and letters;
• read straight and forth;
• find excess items among the objects of one type;
• make a story on pictures, observing the sequence;
• keep dialogue and monologue.

Junior School Age Stage Development of the Child

The child goes to the first class, so he feels already "adults". Parents lose their authority slightly, first teacher comes to replace them. Children at this age are learn to plan and predict their activities. Intellect is actively developing. Child learns to accept new social norms, fulfill the rules.

It should be remembered that every child is individual and unique. Each age stage takes place in its own way. Someone may be ahead of their peers, and someone on the contrary is required more time for the development of certain qualities and abilities.

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First month

What is already able?

• Distinguishes different colors
• Distinguishes sounds
• Knows how to stop a glance at a slowly moving object,
• Tries to raise the head in the layout of the stomach.

How to develop it?

• Create a calm friendly atmosphere,
• There is more next to the time when the baby is not sleeping,
• Trying to catch his eyes, talk,
• Children with whom they communicate a lot, by the end of 4 weeks of life in response can produce various sounds, that is, come to contact.

Contact with the water medium is very important for harmonious and fast child Development - In order for the child to be afraid of water at once, it should be very neat in the bath. Useful swimming with mom or dad. You can make a baby skating "from the roller" and gently twist it all over the area of \u200b\u200bthe bath. Next, you can try to master the repellent with legs from the walls of the bath. Very pleasant occupation - walking in water. The baby's caller should be slightly tilted forward, send and help.

To stimulate the bodies of the baby, you should take a color rattle in the hand, bring it to a distance of 60 cm. From the eye of the baby, hold it until the view does not focus on the subject and slowly move from side to the side with an amplitude of up to 7 centimeters.
To develop hearing, the same exercise should be done with toys, publish different ( nice) Sounds.

Second month

What is already able?

• Smile in response to the appearance or voice of an adult
• Turn on
• Concentrate on the moving object,
• Clearly utter vowels
• From the sides to roll over to the back.

How to develop it?

• Very helpful to look into the eyes of the child, giving the process to the process,
• Toy toys should be 50 cm. From the eye of the child,
• To the changing table should be kept covered with different textures and lay out a child on them. This procedure replaces the peculiar massage,
• If there is no musculature hypertonus, you can take tiny bottles, pour some water in them and gently tie with soft rubber bands to your feet and hand. A kind of dumbbells are obtained. We can gradually increase the volume of water in bottles.

On the fingers and palms of the kid are biologically active centers in contact with the brain. Impacting these centers, you can activate the work of the brain. On the third month of life, the baby seems to try to touch everything around, grab. A grabbing reflex can be used for the development of motility. A round item with a diameter of up to 2.5 cm is taken and put into the kid's handle. Items ( balloons) You should take different ways, weight. They need to be tied to the rope and in turn to lower the baby into the handle. At first, two are the same - in each handle one by one, then different.
Together with the balls you can use cylinders.

To take a hearing to take a bell to take the baby to do not see him, call several times and look at the reaction. The distance between the bellchik and the toddler must be about 70 cm.
You can hang the bell over the bed on the horizontal ribbon. Moving it slowly, you should monitor how the look of the baby is moving.
Such exercises can be repeated twice a day three to four days in a row, after which there are 7 days of rest, to secure the result exercise once every 3 to 7 days.

Third Month

What is already able?

• Distinguishes faces of loved ones,
• In response to the appeal of adults Gulit,
• Knows how to express his discontent with whims,
• Holds the object in the handle and drags in the mouth, fingers straighten up, fists are squeezed,
• From the back turns on the barrel,
• Rises his head and can turn it.

How to develop it?

• At this stage of development, the child is more often smiling and less crying, and, according to scientists, such crumbs of smiles are also different,
• Show various parts of the body and call them
• Sing a child county, songs,
• Making faces, it really likes the children, and they are always happy to imitate.

First games

1. Hyperships. To cover the face with a diaper, ask the baby to find yourself. Then cover it and also ask to search. Be sure to praise for any success.
2. Use items with different sound in games, move them around the baby, commenting on the movement: toy on the right, left.
3. Repeat the kids with the syllables that he pronounces.
4. Hang over the bed ring with the bells attached to it at such a distance so that the baby can reach him. It will help to learn not only purposefully reaching for the subject, but also to defeat the hypertonus muscles.
5. To those kids, who have not yet fully revealed his palm, should make a massage of fingers, telling the fun.

Fourth month

What is already able?

• Not only distinguishes persons around others, but gives preference to mom,
• Distinguishes the voices of loved ones,
• The hanging object holds both one and both hands,
• Lying on the back, slightly lifts the top of the body,
• Gives preference to some toys
• "Helps" to keep the bottle during feeding.

How to develop it?

• Learning to roll over to the barrel. To do this, a very attractive thing is to put on the side of the kid a little further than it can reach the subject. In order for the child to be more interesting to reach, you can attach a small bell on the handle,
• For the development of Sensoriki to make several flat pads filled with foam and trimmed by various materials, which can be posed under the palm of the baby lying on the stomach. On the pads you can sew buttons of different sizes, studies of the pads need to be carried out together with mom or dad,
• Giving feeling the baby rope with knots tied on them, smooth ribbons, try to pull the rope from the hands of the child,
• You can widely enter various functions, for example, put the baby on the back, bending the legs and sentence " Pushers - horns, op. Cut!"Or pull the baby's legs, saying:" Let's go, went for salt, for salt»,
• You can already start reading the baby short fairy tales and poems. Just do it follows the most emotionally, with feeling. Monotonous reading will not be interested in the baby.

Fifth month

What is already able?

• Look at large pictures, especially depicting faces
• Drags, keeps and throws toys,
• May be interested in the subject of 5 minutes,
• Reacts to the emergence of foreign people,
• Able to rest on the palm, lying on the stomach.

How to develop it?

• The main skill, most developed during this period, is a grate. It is on him that it should be emphasized in classes. You can change the temperature of the items ( a little warmer or colder). In addition, the baby learns to throw objects, squeezing fingers,
• Above the bed should be strengthened by plastic rings or a small tournail, the child will pull up, holding them for them. This greatly strengthens not only the hands, but also the back,
• This is the period of mastering your own body, the baby feelings with interest. You can help him. Do not punish the baby for being examined for too long to the touch genital organs. Such behavior may indicate physical discomfort ( for example, from children's cream), on boredom and lack of attention. No need to span on the handles, as it will only poison the attention of the child in this area,
• In games with the baby, you should use a series of repetitive movements in order to relax muscles, get rid of hypertonus ( if he still has). You can swing the baby's head from side: watch, knead the dough - pleasing on the back, tummy, handles and legs. Bending and blending legs, talked to: " motorboat-Motor barely crawl, motorboat, magnitude, add-by! Motorboat, full forward!»
• Favorite game of children of this age "Ku-ku". You can cover your baby's eyes or your own palms, close the face with a diaper.

Sixth month

What is already able?

• Trying to imitate sounds
• Trying to get up with support
• Raises the subject that throws himself
• Shifts an object from hand to hand
• Crasulates to the subject at a distance of half meter.

How to develop it?

• One should not punish the child for the objects thrown out of the bed. This is an important point in development. It is better to bind them to the beeps to the side, and he himself will stick toys back,
• It is time to produce a child in the "big light": from a player on a journey around the apartment. But first, you should remove all potential dangers: wires, sharp and fragile subjects, medications,
• This is an input period. The most important stage in the development of the child. He is already interested in eating adults. But the introduction of feeding should be carried out very carefully and under the guidance of a pediatrician,
• While traveling around the house with the baby in the hands of a child's palm to touch all objects occurring on the way. The same can be done on the street. Since feeling still plays a huge role in familiarizing the baby with the surrounding world, it is necessary to change the textures of the surfaces surrounding it more often. In this sense, perfect blankets in the style of Patchwork. They combine a lot of textures or special educational rugs,
• For training fingers and hands are used such games: " the chicken on the grain peel"- Fingers fold with a keyboard and shut down on the surface," prayes table"The hand imitates the surface of the surface of the surface, movement in different directions. First, you should drive the kid's handles, over time he will try to repeat the movement itself.

Seventh month

What is already able?

• Understands some frequently used words
• Drinks from a glass and eats from the spoon
• Scared when mom disappears from sight,
• Holding over the support, confidently steps and stands,
• Turns from the back on the tummy and on the contrary,
• Knows how to drink minor objects in larger,
• Plays simple games like " Ladushki».

How to develop it?

• During this period, you can start teaching the child to the concept of "impossible". But the prohibitions should not be too much, for such ages there are enough three forbidden things. If the prohibitions are more, the child usually strikes out this word from the zone,
• The child's development completely allows him to climb a finger into a socket or shove the wire into the mouth. Therefore, at this stage, it should continue to carefully consider it the environment and its security,
• At this age, it is already quite possible to feed the baby from the spoon and give it slices of solid vegetables and fruits.
• The period of appearance, the so-called, children's bowel ( bBI, PI, and so on), as well as the appearance of the first gestures. In gestures, you can focus your attention. According to some children's psychologists, children begin to "speak" with their parents in this language are easier and earlier to master and oral speech. You can use the simplest gestures: go to me, while you eat, sleep.
• Finger games are greater popular topalki"And" stuffs" For example: " scholt in the field, beat the horses (you need to sink slowly), from the top of the hoof the dust flies on the field» ( strengthen Topot).
• For the development of the speech, simple sounds and syllables should be repeated. It should be done, leaning forward, very clearly and separately. For all the successes and attempts to repeat the syllables should praise the baby.

Eighth month

What is already able?

• Reacts to simple requests, for example, give a ball,
• I am pleased to participate in simple games,
• It runs very well on all fours and with a support can walk,
• Confidently sits
• Heats off from non-rigid pieces of food, eats not only rearranged soups and kishkas, but also more structured food,
• Scared loud and sudden sounds.

How to develop it?

• The kid has the first fears and the task of parents to competently familiarize him with the world, household appliances,
• For good physical development it is very important to crawl. Does this every little baby in his own way: who on all fours, who sideways or on the ass. Crawling strengthens the muscles of the child and prepares him for the walking,
• For the first attempts to go better to use special robes ( suspenders),
• This is the period when you can try to acquaint the child with a pot. Although many pediatricians recommend to postpone acquaintance to one and a half years,
• To strengthen the muscles of the back and body: put a child in a bath on the stomach, slowly gain water. It will stimulate the child to climb on all fours. The exercise requires constant control by the parents, as the child may choke. Efficiently for lazy people who do not want to get up and crawl independently
• Walking in hand. Adult holds baby behind the legs, he rises on the handles. You can shift a little baby forward - back.

Ninth month

What is already able?

• Sheets gradually turns into more complex and long sounds,
• Can distinguish and show different parts of the body and face, as well as toys and parents,
• Mine and tear leaves, plasticine,
• Overleep the cardboard book
• Gets up without holding something
• I remember perfectly, where there is something forbidden and very interesting and trying to get, for example, to a mobile phone or keys.

How to develop it?

• You can give the baby to dig with handles in beans, peas or flour under the supervision of parents. It is also useful to shift from one container into another nuts, pebbles. To drive, you can give the baby a spoon or scoop,
• You can begin to teach the baby to remove your sock or cap, and also wash yourself and help on household,
• With the child you need to play. If the mother and dad are not interested in the game, then the baby will be indifferent to it, it is not interested. You can play in catch-up, in clappers ( cotton in palmus). Even the departure can turn into a fascinating game, if you put the mouth, nose, eyes, ears, and so on. In the same way, you can wake up
• It is possible to gradually enter into use the drawing of small, appliqué. Very loves to draw with fingers ( for this there are special finger paints, safe for kids).

Ten months

What is already able?

• Carefully listens to the conversations of adults, understands when they talk about him,
• More attention pays small toys and objects than great
• Can use one object to get another
• Interested in peers,
• Rolls the ball, the machine, throws the items completely consciously,
• Trying to imitate adults
• Interested in what inside toys,
• Can sculpt pieces of plasticine on a cardboard, smearing with a finger, shook the chalk.

How to develop it?

• It's time to teach a child to climb to low sofas and pork with them,
• The child appears favorite classes, such as drawing or playing with musical toys. Based on them, you can invent it with new fun,
• It is necessary to visit the playgrounds, where the child will observe other children and sometimes even try to interact with them,
• You can already actively enter into use the game for the development of shallow motors: shifting matches from the box or in a box, spreading drawings from small items, unscrewing covers, finger drawing, classes with ribbons and twine, during such games it is important that both knobs are involved, To both hemispheres develop harmoniously,
• Horovoda together with mom or threesome with a teddy bear - this is the first collective game of the child. It is better to drive a dance in front of the mirror so that the baby can observe him from the side. At first, driving a dance will be very difficult, gradually the kid will learn, and it will be possible to complicate the task and introduce new movements.

Eleven months

What is already able?

• Trying to call animals and birds on the sounds published by them: gav-Gav, Kwa-kva,
• When denying heshes his head, with consent nods,
• Uses simple gestures for farewell,
• Repeats any manipulation in order to learn how to perform it better,
• Learns to walk
• Hanging on the tour and almost 60 seconds,
• On their own rises by 2 - 3 steps of the perturbation stairs,
• Says the first words.

How to develop it?
During this period, speech classes are very important, increasing the passive margin of the child's words.

• You can teach the baby to throw a wrapper from candy in the trash or bring different little things at the request. Such cooperation will bring a lot of positive emotions and parents, and the child,
• Children's toys are now interested in a child less than items from the "adult" life, this interest should be encouraged, and the dangerous or valuable items are better removed from the field of view of the child,
• The autonomy of the baby should be encouraged, giving him the opportunity to help shopping in the store, dress independently ( socks and slippers are quite real), eat,
• Child needs communication with peers. At first, it is quite enough to walk in the park or in the courtyard in the company of other children. During such walks, children should be kept under the supervision, but not particularly interfere in communication,
• Books should be the usual subject in everyday life. To teach a child to books, you can buy him special hard books with sickers, rustling inserts. Every day a child needs to read with intonation, show pictures in books. Reading sessions should be short, but interesting.

From year to three years

Physical development
The weight of boys to a year is usually about 10 kilograms, girls - a little less.
The beginning of the period coincides with the first independent chambers. Some children are already going to this age themselves, others only learn. Coordination of movements is not yet too developed, therefore, there are probably many drops, it is not easy to master even the lowest step. This skill comes, approximately to one and a half years.

Favorite toy During this period - the ball. It makes it possible to move away and at the same time interact with it. By two years, the baby may even raise it and throw it.
By two years, the baby is already rising enough and quietly overcomes the obstacle height at ten centimeters. Growth of the boy is an average of 88 cm, girls 86 cm, boys weight up to 13 kg, girls - about 12.5 kg. The best occupation for children of two to three years is a friving run, jumping on a trampoline. The baby can already be partially dressed himself, rises along the stairs with a height of steps up to 20 cm.

Intellectual development

The time of active knowledge of the surrounding. Rug abilities are rapidly developing, visually, tactful to master the world. Children better understand the conversation and some are even trying to speak independently. First words are usually not more than a dozen, gradually it becomes more, and the speech is enriched and adjective ( by two years).
The baby knows the favorite fabulous characters and may indicate them, may have fun, as well as fulfill an uncomplicated request of an adult.
Most skills are children get in the game, so it is important that the baby has the opportunity to communicate and play with people of different ages.

Two years have already distinguished the main colors, they say short sentences. This is an age when children like to collect pyramid and houses from cubes. Some can learn a few lines from verse.
It is not difficult to eat a spoon and drink from the cup. Babies at such age love to draw, although it is quite difficult to disassemble something specific in these pictures.
It is important at this age to teach the child to wash, wash your hands and brush your teeth ( with the help of parents).

How to help your child develop?
At this age, the brain of the child instantly grassate information, so all developing games will go to the future.

1. Four - five different items of different colors, as well as as many sheets of colored paper of the same pains. After the kid looks out all the toys, you should ask him to find a house of each of them. And put one on a sheet of similar color,

2. Take three - four subjects made from different materials on the density of materials, pour water into the bath and try to "guess" which one will swim on the surface. Then you should lower all the toys in the bath. When a child will consider toys, he needs to tell, what material they are made, and why drown. At the end of the classes, you should take a rag and get all the toys with the child,

3. It is necessary to choose several animal pairs: Mom and baby. It can be pictures or soft toys. The baby should be told what sounds every animal makes special attention to the fact that the mother "says" loudly, and the baby quietly. After that, hide one of the figures behind your back and publish the sound inherent to it. The kid must guess who is hidden behind the back.

In 3 years

What is already able?

• Distinguish the main four colors and some secondary colors
• May be folded or put in each other with a different size container ( up to six pieces),
• Distinguishes and may pick up simple figures ( asterisk, Heart, Square, Circle, Triangle), knows their names,
• Can distinguish simple figures to the touch,
• Easily copes with a big pyramid ( out of 10 rings),
• Distinguishes the size greater - smaller,
• Distinguishes solid and soft,
• Collects a drawing of two - three pieces,
• May supplement the picture of the missing elements,
• Can draw a circle, a rectangle, paint it,
• Draws already fictional independently simple pictures,
• Sculpt the balls, sausages and layers of plasticine, sticks one ball to another,
• Watchingly plays role-playing games ( doctor, seller),
• Actively interacts with peers,
• Proud for her progress, rejoices praise, may be naughty, inquisitive,
• If the failures are frustrated, sees and realizes the emotions of other people,
• Can copy the Manera to speak, perform any actions of adults and other children,
• At this age, the child can have been pronounced up to one and a half thousand words, answers questions about his name, age, calls animals, can retell a fairy tale, easily teaches poems and fun.

In 4 years

What is already able?

• Vocabulary already about two thousand words
• Speech acquires intonation
• Love to solve riddles, gladly repeat phrases from cartoons, songs and poems,
• Ask a lot of questions
• One occupation can take up to 20 minutes,
• Know the days of day and year, right and left,
• Closer to five years can pick up rhymes,
• Sculpt the figures from clay or clay, collect mosaic, figures from LEGO type constructors,
• Shoes
• In half a sheet of paper
• Striping large beads on the fishing line.

In 5 years

Growth of boys 105 - 115 cm, girls 105 - 112 cm.
At this age, children are happy and moving a lot, so you can give them to sports sections, at home to encourage sports and physical education. Very good classes with a ball, a Swedish wall.
It is very important to prepare a workplace for the child to prepare for school and future studies. In the child's room, you should often venture, keep it in order and take care of sufficient lighting.

What is already able?

• Considers no less than 10, some children know the alphabet,
• Know colors and shades, can pick up a gamut of flowers,
• Concentrates its attention only on one subject or task,
• Expresses his thoughts very well, long and complex offers,
• In the dictionary from five-year plan to three thousand words
• Can retell the heard fairy tale
• It is distinguished by credulity to others, trying to resemble adults in everything and behave on equal
• Already have friends
• At this age, children often experience various fears, quickly excited.

What is he needed?

• This is the age when children not only take the love of parents, but also comprehend the basics of giving love. Therefore, it is very important not to hide your feelings, to devote the baby more time,
• In order not to grow insecure in itself, you need to scold less and more praise the child,
• It should be tested by the rules of behavior in a transshipment, store, on the street, since such children still do not understand the dangers associated with the world and other people,
• It is important to train the child's memory, ask to tell, how was the day in kindergarten. This will help in the future it is easier to assimilate knowledge,
• You can now buy a notebook and engaged in writing. It will be very simple classes that will prepare a baby to school. For example, fill the line in notebooks in dashes at different angles, write a whole line of commas. Classes should not last longer than 20 minutes,
• The folding of puzzles, as well as pictures of individual parts, is very useful.
• Good games for the development of logic, role-playing games.

In 6 - 7 years

Age 6 - 7 years is called age of the first physiological stretch. That is, for the year, the growth and weight of the child increases significantly ( growth, on average, 8 cm).
Changes the course and many physiological processes in the children's body, the child develops physically.
The boys increase the tests slightly ( eggs), which indicates the emergence of the period of puberty. Now the boy can become "barbed", does not allow caress from the mother, and also enters confrontation with the girls - peers. Such confrontation is a subconscious cover of interest in the opposite sex.

The skeleton of the child during this period is experiencing a greater load, as muscle mass is significantly increased. A feeper is formed. You must create a convenient workplace to perform homework.
This is the period of the final formation of internal organs: lungs, bronchi. The location of the ribs changes, the weight and volume of the heart increase. The respiratory frequency decreases, and the pressure increases. Due to these changes, the child is less likely to suffer with inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, as well as ARVI.
Begins the change of dairy teeth to constant. The diet should be as varied and full as possible.

Early development of children

According to early development experts, the first classes can be started from six-month age. It is at this age that the basis of the future development of the child's abilities is created.

Emphasis is on development:

• Hearing
• Vision
• Concentration
• Tactile perception
• Motoriki ( including fine).

Todddle teach:

• Distinguish
• Distinguish
• Distinguish
• Discern dimensions.

Early development benefits

1. Cubes Zaitsev. Despite the fact that cubes are created for learning reading in syllables, they can be used to develop even the smallest. Cubes have different color, size, as well as sound ( if shake),

2. Lacing. There are very different, suitable even for the smallest. Make them out of plastic, of soft materials, wood. Remarkably develop a small motorcy of the hands, they are preparing a child to the future "adult" classes, and also activate the work of the brain. The simplest lacing are large wooden fruits with holes - strokes and shoehers attached to them with laces. Even a baby who has not achieved a one-year-old age will cope with such a lacing. More complex options are large buttons them can be used for one-year households, and completely complex options are the picture to which the missing parts should be connected with the cushion. for example, a hat to the fungus),

3. Montessorian benefits. These benefits are designed for children from two years. Many different benefits have been created for the development of different qualities and abilities of the child. For example, for the development of motility and coordination exists " Pink Tower"- Ten cubes of the same pink color of different sizes. Face size 1 - 10 cm. Used most often after three years. " Frames with fasteners"- on wooden frames are attached a variety of clasps, ties, velcro, buttons, buttons. This will help facilitate the dressing process, and will also teach concentrate, improve the motorcy,

4. Manuals can be made with their own hands from the items that are in every home. For example, if you make several match boxes with each other, the baby will be happy to close and open them, hide small items in the boxes. You can give a child one jar and several different covers so that it picked up suitable in size. Tubes from old markers can be divided into several parts and ride on the twine or fishing line.

Many experts warn that the child is too early loading with accurate knowledge ( reading, writing, languages, computer classes ...) They may interfere with the harmonious development of the brain. Since all of the above activities contribute to the development of the right hemisphere. The left one that is responsible for creativity, figuratively begins to actively develop only after 5 years. The overload of the right hemisphere can badly affect the development of the left.

Childhood development systems

1. Method of Glen Domana
Initially, the technique was created for kids inhibitory. But today is used for early development of completely healthy children and gives good results. The basis of the methodology is the visual perception of objects. The main allowance for learning is special cards on which the subject is drawn, the framework will be burned and the name is written in large printed letters. It is best to make frames and inscriptions of red. There are also cards with several subjects and an alphabetic inscription of the number of items.
The lesson is that the parent shows a picture for one second and unfortunately pronounces the name of the object. First, it is better to show cards with short words.

2. Method of Montessori.
Based on approval that it is not necessary to interfere with the baby to develop, you should create the best conditions for this in which everyone will take what it is interesting. It should not be shown an example of actions, but only push the child to the desired solution or action. The technique allows the child to become an independent person. The technique involves the use of a large number of benefits and auxiliary items that can be made with their own hands from ordinary household objects.

3. Nikitin technique
The basis of it is a large number of educational games forcing kids to think, to put more complex tasks. According to this technique, the parent necessarily participates in all classes. The greater emphasis is placed on the development of logical thinking, so it is desirable to combine nikitin exercises with exercises from other developing techniques.

Games for the development of children

The game in the life of children is becoming the most important place, since it is in the process of games that children learn and develop, comprehend the necessary skills. When choosing a game, you should consider not only the child's age, but also the tasks that need to be solved by the game.

1. Bird. For children 15 - 18 months. The child learns to imitate animals and birds, is better moving. The baby must squat and imitate the movement of birds. Parent at this time reads a poem: " The village of the bird on the window, sitting with us a little bit, do not fly away, the bird flew away - ah! " On the last sounds, the child should be inserted, turning "wings" and fly away,

2. A train. For children 18 - 24 months. Children learn to move simultaneously and perform joint actions, to be independent. You need to play at least two children. Parent - Lokomotiv, and children - cargo carriages. Moving should be slowly slowly, then faster, in a circle or by rectangle. When driving, you should make characteristic movements and pronounce " chu-Chu»,

3. Kolobok. For children 18 - 36 months. The game allows you to strengthen the muscles, spine, relax. Baby must imagine that they are koloboki. Lying on the back, they raise their hands up, pull the legs and roll to the right, after which it rolls to the left. Parent at this time says Pestechka: " that rolled the bun. Rolls, rolls, do not catch up with him»,

4. Dorisuy picture. For children from 12 to 36 months. The parent draws the beginning of a simple picture, for example, a cloud, and the baby should draw the missing elements ( rain or sun),

5. Multicolored snowballs. For children from 12 to 36 months. Make two - three dense snow, bring home and quickly paint in different colors. You can cut the snow with a blunt knife and show the baby, how the paint is absorbed into the snow,

6. Fishing. For kids up to 12 months. Collect the water pelvis, put small light items in swimming. Kid give sieve and ask him to catch all the floating objects,

7. Collect mezhu. For children from 12 to 36 months. In front of the child, put two shallow tanks: one empty, other with water. Give him a sponge and ask to transfer all the water with the help of a sponge from a complete container into empty and try not to "lose" water along the way.

There are contraindications. Before use, you must consult with a specialist.

In this article:

A total of 7 periods of growth and development of the child stand out. Names can be different, but the essence is always alone. The period lasts exactly as much as the baby is necessary for moving to a new stage of development.

Each stage is unique. He will never happen again in the life of the crumbs, but will bring him a lot of new things. There is an active development of psyche, thinking, memory. For 2-3 years, Kroch, for example, mastering his native language. The overall characteristics of these periods is the active development of the psyche.

The body grows with each month of life, the limbs are lengthened, the muscles become stronger and stronger. The parallelism of physical and mental development is important.. If something is one behind the norm, then you need to urgently consult a doctor. At all stages of life, the child needs help parents. Parents should understand that often change of character and mood does not depend on the child himself. It is affected by growing, changing the psyche, the development of the endocrine system.

Estimation

Estimation is a continuous process of human development. Changes his view about the world, parents, about themselves. This is a whole range of body development processes, personality, emotions.. In order for the growing up normally, the child needs help and understand parents. After all, for kids, children and teenagers, all this is also very difficult.

Education can be divided into 7 large steps from the moment of conception to 16-18 years. Then his adult life begins. After 18 years, development, of course, does not stop, but all processes proceed far from so quickly.

Conception

The active development of the baby begins even before its appearance. The main task of the child's body is to prepare it as much as possible. Authorities, all systems for independent operation. The first period begins from the moment of conception and lasts until the birth. This stage is one of the most important in human life. From how pregnancy will be held, the progress of the kid will depend on.

Here mother needs to be especially attentive:

• Proper nutrition

More fresh vegetables and fruits, light food. It is advisable to exclude everything sharp, bold, pickled. Drink juices, water.

• You can not drink alcohol, drugs

Such substances are dangerous throughout the pregnancy. They can cause miscarriage on early or serious fetal changes. It is allowed a little good dry wine, but only 50-100 grams. It is bred in water, drink 15-20 minutes before meals. Such Small quantities it will not harm the baby, but will help, because there are many vitamins in it.

• Smoking

If a woman smokes before pregnancy, then throwing smoking can not be dramatically. Try to minimize the number of cigarettes gradually and over time completely abandon them. Of course, nicotine negatively affects the development of the fetus.

• Medicine

Any medication coordinate with your doctor. Some familiar to you (noscha, aspirin, fencarol, analgin) can greatly harm the fetus. Especially dangerous antibiotics, antipyretic, painkillers.

All 9 months, the baby must be alone. This is possible only if the mother will take care of himself. Characteristics of this period: rapid development and active kid's growth.

Newborn

There was a branch of crumbs from the mother - Pupovina is cut. Now he needs to breathe himself, eat, digest food, create new blood taurus. From birth to the first month of life lasts the second period of the child's development - a period of newborn. Now the baby is very defenseless. He sleeps a lot - almost 20 hours a day. And when not sleeping, it eats, crying. Kroch is only getting used to changing the external environment. There is air, the other temperature, pressure. All this is new for him.

The main thing is to provide him with the right living conditions:

• regular nutrition (every 2-3 hours);
• calm dream (there is no bright light, noise in the room);
• temperature is not lower than + 22c;
• hygiene: Kid bathe 2 times a day with baby soap or foam;
• the child feels protected when parents are next to him.

Immune system is very vulnerable now. She can not completely protect the crumb from diseases. Feed it from possible sources of danger:

Critical 40 days passed - now the new stage begins. The newborn is one of the main periods in the life of crumbs. This is a basis for further development. During this first month, children grow noticeably, add to 1 kg of weight and 2-3 centimeters of growth.

Baby period

From the end of the first month and up to 1 year - so much lasts the infant period. You will be surprised how your baby has changed much during this time. After the first month, this is a tiny baby who only eats, sleeps, crying ... And now he is already celebrating his first birthday. Time flies quickly, but this year is one of the most significant periods in terms of development.

Mental development

From the first days of life, the kid learns to use the senses. It develops his speech.

This is a lot for just 10-11 months of life. Such progress is considered global for the development of the kid. The bill is not on the week and months - he studies something new in a matter of days. Further on such achievements will require years of training.

Physical development

In just 1 year, a lot is changing:

At the end of the first year, the kids are very active, love to move.

Early age

From 1 year to 3 years, the period of early preschool age will last. This time is for
active development of the psyche. The kid learns to speak. At first he only listens. Then there is a connection "subject-name". He still can not say himself, but perfectly understands what it is about. By 3 years, children are already quite clearly talking, make up the right simple proposals. They can:

• hello and say goodbye;
• submit by name;
• ask to drink, calling what exactly they want (water, juice, milk);
• imitate animal voices;
• know the names of household items (brush, cup, spoon, toy).

It is important to talk to the baby, read it out loud. New words are very quickly remembered. The characteristic of this period is an increase in independence. The kid passes the psychological separation from the mother. Becomes more and clearer for him that he is separate
personality. He can have his own desires or reluctance, he may well wear a blouse, getting up, wash ...

Closer to 3 years old kid can suddenly become aggressive In relation to other children, parents, other adults. Can hit the child is not a platform, bite mom when she clothes him. Do not worry about this. There is an emotional development, but the kid can not yet express everything with words or actions. Sometimes strong negative reactions lead to aggressive behavior. Specify the crumb on the error, but do not beat it and do not shout in response.

Preschool period

It takes from 3 to 6-7 years. During this time, Krook need to prepare for independence. He learns quickly. Active mental development continues:

• increases the amount of memory
• a person develops, character
• the concentration time increases (up to 30 minutes on one subject)
• improves speech (a child has 6-7 years old is considered quite developed)
• the baby can take care of his hygiene itself (my hands washes before meals, copes with the toilet, washed)
• social function is developed (knows how to get acquainted, gets friendly communication)
• activities becomes completely meaningful.

This is the period of development of the nervous system and the brain. The baby is 6-7 years old, you can leave without fear for several hours at school - it normally copes without mom and dad.

At the end
the pre-school period will begin the next stage of active growth. Important physical changes occur. For example, teeth change: the dairy teeth fall out, the indigenous is growing. Muscles and bones are stronger, and the body is already more like a proportional body of an adult.

Important point - clinical examination before school. If there are some serious deviations of the baby's development, now they will be revealed. The lag of physical or mental development, speech defects, hearing and vision may prevent him from going to school. Be sure to pass regular examinations from the doctor. It is best if these problems are revealed as early as possible.

School age

From 7 to 16 years old is a period of preschool age. The main characteristic of this period is psychological cultivation. All the forces are aimed at learning, identity development. At this stage, emotional and volitional development is important. Child learns to control their actions, words, desire. There is a period of adaptation at school, and he is completely ready to learn the next 10-11 years.

An important role is played by communication.
The child comes into the first more or less serious social relations. There are different children, and everyone needs to find a common language. Friends are allocated, common interests. For the personal development of the child, this is important, because the personality is best developed in society. Already there is an opportunity to look at yourself from the part, critically evaluate yourself.

From 8-10 years, the second period of active growth begins. The boys grow faster than girls, but the sexual ripening in girls begins faster. Due to the rapid growth of the limbs in children at this age, problems with the spine can begin, scoliosis. Be sure to do sports, physical education. In children under 12-13 years old, the need for movements, active games remains.

Publit period

Boys starts from 12-13 years old, for girls a little previously - from 11-12 years. The period of puberty is another significant stage of development of any person. These are active changes in appearance, behavior, child self-assumption. Endocrine system is activated, sex hormones are actively produced. Changing the appearance of a teenager. It is now important to help the body that is rebuilt. Change the diet:

• more fresh vegetables and fruits;
• child need to drink more water (up to 1.5 liters of fluid per day);
• less oily, roasted;
• less sugar, sweets.

With the development of a large number of genital hormones, the body begins to change - the teenager becomes like an adult. Girls have female contours of the body.

The psychological characteristics of this period is a change in its own perception. I don't like something in yourself i would like to change, imitate or, on the contrary, be unique ... For a child, it is difficult time, and parents must be treated with understanding to all changes.

Unfortunately, puberty period is also time to manifest many physiological and mental illness. Be sure to make sure that the child passes the annual examinations of the doctor, dispensarization. In addition, it is a period of growth and development of the organs of the sexual system. The young man first begins to look at himself not as a child, but as on an adult person.

How to help your child?

All major periods of development of your baby have something in common: at every stage your son or daughter needs their parents. Parents need to be understood that the child's behavior is associated with the development of the psyche, hormonal changes. There are several crisis periods when the child changes. No need to think that he just behaves badly or wants to pour you out. Changes occur imperceptibly even for him. The mental activity of the kid is complicated, and the world around changes.

Your face is important to understand. Yes, it is impossible all his pranks, aggression and bad behavior to encourage or not pay attention to them. For a child it is harmful. But you should not be aggressive with him, beat, scream. Try to understand what is happening now with your crumb. Does he want to be more independent? Learn yourself to keep a spoon or drink from a cup? There is nothing wrong with. Help him, show, teach. It will enable you in the future to build normal, healthy relationships with the child.