What natural objects belongs to Lake Baikal. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky

This is the world and Russian unique, whose official status was confirmed when the lake-sea in 1996 was included in the list of cultural monuments and natural Heritage mankind. It is worth recalling that the Convention on the Protection of this kind of facilities was adopted on November 23, 1972 by the UNESCO General Conference in Paris. The education of the World Heritage List has pursued a noble goal - the identification, study and protection of monuments, complexes, locality - the creations of a person or nature, which have an exceptional value from the historical, artistic, scientific, natural, archaeological or ethnographic point of view.

How to go to the list of world heritage?

In order for the one or another geographical area to be listed in the World Heritage List as a natural heritage, it had to respond at least one of the following criteria:

I. Being an exceptionally valuable example of one of the stages of the Earth's history, including certificates of primitive forms of life currently significant geological processes, participation in the evolution of morphology of the territory, as well as important morphological characteristics;

II. In its territory, significant environmental and biological processes of evolution and development of terrestrial, coastal, marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as plant and animal communities, should occur on its territory;

III. Present natural phenomena or zones of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

Why Baikal?

Interestingly, the reader will be familiar with the content of the decision, which was adopted by UNESCO World Heritage Committee on December 5, 1996. "Lake Baikal is a classic case of a world heritage site that satisfies all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural territoriesMainly preserved in natural condition and represent additional value. Lake Baikal - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of an exclusively unique endemic fauna and flora. Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia", is an exceptional value for the study of evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes ensures an exceptionally beautiful environment of Lake Baikal. Baikal largest freshwater reservoir on Earth (20% of all world stocks), which further characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

Lake Baikal is one of the most biode-shaped lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Conservation, and presents the full composition of typical boreal species. "

You can at least briefly add those priorities and evidence of the advantages that distinguish the Sacred Sea in the global natural community.

The first place in antiquity among fresh water bodies of the world: about 25 ~ 30 million years, whereas usually lakes exist 10-15 thousand years.

The first place among the lakes of the world on the official maximum deep mark - 1637 m. (1640 meters of the "Peace" 1 and 2 of the Batiskofs obtained in July 2009), with the "middle" depth of 730 meters.

The first place among terrestrial water bodies of the planet for fresh-quality water reserves - 23.6 thousand cubic kilometers.

First place in the presence of types - endemics in the flora and fauna: from more than 2,000 species and varieties of Baikal animals and plants from 30 to 60% in different environments habitats are recognized by endemic, i.e. existing only in this place.

The sixth place in size among freshwater reservoirs of the Earth: only African Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and the Three Great North American Lakes (not counting Aral and Caspians, which are more often called seas).

And these priorities are not the only, but only large-scale, there are many other, more "small", about which we still say in this book.

Since Baikal is not only natural, but also by the cultural heritage, we will stop on this aspect. According to global criteria, each cultural object submitted to inclusion in the list of world heritage should:

be a masterpiece of creative human genius; or

show the importance of the process of transmission over time or the cultural geographical area of \u200b\u200buniversal values \u200b\u200bin the field of culture, architecture, monumental art, urban planning or landscape design; or

be a unique or extremely important evidence of the existence or disappearance of some civilization or cultural tradition; or

represent an outstanding example of an architectural or landscape ensemble, marking one of the periods of human development history; or

to present an outstanding example of the formation of a man of a landscape or settlement, characteristic of some culture, in particular, if this culture turned out to be defenseless in the face of irreversible historical changes; or

being directly or indirectly associated with events, traditions, ideas, beliefs or creative acts of outstanding world importance ...

If you take into account the identity and uniqueness of values, cults and rites, Buryat, Evenks, Tofalars, Soyotov, Yakutov, Russian Staroxov, primarily the Siberian Cossacks and Old Believers - Family, then you can confidently say that socio-cultural community for compliance with these standards .

The inclusion of the objects approved by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention, sets serious tasks of cooperation of different peoples in the field of the nature of the nature of the "Holy Lake", as well as any other "object" of the Convention.

Recall that in the preamble of this international document adopted by the seventeenth session of the United Nations General Conference on Education, Science and Culture (Paris, November 6, 1972), the following aspects are particularly emphasized:

noting that the cultural and natural heritage is increasingly threatened by the destruction caused not only by traditional causes of damage, but also the evolution of social and economic life, which aggravates their even more dangerous malicious and destructive phenomena;

taking into account that the damage or disappearance of any objects of cultural or natural heritage is a detrimental depletion of all nations of the world;

taking into account that the protection of this heritage at the national level is often insufficient due to the extensive expenses, which it requires, and the lack of economic, scientific and technical resources of the country in which the value is to be protected;

recalling that the Charter of the Organization provides that it will help maintain the progress and dissemination of knowledge, ensuring the conservation and protection of the universal heritage of mankind, as well as recommending the relevant international conventions to interested people;

considering that the existing international conventions, recommendations and resolutions in favor of cultural and natural values \u200b\u200bindicate the importance that presents for all peoples to preserve unique and indispensable values, regardless of what people they belong;

taking into account that some of the values \u200b\u200bof cultural and natural heritage are of exceptional interest and therefore should be maintained as part of the World Heritage Site of all mankind;

taking into account that due to the scale and seriousness of new dangers that they threaten them, the entire international community should participate in the protection of natural and cultural heritage, providing collective assistance, which, without replacing the activities of the interested state, in the territory of which is value, will effectively complement it;

taking into account that for this purpose, it is necessary to adopt new provisions in the form of a convention establishing an effective system of collective protection of objects of an outstanding universal value, organized on an ongoing basis in accordance with modern scientific methods ...

Stressing the above-mentioned parties to the question, the Convention showed its significance and the prospects for solutions on saving and protection not only by human, but also natural world. Implementing the Baikal Region of many serious tasks planned by the Convention involves at least the rapprochement, and the best integration of the positions and views of representatives of different nations The essence and interrelation of economic, spiritual and environmental problems. And in order to bring something closer, to connect, it is necessary to understand and in general and in private issues of human interaction with the environment, practiced and national, and at international levels. And it is important to do not only in relation to nature as a whole, but also in relation to its specific objects, in our case to Baikal. People living on his shores, how to anyone else need to understand that the global status of the Sacred Sea is not so much honor and respect, how much daily responsibility of the owner and the burdensome duty of a caring son.

Application. Monuments of the cultural and historical heritage of mankind in Russia

In the UNESCO World Heritage List in Russian Federation There are 25 items (for 2012), it is 2.6% of the total (962 for 2012). 15 objects are included in the list of cultural criteria, and 6 of them are recognized as a masterpiece of human genius, and 10 objects are included in natural criteria, and 4 of them are recognized by natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance (criterion VII). In addition, as of 2012, 26 facilities in Russia are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the successor of which is Russia ratified the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage on October 12, 1988. The first objects located on the territory were listed in 1990 on the 14th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

Cultural criteria

I. The object is a masterpiece of human creative genius.

II. The object indicates a significant mutual influence of human values \u200b\u200bin a given period of time or in a certain cultural space, in architecture or in technologies, in monumental art, in the layout of cities or the creation of landscapes.

III. The object is unique or at least exceptional for a cultural tradition or civilization that has so far or has already disappeared.

IV. The object is an outstanding example of the design, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape, which illustrate a significant period of human history.

V. The object is an outstanding example of the human traditional structure, with the traditional use of Earth or the sea, being a sample of culture (or cultures) or human interaction with the environment, especially if it becomes vulnerable due to the strong influence of irreversible changes.

Vi. The object is directly or materially associated with events or existing traditions, with ideas, beliefs, with artistic or literary works And has an exceptional world importance. (According to the UNESCO Committee, this criterion is preferable to use together with any other criteria or criteria).

Natural criteria

VII. The object is a natural phenomenon or space of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance.

VIII. The object is an outstanding sample of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including a monument of the past, a symbol of originating geological processes in the development of relief or a symbol of geomorphic or physiographic features.

IX. The object is an outstanding pattern of occurring environmental or biological processes in the evolution and development of earthly, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and plant and animal communities.

V. The object includes the most important or significant natural habitat for preserving biological diversity in it, including disappearing species of exceptional global value from the point of view of science and protection.

#	Name	Location	Time of creation	List	№	Criteria
1	Historical center of St. Petersburg and related complexes of monuments	City of federal significance: St. Petersburg Area: Leningradskaya	XVIII-XX century	1990	540	I, II, IV, VI
2	Architectural ensemble of Kizhsky	Nearest city: Medvezhiegorsk Republic: Karelia	XVIII-XIX century	1990	544	I, IV, V
3	Moscow Kremlin and Red Square		XIII-XVII century	1990	545	I, II, IV, VI
4	Historical monuments of Novgorod and surroundings	City: Novgorod Area: Novgorodskaya Federal District: Northwest	XI-XVII century	1992	604	II, IV, VI
5	Cultural and historical ensemble "Solovetsky Islands"	Nearest city: Arkhangelsk Area: Arkhangelskaya Federal District: Northwest	XVI-XVII century	1992	632	IV
6	White Monuments Vladimir and Suzdal	City: Vladimir, Suzdal Region: Vladimirskaya Federal District: Central	XII-XIII century	1992	633	I, II, IV
7	Church of Ascension in Kolomensky	City of federal significance: Moscow Federal District: Central	XVI century	1994	634	II.
8	Architectural ensemble Trinity Sergiye Lavra	City: Sergiev Posad Region: Moscow Federal District: Central	XV-XVIII century	1993	657	II, IV
9	Virgin forests Komi	Komi Republic Federal District: Northwest	-	1995	719	VII, IX
10		The Republic of Buryatia Area: Irkutskaya	-	1996	754	VII, VIII, IX, X
11	Volcanoes Kamchatka	Edge: Kamchatsky	-	1996	765	VII, VIII, IX, X
12	Central Sikhote-Alin	Edge: Primorsky Federal District: Far Eastern	-	2001	766	H.
13	Golden Altai Mountains	Altai Republic Federal District: Siberian	-	1998	768	H.
14	UBSUNARSKAYA KOTLOVNA	Tyva Republic Federal District: Siberian (Together with Mongolia)	-	2003	769	IX, H.
15	Western Caucasus	Edge: Krasnodar, Republic: Adygea Federal District: South	-	1999	900	IX, H.
16	Historic-architectural complex "Kazan Kremlin"	City: Kazan. Republic of Tatarstan Federal District: Volga	XVI-XXI century	2000	980	II, III, IV
17	Ensemble Ferapontov Monastery	Nearest city: Kirillov Area: Vologda Federal District: Northwest	XV-XVII century	2000	982	I, IV
18	Curonian Cos	Nearest city: Zelenogradsk Region: Kaliningradskaya Federal District: Northwest (Together with Lithuania)	-	2003	994	V.
19	Citadel, old city And the fortress structures of Derbent	The Republic of Dagestan Federal District: North Caucasian	VI-XIX century	2003	1070	III, IV.
20	Wrangel Island	Autonomous District: Chukotka Federal District: Far Eastern	-	2004	1023	IX, H.
21	Ensemble Novodevichy Monastery	City of federal significance: Moscow Federal District: Central	XVI-XVII century	2004	1097	I, IV, VI
22	Historic center Yaroslavl	City: Yaroslavl Area: Yaroslavl Federal District: Central	XVI-XX century	2005	1170	II, IV
23	Geodesic arc Struve (2 points)	Nearest city: Kingisepp Area: Leningradskaya Federal District: Northwest (Together with Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belorussia, Moldova, Ukraine)	XIX century	2005	1187	II, III, VI
24	Plateau Puratorna	Edge: Krasnoyarsky Federal District: Siberian	-	2010	1234	VII, IX
25	Lena pillars	Nearest city: Pokrovsk Saha Republic Federal District: Far Eastern	-	2012	1299	VIII.

World Natural Heritage

With the adoption of the Convention on the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Planet, in 1972, the United Nations (Division on Education, Science and Culture) began to form a UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes the most significant objects of nature, history and culture, territories with outstanding The global values \u200b\u200bof natural resources and which require a careful relationship, preservation for descendants.

To get to this list, you must meet at least one of the four criteria:

The object represents outstanding examples illustrating the most important stages of the history of the Earth and noteworthy geological processes;

The object presents exceptional examples to illustrate the most important environmental and biological processes of the evolution and development of ecosystems and communities of living organisms;

The object includes outstanding natural phenomena or territory of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

The object includes the most important and significant natural habitats for the preservation of biodiversity, as well as species of outstanding universal value in terms of science or nature conservation.

Baikal is unique in this sense, he satisfies absolutely all criterion convention. natural facilitiescontained in the list of the Natural Heritage, a little more than a dozen satisfy all four criteria.

On December 5, 1996, by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida, Baikal, together with the coastal area with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 8.8 million hectares., It was included in the UNESCO Natural Heritage List.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe World Natural Heritage site (OHPN) "Lake Baikal" is equal to 88 thousand km2, of which 31.5 thousand km2 - the surface of the lake, and 19 thousand km2 occupy 3 reserves (Baikal-Lensky, Baikal, Barguzinsky) and 3 National Park (Pribaikalsky, Transbaikalsky and, partly, Tunksky).

5 urbanized industrialized territories are excluded from the site: Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Kultuk, Babushkin and Severobaykalsk.

In the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, UNESCO is noted: "Lake Baikal is a classic case of a world heritage site that satisfies all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mainly preserved in natural state and represent additional value.

Lake Baikal - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of an exclusively unique endemic fauna and flora. Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia", is an exceptional value for the study of evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes ensures an exceptionally beautiful environment of Lake Baikal. Baikal is the largest freshwater reservoir on Earth (20% of all world stocks), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

Lake Baikal is one of the most biode-shaped lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Protection (IUCN), and a complete composition of typical boreal species is presented. "

In addition to the implementation of one of the four criteria for the Convention, the desire of the country in which this site is, to protect and preserve it is necessary.

By the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation, the following requirements were presented:

1. Ensure the final adoption by the State Duma of the Law on Baikal;

2. Refill the BCBC so that it stops being a source of pollution;

3. Reduce the discharge of pollutants in Selengu;

4. Allocate additional means to ensure the activities of nature reserves and national parks;

5. Ensure and strengthen support scientific research and monitoring on Lake Baikal.

The list of environmental protection measures implemented and already implemented by the Russian Federation to meet the requirements by the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation presented in connection with the assignment of the status of the World Natural Heritage:

2. The legislation has made changes regulating relations in the field of lake Lake Baikal:

The boundaries of the water-protection and fisherous zones of Lake Baikal are established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

The state accounting of objects that have a negative impact on environment Baikal natural territory;

On the Baikal Natural Area, the construction of new economic facilities is prohibited, the reconstruction of existing economic facilities without a positive conclusion of the state environmental impact assessment of project documentation of such facilities, and in the central ecological zone of this natural area - the placement of waste and consumption of the I - III hazard class;

The possibility of transferring land funds engaged in protective forests, in the land of specially protected territories and objects in the creation of specially protected natural territories;

Water Code of the Russian Federation, Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws "On Environmental Expertise" and "On Fisheries and Conservation of Water biological resources»Are aligned with changes made to the federal law "On the protection of Lake Baikal."

In more detail with regulatory legal acts, in accordance with which environmental activities are being implemented, it can be found in the "Laws" section.

3. In 2008, the BCBC at the request of Rosprirodnadzor suspended the production of white cellulose and moved to the release of less cost-effective non-refilled cellulose using a closed water management technology, which completely eliminates the release of even purified wastewater into the lake. The plant ceased its work on December 25, 2013. On December 28, 2013, the Prime Minister of Russia signed an order to establish the "Reserves of Russia" on the territory of the closed plant.

4. The Seleginsky PCB from August 1, 1990 ceased to reset in Selengu industrial wastewater.

5. In 2008-2010, the International Research Expeditionary Expedition "Mira" on Baikal "was held during which 160 dives were committed on deep-water devices" Mir-1 "and" Mir-2 ". According to the results of the international conference at UNESCO headquarters, Baikal - World Treasure was noted an increase in the intensity and quality of scientific research in order to preserve the Baikal ecosystem, the importance of the results of the research International Expedition "Worlds" on Baikal ", which includes scientists from 12 countries of the world; significant contribution of this expedition to the development of Russian and global fundamental science, its regions such as geology, geography, limbor, geochemistry, geophysics, biology, etc.; large data arrays obtained during the expedition to significantly expand the representations of the genesis of Baikal and modern processestaking place in it.

6. State financing of ensuring the protection of Lake Baikal and the Baikal natural territory is carried out with the help of the Federal Target Program "Protection of Lake Baikal and the Socio-Economic Development of the Baikal Natural Territory for 2012 - 2020", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2012 No. 847. (See the "Implementation of FDP Events").

When preparing the material sources were used:

Baikalovology: studies. Deposit / N. S. Berkin, A. A. Makarov, O. T. Rusinek. - Irkutsk: Publishing House IRK. State University, 2009

Volkov, S. on Baikal / Sergey Volkov. - M.: AST: AST Moscow, 2010. - 568 p.

Object of the World Natural Heritage Along with other Russian objects: "Komi's virgin forests", "Kamchatka Volcanoes", "Golden Altai Mountains", "Wrangel Island" and others.

The list of sections of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage includes territories with outstanding global values \u200b\u200bof natural resources. In addition, it is necessary to desire a country in which this site is located, protect and maintain it.

Refill the BCBC so that it stops being a source of pollution;

Reduce the discharge of pollutants in Selengu;

Allocate additional means to ensure the activities of nature reserves and national parks;

Ensure and strengthen support for research and monitoring on OZ. .

Many of these issues, unfortunately, have not yet been resolved. However, it is impossible not to note a number of serious environmental activities that have been completed by now.

Source: Ovnology: studies. Manual / N. S. Berkin, A. A. Makarov, O. T. Rusinek. - Irkutsk: Publishing House IRK. State University, 2009

- Natural World Heritage Object

On December 5, 1996, by decision of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee at its XX session, held in the Mexican city of Merida, the lake was included as a natural object in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The decision made by the Committee: "The lake is a classic case of a world heritage site that satisfies all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mainly preserved in natural state and represent additional value.

Lake - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system, which gave rise to the lake, was formed in the Mesozoic period. The lake is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of an exclusively unique endemic fauna and flora. The lake is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia", is an exceptional value for studying evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and the steppes provides an exceptionally beautiful surroundings of the lake. - the largest freshwater reservoir on earth (20% of all world stocks), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

The lake is one of the most biodiversity lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Protection (IUCN), and a complete composition of typical boreal species is presented. "

Source: Volkov, S. in / Sergey Volkov. - M.: AST: AST Moscow, 2010. - 568 p.

Read B.

Terms

1. Tourism (anthropogenic effect)
2. Assignment from the status of the object of the World Natural Heritage
3. Adoption of the Law on E. Environmental Zoning of the Basic Natural Territory
4. Central Ecological Zone BPT
5. Buffer ecological zone
6. Environmental area of \u200b\u200batmospheric influence
7. Creating a network of specially protected natural territories
8. Complex of other environmental events

Other resources

1. Natural phenomenon A // Goldfarb S.I.
2. as a monument to the World Heritage // Carnishev AD
3. Baikal // Geography and natural resources, 1988. # 2. - P. 31-39.
4. Grishchenko V.I., Ryabtsev B.B. By the 20th anniversary of the Pribaikal National Park: Results, main problems // Proceedings of the Pribaikal National Park. Vol. 2. - Irkutsk: Irkut Publishing House. State University, 2007. - p.362-387.

Links

• Lake | Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage" //nhpfund.ru
• Russian National World Heritage Committee
• World Heritage Site in the Russian Federation (English)
• World Heritage Site in the Russian Federation (Rus.)
• Project Greenpeace Russia "World Heritage"
• Russian natural objects included and prepared for the inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List
• Catalog of Lockers on the World Heritage in Russia (English)

Notes

1. Ryashenko S. V. Plot of the World Natural Heritage "Lake" in international and national dimensions // Wave. - 2007, No. 1 (45). - P. 40-43.

Cultural criteria: VII, VIII, IX, X
Inclusion on World Heritage List: 1996

One of the most large objects The World Natural Heritage is a giant area (8.8 million hectares), located in the south of Eastern Siberia, not far from the borders with Mongolia. In the center of this area, at an altitude of 456 m above sea level, is the water area of \u200b\u200bBaikal, and the external borders are mainly contacted by the so-called "first catchment", i.e. We are talking about a huge "bowl" limited to high mountain ridges - Hamar-Daban, Primorsky, Baikal, Barguzinsky, Ulan-Burgas, etc.

Baikal keeps the world championship immediately for several important parameters. So, this is the oldest freshwater reservoir of our planet - its age is usually determined in 25 million years. Further, Baikal, which occupies a huge ancient graben (tectonic reset), belonging to one of the world's largest rift systems, is recognized as the deepest lake of the world - its maximum deep mark is 1620 m. And according to its total dimensions, Baikal also falls among the largest world lakes : It has a length of 636 km, and the water surface extends to 3.15 million hectares (in Russia this is the most large lake, in the world - in the 6th place). In Baikal, a giant amount of fresh water was concluded - approximately 20% of all world stocks. The transparency of the Baikal Waters - separate items are visible at a depth of up to 40 m. The lake is characterized by the richest and most unusual freshwater life: from several thousand species and varieties of plants and animals that inhabit this lake, 3/4 are recognized as endemic that according to world standards is exclusively high indicator. Among the endemics are the key elements of the lake ecosystem, as an epischur stamp, Baikal Omul and Nerpe (Baikal seal), as well as boring fish - Golusyanka plus a whole range of rare forms of water invertebrates (sponges, booplary cancer, etc.).

Baikal is a valuable fishing reservoir: from 50 species of fish 17 have a large commercial value; This list, which begins with the most famous Baikal Omul, also falls sturgeon, Sig, Harius, Jewish, Sazan, etc.

Finally, Baikal is famous for his beauties, which attracts tourists from all over the country and from abroad on its shores, this is one of the most popular areas of ecological tourism (animal monitoring, training trails), as well as sports (mountain and water Hiking) and commercial (collection of taiga gifts, hunting and fishing). There are many picturesque bays, there are excellent beaches, the shores decorate the bizarre rocks and rocks. Water excursions are carried out on the lake (including on several large cruise ships), and along the south-west shore can be drunk along the ancient round-bayan railway (1904), with a mass of tunnels and bridges, which is a real monument of engineering art. On the shores of Baikal (which was opened by Russian pioneers in the middle of the XVII century), traces of settlements of neolithic, bronze and iron centuries were found, ancient burial, there are many interesting monuments of history and culture. Currently, a large Baikal trail (BBT) is designed around the entire Baikal.

A significant part of the Baikal coast is occupied by various specially protected areas that form around the lake as it were, "Reserve Necklace". This "necklace" includes three reserves - Barguzinsky (Buryatia, the northeastern coast, the Barguzinsky ridge, an area of \u200b\u200b374.3 thousand hectares, created in 1916, has the status of a biosphere reserve), Baikal (Buryatia, south coast, Hamar-Daban Ridge, 165.7 thousand hectares, 1969, Biospheric reserve) and Baikal Lensky (Irkutsk Region, North-West Bank, Baikal Ridge, the origins of the Lena River, 660 thousand hectares, 1986). These are also two national parks - Pribaikalsky (Irkutsk region, all the Western and South-West Coast of the Lake, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Primorsky Range, with the inclusion of Olkhon Island and the origins of Angara; 418 thousand hectares, 1986) and Zabaykalsky (Buryatia, East Coast, Barguzinsky Ridge, Peninsula Holy Nose, Lake Arangatuy, Barguzinsky and Chivirkuy Bay, Ushkaj Islands, 267 thousand hectares, 1986). A 1/10 part of the territory of the Tunkinsky National Park, in Buryatia, also enters the borders of the World Heritage site. In the "Reserved Necklace" includes a number of customers and monuments of nature, including two federal reserves - on Lake Frolich and Kaban (Last - in the Delta of the Selenga River, Wetland international importance, is protected in accordance with the Ramsar Convention). The natural environment of Baikal is noteworthy, first, in the way it performs the most important protective (buffer) function in relation to the water area. It is clear that the fate of the lake itself largely depends on the ecological state of the Landscapes around the landscapes.

Secondly, the natural environment of Baikal is a huge value in itself: it is extensive forests and swamps, richest fauna and flora, exotic alpine relief forms (glacial lakes and circus, canyons, sharp ridges). The coast and foothills are mainly covered with steppes and forest-steppes, lowlands and middle mountains - pine, spruce, larch forests, cedars and firewesters, above them are replaced by cedar stabes, rhododendrons, mountain tundra and goltsy.

The flora of the coastal zone of Lake Baikal is represented by more than 800 species of higher plants, including a number of endemic and rare forms (so, in Baikalsky national Park Rare plants grow - Large-flowered shoe, Turchaninov Lugovik, Naica Cropped).

Among 50 types of mammals that live in the coastal zone on the swamps, in the steppes and forest-steppes, in the foothill and mountain forests, as well as in the middle of high mountain range and the tundra, are the most typical of such as wild reindeer, maral, elk, cabgara, boar . brown bear, Wolf, Fox, Sable (including the famous Barguzinsky subspecies), ermine, columns, squirrel, chipmunk, brown-tarbagan, otter and ondatra. Large fankeys of the Baikal Nerva are located on the Ushkah Islands, the total number of this beast on Baikal is now 60-70 thousand.

And among the birds (which is about 250 species), we mention, on the contrary, the most rare listed in the Red Book of Russia, somehow: Sapsan, Skop, Berkut, Black Crane and Orlan-Belochvost (the last two are also in the International Red Book). Large accumulations of waterfowl birds are celebrated in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Arangatuu, and in winter - in non-freezing origins of the hangars. This object on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website WhC.unesco.org/en/List/754

Baikal (Irkutsk region, Buryatia)

The cleanest and, no doubt, the most beautiful lake Baikal, rightfully took its place in the list .

Baikal is one of the greatest lakes of the planet, the "excellent degree" lake: the deepest (1637 m) and the oldest (about 25 million years) containing the most a large number of endemics (more than 1000 species) and representatives of flora and fauna (more than 2,600 species), inhabitant in fresh water reservoirs. The lake has a unique on "to him (23.6 thousand cubic meters) and the quality of freshwater reserves (20% of the world).

The lake lies in the Baikal Wpadine - the bottomless stone bowl, from all sides by the surrounded mountains. Baikal - Lake of tectonic origin in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the deepest lake Planet Earth, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water, UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake and coastal areas are distinguished by a unique variety of flora and fauna. Many of the animals, birds and fish Baikal are endemics, it means that they live only in this ecosystem and are no longer found anywhere in the world.

Local residents and many in Russia are traditionally called Baikal by the Sea. Butto ak would not like to call this majestic freshwater reservoir by the sea, still it is a lake that is surrounded by almost all sides by the picturesque mountains and hills of extinct volcanoes.

The lake stretches from the northeast to southwest by 632 km in the form of a giant crescent. Baikal width ranges from 24 to 79.5 km. There is no other so deep lake on Earth. The bottom of Baikal is 1167 meters below the world's ocean, and its water mirror is 453 meters above.

Water in the lake is so transparent that individual stones and various subjects There are visible at a depth of 40 m. This transparency of water can be observed after the ice leaves: usually in early spring Baikal water becomes bright of blue color. In the summer and in the fall, when the water warms up, in small quantities, microplankton and algae develop in small quantities: naturally at that moment it is already quite difficult to distinguish pitfalls at a depth of 40 meters, but transparency and in these seasons amazes. True, her color changes: it does not turn into a muddy greens, on the contrary, it becomes gentle-turquoise.

Plunge into affectionate and pure waters Baikal ... - Dream! True, a dream only for those who know about this lake quite a little. The thing is that the water is not heated here even in the summer above the mark +9 degrees Celsius. Only in small and shallow bays can be expected that the water warms under the sun to +16. So swim in Baikal and see underwater world Through crystal-transparent water, perhaps in the wettoxy. In winter, the aqueous mirror is almost completely covered with thick ice, so thick, which in the 19th century sleepers installed sleepers and were transported through the horses through the Baikal locomotives. Ice on the lake is an amazing spectacle: during the strongest frosts there are cracks on it, the length of which is sometimes 30 (!)

There is a legend that Baikal's father had 336 sons rivers and one daughter - hangar, they all went to the Father, in order to replenish his water, but his daughter fell in love with the Yenisei River and began to endure their father's water to her beloved. In response, Baikal's father threw a huge piece of rock in his daughter and cursed it. This cliff, called the shaman-stone, is at the origin of the hangary and is considered it.

Baikal is not even an ecosystem, this is a whole world, a world in which everything exists in harmony with each other. It is impossible not to listen to the words of P.N. Kozlova, who writes that, when communicating a person with nature, he becomes cleaner, his soul becomes whole and sensitive.