Photos of edible mushrooms with names. Beware, poisonous mushrooms: a selection of known species

Alexander Gushchin

I can't vouch for the taste, but it will be hot :)

Content

Before you go to the forest for a "quiet hunt", you need to find out the species, name, description and look at photos of edible mushrooms (eukaryotic organisms). If you examine them, you can see that the bottom of their cap is covered with a spongy structure, where spores are located. They are also called lamellar, they are very much appreciated in cooking, due to their unique taste and many useful properties.

Types of edible mushrooms

In nature, there are a large number of different mushrooms, some can be eaten, while others are dangerous to eat. Edibles do not threaten human health, differing from poisonous hymenophore structure, color and shape. There are several types of edible representatives of this kingdom of living nature:

• boletus;
• russula;
• chanterelles;
• milk mushrooms;
• champignon;
• white mushrooms;
• honey mushrooms;
• rubella.

Signs of edible mushrooms

Among eukaryotic organisms, there are also poisonous, which outwardly almost do not differ from useful ones, so study the signs of their difference in order to avoid poisoning. For example, porcini mushroom is very easy to confuse with bitterness, which has an inedible bile taste. So, distinguish edible mushroom from its poisonous counterparts can be by the following parameters:

1. A place of growth, which can be learned from the description of edible and dangerous poisonous.
2. A pungent unpleasant odor that poisonous specimens contain.
3. Calm, discreet color, which is characteristic of representatives of the food category of eukaryotic organisms.
4. The food categories do not have a characteristic stem pattern.

Popular edible

All mushrooms edible for humans are rich in glycogen, salts, carbohydrates, vitamins and a lot of minerals. This class of living nature as food has a positive effect on appetite, promotes the production of gastric juice, and improves digestion. The most famous names for edible mushrooms are:

• mushroom;
• porcini;
• boletus;
• oiler;
• boletus;
• champignon;
• chanterelle;
• mushroom;
• truffle.

This type of edible lamellar eukaryotic organisms grows on a tree and is one of the popular objects of "quiet hunting" among mushroom pickers. The size of the cap reaches a diameter of 5 to 15 cm, its shape is round with edges bent inward. In mature mushrooms, the tip is slightly convex with a tubercle in the middle. Color - from gray-yellow to brown shades, there are small scales. The pulp is dense, white in color, has a sour taste and a pleasant smell.

Autumn mushrooms have cylindrical legs, up to 2 cm in diameter and 6 to 12 cm long. The top is light, there is a white ring, the bottom of the leg is dense brown. Honey mushrooms grow from late summer (August) to mid-autumn (October) on deciduous trees, mainly on birch. They grow in wavy colonies, no more than 2 times / year, the duration of growth lasts 15 days.

Another name is yellow chanterelle. It appeared due to the color of the cap - from egg to deep yellow, sometimes faded, light, almost white. The shape of the apex is irregular, funnel-shaped, with a diameter of 6-10 cm, in young ones it is almost flat, fleshy. The flesh of the common chanterelle is dense with the same yellowish tint, a slight mushroom smell and a sharp taste. Leg - fused with the cap, narrowed downward, up to 7 cm in length.

These edible forest mushrooms grow from June to late autumn in whole families in coniferous, mixed, deciduous forests. It can often be found in mosses. The baskets of mushroom pickers are especially full of them in July, which is the peak of growth. Chanterelles are one of the famous lamellar mushrooms that appear after rain and are eaten as a delicacy. They are often confused with saffron milk caps, but if you compare the photographs, you can see that the cap of the saffron milk cap is flatter, and the leg and flesh are orange, rich in color.

They are also called peppers and meadow mushrooms. These are edible cap mushrooms with a spherical convex cap in diameter from 6 to 15 cm and with brown scales. Champignons have first a white and then a brownish cap with a dry surface. The plates are whitish, slightly pink, and later brown-red with a brown tint. The leg is even, 3-10 cm long, the flesh is fleshy, with a delicate mushroom taste and smell. Champignons grow in meadows, pastures, gardens and parks, it is especially good to pick them after rain.

These edible mushrooms are very popular in cooking and are prepared by everyone. possible ways... Boletus boletus have a cap color from light gray to brown, their shape is pillow-shaped with a diameter of up to 15 cm. The flesh is white with a pleasant mushroom aroma. The leg can grow up to 15 cm in length, has a cylindrical shape, extended towards the bottom. Common boletus grows in mixed, birch forests from early summer to late autumn.

Butterlets are one of the most famous edible eukaryotic organisms. They often grow in large groups, predominantly on sandy soils. The oil cap can be up to 15 cm in diameter, has a chocolate brown color with a brown tint. The surface is slimy, easily separated from the pulp. The tubular layer is yellow, adherent to the leg, which reaches a length of 10 cm. The flesh is juicy white, eventually becomes yellow-lemon, thick legs. Ordinary butter dish is easily digested, therefore it is eaten fried, boiled, dried and pickled.

These edible mushrooms grow in piles, which is why they got this name. The cap is thick, cream-colored, up to 12 cm (sometimes up to 20 cm) in diameter. The plates have yellowish edges, the stem is white, cylindrical in shape up to 6 cm in length. The pulp is dense, white with a pronounced pleasant smell and taste. This variety grows in mixed, birch, pine forests from July to late September. Before going for the milk mushrooms, you need to know how they look and be prepared for the fact that you will have to look for them, because they are hiding under the foliage.

Conditionally edible mushrooms

Eukaryotic organisms from this classification differ from the previous ones in that they are forbidden to eat without preliminary heat treatment. Before starting cooking, most of these specimens must be boiled several times, changing the water, and some must be soaked and fried. Check out the list of mushrooms that belong to this group:

• coppice champignon;
• morel cap;
• spherical sarcosoma;
• blue webcap;
• the chanterelle is false;
• pink wave;
• discina thyroid and others.

It can be found in summer and autumn in coniferous, deciduous forests. The diameter of the cap is from 3 to 6 cm, it is painted in a bright orange color with a brown tint, has a funnel shape. The flesh of the false chanterelle is soft, viscous, without a pronounced smell or taste. The plates are orange, frequent, descending along a thin yellow-orange stalk. The false chanterelle is not a poisonous one, but it can disturb digestion, sometimes it has an unpleasant woody taste. Mostly hats are eaten.

This eukaryotic organism has several names: Volnyanka, Volzhanka, Volzhanka, Rubella, etc. The cap of the Volnushka has the shape of a funnel with a sunken center, the color is pink-orange, the diameter is up to 10 cm.The leg is cylindrical, tapering to the bottom, up to 6 cm in length ... The pulp of the wave is fragile, whitish, if damaged, a light juice and a pungent smell will appear. Grows in mixed or birch forests (usually in groups) from late July to mid-September.

The color of this eukaryotic organism depends on its age. Young specimens are dark, brown, and brighten with age. The cap of the morel cap resembles a walnut, all dotted with uneven stripes, wrinkles, like convolutions. Its leg is cylindrical, always curved. The pulp is similar to cotton wool with a specific smell of dampness. Morel caps grow on wet soil, next to streams, ditches, water. The harvest peaks in April-May.

Little known edible mushrooms

There are different types of edible mushrooms, and when you come to the forest you need to know which of them may be considered inedible. To do this, before the "quiet hunt", be sure to study the photographs and descriptions of eukaryotic organisms. There are such rare specimens that it is not immediately clear what they are - poisonous inedible or quite suitable for food. Here is a list of some of the lesser known edible representatives of this class of wildlife:

• raincoat;
• funnel-shaped talker;
• the row is purple;
• garlic;
• oyster mushroom pigeon;
• fleecy scaly;
• polish mushroom;
• rowing gray (cockerel);
• white dung beetle and others.

It is also called a chestnut moss or a pan mushroom. It has an excellent taste and is therefore highly regarded in cooking. The cap of the flywheel is hemispherical, convex, 5 to 15 cm in diameter; it becomes sticky in the rain. The color of the top is chocolate brown, chestnut. The tubular layer is yellowish, and with age - golden and greenish-yellow. The leg of the flywheel is cylindrical, it can taper or expand towards the bottom. The pulp is dense, fleshy, with a pleasant mushroom smell. Chestnut moss grows on sandy soils under coniferous trees, sometimes under oak or chestnut trees.

Such eukaryotic organisms are presented in several forms: gum-bearing, fiery, golden and others. They grow in families on dead and living trunks, on stumps, roots, in hollows, and have medicinal properties. Scale can often be found under spruce, apple, birch or aspen trees. The cap is convex, fleshy, from 5 to 15 cm in diameter, has a honey-yellow color, the flesh is pale. Leg up to 2 cm thick and up to 15 cm high, one-color, scaly, young specimens have a ring. The fleecy scale contains a substance used to treat gout.

The second name is ordinary non-iron. The hat is convex, with age it becomes flat, with a diameter of up to 3 cm. The color of the crown is yellow-brown, light at the edges, the surface is dense, rough. The flesh of the garlic is pale, has a rich garlic smell, thanks to which the name appeared. When the mushroom dries, the smell increases even more. The leg is brownish-red, light at the base, empty inside. Common non-nippers grow in large families in different forests, choosing dry sandy soil. The peak of growth is from July to October.

They are not always taken even by experienced lovers of "quiet hunting" and in vain, because raincoats are not only tasty, but also curative. They appear in meadows and pastures after rains. The diameter of the cap is 2-5 cm, the shape is spherical, the color is white, sometimes light brown, there is a hole for spores on top. The flesh of the raincoat is dense, but at the same time tasty, juicy, becomes soft with age. Young mushrooms have spikes on the surface of the cap, which are washed off over time. The leg is small, from 1.5 to 3.5 cm in height, thickened. Raincoats grow in whole groups in parks and lawns, the peak harvest is from June to October.

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Edible mushrooms: names with descriptions

If you are not sure of your knowledge of mushrooms - collect only the most common and familiar to you personally!

White mushroom (boletus)

There is a special category of mushroom pickers who disdain all mushrooms, except for white ones. " Well, just an empty forest, I found only a dozen mushrooms!"- in their mouths it does not mean at all that the forest is really" empty ": just for the sake of everything else, they will not bend over. You can do whatever you want with white: dry, marinate, salt, fry - and fry without prior boiling. As a rule, they prefer to dry it - in order to eat mushroom soup in winter.

White mushroom (Boletus edulis). © Michael Wood

A small boletus can be completely white, with age, its cap becomes brown, and then dark brown. Also, with age, the hat unfolds: in babies it is semicircular, with edges adjacent to the leg, in adult whites it is expanded, just convex, maybe flat. The tubes (those that are on the wrong side of the cap) are first white, then light yellow, then greenish, even completely green. The boletus leg looks like a keg, widened downwards, white or creamy.

White mushroom (Boletus edulis). © Dezidor

The porcini mushroom also has other forms: reticulated (with a slightly cracked cap), dark bronze (with a dark brown, almost black cap), rooted (yellow-brown in color, with completely yellow tubes and a leg and a slightly blue pulp on the cut) ... There is a royal boletus with a red cap and yellow tubes and a leg. They are all edible and delicious.

Caution! White can be confused with the inedible gall and satanic mushrooms, as well as the poisonous rose-golden boletus.

... © Ak ccm ... © H. Krisp ... © Archenzo

• Gall mushroom, gall mushroom (Tylopilus felleus)... The adult bile fungus has pinkish tubules and pores. It is not poisonous, but it tastes so nasty that it is not for nothing that they called it bilious.
• Satanic mushroom, satanic sick (Boletus satanas)... The Satanic mushroom is distinguished by a red leg (it is yellowish right under the cap) and orange-red tubes, the pores of which turn blue when pressed.
• Pink-skinned boletus, pink-skinned boletus, pink-golden boletus (Boletus rhodoxanthus)... Pink-golden, poisonous, boletus is similar to a satanic mushroom: it has red tubes, which also turn blue when pressed, and the leg is yellow, but with such a dense red mesh that sometimes it seems completely red.

Honey mushroom

Honey mushrooms also grow in large groups and, as a rule, every year in the same places. Once you have found a colony, you can “graze” on it annually.

Autumn honey fungus (Armillaria mellea). © MdE

These mushrooms grow in bunches on rotten stumps and fallen trees. The honey agarics' hats are brown, slightly reddish in wet weather, in dry weather their color is closer to beige. The very center and edges of the cap are darker than the whole

hat. On the leg, honey agarics have a ring (in young mushrooms, the film of the ring tightens the inside of the cap), the leg itself above the ring is smooth, below it is scaly, in the lower part is hollow.

Sulfur yellow false foam (Hypholoma fasciculare). © Rasbak

Caution! Summer honey fungus can be confused with a poisonous sulfur-yellow false foam. They differ in the leg (in the false frog it is smooth, without scales) and the color of the sulfur-yellow honey fungus is really sulfur-yellow, bright, with an orange center of the cap. And one more thing: the false mushroom smell is very unpleasant, while the real one has a pleasant mushroom smell. If this, of course, tells you something.

Chanterelle

Chanterelles are good because worms do not like them. Therefore, having come across a colony of these fungi, you can be sure that half of the forest harvest will not have to be thrown away. Chanterelles are less likely than all other mushrooms to accumulate harmful substances, so that they are completely harmless to the liver and kidneys. But at the same time they are very hard and are digested worse than others. Small chanterelles resemble egg yolk in color, they turn pale with age, and older specimens can be almost white. The middle of the cap of an adult chanterelle is depressed so that the mushroom is shaped like a funnel; small mushrooms have convex caps. The leg, fused with the cap, tapers downward.

Common chanterelle (Chanterelle). © James Lindsey

Caution! The common chanterelle can be confused with the inedible false chanterelle. They do not differ in shape, but the color of the false chanterelle is very characteristic, bright orange. But with old age, mushrooms turn pale and become indistinguishable from edible ones.

Orange talker, or false fox (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca). © H. Krisp

But it doesn't matter: after all, chanterelles always grow in large colonies; where there are old people, there are babies, and by the color of these babies you can always recognize a false fox

Nigella (black lump)

Europeans consider nigella - one of the most common mushrooms in the Moscow region - inedible, and in vain. Maybe they didn't soak her? Not soaked black milk is really bitter. And soaked - so even sweet. Black milk mushrooms are almost the best mushrooms for pickling, hard, crunchy, and do not lose their taste for a long time.

Black Milk (Lactarius turpis). © Igor Lebedinsky

They grow mostly under the trees, and they grow in groups, which is not noticeable at first glance. Just, having found nigella, do not leave the place. Squat down and peer into the ground for a long, long time. Mushrooms will "grow" right before your eyes! Most likely, you will even find out that you sat down on a couple of milk mushrooms ...

The cap of the nigella is brown or almost black, with an olive tint, in the middle there is a depression, the edges are rounded. White plates grow to the stem, the stem itself is brownish-green, tapering downward. The pulp is white or grayish, abundantly secreting milky juice.

Oiler

The flesh of butter babies is white, and of adults it is yellowish or completely yellow.

Butterlets are good in pickled and fried form, but you should not dry them: there is too much water in these mushrooms, and after drying they will leave horns - legs.

A young oiler is slippery to the touch, the cap becomes dry with age. It can be red-brown, ocher-yellow, grayish-orange, and the tubes and pores of all types of butter oil are yellow, in maturity they are closer to olive. A milky white liquid is released from the tubes

Pepper mushroom, or pepper oil can (Chalciporus piperatus). © Ak ccm

Caution! The butter dish can be confused with an inedible pepper mushroom, not poisonous, but very spicy, really peppery in taste. Only the oiler has small pores and yellow tubes, while the pepper fungus has large pores and the tubes are reddish. And one more thing: if you break a pepper mushroom, its flesh will soon turn pink, but the flesh of the oiler will not change color.

Boletus (obabok) and boletus

Boletus boletus can have a brown, gray, or even black cap and white or cream-colored tubules that can turn dirty gray with age. Its leg is thinner and higher than that of the boletus, white, with brown or black scales. The boletus can only be confused with the boletus, whose cap is orange, brick-red or ocher-yellow. But don't confuse, don't confuse, it won't be worse, because both of these mushrooms are edible and very tasty.

It is best to collect mushrooms in a wicker basket: they will be ventilated and not crushed. Never use plastic bags, otherwise, when you come home, you will find that you have brought a shapeless sticky mass.

Many people associate autumn primarily with mushrooms, although hunting for them begins in spring. In total, there are more than 250 thousand of their species on Earth. All of them are divided into edible and poisonous. The former are rich in protein and minerals, the latter are dangerous to humans. Experienced mushroom pickers can easily distinguish one mushroom from another, but beginners should not rush and pick anything. You need to know that most edible mushrooms have "false counterparts" that are often not suitable for consumption. In our today's photo-fact - the most popular mushrooms of the forests of the middle lane.

10th place. Common chanterelle.
Common chanterelle - edible mushroom of the 3rd category. Has a light yellow or orange-yellow cap (up to 12 cm) with wavy edges and a leg (up to 10 cm). Grows in coniferous and mixed forests. (tonx)

9th place. Autumn honey agaric.
Autumn honey mushroom - edible mushroom of the 3rd category. It has a brown cap (up to 10 cm) of a convex shape, a white thin leg (up to 10 cm). It grows in large families on tree trunks or stumps. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

8th place. Aspen milk mushroom.
Aspen milk mushroom is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a white sticky cap (up to 30 cm) of a flat-convex shape, a white or pinkish leg (up to 8 cm). Grows in mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

7th place. The flower is pink.
Pink Volnushka is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. Has a pale pink cap (up to 12 cm) with a small depression in the center and edges curled downwards, a leg (up to 6 cm). Grows in mixed forests. (Aivar Ruukel)

6th place. Oiler.
Oiler is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a brown oily cap of a convex or flat shape and a leg (up to 11 cm). It grows both in forests and in plantings. (Björn S ...)

5th place. Boletus.
Boletus is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a reddish-brown cap (up to 25 cm) and a thick stem with dark scales. Grows in deciduous and mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

4th place. Boletus.
Boletus is an edible mushroom of the 2nd category. It has a dull brown pillow-shaped cap and a thin white leg (up to 17 cm) with brownish scales. Grows in deciduous forests near birches. (carlfbagge)

3rd place. The load is real.
Real milk mushroom - edible mushroom of the 1st category. It has a white mucous cap (up to 20 cm), funnel-shaped with pubescent edges wrapped inward and a white or yellowish leg (up to 7 cm). Grows in deciduous and mixed forests. (Tatiana Bulyonkova)

2nd place. Ginger is real.
Gingerbread is a category 1 edible mushroom. It has an orange or light red funnel-shaped cap with straightening edges and a leg of the same color (up to 7 cm). Grows in coniferous forests... (Anna Valls Calm)

1st place. Porcini.
White mushroom is the king of mushrooms. It is appreciated for its excellent taste and aroma. The shape of the mushroom resembles a barrel. It has a brown cap and a white or light brown leg (up to 25 cm). Grows in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests. (Matthew Kirkland)

All life on Earth is customary to refer to either the plant or the animal world, however, there are special organisms - mushrooms, which for a long time scientists found it difficult to attribute to a specific class. Mushrooms are unique in their structure, way of life and diversity. They are represented by a huge number of varieties and differ in the mechanism of their existence even among themselves. Mushrooms were first attributed to plants, then to animals, and only recently it was decided to attribute them to their own, special kingdom. Mushrooms are not a plant or an animal.

What are mushrooms?

Mushrooms, unlike plants, do not contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives green foliage and extracts nutrients from carbon dioxide. Mushrooms are not able to independently produce nutrients, but extract them from the object on which they grow: wood, soil, plants. Eating ready-made substances brings mushrooms very close to animals. In addition, moisture is vital to this group of living organisms, so they are not able to exist where there is no liquid.

Mushrooms can be cap, mold and yeast. It is the hat we collect in the forest. Mold fungi - this is a well-known mold, yeast - yeast and similar very small microorganisms. Fungi can develop on living organisms or feed on their metabolic products. Fungi can create mutually beneficial relationships with higher plants and insects, this relationship is called symbiosis. Mushrooms are a must digestive system herbivores. They play a very important role in the life of not only animals, plants, but also humans.

Diagram of the structure of the cap mushroom

Everyone knows that a mushroom consists of a leg and a cap, and we cut them off when we collect mushrooms. However, this is only a small part of the fungus called the "fruiting body". By the structure of the fruiting body, you can determine the edible mushroom or not. Fruit bodies are composed of intertwined threads, these are "hyphae". If you turn the mushroom over and look at the cap from below, you will notice that some mushrooms have thin plastics there (these are lamellar mushrooms), while others have a sponge (spongy mushrooms). It is there that the spores (very small seeds) are formed, which are necessary for the reproduction of the fungus.

The fruiting body is only 10% of the mushroom itself. The main part of the fungus is mycelium, it is not visible to the eye, because it is located in the soil or bark of a tree and also represents an interweaving of hyphae. Another name for mycelium is “mycelium”. A large area of \u200b\u200bthe mycelium is necessary for the fungus to collect nutrients and moisture. In addition, it attaches the fungus to the surface and promotes further spread over it.

Edible mushrooms

The most popular edible mushrooms among mushroom pickers are: white mushroom, boletus, boletus, butter dish, flywheel, honey mushroom, milk mushroom, russula, chanterelle, mushroom, volnushka.

One mushroom can have many varieties, which is why mushrooms with the same name can look different.

White mushroom (boletus) adored by mushroom pickers for its unrivaled taste and aroma. It is very similar in shape to a keg. The cap of this mushroom is like a round pillow and is pale to dark brown in color. Its surface is smooth. The pulp is dense, white, odorless and has a pleasant nutty flavor. The leg of the porcini mushroom is very voluminous, up to 5 cm thick, white, sometimes beige. Most of it is underground. This mushroom can be harvested from June to October in coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests and appearance it depends on where it grows. You can eat white mushroom in any form.

Common boletus

Common boletus (obabok) also a rather desirable mushroom for mushroom pickers. His hat also has the shape of a pillow and is painted either light brown or dark brown. Its diameter is up to 15 cm. The flesh of the cap is white, but it may turn slightly pink at the cut. The length of the leg is up to 15 cm. It widens slightly downward and has a light gray color with brown scales. Boletus grows in deciduous and mixed forests from June to late autumn. He is very fond of light, so most often he can be found on the edges. Boletus can be eaten boiled, fried and stewed.

Boletus

Boletus (redhead) is easy to recognize by the interesting color of its cap, which resembles autumn foliage. The color of the cap depends on the place of growth. It ranges from almost white to yellow-red or brown. In the place of the break, the pulp begins to change color, darkens up to black. The leg of the boletus is very dense and large, reaching 15 cm in length. In appearance from the boletus, the boletus also differs in that it has black spots on its legs, as it were, horizontally, and more vertically on the boletus. This mushroom can be harvested from early summer to October. It is most often found in deciduous and mixed forests, aspen and small forests.

Oiler

Oil canhas a rather wide cap, up to 10 cm in diameter. It can be colored from yellow to chocolate, convex in shape. The peel can be easily separated from the pulp of the cap and it can be very slimy and slippery to the touch. The flesh in the cap is soft, yellowish and juicy. In young butters, the sponge under the cap is covered with a white film; in adults, a skirt remains on the leg from it. The leg is in the shape of a cylinder. It is yellow at the top and slightly darker at the bottom. The oiler grows in coniferous forests on sandy soil from May to November. It can be eaten pickled, dried and salted.

Goat

Goat very similar to the old oiler, but the sponge under the cap is darker, with large pores and there is no skirt on the leg.

Mosswheel

Flywheels have a pillow-shaped cap with a velvet skin from brown to dark green. The leg is dense, yellow-brown. The pulp may turn blue or green when cut and is brown in color. The most common are green and yellow-brown moss. They have excellent taste and can be consumed fried and dried. Before taking it for food, be sure to clean the cap. Moss grows in deciduous and coniferous forests of temperate latitudes from mid-summer to mid-autumn.

Dubovik

Dubovik grows mainly in oak forests. It looks like a porcini mushroom in shape, and a flywheel in color. The surface of the cap of young mushrooms is velvety; in damp weather it is slimy. From touching, the cap becomes covered with dark spots. The flesh of the mushroom is yellowish, dense, red or reddish at the base of the leg, turns blue on the cut, then turns brown, odorless, the taste is mild. The mushroom is edible, but it is easy to confuse it with inedible: satanic and bile mushrooms. If part of the leg is covered with a dark mesh, this is not an oak tree, but its inedible counterpart. In the olive-brown oak tree, the flesh on the cut immediately turns blue, and in the poisonous twin it slowly changes color, first to red, and then turns blue.

All the above described mushrooms are spongy. Among the spongy mushrooms, only the gall mushroom and the satanic mushroom are poisonous, they look like white, but immediately change color on the cut, and even pepper is not edible, because it is bitter, about them below. But among the lamellar mushrooms there are many inedible and poisonous ones, so a child should remember the names and descriptions of edible mushrooms before going on a "quiet hunt".

Honey mushroom

Honey mushroom grows on the base of trees, and meadow mushroom - on meadows. Its convex cap, up to 10 cm in diameter, has a yellowish brown color, similar to an umbrella. The length of the leg is up to 12 cm. In the upper part it is light and has a ring (skirt), and at the bottom it acquires a brownish tint. The pulp of the mushroom is dense, dryish, with a pleasant smell.

Autumn honey agaric grows from August to October. It can be found on the basis of both dead and living trees. The cap is brownish, dense, yellowish plates, white ring on the stem. It is most often found in a birch grove. This mushroom can be eaten dried, fried, pickled and boiled.

Autumn mushroom

Summer honey agaric, like autumn, grows on stumps all summer and even in autumn. Its cap is darker along the edge than in the middle and thinner than that of the autumn honeydew. There is a brown ring on the leg.

Summer honey mushroom

Meadow honeydew grows in meadows and pastures from the end of May. Sometimes the mushrooms form a circle, which mushroom pickers call the "witch's ring".

Meadow honey

Russula

Russula have a round cap with a skin easily detachable at the edges. The hat reaches 15 cm in diameter. The hat can be convex, flat, concave, or funnel-shaped. Its color varies from red-brown and blue-gray to yellowish and light gray. The leg is white, fragile. The pulp is also white. Russula can be found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. They also grow in a birch park and on the banks of the river. The first mushrooms appear in late spring, and the largest number occurs in early autumn.

Chanterelle

Chanterelle - a pleasant-looking and tasteful edible mushroom. Her velvety hat is reddish in color and resembles a funnel with folds at the edges. Its flesh is dense and has the same color as the cap. The hat smoothly goes into the leg. The leg is also red, smooth, tapering downward. Its length is up to 7 cm. The chanterelle is found in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests. It can often be found in moss and conifers. It grows from June to November. You can use it in any form.

Lactose

Lactose has a concave cap with a funnel in the center and wavy edges. It is firm to the touch and fleshy. The surface of the cap is white and sometimes covered with fluff, it is dry or vice versa, mucous and wet, depending on the type of weight. The pulp is brittle and when broken, a white juice with a bitter taste is released. Depending on the type of weight, the juice can turn yellow or pink when broken. The leg is dense, white. This mushroom grows in deciduous and mixed forests, often covered with dry foliage so that it is not visible, but only a mound is visible. You can collect it from the first summer month to September. Milk mushrooms are well suited for pickling. Much less often they are fried or consumed boiled. Milk can also be black, but black has a much worse taste.

White lump (real)

Dry weight (load)

Aspen lump

Black lump

Volnushka

Volnushki They are distinguished by a small hat that has a depression in the center and a beautiful fringe along the slightly tucked edges. Its color varies from yellowish to pink. The pulp is white and firm. This is a conditionally edible mushroom. The juice has a very bitter taste, so before cooking this mushroom, you need to soak it for a long time. The leg is dense, up to 6 cm in length. Volnushki love wet terrain and grow in deciduous and mixed forests, preferring birch trees. They are best harvested from August to September. Volnushki can be eaten in salted and pickled form.

Ryzhik

Ryzhiki They are similar to waves, but larger in size, they do not have a fringe at the edges, they are light orange in color, and the flesh on the cut is also orange, green along the edge. The mushroom has no bitter juice, so you can cook it right away without soaking it. The mushroom is edible. The mushrooms are fried, boiled and pickled.

Champignon

Champignon grow in the forest, and in the city, and even in landfills and basements from summer to autumn. While the mushroom is young, its cap has the shape of half a ball of white or grayish color, the back of the cap is covered with a white shroud. When the hat is opened, the veil turns into a skirt with a leg, exposing the gray plates with spores. Champignons are edible, they are fried, boiled, pickled without any special pre-processing.

Violinist

A mushroom that creaks slightly when held over it with a fingernail or when rubbing the caps, many call it squeaky. It grows in coniferous and deciduous forests, usually in groups. The violin is similar to a lump, but unlike the lump, its plates are cast in a yellowish or greenish color, and the cap may also not be pure white, moreover, it is velvety. The pulp of the mushroom is white, very dense, firm, but brittle, with a weak pleasant smell and a very pungent taste. At the break, it secretes a very acrid white milky juice. The white flesh turns greenish-yellow when exposed to air. Milky sap, when dry, turns reddish. The violin is a conditionally edible mushroom, it is edible in a salty form after soaking.

Valuy (bull) has a light brown cap with whitish plates and a white leg. While the mushroom is young, the cap is bent down and slightly slippery. Young mushrooms are collected and eaten, but only after removing the skin, prolonged soaking or boiling of the mushroom.

You can find such bizarre mushrooms in the forest and in the meadow: morel, line, dung beetle, blue-green stropharia. They are conditionally edible, but recently they are less and less eaten by people. Young umbrella mushroom and raincoat are edible.

Poisonous mushrooms

Inedible mushrooms or foods containing their poisons can cause severe poisoning and even death. The most life-threatening inedible, poisonous mushrooms include: fly agarics, pale toadstool, false mushrooms.

A very noticeable mushroom in the forest. His red hat with white dots is visible to the forester from afar. However, depending on the type, hats can also be of other colors: green, brown, white, orange. The hat is shaped like an umbrella. This mushroom is quite large in size. The leg usually widens downward. There is a "skirt" on it. It is the remnants of the shell in which the young mushrooms were. This poisonous mushroom can be confused with a golden-red russula. The russula has a hat that is slightly depressed in the center and has no "skirt" (Volvo).

Pale toadstool (fly agaric green) even a small amount can cause great harm to human health. Her hat can be white, green, gray or yellowish. But the shape depends on the age of the fungus. The hat of a young toadstool resembles a small egg, and over time it becomes almost flat. The leg of the mushroom is white, tapering downward. The pulp does not change at the incision and is odorless. The pale grebe grows in all forests with alumina soil. This mushroom is very similar to champignons and russula. However, mushroom plates are usually darker in color, while in pale toadstool they are white. Russula do not have this skirt on the leg, and they are more brittle.

False mushrooms can be easily confused with edible mushrooms. They usually grow on tree stumps. The cap of these mushrooms is brightly colored, and the edges are covered with white flaky particles. Unlike edible mushrooms, the smell and taste of these mushrooms are unpleasant.

Gall mushroom is a double of white. It differs from boletus in that the upper part of its leg is covered with a dark mesh, and the flesh turns pink at the cut.

Satanic mushroom also looks like white, but its sponge under the cap is reddish, there is a red mesh on the leg, and the cut becomes purple.

Pepper mushroom similar to a flywheel or oiler, but the sponge under the cap is purple.

False chanterelle - the inedible double of the chanterelle. The color of the false chanterelle is darker, reddish-orange; white juice is released on the break of the cap.

Both the flywheel and chanterelles also have inedible twins.

As you understand, mushrooms are not only those that have a cap and a leg and that grow in the forest.

• Yeast mushrooms are used to create some drinks, using them in the fermentation process (for example, kvass). Molds are a source of antibiotics and save millions of lives every day. Special types of mushrooms are used to give products, such as cheeses, a special taste. They are also used to create chemicals.
• Spores of fungi, with the help of which they reproduce, can germinate in 10 years or more.
• There are also predatory species of fungi that feed on worms. Their mycelium forms dense rings, when it gets into which it is already impossible to escape.
• The oldest mushroom found in amber is 100 million years old.
• An interesting fact is that leaf-cutting ants are able to independently grow the mushrooms they need for nutrition. They acquired this ability 20 million years ago.
• In nature, there are about 68 species of glowing mushrooms. They are most commonly found in Japan. Such mushrooms are distinguished by the fact that they glow green in the dark, it looks especially impressive if the mushroom grows in the middle of rotten tree trunks.
• Some fungi cause serious diseases and infect agricultural plants.

Mushrooms are mysterious and very interesting organisms, full of unsolved secrets and unusual discoveries. The edible species are delicious and useful product, and inedible ones can cause great harm to health. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish between them and you should not put a mushroom in the basket in which you are not completely sure. But this risk does not prevent you from admiring their diversity and beauty against the background of blooming nature.

Hiking in the forest is almost always accompanied by picking wild berries or mushrooms. And if we have already studied, now let's move on to the mushrooms.

Mushrooms are very nutritious and healthy food. Almost every culture uses them for cooking. Most edible mushrooms grow in the middle lane - in Russia and Canada.

This biological species is of particular value due to its composition: high protein content allows them to replace meat. Unfortunately, the high chitin content guarantees a more difficult and time-consuming process for the digestion of the mushrooms.

What are mushrooms: types, description, photos

People are used to calling a mushroom directly a leg and a cap, which are good for food. However, this is only a small part of a huge mycelium, which can be located both in the ground and, for example, in a stump. There are several common edible mushrooms.

List of inedible mushrooms

With all its diversity, the world of mushrooms is only half useful for humans. The rest of the species are dangerous. Unfortunately, the types of mushrooms that can cause great harm to humans are not much different from their healthy and tasty counterparts. There is only one way to guarantee your safety - to collect and eat only familiar mushrooms.

They are dangerous.

1. The pig is thin. It can harm the kidneys and change the composition of the blood.
2. Gall mushroom. Similar to white, with a black mesh on the base.
3. Death cap. It is considered the most dangerous of all mushrooms. Most often they are confused with champignons. It differs from the latter in the absence of a skirt and white plates. In edible mushrooms, the plates are colored.
4. Amanita. The most famous of dangerous mushrooms... There are many subspecies, the classic one has a red speckled cap, there can also be yellow and white caps. There are also edible subspecies, however, experts urge not to eat any of the fly agaric.
5. Rowing. It has several varieties that are equally dangerous to humans.
6. False mushroom. Looks like an edible sibling, except for the legged skirt. Dangerous mushrooms do not have it.
7. Talker. It has a hollow stem and a small cap. Does not have a strong odor.
8. Fiber. Grows in various forests and gardens, loves beech and linden. In case of poisoning, symptoms will appear within a few hours.