Form of contacting the interlocutor. Addressing "you" according to the rules of speech etiquette

: I suggest: speech etiquette in Russian Empire the beginning of the twentieth century in everyday life and in the army. From janitor to emperor.We read books, watch movies and TV series, go to theaters... We encounter “your excellency” and “your excellency.” However, clear canons regulating the norms of circulation in detail are difficult to find, and those works that exist are fragmentary and of little use. How's the dark?

The word “etiquette” was introduced into use by the French king Louis XIV in the 17th century. At one of the magnificent receptions of this monarch, the invitees were given cards with rules of behavior that guests must observe. From the French name for cards - “labels” - the concept of “etiquette” comes from - good manners, good manners, ability to behave in society. At the courts of European monarchs, court etiquette was strictly observed, the implementation of which required both the august persons and those around them to comply with strictly regulated rules and norms of behavior, sometimes reaching the point of absurdity. For example, spanish king Philip III preferred to burn in front of his fireplace (his lace caught fire) than to put out the fire himself (the person responsible for the court fire ceremony was absent).

Speech etiquette– “nationally specific rules of speech behavior, implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions in situations of “polite” contact with an interlocutor accepted and prescribed by society. Such situations are: addressing the interlocutor and attracting his attention, greeting, introduction, farewell, apology, gratitude, etc.” (Russian language. Encyclopedia).

Thus, speech etiquette represents the norms of people’s social adaptation to each other; it is designed to help organize effective interaction, restrain aggression (both one’s own and that of others), and serve as a means of creating an image of “one’s own” in a given culture, in a given situation.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of understanding this term is used in etiquette communication situations when performing certain etiquette actions. These actions can have the meaning of motivation (request, advice, proposal, command, order, demand), reaction (reactive speech acts: agreement, disagreement, objection, refusal, permission), social contact in the conditions of establishing contact (apology, gratitude, congratulations) , its continuation and completion.

Accordingly, the main etiquette genres are: greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, request, consolation, refusal, objection... Speech etiquette extends to oral and written communication.

Moreover, for each speech genre speech etiquette characterized by a wealth of synonymous formulas, the choice of which is determined by the sphere of communication, the characteristics of the communicative situation and the nature of the relationship between the communicators. For example, in a greeting situation: Hello! Good morning! Good afternoon Good evening! (Very) glad to welcome (see) you! Let me welcome you! Welcome! My regards! Hello! What a meeting! What a meeting! Who do I see! and etc.

Thus, greeting helps not only to perform the appropriate etiquette speech action when meeting, but also to set a certain frame of communication, to signal official ( Let me welcome you!) or unofficial ( Hello! What a meeting!) relationships, set a certain tone, for example, humorous, if the young man answers the greeting: My regards! etc. The rest of the label formulas are similarly distributed according to their scope of use.

Addressing (orally or in writing) to persons with ranks was strictly regulated and was called a title. All slaves should have known these sweet words as “OUR FATHER.” OTHERWISE THERE COULD BE BIG TROUBLES!!!

Subjects of the Russian sovereign were certainly punished for registering the royal title. And also the punishment depended on the seriousness of the offense. Punishment on this issue was the prerogative of the highest authority. The measure of punishment was fixed either in the royal decree or in the royal decree with a boyar sentence. The most common punishments were whipping or whipping, and short term imprisonment. Not only the fact of distorting the title of the Russian sovereign, but also the application of one or more of its formulas to a person who did not have royal dignity was subject to inevitable punishment. Even in an allegorical sense, subjects of the Moscow sovereign were forbidden to use the words “tsar”, “majesty”, etc. in relation to each other. If such a fact occurred, it served as a reason for starting a search operation and was placed under the control of the highest authority. An indicative example is the “Tsar’s personal decree “On cutting the tongue of Pronka Kozulin, if the search turns out that he called Demka Prokofiev the king of Ivashka Tatariinov.” It can be said that during the period under review, an attack on the royal title was actually equated with an attack on the sovereign.

Noble etiquette.

The following title formulas were used: respectful and official address was “Dear sir, dear madam.” This is how they addressed strangers, either during a sudden cooling or aggravation of relations. In addition, all official documents began with such appeals.

Then the first syllable was dropped and the words appeared "sir, madam". This is how they began to address wealthy and educated people, usually strangers.

In the official environment (civilian and military), the following rules of address existed: the junior in rank and title was required to address the senior in title - from “Your Honor” to “Your Excellency”; to persons of the royal family - “Your Highness” and “Your Majesty”; the emperor and his wife were addressed as “Your Imperial Majesty”; Grand Dukes (close relatives of the Emperor and his wife) were titled “Imperial Highness.”

Often the adjective “imperial” was omitted, and when communicating, only the words “Majesty” and “Highness” were used (“To His Majesty with an errand ...”).

Princes who did not belong to the reigning house, and counts with their wives and unmarried daughters, were titled “Your Excellency”, the most serene princes - “Your Grace”.

Higher-ranking officials addressed their subordinates with the word “Mr.,” with the addition of their surname or rank (position). People equal in title addressed each other without a title formula (for example, “Listen, Count...”).

Common people, who did not know ranks and insignia, used such addresses as master, mistress, father, mother, sir, madam, and for girls - young lady. And the most respectful form of addressing a master, regardless of his rank, was “Your Honor.”

Military etiquette. The system of appeals corresponded to the system of military ranks. Full generals are supposed to say Your Excellency, lieutenant generals and major generals - Your Excellency. Officers, sub-ensigns and candidates for a class position are called by their rank, adding the word Mr., for example, Mr. Captain, Mr. Colonel, other lower ranks title staff officers and captains - Your Highness, other chief officers - Your Honor (those with a count or princely title - Your Excellency).

Departmental etiquette used largely the same system of addresses as the military.

In the Russian state in the 16th - 17th centuries, there was a practice of maintaining “ranks” - rank books, in which records were annually made of appointments of service people to senior military and government positions and of royal orders to individual officials.

The first discharge book was compiled in 1556 under Ivan the Terrible and covered all appointments for 80 years from 1475 (starting from the reign of Ivan III). The book was kept in the Discharge Order. In parallel, the order of the Grand Palace kept a book of “palace ranks”, in which “everyday records” were entered about appointments and assignments in the court services of serving people. Rank books were abolished under Peter I, who introduced a unified system of ranks, enshrined in the Table of Ranks of 1722.

“Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks”- order law civil service in the Russian Empire (ratio of ranks by seniority, sequence of ranks). Approved on January 24 (February 4), 1722 by Emperor Peter I, it existed with numerous changes until the 1917 revolution.

Quote: “Table of ranks of all ranks, military, civil and courtiers, who are in which rank; and who are in the same class"- Peter I January 24, 1722

The Table of Ranks established the ranks of 14 classes, each of which corresponded to a specific position in the military, naval, civil or court service.

In russian language term "rank" means degree of distinction, rank, rank, rank, category, class. By decree Soviet power on December 16, 1917, all ranks, class ranks and titles were abolished. Nowadays, the term "rank" is preserved in Navy Russia (captain of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd rank), in the hierarchy of diplomats and employees of a number of other departments.

When addressing persons who had certain ranks of the “Table of Ranks,” persons of equal or lower rank were required to use the following titles (depending on the class):

“YOUR EXCELLENCY” - to persons in the ranks of 1st and 2nd classes;

“YOUR EXCELLENCY” - to persons in the ranks of 3 and 4 classes;

“YOUR HIGHNESS” - to persons in the ranks of 5th class;

“YOUR HONOR” - to persons in the ranks of grades 6–8;

“YOUR NOBILITY” - to persons in the ranks of grades 9–14.

In addition, in Russia there were titles used when addressing members of the Imperial House of Romanov and persons of noble origin:

"YOUR IMPERIAL MAJESTY" - to the Emperor, Empress and Empress Dowager;

“YOUR IMPERIAL HIGHNESS” - to the grand dukes (the children and grandchildren of the emperor, and in 1797–1886, the great-grandsons and great-great-grandchildren of the emperor);

“YOUR HIGHness” - to the princes of the imperial blood;

“YOUR HIGHNESS” - to the younger children of the emperor’s great-grandsons and their male descendants, as well as to the most serene princes by grant;

“YOUR LORD” - to princes, counts, dukes and barons;

“YOUR NOBILITY” - to all other nobles.

When addressing clergy in Russia, the following titles were used:

“YOUR EMPLOYMENT” - to metropolitans and archbishops;

“YOUR Eminence” - to the bishops;

“YOUR REVERENCE” - to archimandrites and abbots of monasteries, archpriests and priests;

“YOUR REVERENCE” - to archdeacons and deacons.

If an official was appointed to a position of a class that was higher than his rank, he used the general title of the position (for example, the provincial leader of the nobility used the title of III-IV classes - “your excellency”, even if by rank or origin he had the title “your nobility"). When written by official When lower officials addressed higher officials, both titles were called, and the private one was used both by position and by rank and followed the general title (for example, “His Excellency Comrade Minister of Finance Privy Councilor”). From ser. 19th century the private title by rank and surname began to be omitted. When addressing a lower official in a similar manner, only the private title of the position was retained (the surname was not indicated). Equal officials addressed each other either as inferiors, or by name and patronymic, indicating the common title and surname in the margins of the document. Honorary titles(except for the title of member of the State Council) were usually also included in the title, and in this case the private title by rank was usually omitted. Persons who did not have a rank used a general title in accordance with the classes to which the title belonging to them was equated (for example, chamber cadets and manufactory advisers received the right to the general title “your honor”). When speaking orally to higher ranks, a general title was used; to equal and inferior citizens. ranks were addressed by first and patronymic or last name; to the military ranks - by rank with or without the addition of a surname. Lower ranks had to address sub-ensigns and non-commissioned officers by rank with the addition of the word “Mr.” (for example, “Mr. Sergeant Major”). There were also titles by origin (by “dignity”).

A special system of private and general titles existed for the clergy. The monastic (black) clergy was divided into 5 ranks: the metropolitan and archbishop were titled “your eminence”, the bishop – “your eminence”, the archimandrite and abbot – “your eminence”. The three highest ranks were also called bishops, and they could be addressed with the general title "sovereign". The white clergy had 4 ranks: archpriest and priest (priest) were titled - “your reverence”, protodeacon and deacon - “your reverence”.
All persons who had ranks (military, civil, courtiers) wore uniforms, according to their type of service and rank class. The ranks of the I-IV classes had a red lining in their overcoats. Special uniforms were reserved for persons who held honorary titles (secretary of state, chamberlain, etc.). The ranks of the imperial retinue wore shoulder straps and epaulets with the imperial monogram and aiguillettes.

The conferment of ranks and honorary titles, as well as the appointment to positions, the awarding of orders, etc., was formalized by the orders of the tsar in military and civil matters. and court departments and was noted in the official (service) lists. The latter were introduced back in 1771, but received their final form and began to be carried out systematically in 1798 as a mandatory document for each of the persons who were in the state. service. These lists are an important historical source when studying the official biography of these individuals. Since 1773, lists of citizens began to be published annually. ranks (including courtiers) of classes I-VIII; after 1858, the publication of lists of ranks I-III and separately IV classes continued. Similar lists of generals, colonels, lieutenant colonels and army captains were also published, as well as “List of persons who were in the naval department and fleet admirals, staff and chief officers...”.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the title system was simplified. Ranks, ranks and titles were abolished by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 10. 1917 “On the destruction of estates and civil ranks.”

In everyday business settings (business, work situations), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of selling goods or participating in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, the need arises to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand or make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may have the need to give advice, make a proposal, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, or refuse someone.

Here are the speech cliches that are used in these situations.

Expression of gratitude:

Let me (let me) express my (great, great) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (excellent) organized exhibition.

The company (directorate, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees (teaching staff) for…

I must express my gratitude to the head of the supply department for...

Let me (allow me) to express my great (huge) gratitude...

For the provision of any service, for help, an important message, or a gift, it is customary to thank with the following words:

I am grateful to you for...

-(Big, huge) thank you (you) for...

-(I am) very (so) grateful to you!

The emotionality and expressiveness of expressing gratitude is enhanced if you say:

There are no words to express (my) gratitude to you!

I am so grateful to you that it is difficult for me to find words!

You can't imagine how grateful I am to you!

– My gratitude has no (knows) no boundaries!

Note, warning:

The company (directorate, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark)…

To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (force) to make a remark (to reprimand)...

Often people, especially those in power, consider it necessary to express their suggestions, advice in categorical form:

All (you) must (must)…

You should definitely do this...

Advice and suggestions expressed in this form are similar to orders or instructions and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank. Inducement to action by advice or suggestion can be expressed in a delicate, polite or neutral form:

Let me (let me) give you advice (advise you)…

Let me offer you...

-(I) want (I would like, I would like) to advise (offer) you...

I would advise (suggest) you...

I advise (suggest) you...

Appeal with the request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive ingratiation:

Do me a favor and fulfill (my) request...

If it’s not difficult for you (it won’t be difficult for you)…

Don’t consider it a labor, please take it...

-(Can) I ask you...

- (Please), (I beg you) allow me...

The request can be expressed with some categoricalness:

I urgently (convincingly, very) ask you (you) ...

Agreement, The resolution is formulated as follows:

-(Now, immediately) will be done (completed).

Please (I allow, I don’t object).

I agree to let you go.

I agree, do (do) as you think.

In case of failure expressions used:

-(I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (allow, assist).

-(I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request.

It is currently not possible to do this.

Understand that now is not the time to ask (make such a request).

Sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

– I am forced to prohibit (refuse, not allow).

Among business people of any rank, it is customary to resolve issues that are especially important to them in a semi-official setting. For this purpose, hunting, fishing, outings are organized, followed by an invitation to a dacha, a restaurant, a sauna. Speech etiquette also changes in accordance with the situation; it becomes less formal and acquires a relaxed, emotionally expressive character. But even in such an environment, subordination is observed, a familiar tone of expression, or speech “looseness” is not allowed.

An important component of speech etiquette is compliment. Said tactfully and at the right time, it lifts the mood of the recipient and sets him up for a positive attitude towards his opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, during a meeting, acquaintance, or during a conversation, when parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment are dangerous.

The compliment refers to appearance, testifies to the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, wonderful, excellent, magnificent, young).

You do not change (have not changed, do not grow old).

Time spares you (does not take you).

You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, partner).

You run (your) business (business, trade, construction) well (excellent, excellent, excellent).

You know how to lead (manage) people well (excellently) and organize them.

It’s a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business (work, cooperate) with you.

Communication presupposes the presence of one more term, one more component, which manifests itself throughout the entire communication, is its integral part, and serves as a bridge from one replica to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the form of the term itself have not been finally established, cause disagreement, and are a sore point of Russian speech etiquette.

This is eloquently stated in a letter published in Komsomolskaya Pravda (24.01.91) for signed by Andrey. They posted a letter under the title “Extra People.” Let's give it without abbreviations:

We are probably the only country in the world where people do not address each other. We don't know how to contact a person! Man, woman, girl, granny, comrade, citizen - ugh! Or maybe a female person, a male person! And easier - hey! We are nobody! Neither for the state, nor for each other!

The author of the letter, in an emotional form, quite sharply, using language data, raises the question of the position of man in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit is appeal– becomes a socially significant category.

To understand this, it is necessary to understand what is unique about address in the Russian language and what its history is.

From time immemorial, circulation has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This - vocative function.

Since the calls are used as proper names (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and names of people according to degree of relationship (father, uncle, grandfather), by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant), by age and gender (old man, boy, girl), address other than vocative function indicates the corresponding sign.

Finally, appeals can be expressive and emotionally charged, contain an assessment: Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, a blockhead, a dunce, a klutz, a rogue, a smart girl, a beauty. The peculiarity of such addresses is that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his education, attitude towards the interlocutor, and emotional state.

The given address words are used in an informal situation, only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as addresses in official speech.

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Rus' was the reflection of the social stratification of society, such characteristic feature, as veneration.

Isn’t that why the root in Russian is rank proved to be prolific, giving life

In words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, love of rank, veneration of rank, bureaucrat, officialdom, disorderly, disorderly, destroyer of rank, destroyer of rank, admirer of rank, stealer of rank, decorum, decency, submit, subordination,

Word combinations: not by rank, distribute by rank, rank by rank, large rank, without sorting ranks, without rank, rank by rank;

Proverbs: Honor the rank of the rank, and sit on the edge of the youngest; The bullet does not distinguish the officials; For a fool of great rank, there is room everywhere; There are two whole ranks: a fool and a fool; And he would be in rank, but it’s a pity, his pockets are empty.

Also indicative are the formulas of dedications, addresses and signatures of the author himself, which were cultivated in the 18th century. For example, the work of M.V. Lomonosov's “Russian Grammar” (1755) begins with the dedication:

To the Most Serene Sovereign, Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, Duke of Holstein-Schleswig, Storman and Ditmar, Count of Oldenburg and Dolmangor, and so on, to the Most Gracious Sovereign...

Then comes the appeal:

Most Serene Sovereign, Grand Duke, Most Gracious Sovereign!

And signature:

Your Imperial Majesty's most humble slave, Mikhail Lomonosov.

The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals.

Firstly, there was the document “Table of Ranks”, published in 1717–1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed military (army and naval), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, they belonged to the 3rd class lieutenant general, lieutenant general; Vice Admiral; Privy Councillor; marshal, master of horse, jägermeister, chamberlain, chief master of ceremonies; to 6th grade – colonel; captain 1st rank; collegiate advisor; camera fourier; by 12th grade – cornet, cornet; midshipman; provincial secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were Your Excellency, Your Excellency, Your Excellency, Your Highness, Your Majesty, Most Gracious (Merciful) Sovereign, Sovereign and etc.

Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century maintained the division of people into classes. A class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and responsibilities, class inequality and privileges. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, townspeople, peasants. Hence the appeals sir, madam towards people of privilege social groups; sir, madam - for the middle class or master, lady for both, and the lack of a uniform appeal to representatives of the lower class. Here is what Lev Uspensky writes about this:

My father was a major official and engineer. His views were very radical, and by origin he was “from the third estate” - a commoner. But even if the fantasy had even occurred to him to say on the street: “Hey, sir, on Vyborgskaya!” or: “Mr. Cabby, are you free?” he wouldn't be happy. The driver, most likely, would have taken him for a drunken guy, or he would have simply gotten angry: “It’s a sin, master, for you to break down over a simple person! Well, what kind of “master” am I to you? You should be ashamed!” (Koms. pr. 11/18/77).

In the languages ​​of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were addresses that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society and to an ordinary citizen: Mr, Mrs, Miss(England, USA), senor, senora, senorita(Spain), signor, signora, signorina(Italy), sir, lady(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

“In France,” writes L. Uspensky, “even the concierge at the entrance to the house calls the landlady “Madame”; but the hostess, albeit without any respect, will address her employee in the same way: “Bonjour, Madame I see!” A millionaire who accidentally gets into a taxi will call the driver “Monsieur,” and the taxi driver will tell him, opening the door: “Sil vou plait, Monsieur!” - “Please, sir!” This is the norm there too” (ibid.).

After October revolution All old ranks and titles are abolished by a special decree. Universal equality is proclaimed. Appeals sir - madam, master - lady, sir - madam, dear sir (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international politeness. Thus, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: Your Majesty, Your Excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called Mr. - Mrs.

Instead of all the appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917–1918, the appeals are becoming widespread citizen And comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive.

Word citizen recorded in monuments of the 11th century. It came into the Old Russian language from the Old Church Slavonic language and served as a phonetic version of the word city ​​dweller Both meant “resident of the city (city).” In this meaning citizen also found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So A.S. Pushkin has these lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy,
But just a citizen of the capital.

In the 18th century, this word acquired the meaning of “a full member of society, the state.”

The most boring title, of course, was the emperor.

Who was usually called “sovereign”?

Word sovereign in Russia in the old days they used it indifferently, instead of lord, master, landowner, nobleman. In the 19th century, the tsar was addressed as the Most Gracious Sovereign, the great princes were addressed as the Most Gracious Sovereign, all private individuals were addressed as the Most Gracious Sovereign (when addressing a superior), my gracious Sovereign (to an equal), my Sovereign (to an inferior). The words sudar (also with emphasis on the second syllable), sudarik (friendly) were used mainly in oral speech.

When addressing men and women at the same time, they often say “Ladies and gentlemen!” This is an unsuccessful copy of the English language (Ladies and Gentlemen). In Russian the word gentlemen equally correlated with forms singular sir And madam, and “madam” is included in the number of “gentlemen”.

After the October Revolution, “sir”, “madam”, “mister”, “madam” were replaced by the word "comrade". It removed differences in gender (both men and women were addressed this way) and social status (since it was impossible to address a person with a low status as “sir” or “madam”). The word comrade with a surname before the revolution indicated membership in the revolutionary political party, including communists.

Words "citizen"/"citizen" were intended for those who were not yet seen as “comrades”, and are still associated today with courtroom reporting rather than with the French Revolution, which introduced them into the practice of speech. Well, after perestroika, some “comrades” became “masters”, and circulation remained only in the communist environment.

sources

http://www.gramota.ru/

Emysheva E.M., Mosyagina O.V. — History of etiquette. Court etiquette in Russia in the 18th century.

And I’ll also remind you who they are The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -

Don’t know what address to choose when meeting a new person, or want to understand when you can switch to “you” in communication? The rules of speech etiquette will come to the rescue, explaining when and what kind of address is more appropriate to use.

The reforms of Peter 1 introduced into our speech the use of “You,” which he borrowed from European culture. The innovation that came from the West took a long time to take root, but now we don’t even remember that it has non-Russian roots.

Forms "You" and "you"

Having studied the basics of speech etiquette, you can get precise recommendations on the use of addresses “you” or “you”.

When it is necessary to address the interlocutor as “you”

The use of “You” emphasizes formality and respect for the interlocutor, and is regulated by specific rules of etiquette.

1. If you need to contact someone you don’t know or don’t know at all to a stranger, for example: “Could you tell me if I filled out the application correctly?”
2. If the interlocutor is familiar to you, but he is older than you. In this case, it is useful to know a few additional conditions. It is more appropriate to supplement the address with a first name and patronymic to those interlocutors who are over 25 years old: “Fedor Petrovich, you understand how important this is for me!” And if your partner is younger, then we add only the name: “Fedor, you know how I would like to solve this problem!”
3. The formality of the situation, which requires building communication at work on a “you” basis. We list the main situations in which this etiquette requirement must be observed:

• communication with colleagues, even if informal relationships have developed between them, in the presence of third parties, including when participating in meetings, symposia and round tables and seminars;
• during the interaction between buyer and seller, doctor and patient, driver and passenger;
• in the work of a teacher or teacher when addressing middle and high school students and students.

When to Capitalize When Addressing “You” in Writing

We will separately outline the rules that apply when using “you” in written speech. Even if a conversational style is chosen, etiquette requires addressing recipients as “you,” thereby emphasizing respect for them. But if neither the number of people who will read the text nor their names and surnames are known, then in this case we will write the appeal in small letters. An example is any address by the author to the reader in an article. If the addressee is known, then using a capital letter is mandatory, for example, when writing a letter to a specific person.

When can I address you as "you"?

“You” is a colloquial form of address to well-known people, indicating the presence of a close relationship, although if it is used in relation to a stranger, it will be perceived either as disrespect for him or as bad manners of the addressee and a gross violation of etiquette requirements.

“You” can be addressed to a colleague, friend, children and is regulated by the rules of speech etiquette in the following cases:

1. Appeal in the family to relatives and household members, regardless of their age. Today, the tradition of children addressing their parents as “you” has almost been lost.
2. An informal setting in which colleagues and co-workers can afford to use the colloquial “you”.
3. Appeal to children under 9 years of age.
4. friends, colleagues, acquaintances or peers.

Transition from “you” to “you” and from “you” to “you”

Speech etiquette helps to find answers to questions about how in the process of communication it is possible to replace the address “You” with its colloquial version “you”.

Rules for switching from “you” to “you”

Most often, this is possible when the situation allows you to switch to an informal form of communication. The main requirement in such a transition is to obtain permission from the interlocutor to use “you” as a less formal option.

Basic rules for the transition from “you” to “you”, regulated by speech etiquette:

• The proposal to switch to “you” must come from the older interlocutor to the younger one, who receives the right to accept or reject such an offer.
• In communication between a man and a woman, etiquette prescribes that it is the woman who is the first to suggest a transition to “you” to her interlocutor. This rule is not always followed, but this does not mean that it does not exist.

When is it possible to switch from “you” to “you”

A reverse transition means that the interlocutors’ communication conditions have changed. For example:

• Communication partners' relationships have deteriorated, and now they need to emphasize the formality of communication.
• When relatives come to work, they change “you” to “you”, thereby trying to demonstrate to their colleagues the lack of close relationships.
• People who know each other well find themselves in a situation or meeting, or at work, in relation to each other, they are employees who are not equal in status, but, for example, a manager and a subordinate. Among colleagues, addressing themselves as “you”, they show the ability to separate friendly and work relationships.

Knowing the rules of speech etiquette and following them, each person will be able to improve their interaction with others and not find themselves in situations in which they will be considered ignorant or insufficiently educated.

APPEAL

The concept of conversion

A word or combination of words that names the addressee of speech, is an appeal. Most often, proper names act as addresses; less often - the names of animals or the names of inanimate objects.

The address can stand outside the sentence or be part of it, located anywhere - at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle, at the end. Even when included in a sentence, the appeal does not become a member of it, i.e. has no coordinating or subordinating connection with other words and retains the isolation of its position and grammatical independence. For example: - Children, go to your rooms! - Anna Afanasyevna (Kupr.) shouted from the dining room; I don’t feel good, Christya, I don’t know what to do! (M.G.); Give me your paw, Jim, for luck (Es.); My land! Beloved Rus' and Mordva! Through the parable of darkness, you are alive as before (Es.).

The appeal is accompanied by special vocative intonation. She especially clearly highlights the appeal that stands outside the sentence: Father! Father! Leave the threats, don’t scold your Tamara (L.).

Such appeals are easy turn into special independent sentences - vocative. For example: - Grandma! - Olesya (Kupr.) said reproachfully, with emphasis. The handling here is complicated functionally; it not only names a person, but conveys various shades of meaning accompanying this name: reproach, fear, joy, reproachful-condescending attitude, etc., i.e. conveys subjective modality. Sentences-addresses are especially rich in intonation shades.

Vocative intonation of address, standing at first proposals, somewhat weakened Brown wind, how happy you are! (Pinch.).

An appeal worth inside sentences, may have an introductory intonation (accelerated rate of pronunciation, lowering the voice) or an exclamatory intonation (in this case, the addition of the particle o conveys special poetry and pathos), for example: Break, break, night wave, and water the shore with foam... (L.); Let me be covered with cold earth, oh friend!

always, everywhere my soul is with you (L.). Appeal located at the end sentences may be weakly emphasized intonationally if it does not have special semantic or expressive functions, for example:- What is your name, beauty? - asked the student (Kupr.) affectionately.

However, the general exclamatory intonation of a sentence can help to emphasize the appeal: Hello, people of peaceful labor, noble workers! (Pan.) Treatment, except main function is to attract the attention of the interlocutor , may have more evaluation function , when the named person (or thing) is characterized from one side or another, such appeals are often expressed in expressive words - But, mom, you are my darling! You are approaching your seventh decade (Pan.);- Shut up, worm! - Slavyanov (Kupr) threw at him with a tragic gesture. Such appeals: rich in intonation nuances of pronunciation

Wait, honey! You'll sing! (Cupr.); Why were you shy, stupid head? (Cupr.); Oh, my dear, life is so beautiful (Cupr.); Hanging around here, Labardans! (Cupr.).

To express addresses in the Old Russian language, there was a special form of the vocative case. Its remains can be found in XIX literature c., for example: What do you want, old man? (P.). Such forms partially preserved in modern Russian as interjections and interjection expressions: Lord, God, my God, my dear fathers and some others.

In modern Russian language of address expressed by the nominative case form of a noun or a substantivized part of speech. For example: What, lad, got into your head? (Cupr.); We, comrades, are great patriots of the plant (Pan.); You, Nastasya Ilyinichna, are lucky in life (Pan.); - Great, sixth! - the thick, calm voice of the colonel (Kupr.) was heard; Take advantage of life, living one (Beetle).

IN colloquial speech special forms of nouns are common to express addresses - truncated, For example: Tanya, Tanya... (M. G.); Mom, what about you? (Fed.). Typical for colloquial speech method of repeating invocations of particle a(strengthened call for attention): Grandma? And grandma? You are alive? (Paust.); “Ivan, and Ivan,” Listar pestered him... (M.-Sib.).

IN folklore works There are special types of requests that represent tautological repetitions: path-path, friends-comrades, sadness-longing.

For works of art- especially poetic and oratorical - are characteristic common appeals. Usually these are nouns equipped with agreed and inconsistent definitions, applications and even subordinate modifiers. These appeals characterize an object or person and convey an attitude towards it. For example:

“Dear Nadya, my dear girl,” says my mother, “would you like anything?” (Kupr.): Farewell, dear forest, forgive, golden spring (Es.); Young mare, honor of the Caucasian brand, why are you rushing, daring? (P.); Black, then smelly howl! How can I not caress you, not love you? (Ec.); The stars are clear, the stars are high! What do you keep inside yourself, what do you hide? Stars, concealing deep thoughts, with what power do you captivate the soul? (Ec.); Come, chained to the canvas by the power of my power, look from it at these tailcoats... (Garsh.). Appeal is often expressed pronoun with particle o . This appeal is usually: accompanied by attributive clauses, for example

O you, whose letters are many, many in my briefcase on the bank! Sometimes I look at them sternly, but I can’t throw them in the stove (K). Common requests can be quite extensive, their characteristic quality becomes in this case: You, gray from the ashes of burned villages, hanging the shadow of your wings over life, you, who waited for us to crawl on our knees, are not horror, but you awakened rage in us (Tvard.); A soldier's son who grew up without a father and ahead of schedule You have matured noticeably, you are not separated from earthly joys by the memory of a hero and father (Tvard).

Common calls can be dismembered. This is characteristic of colloquial speech or speech reproducing colloquial speech: Stronger, horse, hit, hoof, chasing a step (Bagr.); Why, smart one, are you delirious, head? (Kr.).

Appeals can be arranged in a homogeneous row, For example: Sing, people, cities and rivers, sing, mountains, steppes and seas (Marmot); Hear me, dear one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isak.).

Homogeneous calls may formally coincide with the combination of address and application with it, for example: To you, Caucasus, stern king of the earth, I again dedicate a careless verse... (L.). The word used here is Caucasus, it is distributed by the application stern king of the earth.

In colloquial speech they can be used as addresses uncontrolled prepositional case forms. Such forms are contextually or situationally determined. They name the addressee of speech according to a single, situationally identified sign. For example: WITH higher education, step forward! (Kar.); Hey, on a boat! Release the left side (B. Pol.); Hey, there, in the boats, don't get under the wheels! (B. Pol.).

The scope of appeals is very wide. They are a characteristic feature of colloquial speech, especially dialogical. Main function such requests - name of the addressee of the speech. In poetic and oratorical speech, special appeals are performed. stylistic functions: are carriers of expressive-evaluative meanings; as a rule, they are metaphorical: You are my abandoned land, you are my land, wasteland, uncut hayfield, forest and monastery (Es.); Shine, last needle, in the snow! Arise, fire-breathing darkness! Whip up your snowy ashes! (Bl.); Retreat like the tide, all the daytime, empty excitement, loneliness, stand, like a moon, over my hour! (Bruce.); The wandering spirit! You stir up the flame of your lips less and less often. Oh, my lost freshness, the riot of my eyes and the flood of my feelings! (Ec.); Sorry, dear shelter. What I served you with, and with that I am satisfied (Es.); O wisdom of the most generous Indian summer, I receive you with joy (Berg.); “Forgive me, goodbye, my dryness!” - he said with the words of the song (Shol.).

Communication presupposes the presence of one more term, one more component, which manifests itself throughout the entire communication, is its integral part, and serves as a bridge from one replica to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the form of address itself have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore point of Russian speech etiquette.

The author of the letter, in an emotional form, quite sharply, using language data, raises the question of the position of man in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit - address - becomes a socially significant category.

To understand this, it is necessary to understand what is unique about address in the Russian language and what its history is.

From time immemorial, circulation has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.

Since both proper names (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha) and names of people by degree of relationship (father, uncle, grandfather), by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, etc.) are used as addresses. accountant); by age and gender (old man, boy, girl), the address, in addition to the vocative function, indicates the corresponding feature.

Finally, appeals can be expressive and emotionally charged, and contain an assessment? Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, a blockhead, a dunce, a klutz, a rogue, a smart girl, a beauty. The peculiarity of such addresses is that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his education, attitude towards the interlocutor, and emotional state.

The following words of address are used in an informal situation; only some of them, for example proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as addresses in official speech.

Write twenty messages that indicate the degree of relationship or age, gender and at the same time are emotionally charged. For example: auntie, little boy.

Write all possible variations of your name. Determine which of them are used in official and which in informal speech; what function does each option perform?

Write down the nicknames of people you know. How are they formed and what function do they perform, acting as an address?

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Rus' was the reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature as veneration of rank.

Is this why in the Russian language the root chin turned out to be prolific, giving life

Words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, love of rank, veneration, official, rank, disorderly, disorderly, destroyer of rank, rank-gubipgel, rank-worshipper, rank-stealer, decorously, decency, submit, subordination;

Word combinations: not according to rank, distribute according to rank, rank by rank, large rank, without sorting ranks, without rank, rank by rank;

Proverbs: Honor the rank of the rank, and sit on the edge of the youngest; The bullet does not distinguish the officials; For a fool of great rank, there is room everywhere; There are two whole ranks: a fool and a fool; And he would be in rank, but it’s a pity, his pockets are empty.

The social stratification of society and inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries were reflected in the system of official appeals.

Firstly, there was a document “Table of Ranks”, published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed military (army and naval), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. Thus, the 3rd class included lieutenant general, lieutenant general, vice admiral, privy councilor, marshal, equestrian, jägermeister, chamberlain, chief ceremonies; to the 6th grade - colonel, captain 1st rank, collegiate adviser, chamberlain-fourier; by the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, provincial secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of addresses, there were addresses: Your Excellency, Your Excellency, Your Excellency, Your Highness, Your (her). majesty, most gracious (merciful) sovereign, sovereign, etc.

Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. maintained the division of people into classes. A class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and responsibilities, class inequality and privileges. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, townspeople, peasants. Hence the addresses Mr., Madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, madam - for the middle class or master, mistress for both and the absence of a single address to representatives of the lower class.

In the languages ​​of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were addresses that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society and to an ordinary citizen: Mr., Mrs., Miss (England, USA); senor, senora, senorita (Spain); signor, signora, signorina (Italy); pan, pani (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

After the October Revolution, all old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree, and universal equality was proclaimed. The addresses Mr. - Madam, master - lady, sir - madam, dear sir (empress) are gradually disappearing. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international politeness. Thus, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: Your Majesty, Your Excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called Mr. - Madam, instead of all the addresses that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. Citizens and comrades receive the appeal. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive,

The word citizen is recorded in the monuments of the 11th century. It came into the Old Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city dweller. Both meant “resident of the city (city).” In this meaning, citizen is also found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So, A.S. Pushkin has these lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy,

But just a citizen of the capital.

In the 18th century this word takes on the meaning of “a full member of society, the state.”

Why did such a socially significant word as citizen disappear in the 20th century? common way people address each other?

In the 20-30s. a custom arose, and then became the norm when addressing those arrested, prisoners, those on trial to law enforcement officials and vice versa not to say comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor.

As a result, the word citizen for many has become associated with detention, arrest, police, and the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grew” to the word so much that it became an integral part of it; became so ingrained in people's minds that it became impossible to use the word citizen as a common address.

The fate of the word comrade turned out somewhat differently. It is recorded in the monuments of the 15th century. Known in Slovenian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian. This word came to Slavic languages ​​from Turkic, in which the root tavar meant “property, livestock, goods.” Probably, the word comrade originally meant “companion in trade.” Then the meaning of this word expands: comrade is not only a “companion”, but also a “friend”. Proverbs testify to this: On the road, the son is a companion to his father; A smart comrade is half the road; To fall behind a comrade is to become without a comrade; The poor are no friend to the rich; A servant is not a master's comrade.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia in early XIX V. the word comrade, like the word citizen in its time, acquires a new socio-political meaning: “a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people.”

Since the end of the 19th century. and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word became the main address in the new Russia. Naturally, nobles, clergy, and officials, especially those of high rank, do not all immediately accept the call of comrade.

The attitude towards conversion of comrades from different social groups was brilliantly demonstrated by playwright K. Trenev in the play “Lyubov Yarovaya”. The action takes place during the Civil War. In the speech of the clergy, officers of the tsarist army, and various intelligentsia, appeals continue to be used; Your Excellency, Your Excellency, Your Honor, gentlemen, officers, Mr. Lieutenant, gentlemen.

In subsequent years, Soviet poets tried to emphasize the universality and significance of the address comrade, creating combinations: comrade life, comrade sun, comrade harvest (V. Mayakovsky); comrade victorious class (N. Aseev); Comrade Rye (A. Zharov).

There is a clear distinction: comrades are Bolsheviks, they are those who believe in the resolution. The rest are not comrades, which means they are enemies.

In subsequent years of Soviet power, the word comrade was especially popular, A.M. Gorky in the fairy tale “Comrade” writes that it became “a bright, cheerful star, a guiding light for the future.” In N. Ostrovsky’s novel “How the Steel Was Tempered” we read: “The word “comrade,” for which yesterday they paid with their lives, now sounded at every step. An indescribably moving word from a comrade. One of the songs popular in Soviet times glorified him: “Our word, proud comrade, is dearer to us than all beautiful words.”

Thus, even the appeal acquired an ideological meaning and became socially significant. Here is what journalist N. Andreev writes about this:

After the Great Patriotic War, the word comrade gradually begins to emerge from the everyday informal way people address each other.

A problem arises: how to contact a stranger? The issue is beginning to be discussed in the press and in radio broadcasts. Philologists, writers, and public figures express their opinions. They propose to revive the appeals, sir, madam.

On the street, in a store, in public transport, the calls man, woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, auntie, uncle are increasingly heard.

Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as disrespect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. Hence, rudeness in response, expression of resentment, and quarrel are possible.

Task 180. From any work of art by a modern author, write down all the addresses and analyze how they characterize the one who is addressing and the one to whom they are addressing.

Since the late 80s. In an official setting, the addresses sir, madam, sir, and madam began to be revived.

History repeats itself. Like in the 20-30s. the appeals, master and comrade, had a social connotation, and in the 90s. they confront each other again. An illustrative example: deputy N. Petrushenko, when discussing the law on property at the Supreme Council in 1991, said:

The parallel is remarkable. Long before perestroika, the film “Baltic Deputy” was shown about the first post-revolutionary years. The main character of the film, Professor Polezhaev, deputy of the Petrograd Soviet from the Baltic sailors, gives a speech to the people. He begins it like this: “Gentlemen!” The audience is unpleasantly surprised: such treatment can only apply to people of the privileged classes. The speaker probably misspoke. The professor understands the reaction of the audience: “I didn’t make a mistake. I’m telling you - to the workers and working women, peasants and peasant women, soldiers and sailors... You are the masters and true masters of a sixth of the world...”

Recently, the address Mr., Madam has been perceived as the norm at Duma meetings, in television programs, at various symposia and conferences. In parallel with this, at meetings of government officials, politicians with the people, as well as at rallies, speakers began to use the addresses Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots. Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, university teachers, the address Mr., Madam in combination with the surname is becoming the norm. , job title, rank. Difficulties arise if the director or professor is a woman. How to address in this case: Mr. Professor or Madam Professor!

The address comrade continues to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer the words of colleagues and friends. The address respected - respected is found in the speech of the older generation.

The words woman, man, which have recently become widespread as addresses, violate the norm of speech etiquette and indicate insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without addresses, using etiquette formulas: be kind..., be kind..., excuse me..., excuse me...

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open.

It will be solved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes an individual, when it doesn’t matter what position he holds, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation. Only then will none of the Russians feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or call someone Mr., Madam.

Write a short essay or newspaper article on the topic: “How we address each other.”

Municipal budgetary educational institution Secondary school No. 7 of the city of Birsk, municipal district of the Birsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Research in English language

Forms of application to English language

Completed:

Timershin R.I.

10th grade student;

Timershin A.I.

4th grade student

MBOU Secondary School No. 7, Birsk

Supervisor:

Ermakova M.V.

English teacher

MBOU Secondary School No. 7, Birsk

Birsk 2017

CONTENT

Introduction ………………………………………………………………….……..3

Chapter I . Forms of address in English... ……………………….4

1. Forms of address related to family relationships……..5

   Affectionate and friendly forms of address……………...…..…..6

   Polite forms of address……………………………………….7 -9

   Unfriendly, offensive forms of treatment……………10

   Features of the use of various forms of address in the USA..10

   Junior/senior…………………………………………………………….11

Chapter II . Forms of address in Russian……………………………..…………………………………..…….. 11

2.1. Forms of address in Russian……………..………..…………12-13

2.2. Forms of address in Russian used by students of grades 4, 7, 10 of our school……………………………………………………….…………..13-16

Conclusion… ………….……………………………..………………..……...16

List of used literature ……………………………………………………….……….....17

Introduction

Traveling to different countries of the world has become an integral part of many of our compatriots. Not everyone can communicate in English, but most travelers have one problem in common - when communicating with foreigners, they do not always know exactly how to properly address strangers.

We were interested in what kind of addresses the English use, because when working with various sources of information in an English lesson, we are faced with different types of addresses and confusion arises: how do the English address each other in the family, at work, in various in public places, to officials. In this regard, we decided to study this problem in more detail.

Subject of study – forms of address in English

Object of study – a variety of forms of address

Research hypothesis – knowledge of the peculiarities of using forms of address – necessary condition successful communication

Purpose Our work is to study various forms of address that influence people's communication.

Basictasks research:

1. Study the basic forms of address in English.

2. Explore various forms of address in the Russian language.

3. Conduct a comparative analysis and correlate requests to

English and Russian languages.

4. Conduct a survey among students in grades 4, 7, 10 on the subject

correct correlation of addresses in Russian and English languages

CHAPTER I . FORMS OF ADDRESS IN ENGLISH

Appeal - a word or phrase that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. First of all, addresses are the names of people, the names of persons by degree of relationship, position in society, profession, occupation, position, rank, nationality or age, relationships between people. Without it it is difficult to imagine communication. It is used to attract the attention of the person the speaker is addressing. The structure and meaning of addresses vary depending on the form and degree of speech. In colloquial speech, less common addresses are more common, calling a person by name, by first name and patronymic, by last name. There are common addresses in written speech. In them, the name of a person is often accompanied by definitions that express the speaker’s attitude towards the named person. Extremely diverse in structure and meaning of addresses in the language works of art, especially in poetic speech. They draw the reader's attention to the addressee.

For example:

In the 10th grade textbook “Spotlight” on pages 17,56,70.88 you can find the following appeals:MissSmith, Mr. Jones, Sir, Professor, Mr. Fogg.

When forming appeals, writers use different types of definitions: agreed and inconsistent, applications, and use a series of homogeneous appeals.

Our work is devoted to the consideration of various forms of address, which we have combined into several groups:

1. Forms of address related to family relationships.

2. Affectionate and friendly forms of address.

3. Polite forms of address. 4. Offensive forms of treatment.

1.1. FORMS OF ADDRESS RELATED TO RELATIVE RELATIONSHIPS.

Appealfather (to father) continues to remain either in this form or in such colloquial forms as Dad , Daddy , Pa , Papa and so on.

At the appeal mother there are also many conversational options: Ma , Mam , Mum , Mamma , Mummy .

Appeal son (to the son) is more typical for fathers, while the address daughter (to daughter) is rarely used by parents nowadays.

Geminis are often addressed using the word twins .

Individually, children are addressed by personal names, household nicknames, or use endearing words for this purpose.

Children traditionally address older family members (grandparents) using wordsgrandpa , Granddad , Grandma , Granny and so on.

The latter use personal names to address their grandchildren instead of words such as grandson or grandd A ughter .

Addresses to other close relatives include the wordsuncle (uncle) , aunt (aunt) , auntie (auntie), sometimes in combination withpersonal names Uncle Jack , Aunt Margaret .

Addresses between husband and wife are personal names, endearing nicknames, or endearing words.

Appealsbrother And sister are now rare. Usually the personal names of brother and sister are used.

Note that outside of family relations, appealsbrother And sister are used more often, as well as their abbreviated formsbro, sis. ( Spotlight 5, p. 63)

1.2. AFTERNESS AND FRIENDLY FORMS OF ADDRESS.

Numerous forms of address that express the speaker’s positive attitude towards the addressee are very popular in modern English. Among them we can mention:

This also includes various forms of friendly treatment with my or my dear

My precious -my precious, dear, beloved

My dear son- my Expensive son

My dear daughter- my Expensive daughter

My dear sweet - my dear, my sweet

The formula with very friendly handling is very characteristic old : old boy , Old chap , Old man (old man).

1.3. POLITE FORMS OF ADDRESS.

The most commonly used form of polite address is the use of the combinationMr . , Mrs ., orMiss (for a young girl or unmarried woman) + surname of the person being addressed:" Mr . Jones " , I ` d like to t e ll you ..."

AppealMiss can be used by schoolchildren if their teacher is a young woman: " Good morning , miss . "

Polite form of addressing a woman - Madam . For example, a salesperson in a store addresses a customer: "Can I help you , madam ? "

The appropriate form of address to a man (especially one of higher status) Sir . This is how schoolchildren turn to male teachers, military personnel to senior ranks, store clerks to customers, police officers to passers-by, and so on.

You should know that the appealMister , Mrs. , Miss without a name it sounds very impolite.

Appeal Sir used without first and last name. When addressed in a group, it is replaced by the wordgentlemen , aMadam - cfishingladies : ladies and gentlemen !

Consider the appeal to titled persons:

1) to the queen, king upon presentation -Your majesty (“your majesty”);

2) to the queen’s husband, as well as to the monarch’s heirs– Your Royal Highness (“Your Royal Highness”)

Subsequently, these titles are replaced in circulation byMa ` am And Sir ;

1) to the Duke -Your Grace (" Your Mightiness"); the address to his wife is the same;

2) to the marquis, earl, viscount and baron -Madam , your Lard ship .

3) alsoM y Lady (the latter addresses are usually used by servants);

To a baronet and to the holder of a knighthood awarded for special merits- Sir (when titling a baronet or knight, the wordSir placed before the given name or before the first and last names:

Sir John orSir John Jones ); when titling the wife of a baronet or knight, the word is usedLady along with the husband's surname:Lady Anderson , the name can be placed in brackets:Lady ( Barbara ) Anderson .

Let us list the appeals to representatives of the English Church:

to the archbishop (governs the diocese and its bishops)

Your Grace orMy Lord ( building. "Your Eminence");

1) to the bishop (is the main church administrative territorial unit)- My Lord (z. "Your Eminence")

2) to the rector of the cathedral -Mr . Dean .

3) a Catholic priest is addressed using the wordfather + name in Ireland it is addressed using the phraseYour Reverence ("your reverence").

There are also other polite addresses to people who hold certain positions or have a particular profession, and so on.

The Lord Mayor in Britain is addressed using the combination

My Lord , just to the mayor of the city -Mr . Mayor

Official address to the ambassador -Your Excellency or Sir + name orMr + last name

When politely addressing people in medicine, they usually use their professional titles. So, going to see a doctor isdoctor . As for nurses, the following synonyms are used: treatmentnurse used in relation to men and women performing the duties of junior medical personnel; a female nurse who occupies a higher official position in the hospital should be addressed using the word sister ; appealmatron used to refer to the head nurse of the hospital.

In the armed forces, addressing members of the armed forces usually includes their rank (with or without last name):

An address in the form "rank + surname" is more

official.

A police officer is also addressed by his rank:Sergeant (building "sergeant"

police"), Inspector (z. "police inspector") and so on. Spoken

calling a police officer - Office .

In the scientific world, on official occasions it is customary to address oneself by title:

Note that some addresses directly related to the names of professions can hardly be considered polite. They are neutral and are used quite often.

For example, to attract the attention of a waiter in a restaurant, we address him: “Waiter!”, we call the porter at the station: “Porter!”, We say to the taxi driver: “Stop here, driver.” But you should remember that these forms of address are falling out of use, and instead of them it is better to use the phrase: “Excuse me, please...”

Many forms of address in the plural sound neutral. So, in the words and expressions everybody (all, everyone), both of you (both of you), all of you (all of you), etc. the emphasis is more on the expression of plurality itself, rather than on politeness or friendliness.

Appeals sound much more aggressive if the word you is placed in front of them: “You two” (you two), “You lot” and the like.

1.4. OFFENSIVE FORMS OF ADDRESS

It is generally accepted to interpret most addresses like you + adjective + noun as negative (unfriendly, offensive). Typical examples of implementation of this model:

Often the qualifying adjective is omitted:

Among the negative references there are many words related to the animal world (zoonyms):

1.5. FEATURES OF USING VARIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS IN THE USA.

In America, the most common forms of address (especially to strangers or older people) are wordsSir And Ma ` am (or Madam ). However, in the USA they move much faster than in Britain to addressing people by name and, as a rule, try to avoid using titles.

However, the President of the United States should be contacted - Mr . President , to the Secretary of State- Mr . Secretary , to the senator -Senator , to a member of the US House of Representatives -Congressman , to the judge -Your Honor ("your honor"), to the ambassador - Mr . Ambassador . In America there is also a tradition of addressing former holders of high positions by their former title:Mr . President - to the ex-president, Senator - to a senator who may leave his post a long time ago, and so on.

1.6 JUNIOR / SENIOR

J unior comes from the Latin juvenis, which is also directly related to the origin of the word juvenile, which refers to someone who is younger. It also applies to young man, more precisely, to my son. Until the 20th century, a boy or young man might be addressed simply as 'Junior' (although this was usually considered somewhat derogatory if addressed to an adult), and according to tradition, the abbreviation 'Jr' was also attached to the name of a child bearing his father's name.

Junior also applies to academic status. In secondary education or a four-year college, a junior is a student in his third or fourth year of study. Schools for students in grades 7-9 of the 12-year school system are called “junior high schools.”

The word junior can also refer to a person occupying a lower rank, for example, “lieutenant junior grade” (junior lieutenant), or “junior account executive” (junior account executive), and if junior refers to fashion, a category of clothing, This applies to slender women and girls.

As an adjective, junior means and is a synonym for “younger”, “youthful”, “more recent”, “lower in rank”. And the phrase “junior varsity” means a university or college sports team.

Senior

As for the word Senior, it is borrowed directly from Latin and means “elder”, but has a more positive connotation than the word “older”. It refers to someone who is older than another or higher in rank. If a student falls under the senior category, it means he is a graduate.

The abbreviation "Sr.", preceding male name, means that this person has a son with the same name.

As an adjective, senior means “elder” and refers to a person born before another person (she is five years my senior), or senior in rank, for example, senior accountant, senior captain. Senior is also a synonym for “elderly, respectable” and has a positive connotation, for example, “senior citizen” means “honorable citizen”, “senior center” (senior center).

CHAPTER II FORMS OF ADDRESS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2.1. FORMS OF ADDRESS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Neither work, nor the trouble we have experienced, nor poor health give us the right to be impolite with others. You should also follow a number of rules when contacting someone.

We use two forms of address: “you” and “you”. The form of addressing a person depends on the circumstances. In Russian, for greater politeness, the last name, first name, and patronymic or title are added to the pronoun “you”. For example: “Comrade Director, they ask you to come to the phone,” or “Please, Comrade Berezin, they are waiting for you,” or “Ivan Ivanovich, can you help me?”

The address “comrade” or “dear comrade” is anonymous and in no case expresses sufficient respect. It can only be used when addressing a stranger whose name you do not know, for example, on the street, on a train, in a store, etc. In closer relationships, a person is called by his first name or first name and patronymic, before which, naturally, the word “comrade” is not used.

When talking about a third person, it is not customary to use only a pronoun. You should say not “he knows”, but “Comrade Ivanov knows”, or between peers - “Ivan knows” or “Ivanov can”.

We believe that it is necessary to address people politely from early childhood. Not only in relation to strangers, but also to father, mother and even brother or sister, you should not allow yourself to say “he” and “she”: you should say “mother asked me to tell you”, and not “she said”, or “father, he’s busy now,” not “he’s busy.”

It is even less polite, in the presence of the person they are talking about, to use the general terms “person”, “man”, “woman”.

The “you” form of address speaks of a closer relationship with a person. “You” means respect that arose for someone on the basis of camaraderie, friendship or love. When using the “you” form of address, you should be no less, and sometimes more polite, than when addressing “you”.

In our country, it is customary for family members and other close relatives to speak first name to each other. In most cases, employees, colleagues, and friends address each other using “you.”

It is natural that children say “you” to each other. Adults call them "you" until they become teenagers.

In general, there are no rules when and under what circumstances you can switch to “you”. This depends entirely on the character of the people, and often on the situation.

2.2. FORMS OF ADDRESS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE USED BY STUDENTS OF OUR SCHOOL. RESEARCH RESULTS.

Conducting a survey among our peers to compare forms of address in Russian and English, we asked them the following questions:

Having surveyed students in grades 4, 7, 10, and analyzing the results, we came to the conclusion that the words “dad”, “mama” with various diminutive versions of these words are used as addresses. Abbreviated versions of these words (“dad”, “mom”) are used. These forms are similar to those used by the British. As for the affectionate and friendly forms of address used by the guys, significant differences can be noted. In the Russian language, addressing familiar people by name and patronymic predominates, which is not typical for the British. Words addressed to strangers are used: “aunt”, “uncle”.

3. CONCLUSION.

Having worked through the material about forms of address in English, we learned a lot of interesting things for ourselves, expanded our horizons, and expanded our knowledge, namely:

In the course of this work we studied the mainforms of address in English;

analyzed the knowledge of the children in our school about forms of address in English and Russian.

While researching this topic, we came to the followingconclusions:

Forms of address associated with family relations are similar to those used in the Russian language. Numerous forms of address that express the speaker’s positive attitude towards the addressee are very popular in modern English. Polite forms of address are very different from those accepted in the Russian language. In Russian there are no addresses like “sir”, “mister”.During the practical part, we compiled diagrams illustrating the relationship between the forms of address used by schoolchildren in the Russian language. According to these data, it turns out that the most common affectionate forms of address are “darling, dear”; polite forms are questions addressed to “you”; Father and mother are addressed as “mama” and “dad” respectively. In addition, the survey showed that half of the respondents do not know how to approach foreigners, but believe that it is very important to know.

4. LIST OF REFERENCES USED:

Rosenthal, D.E., Telenkova, M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms./ D.E.Rozental, M.A.Teslenkova. - M., 1976.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. – M., 1990.

Artyomova, A.F., Leonovich, E.O. Forms of address in English./ A.F. Artemova, E.O. Leonovich.– Foreign languages at school, No. 5, 1995.

Formanovskaya, N.I., Shevtsova, S.N. Speech etiquette. Russian-English correspondences. / N.I. Formanovskaya, N.I. Shevtsova. –M.: Higher School, 1990.

Baranovsky, L.S., Kozikis, D.D. Country studies. Great Britain: Tutorial./ L.S. Baranovsky, D.D. Kozikis. – Mn.: 1990

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press

INTERNET RESOURCES:

Learning languages ​​online. [website]URL: http://www.languages-study.com/english-addresses.html,free.

Kulygin, K. Rules of circulation. //http://www.manners.ru/address.html,free.

Grigoriev, L.L. English speech etiquette. (Practical Internet course for English language learners) //[Electronic resource] Access mode:http://www.englishhome.ru/english-k.html,free.