Anti-tank mines of the USSR. What Russian mines of the future are capable of

Modern warfare is impossible without minefields. An anti-personnel mine is a reliable tool for incapacitating enemy soldiers, in addition, they can be used to create areas of terrain completely impassable for infantry. For the first time they started talking about mines in XIV-XV centuries, then it was stone-throwing land mines.

What entails the loss of a limb in the explosion of a TS50 or the death of a person if the PMN exploded. Later high-explosive mines are focused specifically on incapacitating a person. It is believed that the wounding of one person requires his delivery to a medical station, therefore, delaying the enemy and weakening his forces by 1-2 additional people.

Mines of this type are destroyed only by detonation, the extraction of anti-personnel landmines, which are quite often set to "non-recovery" is a very dangerous occupation. So, for example, the possibility of not extracting mines of the PMN type can be duplicated by the installation next to it or under it of a surprise mine of the MS type.

Characteristics of PMN, TS50 and M14

Options	PMN (USSR-Russia)	TS50 (Italy)	M14 (USA)
Weight, gr	550	200	130
Mass of explosives, gr	200	52	30
Overall dimensions, mm	53x110	90x48	40x56
Target sensor, mm	100	48	38

PMD-6

Separately, it is worth noting the Soviet anti-personnel mine PMD-6, its feature is the simplicity of the device. Mina is a wooden box, with a hinged top lid, a TNT checker weighing 200 grams is installed in it. into which a fuse of the MUV type with a T-shaped pin is screwed.

When the mass acts on the mine cover, the side wall squeezes out the T-shaped pin and the fuse is triggered. Ammunition of this type can be mass-produced in any carpentry workshop, for their complete set it is enough only fuses and standard-type TNT cartridges. The same mine, but with a sealed case, was called the IFF.

PMP

According to the principle of economy, a PMP mine was also created, which is a 7.62 mm TT pistol cartridge, in the barrel, the cartridge itself is spring-loaded, when pressure is applied to the target sensor, the hollow upper part of the cylinder cuts off the pin, the cartridge falls down under the action of the spring, onto the striker's sting, after which is fired at the enemy's foot. If necessary, the cartridge can be replaced with any other.

The peculiarity of being wounded by such a mine is that not only a bullet acts on the foot, powder gases, dirty fragments of shoes and soil also enter the wound channel.

This subsequently leads to gangrene. This reliably disables the enemy, in addition, it requires several people to deliver him to the dressing station.

PFM-1

The high-explosive anti-strip mine PFM-1 is spread by dropping from aircraft or dispersion from MLRS cluster projectiles. PFM is known as "Petal".

Liquid explosives are used as explosives, the power of the explosion is enough to concuss a limb even without a wound.

Fragmentation anti-personnel mines: device, methods of use

Fragmentation mines are activated both by direct impact on the network of stretch marks around the installed ammunition, and remotely using a radio fuse. Mines differ in their action.

POMZ-2

The simplest version of the fragmentation mine is POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M. This is a cast-iron shirt with a finished notch, inside of which a standard 75 gr. In the lower part of the body there is a hole for a peg, on top there is a glass for placing a fuse of a tension action MUV with a P-shaped check.

The principle of operation of the fuse is similar to the operation of the UZRGM fuse, but without the moderator. The ignition fires instantly. Currently, POMZ is not produced, but, like PMD, it is possible to launch the production of cases of this type of ammunition in a matter of days on any foundry.

MON

USSR anti-personnel mines of the MON series are best known in modern world, in fact, this is an analogue of the American Claymore, but with Soviet additions. The body is curved to direct the sheaf of fragments in the right direction, the body has simplified sights and mustache legs for its installation. Depending on the range of damage, there are:

• MON-50, range 50 meters (actually 25-30);
• MON-90, a heavily enlarged and awkward-to-use variant of the MON-50;
• MON-100, a directional mine designed to hit at a distance of up to 100 meters. But given its weight and dimensions (basin 23 centimeters in diameter, weight 5 kg), it is not the most favorite subject of miners;
• MON-200, monster in the mine kingdom, circle diameter 45 cm, weight 25 kg. How to mask such a basin during installation, probably no one, except for the designers of this masterpiece, can imagine.

Defeat due to the wreckage of the hull and ready-made submunitions placed in the hull. Two types of striking elements are used - ball-like and roller-like fragments.

Balls - 540, rollers 485 on MON-50. It is installed with a curved part towards the enemy. Mines of this series can be installed using a radio fuse, or use conventional fuses of tension action.

OZM-72 or simply "Witch"

Fragmentation mine of the barrier, this is how this abbreviation stands for. When undermined, ready-made striking elements make a noise similar to a whistle, hence the name. These ammunition were developed on the basis of German springmines or simply “frogs”.

When the fuse is triggered, the expelling charge is first detonated, the body takes off to a height of up to 1.5 meters above the ground, and only after that the main charge is triggered. A hail of shrapnel falls asleep all around, the OZM case contains 2400 ready-made submunitions. OZM-4 is no longer in production.

Characteristics of OZM-72 and OZM-4

There are also known enlarged versions of OZM-160 and OZM-152, which are used in a controlled version. As a warhead of these ammunition, a 152 mm OFZ and a 160 mm mortar mine are used.

Manual installation anti-personnel mines of this type are extremely time-consuming, since they require digging a well of decent depth to place them.

Anti-personnel mines of the Russian army

POM-2

Cluster-mounted anti-personnel fragmentation mine, also used for manual deployment. The device is similar to OZM, there is also an expelling charge. Setting is carried out from cassettes, stabilization in flight is carried out due to perforated stabilizer shields.

Manual installation only POM-2R. The weight of the mine is 1.5 kg, the mass of explosives is 140 grams, the defeat is by fragments of a metal case and ready-made submunitions of two types. Similar to MON-50.

POB, replacement for "Witch"

To replace the OZM-72, a new anti-personnel fragmentation munition was developed, an analogue of the American M86, it seems, as it were, not a mine.

The steel of the hull was changed to plastic, striking elements in the form of flat rings with teeth stacked in a hull around the explosive charge.

The expelling charge was transferred, this achieved a vertical position of the hull when lifting above the ground. The lifting height has significantly decreased 0.4-0.6 meters. POB weight - 2.3 kg, explosive weight 510 gr.

Surprise mines type MS and ML

Mines designed specifically for catching sappers and curious people. Use fuses of all types. Contact, non-contact, vibration and electroinduction triggered mine detectors.

Mina ML-7

It is used to install sapper ammunition in the "non-removable" position. The weight is only 100 grams, with a charge mass of 40. The type of target sensor is unloading, in other words, to operate, it is enough to remove a load weighing at least 300 grams from the sensor.

Using the same surprises is quite simple, it’s enough to put a cocked ML-7 under the OZM or TM-57 case, after the long-range cocking time has elapsed, the fuse will cock and when the load is removed from the target sensor, there will be an explosion, from which, most likely, the mine being removed will also detonate .

MS-5, mine cigarette case

One of the rare booby traps that mimics a specific item. Weight 660 gr, explosive weight - 110 gr. Unloading type target sensor, reaction to opening a cigarette case or opening its lid.

ML-2 or MS-6M, sapper trap

Mines of this type have a fuse that reacts to the operation of the electromagnetic inductor of the metal detector, no further than 30 cm. The second version is MS-6Sch, with a contact target sensor. Weight 4.4 kg, with electric induction fuse 8.4 kg. The mass of explosives is 1.2 kg.

It is used for organizing mine protection of strong points and for mining anti-tank minefields of particular importance.
The only option to deal with mines of this type is one. Do not pick up anything from the ground, be it even a box of matches or an empty magazine.

Conclusion

Mina is a defensive weapon, but extremely dangerous. Unlike bullets and shells, a mine can lie on a combat platoon for ten years, waiting in the wings. For this reason, the restriction on the development of this type of ammunition was adopted in Ottawa in December 1997.

But even this, as we saw, did not reduce the number of mines in the world. But at the same time, now mines are being improved, including with self-destruction systems, no one wants to have such a dangerous enemy in their land.

Video

The first mines appeared even when there was no gunpowder. From century to century their combat value increased. In World War II, anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, as well as guided land mines and object mines, played a huge role! In local wars and conflicts of the second half of the 20th - early 21st century, the value of mines not only did not decrease, but increased many times over.

This book is a brief history of the development of the technical device and the tactical use of mines, a very simple but extremely effective weapon. It is intended for the widest range of readers.

Sections of this page:

Firstly, the power supply of the F-10 radio mine was only enough for 40 days, while a wire mine can be blown up even several years after being laid.

Secondly, the radiomine needed an antenna 30 meters long, directed to the east, and the depth of digging the antenna could not exceed 1 meter. But the wire mine control cable can be buried to any depth and lead in any direction.

Thirdly, the enemy, having learned about the use of mines exploded by radio, could intercept the radio signal and jam it.

That is exactly what happened. Initially, the use of radiomin gave a certain result. So, in Vyborg, occupied by the Finns, in August 1941, out of 25 installed F-10 mines, 17 (68%) were blown up. But already in Kharkov in October-November of the same year, out of 26 installed F-10 mines, only 6 (23%) were activated. And even then, thanks to the fact that the miners used a powerful broadcasting station in Voronezh. German field jamming stations simply did not have the power to jam it.

Fourthly, without undercover information about how the enemy uses the mined object, and whether he uses it at all, one cannot hope for serious damage from the use of mines.

Suffice it to say that of the six F-10 mines detonated in Kharkov, only one exploded in a building occupied by the enemy for official purposes. Five other mines destroyed apartment buildings, burying their residents under the rubble, different reasons remaining in the city after the withdrawal of the Red Army from it.

By June 1941, the Red Army was armed with the following mines:

Anti-tank: a) anti-tracks TM-35, TM-39, PMZ-40, TMD-40, TM-41, TMB; b) anti-bottom AKC.

Anti-personnel: PMM-6, PPM, DP-1, OZM-152, PMK-40, PMD-6. Object radio-controlled mine F-10.

In addition, there was a whole set of standard blasting tools: delayed action fuses, pressure and tension fuses, blasting caps, electric detonators, igniter and detonating cords. They made it possible to improvise mines of any purpose and power on the spot.

Separately, it is necessary to mention the anti-aircraft cumulative mine LMG designed by Major General Galitsky. It was installed on the side of the road, at a distance of about 30 meters, and a tension wire was pulled from it across the road. When the tank touched the wire, the powder rocket engine fired and the grenade flew into the side of the tank. The explosion of a powerful shaped charge pierced the side armor of any tank.

Anti-aircraft cumulative mine LMG designed by Major General Galitsky

It is generally accepted that the Germans invented cumulative shells, and that these shells were one of the secret weapons of the Wehrmacht. Say, Hitler allowed them to be used only when he found out that German anti-tank artillery was powerless against Soviet tanks T-34 and KV. Like, this was a heavy blow for Stalin, and he ordered that all intelligence forces be thrown into the discovery of the secret of shells that burn through armor. Allegedly, only by the spring of 1942, with great difficulty, it was possible to get one shell, and before that, many Soviet tanks burned down due to the short-sighted technical policy of Soviet leaders in the pre-war period.

Indeed, from October 1941, German artillery began to use cumulative shells. But these were over-caliber shells for 37-mm anti-tank guns and their range did not exceed 150 meters. And in order to shoot at a tank with direct fire from such a distance, one must be an artilleryman of exceptional courage!

Meanwhile, back in the summer of 1941 (!) Soviet LMG cumulative mines burned German tanks, and by October of the same year, the Red Army had a VPGS-41 rifle cumulative grenade designed by Serdyuk. And in general, the Soviet anti-tank artillery, right up to the appearance of the Tiger and Panther tanks on the front (1943), did not experience any special need for cumulative shells. Conventional armor-piercing shells coped well with German tanks of all types, which had to put on more and more armor every month. For example, the thickness of the frontal armor of the PzKpfw IV increased from 50 mm in 1939 to 80 mm in 1944!

So the question of priority in the creation of cumulative ammunition is not as simple as it seems at first glance. Recall that the cumulative effect itself was discovered by a Russian military engineer, General M. M. Boreskov back in 1863! It is likely that the development of cumulative munitions in Germany and the USSR went almost simultaneously.

* * *

The Germans were the first in the world to create an aviation remote mining system. For the Ju-87k dive bombers in 1939, the universal fragmentation miniature bombs "Spreng Dickenwend-2" (SD-2) "Schmetterling" were developed. They were equipped with fuses of three types: a) providing a bomb explosion in the air or when it touches the ground; b) delayed action (5-30 minutes); c) triggered by changing the position of the bomb lying on the ground.

These bombs weighed 2 kg and fit into drop cassettes - Mk-500 (6 pieces), AB-23 (23 pieces SD-2), AB-24t (24 pieces), AB-250 (96 pieces), AB-250- 2 (144 pieces). For the first time, the Germans used bomb clusters with great success in the Polish campaign (September 1939), and then used throughout the war.

Actually, the dropped cassettes were used to bombard infantry columns and infantry positions on the ground, and the use of SD-2 minibombs in the mine version was aimed only at making it difficult for the enemy to use the area and the work of the orderlies.

Typically, some of the bombs in the cassette had delayed and shear-sensitive fuses, most were conventional fuses.

Universal fragmentation mine - air bomb "Spreng Dickenwend-2" (SD-2) "Schmetterling"

Dropped cassettes were not used for setting minefields, since the tactics of remote mining did not exist then, and no one guessed to develop it. However, here is how the German authors (Nowarra N. "Luftwaffen-Einsatz "Barbarossa"; Bekker S. "AngifT-shoehe 4000") explain the reasons why the SD-2 mine bombs were not found wide application neither as bombs nor as remote mines:

“Unexpectedly for the Soviet command, on June 22, 1941, the enemy for the first time used small fragmentation bombs on a large scale. According to the leadership of the Luftwaffe, the effect could be achieved only with the massive use of new firearms. Therefore, by the beginning of the summer, the German rear services had prepared stocks of 2.298.500 2-kilogram SD-2 ..., while previously they were used only in isolated cases.

Cassettes were installed in the bomb bays of many twin-engine bombers, where 360 ​​SD-2s were loaded ... Another option for using small bombs was AB-250 containers, which were suspended under the wings of Ju-87, Bf-109, Bf-110 and other aircraft that did not have internal bomb bays . The AB-250 container contained 96 SD-2s ... and opened before reaching the ground.

The bombs exploded both when the percussion mechanism was triggered and without it, exploding at a height of up to half a meter from the ground. Without the use of cassettes, the optimal bombing height was about 500 m, and with containers - a little more. Tiny fragments from each bomb were dispersed within a radius of up to 12 m ... A kind of carpet paths formed on the ground, which probably hit standing planes, vehicles, troops that did not hide in shelters. According to the figurative expression of G. Novarra, "a whole shower of these satanic eggs passed over Russian airfields."

But he also noted that the SD-2 bombs exploded at the slightest vibration, and due to design flaws, they were pinched in the lattices of the cassettes. After one Ju-88A and one Do-17Z exploded in the air without enemy influence, and in other cases the bombs that fell during landing “mined” their airfield, Field Marshal A. Kesselring, commander of the air fleet, further limited the use of small fragmentation bombs containers on an external sling.

Engineer-General E. Marquard, who led the development of bombs in Technical management German Ministry of Aviation, subsequently spoke of the "satanic eggs" as follows:

“Despite the success of the application in the early days of the Russian campaign, the SD-2 remained “one-day butterflies”. Soviet air defense systems soon proved to be very effective in the fight against low-flying bombers, forcing our planes to climb higher and higher. This sealed the fate of the SD-2 - no new special devices were developed for their use. /Cm. in D. Khazanov's book “1941. Bitter lessons. War in the air"/

And yet, aviation cassettes with SD-2 mine bombs can be considered a full-fledged aviation remote mining system.

After World War II, the Americans adopted the Schmetterling system precisely as an aviation mining system called The Butterfly (Butterfly), and the SD-2 bomb was given the name AN-M83.

For conventional high-explosive bombs (100 kg, 250 kg, 500 kg), the Germans developed delayed-action fuses with deceleration periods of up to 2-3 days. They actually turned air bombs into object mines, excluding the possibility of carrying out rescue and restoration work at the bombing site.

* * *

Describing the mines of the first half of the 20th century, one should also mention surprise mines, chemical mines and fire mines.

The British were the first to use chemical mines in 1917. The Germans also created and used mustard gas mines in 1918. They were slow-acting subversive charges containing mustard gas (mustard gas) so that the enemy could not use the underground structures left by the retreating German troops.

The first and probably the only regular model of a chemical mine (not counting the post-war American Ml and M23 chemical mines) should be considered the German Spruhbuchse 37, which was developed by 1937 and was produced in Germany during World War II.

American chemical mine KhM-1 (1953)

But none of these mines discovered by the Allies in the warehouses was filled with mustard gas.

It has been documented that no one used chemical mines during the war.

Until now, disputes have not stopped: why neither the Germans nor the allies used chemical weapons during the Second World War.

The prevailing opinion is that this was prevented by the fear of the Germans (allies, Russians), that the opposing side would flood Germany (England, the USSR) with thousands of tons of poisonous substances in response.

In the author's opinion, the reasons here are different: 1) the difficulty of subsequent actions of their troops in the contaminated territory; 2) the absolute dependence of chemical weapons on weather conditions, hence the unpredictability of the consequences of their use, including for friendly troops and population; 3) the ineffectiveness of such weapons in operational terms.

The most noticeable result, and then only tactical (!), Is the exhaustion of the enemy forces and their troops, forced to act in protective equipment. Obviously, the military leadership of all the warring countries understood this.

Now let's touch on fire bombs and mines. In the initial period of the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army used an improvised fire bomb: up to 20 Molotov cocktails laid around an anti-tank mine along a radius. The burning liquid after the explosion hit an area of ​​​​up to 300 square meters. m.

Soviet flamethrower mine FOG

Also, Soviet troops used wire-controlled stationary flamethrower FOGs.

This is a cylindrical container (25 l) filled with liquid or thickened fire mixture. Either a short metal hose was screwed onto it, which threw the mixture in one direction, or a four-beam head, which threw the mixture in four directions at once, but at a shorter distance. The maximum range of flamethrowing was 100 meters. The pressure in the tank was created by burning a powder charge.

These devices were quickly copied by the Germans and used in 1944 in the defense of the Atlantic Wall on the coast of France. The British used improvised fire bombs during the first battle of El Alamein in 1942.

However, land mines mainly use petroleum products or phosphorus compounds, which in war time are an acutely scarce strategic material. Therefore, they are resorted to quite rarely when there are liquid petroleum products that are unsuitable for their intended use. But then the land mines are usually just improvised.

Surprise mines were used very limitedly during the Second World War. They are not capable of exerting any noticeable influence on the course of the battle, on deterring the enemy, or inflicting significant losses on him. Usually, when they were used after several explosions, the enemy quickly identified the types used and subsequently avoided being hit by such mines. At most, surprise mines can make it difficult to use local items, equipment, abandoned weapons, premises. And although there is a lot of talk about surprise mines, they are usually not worth the effort spent on their manufacture and use.

According to one version, the name "mine" comes from the French mine - mine. Apparently, we are talking about the charges that were used in medieval wars for the collapse of fortress walls after digging under them. But modern mines are far from always just tunnels. This is a complex, accurate and in many ways high-tech weapons designed to destroy enemy forces in various conditions.

During the time that has passed since their invention, these means of combat use have not lost their relevance and are present to this day in all the armies of the world without exception.

About what mines are, and are also preparing to enter service in Russian army, what is their combat potential, Alexei Yegorov will tell in the next issue of the Military Acceptance program, aired on the Zvezda TV channel.

Unique "Medallion"

New domestic anti-personnel mine POM-3(its working title is "Medallion") is called the most modern and most advanced in its class. The troops do not yet have this weapon, but the mine has already passed all the necessary tests and is ready to take up service. The "Medallion" has no "stretch marks", it does not need to be stepped on to activate it. Combat use produced by sensitive sensors. The same sensors do not allow to neutralize the mine modern means clearance.

The Okhota system, tested by sappers of the Limited contingent, became a kind of prototype for POM-3. Soviet troops in Afghanistan. A clear algorithm for the use of this device did not allow the Mujahideen to "neutralize" minefields by grazing cattle on them. The device reacted only to human steps, worked sequentially, and when trying to neutralize the electronic unit self-destructed.

According to Andrey Popov, the head of the department of the Research Engineering Institute (JSC NIIII), today the Hunt, built on the principle of human step selection, has been replaced by a more technologically advanced and smart device used just on the Medallion.

The combat filling for POM-3 is a single striking element, made in the form of a disk. When undermined, it shatters into its component parts, each of which twists in flight, ensuring the conservation of energy. In addition, this form (in the form of teeth) encounters less air resistance and, when it hits the target, provides a more effective defeat.

In deadly danger

But the main know-how of "Medallion" is its electronic component. It is she who determines the type of target (human or animal), she also decides on self-destruction when trying to clear mines. By the way, using an electronic device, you can remotely set the time for canceling the combat position of the mine, adjust it, or return the mine to transport mode.

According to Igor Smirnov, Director General of OA "NIIII", the entire element-component base of the new mine is Russian.

« We have analogues of basic matrix crystals, in which we put up to five or six microcircuits- Igor Mikhailovich notes. - This is one of the elements artificial intelligence. And no imported components».

The family of anti-personnel fragmentation mines of the POM series was developed on the basis of the already mentioned Scientific Research Engineering Institute. Mina POM-2 has a circular principle of destruction. Due to fragments of the hull and ready-made lethal elements (balls or rollers) placed along the walls from the inside, it is able to provide a 360-degree defeat.

At that moment, when a person, hooked with his foot, touched one of the eight target sensors (thin broken wires), an explosion occurred. At the same time, a tension of only 300 grams was enough for a triggered mine to cut all life with fragments within a radius of more than one and a half dozen meters.

Remote mining

« POM-2 can be placed both on forest and mountain paths, and on a regular road, - says the head of the department of JSC "NIIII" Mikhail Zhukov. - The orientation device allows, during installation, to orient the hull on the ground and provide a fragmentation stream only in the direction of the possible location of the enemy. Not a single fragment flies into the ground or up: everything is only horizontal».

POM-2 mine target sensors can be installed on any surface. In this case, the mine is placed only by means of remote mining. This can be a universal mine layer (UMZ) or a rocket containing cassettes with POM-2. One UMP installation is capable of dispersing up to 180 mines from six containers. It is possible to install such a minefield, according to the developers, at a time on an area of ​​​​several kilometers.

By the way, the wheelbase for UMP has also been improved. It is now mounted on the chassis of an armored KamAZ, and you can control the process of laying mines without leaving the cab: using the remote control

In all elements

The first domestic anti-personnel mines appeared back in the Russo-Japanese War. These were the so-called "stone-throwing landmines", which were laid on the paths of a possible advance of the enemy and were blown up with the help of electrical cords. The filling for these land mines were, as you might guess, stones.

During the Great Patriotic War, about 40 types of mines were already in service with the Red Army. Some of them worked on a unique principle. For example, in anti-landing mines marine applications the fuse was ... sugar. The transfer of the mine into a combat position was carried out after it was dissolved in water. True, such mines were contact mines and could explode from an accidental collision with any object.

A new word in antiamphibious mining - non-contact mines. For example, the PDM-4 mine is immersed in water to a depth of 3 to 10 meters and is here in standby mode. Undermining enemy landing craft is carried out after closing the anchor device (float) located on the surface of the water. Moreover, the fuse is triggered by fixing the magnetic field of the enemy's floating equipment, say, an armored personnel carrier or infantry fighting vehicle.

The defeat by mining a larger object (for example, a submarine) is possible with the use of a mine operating on the principles of an anti-submarine corrected aerial bomb. Such aviation ammunition, which received the code "Zagon-2", combines the functions of an aerial bomb, a mine and, in part, a torpedo. A bomb dropped from an aircraft is lowered by parachute and, after splashing down, takes up a position at a shallow depth.

Fixing in place with the help of a float, "Zagon-2" after detecting the target independently produces a rapprochement with it. Hunting for a submarine is carried out using a special acoustic guidance head that “feels” the target at a depth of up to 600 meters. Just one such mine is enough to pierce the hull of any submarine. At the same time, it is impossible to detect the mine itself by means of echolocation: it does not have an engine, there are no steering devices.

According to the First Deputy General Director of JSC "NIIII" for scientific work, chief designer Viktor Popov, the mine moves silently towards the target, under the influence of its own gravity, it actually sinks. An attempt to set interference, as in the case of, say, a torpedo, is useless in this case.

Operation "Self-Destruction"

The “horse” of new domestic mines is in their ability to clearly distinguish objects of potential destruction, in the ability to act remotely. For example, the PTM-4 anti-tank mine "feels" disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field, classifying it as the movement of heavy equipment. At the same time, the mine is able to distinguish a tank from, say, a truck, acting only on a significant magnetic mass.

The system for countering attempts to clear this mine is also unique. The fuse picks up the slightest change in orientation in the magnetic field, classifying it as a dismantling attempt. Immediately after this, the command to undermine is given. In addition, in all such mines, the so-called "ball contactor" is placed. One has only to move it a little, as the mine comes into combat position and explodes.

If we talk about POM-3, then, according to representatives of the Scientific Research Engineering Institute, there are no anti-personnel fragmentation mines in the world that have the same non-contact target sensors as hers. At the same time, which is important, all modern Russian mines meet the requirements of the Geneva Convention. This applies, among other things, to engineering ammunition for remote installation. The fact is that, according to the algorithm introduced into their electronic filling, they either self-detonate or deactivate a few hours after installation, turning into a harmless piece of iron.

The TM-83 anti-tank mine was developed in 1983 and is designed to disable enemy wheeled and tracked vehicles by penetrating the side armor with an impact core formed from the lining of a cumulative funnel during a mine explosion. When the shock core penetrates into the tank, the crew members and equipment of the tank are hit by drops of molten armor. This causes a fire inside the tank, detonation of ammunition is possible ...

The mine can only be placed on the ground or attached to local items manually. The cork box or its lid serves as the base for the mine. The range of destruction of the tank is up to 50 meters, so the mine is installed on the side of the probable route of the tank at a distance of 5-50 meters from the axis of the route. With the help of the sight, the mine is aimed at the place of destruction. The mine has two target sensors - seismic and infrared. The seismic sensor ensures the operation of the mine in the target standby mode, which saves energy from power sources. When the target approaches, the seismic sensor issues a command to transfer the mine to a combat position, which activates the infrared sensor. As soon as the target is in the field of view of the infrared sensor, which registers the infrared radiation of the vehicle (tank), the latter issues a command to the safety-actuator (PIM) to detonate the mine.

When a mine charge explodes from the copper lining of the cumulative recess, an impact core is formed, which at ranges from 5 to 50 meters pierces armor up to 100 mm thick, forming a hole in the armor with a diameter of 80 mm. If the target did not fall into the field of view of the infrared sensor, then after 3 minutes the mine again switches to the target standby mode. The seismic sensor, which has its own power source (373 (R20) battery), is installed in the ground near the mine and is connected to the infrared sensor and PIM by a wire line, and the infrared sensor, which also has its own power source (373 (R20) battery), is mounted on mine hull from above. The safety-actuator (PIM) is screwed to the MD-5M fuse, which in turn is screwed into a socket on the back of the mine.

The main task of the PIM is to, having received an electrical impulse from the infrared target sensor, ignite the electric igniter, the gases of which will send the drummer forward. The drummer, in turn, will prick the fuse of the MD-5M, from which the mine will explode. On the top of the PIM there is a safety pin in the form of a safety pin holding the safety rod. This rod, in the event of an accidental issuance of an electric pulse while the mine is in a safe position, will not allow the striker to chop the fuse. After the safety pin is removed, under the action of the spring, the rod begins to move upward, freeing up space for the striker to move. The movement of the rod is carried out slowly due to the hydraulic resistance of the rubber in the cavity of the rod. The time of movement of the rod is, depending on the temperature, from 1 to 30 minutes. After this time, nothing prevents the striker from moving if the electric igniter fires. The mine can be installed in an unguided (autonomous) version and in a controlled version. The controllability of the mine lies in the fact that with the help of a 100-meter wire line and a control panel (the MZU mine control panel is used), it can be repeatedly switched to a safe (safety) mode or to a target standby mode. In safety mode, the mine is retrievable and defuseable. If the mine is installed in an unguided version, then it is considered unrecoverable and non-disposable due to the high sensitivity of the seismic sensor and the likelihood of the infrared sensor being triggered by the thermal radiation of the human body when a person approaches the mine (on any side closer than 10 meters). The destruction of such a mine is possible only by shooting it from a heavy machine gun.

Also, in an unguided version, a mine can be installed with an MVE-72 or MVE-NS fuse. In this case, seismic, infrared sensors and PIM are not used, but a breakaway target sensor of the MVE-72 or MVE-NS fuse is used. The firing mechanism of the fuse is screwed onto the MD-5M fuse instead of the PIM. In this version, the TM-83 mine is installed similarly to the TM-73 mine. The term of the combat operation of the mine is limited by the service life of the batteries, which depends on the temperature environment but in all cases not less than 30 days. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator, it does not have anti-recovery elements, however, surprise mines MS-3 or MS-4 can be used as such. In addition, in the unguided version, the mine, due to the high sensitivity of the target sensors, is non-removable and non-disposable. The neutralization of a mine installed in a controlled version is carried out after it is transferred to a safe position using the MZU control panel. Defusing includes disconnecting the PIM from the mine, disconnecting the wire line from it and removing the batteries from the SD and ID. It is impossible to neutralize a mine installed in an unguided version and it must be destroyed by shooting it from a heavy machine gun or a large-caliber sniper rifle from a distance of at least 30 meters.

The mine kit includes:

* Mine inconclusively equipped -1,
*Infrared target sensor-1,
*Seismic target sensor -1,
*Safety-actuator-1,
* Closing mechanism (for controlled version) -1 for two mines,
* MZU -1 control panel for ten minutes,
* Fuse MD-5M-1,
*Power sources (batteries 373(R20)) -3,
* Fasteners: bracket-1, pin-1, nails-4, column-1, tip-1, sleeve-1;
*Cover-1,
* Vizir-1.

Mines are stacked one at a time in a box, which the whole or its cover can be used as a base for a mine. The size of the box is 45.5x37.7x29.1cm. Weight 28kg.

The fuses are placed in separate boxes. One box contains: infrared sensor - 2 pcs., seismic sensor - 2 pcs., safety actuator - 2 pcs., locking mechanism - 1 pc., fuses MD-5M 2 pcs., batteries - 5 pcs., knife - 1 pc. An MZU control panel is additionally inserted into every fifth box. Box dimensions 52.8x52.4x22.1 cm. Weight 21kg.

The installed mine is covered with a cover for protection from adverse weather conditions and for better camouflage, while the infrared sensor and the cumulative recess must remain open. The mine can find rather limited use, as a rule, in the nodes of barriers in settlements, mountain roads, fashion shows and other places where a detour is impossible or difficult.

However, the nature of such places possible installation of such mines allows enemy sappers to detect and neutralize the mine in a timely manner. However, if the entire area allows the installation of a mine, then its detection becomes problematic, because. the mine itself and its sensors are far away (from 5 to 50 meters). The operation of the mine is adversely affected by dust (smoke) in the air, fog, heavy snowfall, heavy rain and other factors that can prevent the infrared target sensor from triggering. It takes up to 15-20 minutes to install a mine by a crew of two people.

Tactical and technical characteristics of mines TM-83

Mine type ............................................... ............... anti-tank anti-aircraft cumulative
Frame.................................. ............... ................... metal
Weight................................... .............. ...................... 28.1 kg.
The mass of the explosive charge (TG 40/60) .............................. 9.6 kg.
Dimensions ................................ .................. ............... 45.5x37.7x44 cm.
Range of destruction of the target .............................. from 5 to 50 meters
Armor penetration ....................... ...................... 100mm.
Hole diameter .................................................. 80mm.
Main fuze ............................................ .............. own non-contact two-channel with fuse MD-5M
Fuze target sensors .............................................. seismic (first stage) and infrared (second stage )
The sensitivity of the seismic sensor (on the tank) ..... 200-250m.
Sensitivity of the infra-sensor (on the tank) ....... 90-120m.
Fallback fuse ............................ MVE-72
The length of the interrupted target sensor MVE-72............. 60m.
The sensitivity of the breakaway target sensor ...... 300-400 gr.
The term of the combat operation of the mine ................................................... not less than 30 days
Temperature range of application .............. -30 - +50 degrees
Application restrictions due to weather conditions. Fog (heavy snowfall, heavy rain) with visibility less than 50 m.
Handling ............................ ...................... ...... managed/unmanaged
Neutralization ............................... ....................... only in controlled option
Retrievability ............................ ...................... ...... only in controlled version
Installation methods ............................................................... manual
Long cocking time ............................... ...... 1-30 min.
Type of long-range cocking mechanism .................... hydromechanical

P.S. As for me, 100 mm armor penetration is not enough for a tank. In addition, in order for the operation of the mine not to be affected by the weather (concerning the operation of the infrared sensor), such things should be equipped similarly to this:"The target sensor of this mine is a thin fiber-optic cable (optical fiber) 40 meters long, which is laid out on the ground from the machine in the direction of the grenade's flight, i.e. across the possible direction of the target's movement. If the cable is damaged (clamped, broken) by the caterpillar or the wheel of the machine, the electronic the mine circuit gives an impulse to the electric igniter of the expelling powder charge, which throws the grenade in the direction of the target"on a German anti-aircraft mine DM12(see link) - .

Modern wars it is impossible to imagine without minefields, stretch marks-traps against infantry and anti-tank mines. The brutal nature of the wounds received during mine explosions did not stop the designers-inventors, but only spurred their imagination.

Two hundred million mines

The first mines appeared more than five centuries ago. At first they were powder charges, which were laid under the fortifications of the enemy. Actually, the task of the sapper was to conduct undermining and digging trenches. During the siege of a city or fortress, mines were laid under the walls. IN early XIX century thanks to the developments of the Englishman Bickford igniter cords appeared, which expanded the possibilities of subversive craftsmen.

Anti-personnel mines appeared already in civil war in the USA and even the Russian-Turkish campaign. The discovery of new explosives like dynamite and TNT led to the appearance of the first land mines, which can be considered the prototypes of modern mines.

Factory-made mines were widely used in Russo-Japanese War. Tanks appeared, and anti-tank mines were developed. By the way, mine detectors appeared in parallel. To the Great Patriotic War there were more than forty types of mines, and their total number exceeded two hundred million.

In the post-war years, military thought began to develop in the direction of minimizing the installed charges. At first glance, this speaks of a greater humanization of weapons as such, injuring much more often than killing. However, there is another opinion, more prosaic and cynical. A soldier with a severed foot will not return to duty. To evacuate him from the battlefield, the efforts of several soldiers and military doctors are needed at once. Yes, and in civilian life, a disabled person has little chance of finding a job, becoming a full-fledged member of society. This is just an additional burden on the budget of the country participating in the war.

PMN - pressure and sensitive

In order not to overload the reader with information, we will focus today only on anti-personnel mines. One of the most famous - PMN (anti-personnel pressure mine) - was adopted by the USSR in 1950. Perhaps the most powerful high-explosive mine in the world. Very sensitive to pressure. Because of this, disarming this mine is not recommended. From the name it is clear that the explosion occurs when you step on the lid with your foot.

In addition to the USSR, this mine was produced by a dozen more countries. Until now, it is in service with the Russian army. It was this mine that received the nickname - "black widow". Either because of the power, or because of the black cover. Experts say that this mine can be found in any country where a military conflict has taken place.

Specifications

Housing - plastic

Weight — 550 gr.

Weight explosive(TNT) - 200 gr.

Diameter - 11 cm

Height - 5.3 cm.

Sensitivity - 8-25 kg

Kicking in the legs

PMN-2 was put into service in the late 60s of the last century. Differed from PMN by a rubber bellows. It also specialized in disabling enemy infantry. Stepping on it was almost guaranteed to lose a foot and receive severe burns. Sometimes the other leg was also seriously affected. The shock wave could deprive consciousness. Often death came from a large loss of blood or pain shock.

Specifications

Housing - plastic

Diameter - 120 mm

Height - 54 mm

Weight - 0.4 kg

Mass of explosive - 0.1 kg

Type BB - TG-40 (mixture of TNT with RDX)

Trigger force - 15−25 kg

Arming time - 30-300 s

Combat service life - up to 10 years

Non-recoverable, self-destructing

The PMN-3 differed from the PMN-2 mainly in its electronic filling, which made it possible to set a timer for self-destruction. The need for this option arose in the 70s, when the conditions of warfare changed and the mobility of troops increased. Sometimes their own minefields became an insurmountable obstacle. Therefore, it was very convenient to have mines at hand, which ceased to pose a danger to the soldiers after a certain period of time. PMN-3 could be set to self-destruct after 12 hours, a day, two, four and even eight days.

In addition, the PMN-3 had the ability to explode when trying to clear mines. This happened when the mine was tilted at an angle of more than 90 degrees.

Specifications

Type - high-explosive pressure action with self-destruction

Diameter - 122 mm

Height - 54 mm

Weight - 0.6 kg

Mass of explosive charge - 0.08 kg

The actuation force of the pressure sensor - 5.1-25.5 kg

Anti-personnel fragmentation

The POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M mines were called stretch mines. The explosion occurs when touching a wire stretching, when an enemy soldier involuntarily pulls out the combat check of the fuse.

As on many grenades, a notch is made on its outer surface for better crushing of the body. Of course, for camouflage, it is better to install such mines on terrain with vegetation - trees, shrubs, grass. At the same time, it must be remembered that a mine can work if a snowball or a heavy branch falls on the guy wire. When installing mines on the ground, small pegs are used.

Specifications POMZ-2

Type - anti-personnel fragmentation circular destruction

Body - cast iron

Diameter - 6 cm

Case height - 13 cm

Hull weight without explosives - 1.5 kg

Mass of explosive charge - 75 g

Type BB - TNT

Type of target sensor - tension

Target sensor length (one way) - 4 m

Trigger force - 1-1.7 kg

Radius of continuous destruction - 4 m

"Fury" or "evil"

Anti-personnel mine OZM-72 (fragmentation-barrage) is of the jumping type. The explosion is accompanied by an eerie sound of flying rollers or balls, of which each device contains more than two thousand. To this day, it is considered one of the most effective circular mines.

The mine is detonated at a height of about 90 centimeters above the ground. The enemy touches the wire with his foot, the expelling charge is triggered, which throws up the mine. There is no self-liquidator in the mine, it is not protected from neutralization either, but a very sensitive fuse makes it dangerous for sappers. Demining takes place with the help of "cats" (they are pulled up from cover).

Specifications

Housing - steel

Diameter - 10.8 cm

Height (without fuse) - 17.2 cm

Weight — 5 kg

Mass of explosive charge - 660 g

Charge type - cast TNT

Mine burst height - 60-90 cm above the ground

The number of striking elements - 2400 pcs.

Type of striking elements - steel balls (rollers, cylinders)

The radius of continuous destruction - 25−30 m

Heavy and obscene

Explosion anti-personnel mine MON-50 is fired by the operator from the control panel when an enemy appears in the affected sector or when the enemy touches the tension sensor (wire) of the fuse. Later, a modification of the MON-90 was released. But due to a significant increase in size and weight (up to 12 kilograms), the soldiers disliked her and gave the mine an obscene nickname. Which one is not hard to guess.

Specifications

Type - anti-personnel fragmentation directional guided

Housing - plastic

Length - 22.6 cm

Height - 15.5 (with folded legs) cm

Width - 6.6 cm

Weight — 2 kg

Weight of explosive charge (PVV-5A) - 700 g

The number of damaging elements - 540 pcs.

The range of destruction of cars and trucks and manpower in it - up to 30 m