Age spectrum. Age structure of populations

Introduction

Ryabchik Russian ( Fritillaria Ruthenica.Wikstr.) - View from the Lily family. F.ruthenica. Located in the Red Book of Russia, to the regional red books of Saratov, Volgograd, Samara, Penza, Lipetsk, Tambov, Bryansk regions. Study of age-related states F. Ruthenica. In the Balashovsky district, as a rare and protected plant, the plant is relevant, which determines the purpose of this study.

This is a perennial bulbish grassy plant with drooping flowers (life expectancy up to 20 years). Porceller is simple, curly-shaped hexted. Fruit - box. This is an Eurasian species. The growth of leaves begins in the second decade of April and continues until the second decade of May. The duration of the vegetation F. Ruthenica. In different age periods from 30 to 80 days. Depending on the timing and time of thawing the soil, the oscillations between the timing of the origin of the vegetation in some years can reach 20-22 days. On the period of summer peace, only a bulb is preserved. F. Ruthenica. It is multiplied with both seeds and vegetative pathways (the kidneys of resumption from bulbs or appendage of brood kidney). F. Ruthenica. - Xeromesophyte. Required to soil.

Category and status of F. Ruthenica. In the Saratov region 2 (V) - a vulnerable view. It grows on the windy meadows, among shrubs, on the edges and glads of deciduous forests, in the cooler dumbers, along the rocky chalk slopes. Limit factors are - collecting the population and violation of the integrity of habitats.

Materials and research methods

To study the state of price puzzles F. Ruthenica. Test pads were laid in size of 1x1 m. On each test site, the total number of individuals per 1 m 2 was taken into account. W. F. Ruthenica. The following biometric indicators were measured: height, number of lower, middle and upper leaves, number of flowers, length of leaflets of the perianth. When analyzing these indicators, the age states of individuals were determined, and ontogenetic spectra were compiled. In determining the age structure of the population for the accounting unit, individuals of seed and vegetative origin were taken. The age states were determined by the works of M.G. Vakhromeva, S.V. Nikitina, L.V. Denisova, I. Yu. Parnikhoz. Recovery, age and efficiency indexes were determined by the method of A.A. Uranova. The recovery index shows how many descendants account for one generative in this moment . The age index estimates the ontogenetic level of the CPU at a specific point in time, it changes in the range of 0-1. The higher its indicator, the older the studied CPU. Efficiency index, or average energy efficiency, is an energy load on a medium called "middle" plant. It also changes from 0 to 1, and what he is above, the older the age group of the "medium" plant.

Rudn Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries Bulletin Rudn. Series: Agronomy and Livestock

2017 Vol. 12 NO 1 66-75

http://journals.rudn.ru/agronomy

DOI: 10.22363 / 2312-797x-2017-12-1-66-75

Age range of price puzzles

As an indicator of a strategy of the form in the conditions of anthropogenic stress (on the example of rare and protected species of the natural historical park "Bitsevsky Forest")

I.I. Istomy, M.E. Pavlova, A.A. Terekhin

Russian University of Friendship of Peoples Ul. Miklukho-Maclay, 8/2, Moscow, Russia, 117198

The authors of the article conducted a study of the structure of populations of rare and protected species included in the Red Book of Moscow and the Moscow Region, due to the influence of an increasing anthropogenic load in the forest belt of the city of Moscow. For the first time in the Bittsev forest park based on the characteristics of the ontomorphogenesis of such species such as European Pillars (Sanícula Europaea L.), Lily of Maysky (Convallaria Majalis L.), Multi-Deck (Polygonatum Mul-TFlorum (L.) All.), Coridalis Intermedia (L.) Merat), described and analyzed by the age composition of their price puzzulations. Comparing the structure of protected species, the authors showed the existence of various strategies of these species under anthropogenic stress.

Keywords: anthropogenic stress, type strategy, Lily of the Lily May, Multi-Flower Link, European Pillable, Stitching Intermediate, rare view, ontogenesis, priceopopulation, age structure of priceopopulation, age-related spectrum

Introduction A distinctive feature of Moscow from other major cities is the presence of relatively well-preserved arrays of natural forests in a park part of the city. A considerable amount of forest plant species grows in these urban forest parks, among which there are rare and endangered types of protection. As of the populations of rare or reducing the number of species, one can judge the degree of recreational load on the forest parking environment and formulate requirements for the conditions for the protection of these species and the community as a whole.

In conditions major city Indicators of environmental factors such as illumination, humidity, composition and drainage of the soil are clearly far from ideal for plants. For example, due to the smoke, the illumination characteristics on the territory of Moscow is 10-20% lower than in the Moscow region. In this regard, the growth rates of trees are reduced, herbaceous plants change the number and structure of populations. These indicators affect the absence of natural soil in the city.

Ecological and centric strategies of species (type of behavior) is the most generalized and informative characteristic of the species, which makes it possible to explain its reaction to stress caused by abiotic and biotic factors, violations and, as a result, its place in plant communities.

The definition of species strategies reveals the behavior of plants in the plant community. For a view, this characteristic is not constant, it may vary from the environmental optimum to pessimum, as well as from the center of the range to its periphery. For rare species, the analysis of strategies is an additional method that can be applied to develop in order to protect various compensatory programs to implement their main strategies. L.G. Ramensky in 1935 and P. Grahim in 1979 independently described a system of types of strategies, which reflects the reaction of plant species for the favorable environmental conditions and the intensity of violations. Three primary types of strategies called by virus (competitors), patients (tolerances) and extensors (rudaralas) are related to transient secondary strategies. At species, there is a plasticity property of strategies, allowing them depending on the conditions of the medium to show the properties of competition or tolerance.

IN last years An ontogenetic approach is applied in the evaluation of environmental and phytoceotic strategies.

An important characteristic of plant populations is an ontogenetic spectrum, since it is associated with the biological properties of the species. When constructing ontogenetic spectra of model species, we relied on the ideas about the main stages of ontogenesis and the basic types of spectra.

The purpose of the study is to study the peculiarities of the age structure of the price-populations of some rare and protected species of the natural historical park "Bitsevsky Forest" as an indicator of the strategy of the behavior of the form in the conditions of anthropogenic pressure of varying degrees.

Objects and research methods. On the territory of the Floristically rich Bittsev forest park, Lily of the Lily of Maysky (Convallaria Majalis L.) is a massive (and in the past, and in the present) local forest species. In the same place, but much less often, the Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) is found (Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All.), European (Sanicula Europaea L.) and a stitching intermediate (CO-RIDALIS INTERMEDIA (L.) MERAT) - Perennial herbaceous species characteristic of non-melted forests and growing in broad-wing phytocenoses of the park with small price centers.

All model species are included in the group of vulnerable species (3 category), that is, the numbers whose number in Moscow under the influence of specific factors of the urban environment can significantly reduce in a short period of time.

The objectives of the study included a description of the age structure of populations of the above-mentioned species and a comparative analysis of their biological characteristics,

letting the ability to determine the strategy of the form in the conditions of anthropogenic stress.

Studies were conducted from May 2011 to August 2016 in the natural and history park "Bitsevsky Forest".

Nature Park Bitsevsky Forest is OPT since 1992 and, as the object of natural and historical and cultural heritage, it serves to preserve biodiversity, maintaining species presented in it in a state close to natural; The restoration of biogeocenoses, disturbed by anthropogenic effects, which can be attributed to the proximity of residential areas, the influence of road transport, emissions to the atmosphere of CHP and other enterprises, etc. The frequent attendance of the park in the surrounding residents inevitably leads to a change in the structure of both phytocenoses in general and individual populations of plant species.

Studying the structure of protected species of reduced phytocenoses of the Bittsevsky forest park is considerably in connection with the toughest anthropogenic press, which are experiencing all representatives of the flora, but especially rare and decorative species with large inflorescences and attractive flowers, such as the Lily of Mayski and bought Multi-Deck.

To identify and describe the individual stages of the ontogenesis of studied species, the criteria of age conditions for herbaceous plants were used, described in detail in many sources.

The criteria are widely used to study ontogenesis of plants, and for the study of the age structure of price testations - the method of accounting. Separate stages of the ontogenesis of the above-mentioned species were identified and analyzed, as well as on trial areas, the individuals of different age states were calculated and the age spectra for price-correction as a whole was compiled.

The findings of the study were based on the position that the response of plants on external influences, both natural and anthropogenic, manifests itself in changing the nature of the growth of individuals, their life and age state, which directly affects the change of the strategy of the species.

Results and discussion. When calculating the age composition of the price puzzling of the Lily of the Lrangess Maysky (Convallaria Majalis b.) In the Bittsev forest, it turned out that virginial partial shoots, developing from branched, long rhizoma, prevail. Separations and juvenile individuals are absent. This is evidence of the depressed seed renewal, although the presence of a small amount of immature shoots reflects the presence of vegetative reproduction of priceopulation. A sufficient number of generative shoots indicates good prospects for seed reproduction, but, unfortunately, these potationality does not take place by virtue of a permanent anthropogenic press (Fig. 1).

age states. 1. The age composition of the price constitution of the Lily of the Lily of Mays in the Bittsev forest park

Thus, under the action of recreational load, the age-related spectrum of the values \u200b\u200bof the valley was modified compared with the basic spectrum: the number of individuals of young age states was significantly reduced, there is practically no seed renewal, the underdeveloped Vis-Gynyl and generative individuals prevail, the number of growing rhizomes is reduced. In addition, the growth rate and the proportion of blooming shoots decreases, so the dynamics of the blossom of the valley gradually changes, - the breaks between the years of mass flowering are becoming more, i.e. The values \u200b\u200bof the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the regressive.

Under the optimal conditions, Lildish Mayan is a competitive-tolerant vegetative-moving view. But in the conditions of the Bittsevsky forest park, under the influence of the anthropogenic factor, the systemic organization of the valley values \u200b\u200bof the valley, which is the most important condition for their stability is violated.

Lily of Mayska forms incomplete price puzzles, with the predominance of virginic individuals characterized by the reduced vitality of overhead partial shoots, low-density of thickets, low seed productivity. But in this situation, this species can at the expense of vegetative mobility for a long time to hold the occupied territory, thereby cope with the anthropogenic press. Such a position of the Lrangess of Mays in the Bittsev forest park testifies to the belonging of the strategy of this species to the group of stress-tolerances. The ontogenetic strategy of the studied species is to reduce the number of seed individuals and increase the number of natural origin of individuals, as long as possible the transition of individuals into the generative state.

A long-term grassy short-cornese polycarpic look - a multi-flower (Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All.) - forms priceopulations, where the center of influence on Wednesday is a person. Studying some aspects of reproductive biology and identifying the Polygonatum Multiflorum life strategy characterizes this species as easily vulnerable, habitable

in rather narrow environmental conditions. In connection with the biological peculiarities of seed reproduction, the reproduction of combustible in nature occurs quite slowly, which requires special attention to preserve this species.

Due to the violation of natural habitats and increasing popularity as a beautiful combating plant, a multi-flower plant is intensively exterminated, especially in forest-park cities, therefore there is a real threat to reduce the number of this species. In the Bitzo Park, this species exists with separate small weakly infusion price centers, which was carefully calculated. The location of the priceopopular loci loci on the territory of the Bitsevsky Park is scattered, which can be explained by the crossing of seeds with the help of birds and their random sussuration. In all cases, the multi-flower binding occurs only in the oak-lime phytocenoses of the Bitsevsky forest, surrounded by the shovel.

The age structure of priceopopulation loci bumping multi-dealer is almost full, predominate mainly virginine and generative individuals, which is likely to be associated with the dominance of vegetative reproduction of the sale over the seed (Fig. 2). The presence of almost all ontogenetic states in the age spectrum of the combination indicates the dynamic sustainability of the priceification of this species in the community under study.

Fig. 2. The age composition of the price constitution is bought by Multicelfur in the Bittsev forest park

Thus, the priceopopulation of bunching multi-flowered can be described as a normal, full. The predominance of virgin and young generative individuals is a sign of the prospects for the development of these tse-nonopopulation loci in the foreseeable future. Thus, as a rare species belonging to the 3rd category, the multi-flower bits in the Bittsev forest park feels relatively good.

According to the structure of the price testing of the combination and contribution of individual ontogenetic stages, it is possible to determine the bomp by the multi-flower as a view characterized by the competitive-tolerant type of life strategy with elements of stress-lerants.

European Pillars (Sanicula Europaea b.) - Snadnikovy Ricky, Mesophyte, grows in wide, mixed and less coniferous forests, multiply predominantly seeds. This protected species is found in the territory of the Bittsevsky forest park in the form of small price pressure lobs, which are located mainly along the path of the network, which is explained by the specifics of the reproduction of the undergrowth (exorochory). The spherical parts of its fractional fetus (3.5-4.5 mm of length and almost the same width) - Mericapia - covered with small hooked spines. The undergrowth is well renewed by seeds, since in almost all studied priceopulation loci of this species there are seedlings, juvenile plants and immature individuals. The undergrowth germinates above ground, in places with impaired soil cover and an unseen bedding free from other plants. The age spectra of the undergrowth in the broad-wing phytocenoses of the Bitsevsky forest is almost full of the spectra with a maximum of immature individuals.

The shift in the left side testifies to the youth of the hydrochlorian leaflers of the undergrowth. In population loci, located closer to forest roads, sub-system and sedenial individuals appear in brighter places (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. The age spectrum of the underyllast of the European in the Bittsevsky Forest

On the total age spectrum of the population of the undergrowth (Fig. 3) it can be seen that the age structure of the populations of this type of left-sided, the individuals of the preventive stages dominate, namely immature, juvenile and seedlings. Such a structure of price puzzles is peculiar to species that are prone to Mr. Strategy, Ruerallands (Explorents). And, indeed, under the observed priceopulations of podilant-nickname, juvenile and immature plants have grown on the most disturbed places of herbal tier - mouse, mouse pores, bare parts of the soil.

Thus, the presence of all age states in the splash spectrum indicates its sustainability, and the predominance of young stages of ontogenesis on the prospects for the development of these cenopopulation loci in the foreseeable future. That is, as a rare view, belonging to the 3rd category, the European undergrowth is experiencing relatively weak anthropogenic pressure in the Bittsev forest park. The stability of the population of this species is provided by its R-strategy and dedicacy to disturbed habitats. The strategic weakness of the undergrowth in the Bitzovsky Forest park is manifested in the fact that it cannot compete with stronger ruderal species, and in this case it can be attributed to the type of secondary transition strategy to stress-ruderals. In the conditions of the optimal ecological-centuric environment, this species can be attributed to competitive ore-rational species.

Crested intermediate, or medium (Corydalis Intermedia (L.) Merat), - a perennial polycarpic herbaceous plant with a height of 8-15 cm, included in the group of spring ephemeeroids and refers to the category "rare" in the territory of Moscow species.

This species is multiplied with seed, the vegetative reproduction is almost completely absent.

In the generalized age spectrum of the ceiling, the intermediate is observed two maximum numbers: in the young part of the spectrum (seedlings - immature individuals) and for generative individuals, i.e. It can be attributed to a normal, full type of populations (Fig. 4). The presence of individuals of all age conditions in the age spectrum indicates the sustainability and prosperity of the population of this species. The age range of this species is full with a small shift towards young individuals. The maximum in the generative part of the spectrum indicates that in this state, the sequestration of the intermediate is the prolonged part of the life cycle. An increase in the number of individuals in the sedense part of the spectrum is explained by the seeding particulation in the ceiling.

r \\ 1t V d from age states

Fig. 4. Age spectrum of lacter intermediate in the Bittsev forest park

These characteristics of the age structure of the priceopulation of the ceiling intermediate allow us to conclude that in the studied habitat of the Bitsevsky forest park there are quite good conditions for the existence of this species. The price constituency of the stalk intermediate, despite the thick path of the network in this place, is a prosperous and has optimal density, and is also growing, since over the past ten years its area has increased by several square meters. In the phytocenosis, the lacter intermediate exists only in the sinusia of ephemeroids, and in this sinusia the type of its behavior strategy can be attributed to a competitive-tolerant.

Based on the foregoing, when comparing the age structure of the price puzzling of four protected species, it can be seen of their different reaction to the anthropogenic load, which can be explained by various types of stress data strategies in stress.

Under the action of the recreational load and the anthropogenic press, the age range of the values \u200b\u200bof the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of Mayski is modified, the state of the combination of multi-flowered, increases the number of young population locuses of the European undergrowth, is increasing, it almost does not react to it the price puction of stalls intermediate. These changes are associated with various types of strategy of the behavior of these species in phytocenosis.

Crested intermediate turns out to be in the medium of ephemeeroids quite a strong competitive-tolerant species, its price constituent locus increases, despite the growth and sealing of the path.

The undergrowth as a result of its rueral strategy occupies new habitats, perhaps losing old ones. Coupling keeps small in-repulsional loci as a result of tolerant behavior, which is little reacting to changes in anthropogenic load. And the valley from the competitive strategy under the influence of anthropogenic stress proceeds to stress-tolerant behavior.

Thus, given these features and, subject to certain measures of protection, sometimes very minor, connected only with environmental education, it is possible not only to preserve, but also to increase the number of these species in the natural historical park "Bitsevsky Forest".

© I.I. Istomy, M.E. Pavlova, A.A. Terekhin, 2017.

Bibliographic list

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Chichester, Wiley, 2001.

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M.: Agriculturalized, 1938.

3. Plant Price Population: Basic Concepts and Structure. M.: Science, 1976.

4. Plant price tests (essays of population biology). M.: Science, 1988.

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8. Nasimovich Yu.A., Romanova V.A. Valuable natural objects Moscow and its forest park protective belt. M., dep. In Viniti USSR Academy of Sciences 11/21/1991. N 4378-B91, 1991.

9. Polyakova G.A., Gitnova V.A. Moscow parks: ecology and floristic characteristics. M.: GEOS, 2000.

10. Zaugolov L.B. Structure of populations of seed plants and problems of their monitoring: author. dis. ... Dr. Biol. science St. Petersburg., 1994.

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DOI: 10.22363/2312-797X-2017-12-1-66-75

ONTOGENIC SPECTRUM OF COENOPOPULATIONS AS INDICATOR OF SPECIES STRATEGY

UNDER Anthropogenic Stress (on the example Rare and Protected Plants of the Natural and Historical Park "Bitsevsky Forest")

I.I. Istomina, M.E. Pavlova, A.A. Terechin.

Peoples "Friendship University Of Russia (RUDN University)

Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, Russia, 117198

ABSTRACT. The Authors Investigated The Structure of Populations of Rare and Protected Species Included in The Red Book of Moscow and Moscow Region, In Connection with the Influence of Increasing Anthropogenic Loads in The Forest Zone of the City of Moscow. For the first time in the Bitsa Forest Park Based On The Features of OntomorpHogenesis of Species such as the Sanicula Europaea L., Convallaria Majalis L., Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All., Coridalis Intermedia (L.) Merat. Described and Analyzed The Age Structure of their Populations. COMPARING THE STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS OF PROTECTECTED SPECIES, THE AUTHORS SHOWED THE EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF THESE SPECIES Under Conditions of Anthropogenic Stress.

Key Words: Anthropogenic Stress, Strategy Type, Sanicula Europaea L., Convallaria Majalis L., Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All., Coridalis Intermedia (L.) Merat., A Rare Species, ONTOGENESIS, COENO-POPULATION, AGE STRUCTURE OF The Cenopopulation, Age Range

1. GRIME, J.P. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes, And Ecosystem Properties. 2nd ed. Chichester, Wiley, 2001.

2. Ramenskiy L.G. Introduction to Complex Soil-Geobotanical Investigation of Lands. Moscow, Sel-Khozgiz, 1938.

3. COENOPOPOPULATIONS OF PLANTS: BASIC CONCEPTS AND STRUCTURE. MOSCOW: Nauka, 1976.

4. Coenopopulations of Plants (Essays on Population Biology). MOSCOW: Nauka, 1988.

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7. The Red Book of The Moscow Region. RESP. ED. T.I. Varlygina, V.A. Zubakin, N.A. Sobolev. MOSCOW, 2008.

8. Nasimovich Yu.A., Romanov V.A. Valuable Natural Objects of Moscow and Its Green Belt. MOSCOW, DEP. In Viniti, USSR ACADEMY OF 11/21/1991. N 4378-B91, 1991.

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10. Zaugolnova L.B. Structure of Populations of Seed Plants and The Problems of their Monitoring: Author. DIS. ... d-Ra Biol. Sciences. St.Petersburg, 1994.

11. Pianka E.R. On r - and k-selection. The American Naturalist. 1970. Vol. 104. N 940. P. 592-597.

Counting units. The calculations of age-related (ontogenetic) spectra in plants are based on the allocation and use of counting units.

The issue of the identification of the counting unit is sufficiently complicated due to the ability of plants as modular organisms to form within the limits of physically integral individuals. Vegetative structures (partial bushes and shoots, tubers, bulbs, apparent kidneys on the roots, etc.) capable of independent existence and development and protruding as an impact unit on Wednesday. In the studies of plant populations, two countable units are used. The first unit is morphological, with the allocation of such units, the main feature is considered the physical integrity of the analyzed structure, i.e. Oracle This approach is quite legitimate and appropriate if the researcher deals with a single-tier tree, compact bush, bulbous plant, etc.

When the object of study is a physically holistic system of root offspring, for example, aspen, consisting of adults, young trees and just begun to develop shoots, allocate morphological units are physically impossible and inexpedient in terms of the analysis of the age and spatial structure of populations. In this regard, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe second - phytoceotic - counting unit was formed.

Counting units differ significantly in plants of monocentric, manificcentric and non-meticocentric biomorphs allocated on the basis of the features of the spatial distribution of shoots, renewal kidneys and roots (Smirnova, 1987).

Adults of individuals monocentric biomorph are characterized by the fact that roots, shoots (escape) and renewal kidney are concentrated in a single center, which is a center for the exposure of the individual and the center of impact on Wednesday. Adults of an individuals of aneg-polycetrical biomorph have several well-pronounced individuals that are a relatively autonomous part of the individual. Such centers can be partial bushes, and in the absence of branching (branch) - partial shoots. Adults are individuals of non-operating centrian biomorphs, as in the previous type, have several expansion centers (Smirnova, 1987), but in the ontogenesis of the plants these centers arise so closely that they are almost difficult to delimit them. In this regard, the immunity is conventionally regarded as a single environmental impact center.

Types of ontogenetic (age) spectra of populations. The most simply defined feature of the stable state of the population is a full-ogenetic spectrum, in which the numerical ratio of individuals of different ontogenetic groups is determined by the biological properties of species: 1) the total duration of ontogenesis and individual states; 2) the pace of development of individuals in different states; 3) by the method of self-maintaining populations: deep-level diasporas (seeds and vegetative meetings), unlucky vegetative peculiar individuals or different combination of the methods mentioned above; 4) the intensity and frequency of inspection and elimination of individuals, 5) the ability to create soil seeds, 6) the size of the area of \u200b\u200babsorption of resources by individual ontogenetic states (synonym - a power area). Such spectra are called basic (characteristic); They characterize the definitive (dynamically sustainable) state of populations (priceopopulation ..., 1988).

Types of basic spectra are isolated by the position of the absolute maximum in the spectrum of ontogenetic states. Within each type, depending on the method of self-sucking, the population is allocated options.

Specific populations spectra can show as a large similarity with basic spectra, and differ significantly from them. A variety of specific spectra can be combined into several types, corresponding to one or another state (or life) of the population:

Invasive state - only preger (sometimes young generative) plants are presented in the spectrum;

Normal condition:

A) a full-fledged spectrum in which all or almost all ontogenetic groups of plants (seed and / or vegetative origin) are presented; may be left-sided, simile (with a maximum on generative plants) and right-hand;

B) a vegetative-mounted spectrum, where plants are presented only in vegetative origin;

C) intermittent spectrum, where most of the ontogenetic groups are represented;

Regressive condition - the population consists of only postgerative plants;

The state in which only some (often one) are presented ontogenetic groups - a fragmented spectrum.

Invasive populations are in the formation stage and, depending on the ontogenetic composition and the number of individuals, on the one hand, and ecological and centric conditions - on the other, have more or less likely development prospects into normal. The latter are fully capable of spontaneous self-sustaining seed and / or vegetative way. The absence of separate ontogenetic groups in the spectrum of normal populations may be due to the frequency of fruiting and, as a rule, is not evidence of the unstable state of the species in the community.

The populations become regressive in cases where old plants stop fruiting, or conditions in the community prevent the development of the teenager. In addition to the above options in disturbed forest communities, populations may be represented by individual individuals of some age states (fragments of populations). This usually indicates an episodic suggestion of the species at an extremely low level of numbers, and characteristic of populations of assemblers. Prospects for the development of such populations are very difficult to evaluate. The diagnosis of populations based on the above features allows the forecast for the further development of price constraints, and also allows us to approach the evaluation of the community's succement. At the same time, for an adequate assessment of the population prospects, biological and environmental features species.

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With age, the requirements of individuals to the medium and stability to its individual factors are naturally and very significantly changed. At different stages of ontogenesis, the habitat can occur, changing the type of power, the nature of movement, the total activity of organisms. Often the age-related environmental differences within the limits of the species are expressed in much greater degree than the differences between the species. Herbal frogs on land and their casuals in water bodies, caterpillars, ricking leaves, and winged butterflies, sucking nectar, sediment sea lilies And their plankton larvae of dololation are just different ontogenetic stages of the same species. Age differences in lifestyle often lead to the fact that individual functions are fully carried out at a certain stage of development. For example, many types of insects with complete transformation do not feed in imaginal state. Growth and nutrition are carried out at the larval stages, while adult individuals perform only the functions of resettlement and reproduction.

The age differences in the population significantly enhance its environmental inhomogeneity and, therefore, the resistance of the environment. The likelihood that, with strong deviations, conditions from the norm in the population will continue at least part of viable individuals and it will be able to continue their existence. The age structure of populations has an adaptive nature. It is formed on the basis of the biological properties of the species, but always reflects the effect of environmental factors.

The age structure of populations in plants. In plants, the age structure of price testing, i.e., the population of specific phytocenosis is determined by the ratio of age groups. Absolute, or calendar, age of plants and its age state - not identical concepts. Plants of one calendar age can be in different age states. Age or ontogenetic oracle state - This is the stage of its ontogenesis, on which it is characterized by certain relations with the medium. Full ontogenesis, or a large life cycle of plants, includes all the stages of the development of individuals - from the occurrence of the embryo to its death or to completely eliminate all generations of its vegetative offspring (Fig. 97).

Fig. 97. The age states of the oatmeal meadow (a), the Vasilka of Siberian (b):

r - seedlings; J. - juvenile plants; iM. - Immouth; v. - Virgin - Nil; g 1. - young generative; g 2. - average age generative; g 3. - old generative; SS - subsense; S - Shenylov

Swords They have mixed nutrition due to seed spare substances and their own assimilation. These are small plants for which the presence of germinal structures is characterized by: cotyledons, which began growing the germs root and, as a rule, a uniaxial escape with small leaves having a frequently simpler form than in adult plants.

Juvenile Plants go to independent meals. They have no seedlies, but the organization is still simple, the unity and leaves of different form and smaller size are often preserved than in adults.

Immouth Plants have signs and properties transient from juvenile plants to adult vegetative. They often begin branching escape, which leads to an increase in the photosynthetic apparatus.

W. adult Vegetative Plants appear features typical for the type of life form in the structure of underground and ground bodies and the structure of the vegetative body fundamentally corresponds to the generative state, but the reproductive bodies are not yet available.

The transition of plants in the generative period is determined not only by the appearance of flowers and fruits, but also a deep inner biochemical and physiological restructuring of the body. In the generative period in the plants of a non-laminate of magnificent about twice as much as the cololum and twice as much as collichicine than in young and old vegetative individuals; The fret of the Eastern sharply increases the content of all forms of phosphate compounds, as well as the activity of catalase, the intensity of photosynthesis and transpiration; Zabritsy, the praznisy RNA content increases 2 times, and the total nitrogen is 5 times.

Young generative Plants bloom, form fruit, the final formation of adult structures occurs. In some years there may be breaks in flowering.

Middle Aged generative Plants typically reach the greatest capacity, have the largest annual increase and seminal products, can also have a break in flowering. In this age, clone-forming species often begins to manifest disintegration of individuals, clones arise.

Old generative Plants are characterized by a sharp decrease in the reproductive function, the weakening of the processes of closing and root formation. Devilation processes are beginning to prevail over the processes of the neoplasm, disintegration is enhanced.

Old Vegetative (Subsenil) Plants are characterized by discontinuation of fruiting, reduction of power, increased destructive processes, weakening the relationship between the escape and root systems, it is possible to simplify the life form, the appearance of immature type leaves.

Senylite plants It is characterized by extreme grade, a decrease in dimensions, a few kidneys are being implemented when resuming, some juvenile features (the form of leaves, the nature of the shoots, etc.) appear again.

Dying individuals - The extreme degree of expression of the senile state, when the plant remains alive only some tissues and in some cases - resting kidneys that cannot develop overhead shoots.

In some trees (oak with cherry, beech forest, maple field, etc.) is described. quasishenyl age state (the term is proposed by T. A. Rabotnova). These are oppressed, low-spirited plants described as stitching (Fig. 98). They acquire the features of the old vegetative plant, and without passing the generative phase.

Fig. 98. Oak oak ontogenesis in favorable conditions (from above) and with a lack of light (according to O. V. Smirnova, 1998)

The distribution of species of price tests by age states is called it age or ontogenetic spectrum. It reflects the quantitative relationship of different age levels.

To determine the number of each age group different species Use various counting units. A countable unit can be separate individuals if they remain spatially separate (in annual, rod mono and polycarpic herbs, many trees and shrubs) or are clearly distinguished parts of the clone. During long-term and corneupryst plants, the counting unit can be partial shoots or partial bushes, since, with the physical integrity of the underground sphere, they are often physiologically disunity, which is established, for example, for the Lily of Maysky when using radioactive phosphorus isotopes. In berton-centered cereals (prudent, Ticacher, naked, serpent, etc.) a countable unit along with young individuals there may be a compact clone, which in relations with the medium acts as a whole.

The number of seeds in the soil reserve, although this indicator is very important, in constructing the age spectrum spectrum, it is usually not taken into account, since the counting of their very time consuming and obtaining statistically reliable values \u200b\u200bis almost impossible.

If only seeds or young individuals are represented in the age spectrum of price testing at the time of its observation, it is called invasion. Such price pressure is not capable of self-sustaining, and its existence depends on the receipt of adventures from the outside. Often this is young price testing, which has just been introduced into biocenosis. If priceopulation is represented by all or almost all age groups (some age conditions in specific species may not be expressed, for example, immature, subsentest, juvenile), then it is called normal. Such a population is independent and is capable of self-sustaining seed or vegetative way. Those or other age groups may prevail in it. In this regard, the young, average age and old normal values \u200b\u200bare distinguished.

Normal price testing, consisting of individuals of all age groups, is called full of And if there are no individuals from any age states (in unfavorable years, individual age groups may temporarily fall), the population is called normal incomplete.

Regressive Price propulsion is represented only by seenile and subsensers or also by the generative, but old who are not forming seed chassis. Such price pressure is not capable of self-sustaining and depends on the arrogance of adversaries from the outside.

Invasive price constituency can go to normal, and normal to regressive.

The age structure of priceopopulation is largely determined by the biological features of the form: the frequency of fruiting, the number of produced seeds and vegetative adherents, the ability of vegetative adherents to rejuvenation, the speed of the transition of individuals from one age state to another, the ability to form clones and others. Typical age-related spectrum is called basic (Fig. 99). The manifestation of all these biological features, in turn, depends on the conditions external environment. The stroke of ontogenesis changes, which can occur in one species in many embodiments (polyvariance of ontogenesis), which affects the structure of the age-related price testing (Fig. 100).

Fig. 99. Basic type of price spectrum (by L. B. Heagolyuva, 1976) A - Lensky's bug; B - Anabazis a leafless; In - oatmeal meadow; G - Tychak.

1 - basic spectrum; 2 - limits of changing the base spectrum

Different plant sizes reflect different vitality individuals within each age group. The natural life is manifested in the capacity of its vegetative and generative organs, which corresponds to the amount of accumulated energy, and in the resistance to adverse effects, which is determined by the ability to regenerate. The vitality of each individual changes in ontogenesis on a simulatory curve, which is rising on the ascending branch of ontogenesis and decreases on descending. Many species of individuals in one age state in one priceopulation may have different vitality. This differentiation of individuals in vitality can be caused by varieties of seeds, different terms of their germination, microdelines of the medium, the effects of animals and humans, competitive relations. High vitality can be maintained to the death of individuals in all age states or decrease during ontogenesis. Plants of a high level of vitality often undergo all age states accelerated pace. The price constraints often prevail plants of the average level of vitality. Some of them pass ontogenesis completely, while others pass a part of the age states, moving in front of the minion to a lower level of vitality. The low-level vitality plants have abbreviated ontogenesis and often go into a sedenser state, barely starting blossom.

Fig. 100. Options for the development of Jerzy team in different environmental conditions (by L. A. Zhukova, 1985). With Latin letters The age states of plants are indicated, and dotted lines are their possible sequence.

The individuals of one price testation can develop and move from one age state to another at different speeds. Compared with normal development, when the age states replace each other in a conventional sequence, an acceleration or delay in the development may be observed, the loss of individual age states or entire periods, the onset of secondary rest, part of individuals can be rejuvenated or damp. Many meadow, forest, steppe species when growing them in nurseries or sowing, i.e. on the best agricultural background, reduce their ontogenesis, for example, the meadow and hedgehogs of the national team - from 20-25 to 4 years old, spring horizon - from 100 to 10 -15 years, Zabriana Forestry - from 10-18 to 2 years. In other plants, under the improvement of conditions, ontogenesis can be extended, such as, for example, in the Tinea of \u200b\u200bordinary.

In dry years and when grazing grazing at the steppe species of shell oats, separate age states fall out. For example, adult vegetative individuals can immediately replenish a group of subsense, less often - old generative. Clubber-bulky plants of a non-liqueur magnificent in the central parts of compact clones, where conditions are less favorable (worse lighting, moisturizing, mineral nutrition, the toxic effect of dead residues is shown), they are moving faster into a senile state than peripheral individuals. In the fret of the Eastern under the enhanced pasture load, when the renewal kidneys are damaged, young and mature generative individuals can have breaks in flowering, thereby as if rejuvenating and extending their ontogenesis.

Ezhi team in different conditions is sold from 1-2 to 35 paths of ontogenesis, and the plantain is large from 2-4 to 100. The ability to change the path of ontogenesis provides adaptation to changing environmental conditions and expands the environmental niche of the species.

Two types of steppe oxes - shell and pubescent - in Penza region Clearly traced cyclic change age spectra in many years of dynamics. In the dry years, the population of oatstsov is aging, and in wet - younger. Fluctuations of the age spectrum of price puzzles following weather conditions are especially characteristic of the plants of wone meadows.

The age spectrum may vary not only due to external conditions, but also depending on the reactivity and sustainability of the species themselves. On plants in plants, different resistance: in some grazing causes rejuvenation, since the plants die off, without reaching old age (for example, in the wilderness of the plane), others - contribute to the aging of the price puzzulation due to the resumption of renewal (for example, the steppe zabritsa Larbura).

In some species throughout the range in a wide range of conditions, normal price testations retain the main features of the age structure (ash ordinary, Ticaccus, meadow, etc.). Such an age spectrum depends mainly from the biological properties of the species. It is preserved primarily by the ratio in the adult, the most stable part. The number of newly emerging and dying individuals in each age group is balanced, and the overall spectrum turns out to be constant to significant changes in the conditions of existence. Such basic spectra most often have priceopulations of edificor types in sustainable communities. They are opposed to priceopulations, relatively rapidly changing age-related spectrum due to non-established relations with the environment.

The larger the individual, the more significant the sphere and the degree of its impact on the medium and the neighboring plants ("phytogenic field", according to A. A. Uranov). If in the age spectrum of price testing the individuals are dominated by adult vegetative, young and average-spectal generative, then the whole population as a whole will occupy a stronger position among others.

Thus, not only the number, but also the age-related price spectrum reflects the condition and adaptability of it to the changing conditions of the external environment and determines the positions of the type in biocenosis.

The age structure of populations in animals. Depending on the peculiarities of the reproduction, the members of the population may belong to one generation or different. In the first case, all individuals are close in age and approximately simultaneously pass the next stages of the life cycle. An example is the reproduction of many types of unstable locusts. In the spring of eggs, who were overwhelmed in the cubes deferred to the ground, appear first-aged larvae. The feedback of the larvae is somewhat stretched under the influence of microclumatic and other conditions, but in general proceeds quite friendly. At this time, the population consists only of young insects. After 2-3 weeks, in connection with the unevenness of the development of individual individuals, the larvae of related ages can simultaneously meet, but gradually the entire population passes into the imaginal state and by the end of the summer consists only of adult generic forms. By winter, putting the eggs, they die. Such is the age structure of populations at the oak leaflerting, mucus of the kind of Deroceras and other species with a one-year development cycle, which breed once in life. The time of reproduction and the passage of individual age-related stages are usually confined to a certain season of the year. The number of such populations is usually unstable: strong deviations of the conditions from the optimum at any stage of the life cycle act immediately to the entire population, causing significant mortality.

Species with the simultaneous existence of various generations can be divided into two groups: multiplying once in life and multiply multiple times.

Major beetles, for example, females soon after laying eggs in the spring die. The larvae develop in the soil and pumped on the fourth year of life. At the same time, representatives of four generations are present in the population, each of which appears a year after the previous one. Every year one generation completes its life cycle and a new one appears. Age groups in such a population are divided into a clear interval. Their ratio is dependent on how favorable conditions were the conditions for the emergence and development of the next generation. For example, generation may be small if the late frosts will destroy the pieces of eggs or cold rainy weather will prevent the summer and kopulation of beetles.

Fig. 101. The ratio of age groups of herring for 14 years. "Harvest" generations are traced for several years (according to F. Schverdpfeger, 1963)

At species with single reproduction and short life cycles, several generations are replaced during the year. The simultaneous existence of different generations is due to the stretching of egg laying, growth and puberty of individual individuals. This occurs both as a result of the hereditary heterogeneity of the members of the population and under the influence of microclumatic and other conditions. For example, in beet moli, harming sugar beets in the southern regions of the USSR, the caterpillars of different ages and pupae. Over the summer, 4-5 generations are developing. At the same time, representatives of two and even three adjacent generations are found, but one of them, the next time, always prevails.

Fig. 102. The age structure of populations in animals (according to Yu. Odumu, 1975; V. F. Sididochah and E. A. Yablonskaya, 1968):

A - General scheme, B - Laboratory Populations of Polelki Microtus Agrestis, V - Seasonal changes in the ratio of age groups of Mollusk Adaena Vitrea in Northern Caspiana.

Various hatching - different age groups:

1 - growing, 2 - stable, 3 - Shrinking population

An even more difficult to the age structure of populations in reproduction species (Fig. 101, 102). At the same time, two extreme situations are possible: 1) Life expectancy in adulthood is small and 2) Adults live long and multiply multiple times. In the first case, a significant part of the population is replaced annually. The number of its unstable and can change dramatically in some years, favorable or unfavorable for the next generation. The age structure of the population varies greatly.

Polevka-housekeeper has the age structure of the population during the summer season gradually becoming complicated. At first, the population consists only of the individuals of the last year of birth, then the young first and second litters are added. By the period of the appearance of the third and fourth seats, sexual maturity comes from representatives of the first two and the generation of grandmother's generation is poured into the population. In the fall, the population consists mainly of various ages of the current year of birth, since the elders die.

In the second case, there is a relatively stable structure of the population, with a long coexistence of various generations. So, indian elephants Reach puberty to 8-12 years old and live up to 60-70 years. The female gives rise to one, less often blend, about every four years. In the herd, adult animals of different ages make up about 80%, young people are about 20%. At species with a higher fertility, the ratio of age groups can be different, but the general structure of the population always remains quite difficult, including representatives of different generations and their multi-year offspring. The fluctuations in the number of such species occur in small limits.

A long propagating part of the population is often called reserve. From the size of the population stock depend on the ability to restore the number. That part of the young who reach sexual maturity and increase the stock - this is an annual replenishment population. At the species with the simultaneous existence of only one generation, the margin is almost equal to zero and the reproduction is carried out entirely due to the replenishment. Views with a complex age structure are characterized by a significant amount of stock and a small, but stable share of replenishment.

When operating a man of natural populations of animals, the accounting of their age structure is essential (Fig. 103). At the species with annual greater replenishment, a more significant part of the population without a threat to undermines its number is. If you destroy many adults in a population with a complex age structure, then this will slow down its recovery. For example, a humpback ripening in the second year of life is possible to 50-60% of spawning individuals without a threat to further reduced population. For a knight, maturing later and having a more complex age structure, the norms of seizure from the half-plant herd should be less.

Fig. 103. The age structure of the Taimyr population of the Wild Reindeer during the period of moderate (a) and excessive (b) hunting fishery (by A. A. Kolpachikov, 2000)

An analysis of the age structure helps to predict the number of population throughout the life of a number of close generations. Such analyzes are widely used, for example, in fisheries to predict the dynamics of fishing stadium. Used rather complicated mathematical models With a quantitative expression on the individual age groups of all those responsible for the factors of the environment. If the selected rates of age structure absolutely correctly reflect the real impact of the medium on the natural population, they receive highly expensive forecasts that allow you to plan a catch for a number of years ahead.

By age. This is the most important component of the population structure.

1. Age structure of plant populations

In populations of perennial plants, all individuals are characterized by a set of biomorphic signs that determine their age differentiation. For population studies, the determination of age states (biological age) is much greater, than absolute age (calendar age). Based on a complex of high-quality signs in the ontogenesis of plants, 4 periods and a maximum of 11 age states are distinguished:

(I) Latent (seeds) - characterized by long storage, is the most reserve of the population; (Ii) Proshyraeration (Seeders, Juvenile, Imaturn, Virginyl) - plant development before the emergence of generative shoots; Iii) generative (young, medium, old) - the formation of generative shoots; (Iv) Shenyl (subcenters, sedenilla, die) - simplification of life forms and dying.

The processes of neoplasm and the accumulation of energy prevail to the average generative state, and after - the processes of dying and energy loss.

The age structure is one of the most important signs of the population. The age spectrum reflects the life condition of the species in cenosis, as well as such important processes as the intensity of reproduction, the mortality rate, the change rate of generations. The ability of the population system to self-sustaining and the degree of sustainability to the influence of negative environmental factors is dependent on this side of the structural organization. He also characterizes the stage of development of the population (Wikitis), and consequently, the prospects for development in the future.

1.1. Types of populations

There are three main types of stages dependency populations:

• invasive - population is still incapable of self-sustaining, depends on the deposit of seeds from the outside, consists mainly of the pregerrative individuals,
• normal - self-suggestion occurs, mainly predominate generative plants,
• regressive - loss of self-sucking ability, postgeratics prevail.

Among the normal there are persecution and non-peculiarities, if there are no age groups, most often through the interruption of the Insparimation, the extinction of certain age groups, or factors internal orderwhich control the development of the population itself. When prevailing in the age spectrum of a normal population of individuals a certain age group, young, mature, aging and old are distinguished.

1.2. Basic age-related spectra

With a fairly complete imagination on biology and environmental-phytocenotic, the derisions of the form allocate basic age-related spectra (modal characteristics of normal populations in equilibrium state). There are four basic types that allocate the position of the absolute maximum in the spectra of age states:

I type - complete predominance of young individuals; II - generative; III - old generative or seenile; IV-determined by two peaks on the old and young parts of the population (bimodal).

Literature

• Krchchfaluushi V.V., Mesv-Crychphalutsi G. M. Population Biology of Plants. - Uzhgorod., 1994.
• Mesv-screaming G.N. Populations Biology of the Puncher of the Umbrella and Prospects for His survival in Transcarpathia / / Ecology. - 1991. - № 3.