Ichainskoe sea lilies of coral reefs. Ichainskoe coral reefs House Icharkin Coral
Icharkin (Echinodermata), the type of marine invertebrate animals. Early Cambrian appeared, by the end of Paleozoic reached a wide variety. Sizes from a few millimeters to 1 m (rarely more - modern species) and up to 20 m in some fossil marine lilies. Body shape is diverse: star, disc, spherical, heart-shaped, cup-shaped, black or resembling flower. There are about 10,000 fossil species and about 6,300 modern. From 20 well-known classes so far have been preserved 5, referring to the subtypes: chinosoos (mouth-oriented seating, with the only class of sea lilies), echinosis (unites sea hero And the hell's) and asterosa (includes starfish and official). According to another classification of representatives of the last 2 subtypes, they are combined into the subtype of Eleutheroz.
For all modern Ichalkin, the presence of an outlacral system and five-beam symmetry; The latter spreads in many cases on the outlines of the body, the location of individual organs (nervous and blood system) and the details of the skeleton. Deviations from five-radical symmetry in modern osklokozhi (for example, at the bastard) - the phenomenon is secondary; At the same time, the Khomalances of the early Paleozoic were initially devoid of radial symmetry.
In most modern species, the mouth is located in the center of the body (on the oral side), and the anal hole on the opposite pole (on the aboral side). The intestine is weakly differentiated, has a long narrow tube, spirally spinning clockwise, or bag-shaped; Some groups are intermittently blindly closed. No digestive glands. The circulatory system consists of a near-ring vessel and extending devoid of its own walls of radial channels - lacun systems. Gas exchange in this system is missing; It serves to deliver foods from the intestines to all parts of the body. The weak flow of blood comes due to the pulsation of the heart - the plexus of the vessels, surrounded by epithelial-muscular fabrics. The respiratory function is performed by outlacral legs, the rear of the intestine and other formations. Selection products are removed by overalls, ambulatal legs and through thin-walled parts.
The nervous system is primitive, without a pronounced brain center. It consists of 3 rings, from each of which 5 radial nerves that are not direct contacts with each other depart. Thus, it is possible to talk about the presence of simply nerve systems. In accordance with this, extontoneless (dominant, mainly sensory, located on the oral side in the coating epithelium), hyponeleval (control motility of skeletal muscles, cells of the connective tissue and an average layer) and aboral (controls the motor function, prevails by sea lilies, weakly Developed from other iglobler) systems. Sharkin-skinned separately (rarely hermaphrodites). Floor grooves open outwards. Fertilization is mostly outdoor. The floating larva from bilateral symmetric during the metamorphosis is converted into a radially symmetric adult animal.
Lit.: Beklemishev V.N. Basics of comparative anatomy of invertebrates. M., 1964. T. 1-2; Invertebrates: a new generalized approach. M., 1992.
S. V. Rognov, A. V. GEUNOV.
A lot of crustaceans live on a coral reef, from small grides hiding between the branches of corals to huge lobshes. Most reef crustaceans are bright, which serves as a reliable disguise in the motley coral world.
A langust on the shape of the body somewhat resembles a river cancer, however, it is deprived of a cushion - all legs ends with curls. An animal with a length of 40 - 50 centimeters is not uncommon, but it seems even larger thanks to the rigid toll bases protruding forward. Under the bottom, Langast moves, slowly turning out his feet, and in case of danger, quickly swims backwards, rapping the water with a powerful tailflower. In the afternoon, Langunds are hiding under the hanging plates of corals, in the niches and tunnels of the reef. Sometimes from under the shelter, the tips of the mustache stick out. When trying to pull the Langust from the shelter for the mustache, the latter can be cut down, but it is impossible to get the cancer itself in such a way. If the disturbed animal fails to be escape, it is firmly resting in the walls of its room. Experienced Langstami hunters, noticing the victim, try to detect asylum in the rear wall of at least a small hole through which the acute wand is hidden. Slightly tingling her Langusta from behind, ONR makes a huge crustacean to leave the saving thickets of corals and go on clean water. When leaving Langust's shelter is enough for the pension of the poles, beating a powerful tail, along the edges of which are sharp spikes.
An even more acute method of catching Langurst is somewhat reminiscent of hunting on the Norny Beasts with Taksa, only in this underwater hunt the role of a dog performs octopus. As you know, this mollusk challenge - The natural enemy of crustaceans, and therefore a langoust avoids meetings with him with all ways. Special training Octopus does not require, especially since it seems to be impossible. For a successful hunt, it is quite enough to catch the octopus and show it a luncust or the clutch with a hook with a rope hook, let it in the craft of cancer. As a rule, Langust promptly pops up and falls into the hands of a catcher, unless, of course, the latter is not shared, since Langstum's flight is always rapid.
Food Langust animal food, mostly mollusks, hunting is coming around at night. However, in his shelters on the reef, he extrits itself to feed and in daytime. Langstone, like large predatory animals, are never numerous, therefore, their fishing is limited. Thanks to the high taste qualities, their meat is considered a delicacy. Custom Langustovs are alive delivered to consumers. Owners of seaside restaurants of tropical countries willingly acquire Langusts and keep them in the cages, lowered right into the sea, where the visitor can choose anyone for dinner.
No coral reef costs without hermit cancer, and they are here, like most other reef animals, bright and pestro are painted.
The abundance of buchetic mollusks provides hermit free selection of suitable sinks and sizes. Here you can see the redheads of red in white clock, black and white, bluish, green, green. Some achieve significant sizes and settle in the shells of such large clams as marble turbo. Heavy trochus sinks also do not remain empty after the death of the mollusk. They are settled in hermaes with a long, almost a heart-shaped body, which only due to this form can be placed in narrow moves of the spiral of Trohus. A small and sickly hermit with difficulty pulls a heavy shell on itself, but his efforts pay off asylum strength. Even in the cones sinks, special types of hermites are settled, whose body is flattened to be flattened in the spinal abdominal direction. And limbs and claws of such a hermit cancer are also flat. As well as everywhere, hermits feed on a diverse vegetable and animal food, do not be broaching by decomposing substances, especially abundant on reefs contaminated by the economic activity of man. It is safe to say that a large number of small hermites are a sure sign that the reef is in disadvantaged state.
Little grills, green, pink, black, brown, live in coral bushes. On each form of corals, your set of crabs merging in color with a bush, which gives them a refuge. Between the corals, clinging, the larger crabs with a chicken egg or a slightly bigger. Panciri are thick, the legs are short with strong claws and powerful claws. Such a crab does not wash off even a strong surf from the reef. The color of coral crabs is usually brown or reddish, at athergatis on the back is visible a gentle pattern of thin white lines, the eraphia is distinguished by large red eyes, the surface of the shell and the cushion of the acts of the acts is covered with many tubercles.
All crabs in danger are hidden in the gaps, climb into narrow spaces between the branches of corals. Relieving with thick legs in the walls of refuge, they are firmly held there. To get to the collection of such a craza, it is necessary to smash hard limestone with a hammer and chisel. If there are no additional spare strokes inside, catch it quite easily. It is much more difficult to grab the flat, fast floating crab Talami, which is never trying to climb the gap, and in the case of persecution hesitates. It floats with the help of flattened adhesive rear legs.
At the external dust of the robe of the reef among the thickets of branched corals, like giant tropical flowers, are surprisingly, amazing animals are sitting, which are called sea lilies. Five pairs of gentle centers slowly pegs in transparent water. The small body of the sea lily, located in the center of the "flower", is almost unnoticed. For the coral clings numerous manifest attachment mustache, covered on top of hand. The size of the animal in mind of the hands is approximately with the tea room, the color is predominantly dark: cherry, black or dark green; Some species are painted in lemon yellow or in yellow with black. The arms of the marine lily arisents serve to capture food - small plankton organisms and detritus particles. The river hole is located in the center of the body and draws up.
Sea lilies are larger. Cooking the mustache for the irregularities of corals, they slowly move along the reef, and climbing away from it, they swim gracefully, swinging with cigrier hands. Despite the fixedness and harmlessness, get a good copy of the lily to the collection is very difficult, since with the slightest touch, it climbs her hands. Self-emphasis - a characteristic defensive reaction of these iglinders. When attacking, they sacrifice one or several hands to just stay unharmed; The missing authority will soon grow again.
When working on a reef, especially if the body is not protected by a dense overalls, you need to carefully monitor so as not to put on thin long needles of the sea hedgehog diadem. The black body of this hedgehum with an apple is hiding in a cleft or under the coral overlapping colony, and the bunches of the thinnest needles stick out. When viewed by the needle under the microscope, it can be seen that the entire surface is littered with the smallest directed by sharp tarts. Hard, like a wire, the needle of the tiara is easily poured into the skin and is rooted there (it is still lime). With any attempt to pull the needle from the wound, it only deeper goes into the body. Inside the needle passes through channel, and a poisonous liquid that causes severe pain falls on it.
Some reef inhabitants use the space between the needles of the diadems to hide there from the attack of predators. So there are small fish Cardinals from the birth of paramy and sifamia. The crooked fish (Eolskus) has its narrow body parallel to the needles of the hedgehog, and it is holding up. The same pose accepts the other fish - the Yellow Duck, or Diadhemichtis, which also has a patronage color: on the back, sides and abdomen of a narrow black body of the Yellow Clarket are longitudinal white lines, creating the visibility of the needle.
Diadem's food, like many other marine hedgehogs, serve various algae, in addition, studies that were held on Curaçao Island in the Caribbean Sea, recently found that at night the diadems are chosen from their shelters and eat soft tissues of rhyme-forming corals. Despite terrible weapons In the form of poisonous needles, the diadem is not guaranteed from the attack of predators. Big Blue Coral Fish-Spinorogogo, or Balvesties, without much difficulty removes the blame from her asylum, breaks about the reef shell and eats insides.
Fishes from the Guban family swallow small sidias together with needles, and large hens Pre-split into parts. The German zoologist X. Fryka had an interesting experience in studying the reactions of spinorogov and guban on the type of food objects. It turned out that these fish searching for food are guided solely with vision. They were offered three models: black balls connected by beams Long needles and balls with sticky needles. Fish always attacked only on balls with needles, and no attention paid to other models. The special activity of Huban and Spinhoroga showed if the needles on the models moved, like in living hedgehogs.
Gubans and spinors are hunting on sea heroes only in daytime hours, with the onset of darkness they fall into deep sleep. It may be, it is for this reason that the diadems are not shown during the day and show activity predominantly at night. These marine hedgehogs have another characteristic feature: on even open areas, they are collected in the right groups, and one hedgehog is from the other in the length of the needle length. In search of food, non-individual animals move, but the whole group is entirely due to which collective protection is ensured. Elder behavior of the diadem is a unique phenomenon in the entire type of Ichalkinski.
Meeting with a cluster of the diadem does not promise anything pleasant, but even more sad consequences causes contact with a large cherry-red sea hero of Toxopneus, although he does not have a needle. This hedgehog, which achieves the magnitude of the major grapefruit fetus, has a soft leathery body, on the surface of which there are many small tweezers, the so-called pedicillary. Such tweems are available in all marine heels and stars, with their help, animals purify the surface of the body from the caught particles and other foreign objects. In deprived needles of the toxopneustes of pedicillary play a protective role. When the sea hedgehog sits calmly at the bottom, all his tweezers are slowly swinging from side to side, opening the sash. If some living creature touch pedicillaries, it will be immediately captured. Pedicillary does not weaken the grip, while the animal moves, and if it is too strong, they come off, but do not squeeze their sash. Through the puncture of the tweezers in the wound, the strong poison is hung, which paralyzes the enemy. So the toxopneustes are saved from the attacks of marine stars and other reef predators.
For a person, the poison of this sea hedgehog is also dangerous. Japanese scientist T. Foodzhar, exploring toxopneustestees, received just one injection of tiny tweezers. Subsequently, he described in detail what happened after the defeat. The pain from the bite quickly spread over his hand and reached the heart, then the paralysis of the lips, the language and the facial muscles came, then numbered the limbs followed.
The patient became somewhat better only after six hours.
Fortunately, Toxopneustes is relatively rare, but it is still well known to local residents. Fishermen on the southern islands of Japan are called toxopneus as a killer, as there are cases of deadly defeat of people with this sea hero.
It is very noteworthy that nearby Toksopneese Sea Jerzy Tripneustes, also living on reefs, is completely safe. In the Caribbean sea on the island of Martinique they even eat. The enemy collected on the reef is broken and removed from the shell caviar, which is then boil to obtain a thick tough mass. The finished product fill empty halves of the shelters and sell the delicacy.
Martinique's population consumes so many hedgehis that some of the shelves were formed whole mountains like kitchen piles of mollusk sinks left by the ancient population of Europe.
In heterocentrotus, not everyone recognizes the sea hedgehog. He has an unusual brown-red body in color, the same color and thick needles resembling the form and size of the cigar, each with a bright wide stream near the outdoor end. The heterocentrotus is sitting, clogging into a narrow slit, at the most surprise place of reef. Thick needles, he looked back into the walls of his asylum.
Little marine hedgehis echineometrs with their short green needles drill small cave in coral. Often, the entrance to the cave will overgrow, and then the healing is alive alive in his asylum.
Sea stars live on the coral reef. Here you can see a beautiful bright blue blink with thin straight rays and similar to a brown bread of a brown chicketer. Highly spectacular tricolor preasters, but the most famous marine star of coral reefs is, of course, the crown, or Akantster.
Among the colonies of corals in the water slowly pegs with tentacles giant acti stallshactis. The diameter of the oral disk disk such an act with thousands of the tentacle reaches sometimes meters. Between the tentacles is constantly hiding either a couple of motley shrimps, or several fish - marine clowns, or amphiprion. These stiples of Staraktis are not afraid of his sucks, and the acting itself does not respond to their presence. Usually, the fish are held near the acti, and in case of danger, boldly dive into the most thickness of the tental and thus avoid persecution. In total, over a dozen species of amphiprionov, but in every actania, representatives of only one of them are hidden, and the fish are registered asking for "their" acts from the encroachment of other species.
Above already included on some fish biocenosis of corals. In total there are more than 2500 species. As a rule, they all have a bright color, serving the fish with good disguise in the motley coral world. Many of these fish feed on corals, bite and grinding branches.
For coral fish, there is a fairly simple, but very reliable reception. On the plot between the bushes spread the finelystic grid and several branches of coral crumble in its center. Immediately to this place rushes many fish attracted to the favorite food. It remains to take out a network of water, and for sure the fish will be caught. Attempts to get a coral fish with a sacca will always end the failure. On the reef, everything is firmly and motionless, so every chapel object is in itself a potential threat. Coral fish are hiding from the approaching cuckor in prickly thickets, and expel or lure them out from there it is no longer possible.
A lot of cooking fish is written about the beauty of coral fish, but all the descriptions are pale before reality. When, after the first Soviet expedition, the coral reefs of Oceania was shot by a small color film, many viewers, including biologists, previously never seen living coral fish, took genuine filming for color animation.
Separate types of coral biocenosis of poisonous. Very beautiful pink winrs with white stripes and the same color of the rays of fins are kept in sight, as they are protected by a whole series of poisonous spikes. They are so confident in their integrity that they do not even try to escape the persecution.
An inconspicuous stone-fish is quietly lying on the bottom, half with the coral sand. It is easy to step by barefoot, and then the case can end very sad. On the dorsal side of the stone-fish there are several poisonous glands and short sharp spikes. The poison fell into the wound causes strongest pain and general poisoning. As a result, paralysis or heart failure, the victim may die. Even in the case of a favorable outcome, complete recovery occurs only in a few months.
To finish with the dangers that lie on the reef of a person, you need to say about sharks and muren. Sharks often visiting the space above the reef or hold close to its outer edge. They are attracted by various fish, numbered on the reef, but are known cases of attacking sharks on divers for pearls. Kite-shaped moray, reaching sometimes solid sizes, hide in the reef itself. Very often, the head sticks out the head of large moray with a rigged toothy mouth. This strong and insidious fish can be applied with their sharp as a razor to the teeth large cutting wounds. In ancient Rome, rich patricians contained Mauren in special pools and refused for festive feasts. According to some legends, it is known that in the pool with large Muren, they threw the sheltered slaves, and the fish quickly with them were painted.
Now let's talk about what threatens the existence of coral reefs, which may cause their oppression and death. In his book, "The Life and Death of Coral Reef" Jacques-Yves Kusto and Journalist Philip Dioole affect this important problem. In their opinion, the main reason for the death of reefs in our days lies in the imprudent economic activity man. However, we should not forget that the reefs are most often dying as a result of natural disasters.
All the last week of January 1918 on the coast of Queensland continuously walled rain rains. Freshwater flows hit the shores, the sea and on the big barrier reef. These were the strongest showers ever recorded by the Australian weather service: for eight days there were 90 centimeters of precipitation (for comparison, we point out that in Leningrad, which is famous for the wet climate, for the year they fall out only 55-60 centimeters). As a result of abundant rains, the surface layer of the sea was painted, and during the low water, the rain jets were whipped right along the corals. The reef began the world. Corals, algae and attached inhabitants of coral biocenosis. Movable animals were in a hurry to leave deeper, where the desalination was not so strong. But disaster spread and in deep
well: rotting dead corals caused water poisoning near the reef and caused the death of many of its inhabitants. Many parts of the Big Barrier Reef were dead. For their recovery, it took several years.
In January 1926, Livni destroyed coral reefs near Tahiti Islands, and in 1965, strong prolonged rains caused the death of a rich reef in the Bay of Tongatap Island in the Tonga Archipelago.
As a result of showers, coral reefs usually die on a significant area, since strong and long-term rains capture entire areas, and not separate limited areas.
Coral reef destroyed by rains, after a while restored at the same place. Fresh water Although kills all living on the reef, but does not destroy the coral buildings. After a few years, the skeletons of the dead corals are in mind with new alive colonies, and the reef is reborn in the former Kras.
It is very different about hurricanes. It is known that in the tropical seas, the strongest storms occur periodically, which sometimes take the character of natural disasters. The story about the causes of hurricanes, about their destructive strength and consequences are still ahead, here it will be only about the impact of hurricanes on reefs.
In 1934, the Cyclone was destroyed by a coral reef at the Low Island on the Great Barrier Reef Australia. The wind and the waves literally did not leave the stone on the stone: everything was broken, stirred, and the fragments are lined with sand. Reforing the reef went very slowly, and after 16 years, in 1950, young coral settlements were rented by the new cyclone.
The strongest destruction of Rifu struck the cruel hurricane, which collapsed in 1961 on the coast of the British Honduras (Caribbean Sea). Such a strong cyclone destroyed the reef on the island of Heron in 1967 (Big Barrier Reef). It happened that it was at this small island that a biological station belonging to the Australian Committee on the study of a large barrier reef was organized shortly before disaster. Scientists have not yet managed to seriously examine their new possessions and describe the reef of the island of Heron, as the trace is left from him. Their further work began with the study of reef recovery after the catastrophe.
Destructive cyclones have a limited radius of action. If long-term storm rains occur to a wide front, the cyclone path is a relatively narrow strip. For this reason, it destroys only individual sections or small reefs, while the neighboring remain intact.
What happens on the reef when cyclone passing? The most comprehensive response to this gives an employee of the University of Southern Pacific Peter Beverge, who examined one of these destroyed reefs immediately after a hurricane named "Bibi" appeared in 1972. Bibi widespread over the western part of the equatorial zone Pacific Ocean. His epicenter crossed the Atoll Funafuti, the same atoll on which drilling was carried out to verify the theory of Ch. Darwin. Immediately after the catastrophe P. Bevteridge left his cozy office of the dean of the Preparatory faculty in the capital of Fiji Suva and went to the distant Funafuti. He found a picture of complete destruction. The thriving tropical island was practically destroyed. Slender coconut palm trees are the basis of the islanders intake - they are attracted to the ground. Local residents told that the waves rolled through at home and broke trees. In order not to be washed into the ocean, people tied themselves to the tricks of palm trees, but this measure was not saved. Funafuti atoll consists of several islets and a number of reefs surrounding the lagoon with a diameter of about 20 kilometers. In the windy weather on the lagoon, solid waves walk, during the hurricane they reach a giant value. But even large there were those trees that came from the open ocean. Coral reefs are distinguished by durability and endurance, but they did not resist. Separate colonies or fragments of their fragments were rolled into the waves and played the role of cannon nuclei. They broke live colonies and generated new fragments, which, in turn, bombarded reef. The hurricane washed new bells, brought coral chips and the old living areas of reefs, created new ducts between the islands and erected from the debris of reefs. New Islands. Transformed the whole atoll. Coral settlements on Funafuti were described in detail the English expedition of 1896-1898; In 1971, they were examined by a comprehensive expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences at the Dmitry Mendeleev Research Ship. For 75 years they have almost changed. After "Bibi", the description of these reefs needs to be done again.
There are cases of the death of the reef under the streams of liquid lava, which flows into the sea from the ventilation volcano. Thus, coral reefs were destroyed around Krakatau's volcanic island near Java, when on August 26, 1883, the most severe volcanic eruption was happening in the entire history of mankind. After a terrible explosion, which was heard even on the coast of Australia, a couple of more than 20 kilometers high rose from Zherla Volcano, and Krakatau Island himself turned into a lot of hot lava and stones. All living things died in boiling water. But less significant eruptions may be the cause of the death of the reef. So, the coral reef died in 1953 when an eruption of one of the volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands.
Grozny danger for living coral reefs represent earthquakes. One such catastrophe occurred off the coast of New Guinea, near the small seaside town of Madang. On the night of October 30, on November 1, 1970, powerful underground shocks shook the city and the bay. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the sea, so the town was not injured, but the reef was destroyed for several kilometers. From the first blows, we crumbled and collapsed on the bottom of thin gentle twigs of bushy and tree corals. Massive spherical colonies broke away from the substrate, but the first time remained in their places. The earthquake was accompanied by the excitement of the sea caused by underground shocks. According to coastal observers, the sea first retreated, and then rapidly rose 3 meters above the normal level into the tide. The outgoing and rolling waves of daring flat sheets and disc-shaped colonies. They came into motion cut off from the bottom meter and larger coral balls. Racing by Rifu, they completed the destruction. Many such colonies rolled down along the slope of the ridge, others, although they stayed near their places, were inverted. For a few minutes, reef stopped exist. That which was not broken and crushed, turned out to be buried under the layer of fragments. Separate surviving animals of coral biocenosis in the days nearest days died as a result of water poisoning with a mass of decaying organic substances.
A terrible threat to coral reefs lies in the invasion of the Haling of Painty Maritime Stars, which scientists call the Akantster of the Placi, and the press and scientific and popular literature were dubbed "Tern Crown". More recently, until 1960, the "Ternist Crown" was considered a rarity, but in 1962 not only zoologists started talking about him, but also journalists and government figures. Unexpectedly multiplied in indispensable quantities, the "thunder crowns" strangely changed their tastes and switched with molluscs for the destruction of rhyme-forming corals. Many reefs of the Pacific Ocean, including the Big Barrier Reef of Australia, were massacked by the array attack.
To save corals, urgent intervention was needed, but no one really knew what exactly should be taken. Even about the most marine star, science has had very scarce information. And here are scientists different countries And various specialties rushed to coral reefs, to learn as much as possible about the insidious "terns" and find it to Achilles. Akantster is one of the largest marine stars: separate specimens reach 40 - 50 centimeters in the midst of the rays. Young stars of this species have a typical five-bearing structure, but as they grow the number of rays increases and the old copies reaches 18 - 21. All the dorsal side of the central disk and rays are armed with hundreds of mobile, very sharp spikes with a length of 2-3 centimeters. Thanks to this feature, Akantster and received its second name - "Ternist Crown". The body of the star has a grayish or serogol black, spikes red or orange.
Akantaster poisonous. The injection of its spike causes burning pain and subsequent general poisoning.
The "Ternist Crown" is capable of moving quite quickly and climb into narrow spaces between the corals, but usually these stars are calmly lying on the surface of the reef, as if they are conscious of their inaccessibility. They breed, pulling into the water a lot of the smallest eggs. The famous researcher of coral reef director of the Sydney Zoological Museum Professor Frank Talbot and his wife Suzett conducted a special study on the biology of the "Tern Crown". They found that at the Big Barrier Reef, the Akantster breeds in the summer (in December - January), and the female leaves 12 - 24 million eggs. The larvae is held in plankton, and they can eat various plankton predators, but barely larvae will fall on the bottom to turn into a young star, as becoming poisonous. The enemies have a slightly crown. It is reliable that these stars eat large buchetic clams of charonon, or Triton. Akntasters are common throughout tropical zone The Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Like many other marine stars, the "Ternist Crown" is a predator. He swallows fine mining, and larger animals envelops the stomach-turned outwardly through the mouth. When feeding corals, the star slowly crawls along the reef, leaving behind the white trail of coral skeletons. While these stars are few, the coral community almost does not suffer from them. It is estimated that at one hectare of reefs can, without harm, it is formed to feed up to 65 "terns of the crowns". But if their number increases, the corals threaten destruction. Spouses Talbot indicate that in the area of \u200b\u200bmass outbreak of reproduction, the Akntasries feed on around the clock. Moving along the Rifu of a continuous front at a speed of up to 35 meters per day, they destroy up to 95 percent of corals. After emptying the reef, the stars suddenly disappear, but soon appear on the neighboring reefs, overwhelming the deeper areas separating one reef from the other.
The cause of disaster Some zoologists were inclined to see in violating a natural relationship in the reef. It was assumed that mass production for the souvenirs of large clams of tritons having a beautiful sink led to an increase in the number of marine stars. After all, Triton is almost the only enemy of the "Tern Crown". It was also assumed that the catch of small shrimp Jeameca-RA also contributes to the reproduction of predatory stars. There were reports in the press, as if someone had seen these little wraps, gathering a whole pack, arrange at the back of the star dance and jump until an exhausted "thorns of the crown" did not draw their numerous legs with suction cups. Then the wraps are climbed under the star and eaten unseated soft tissues of the underside. However, it was not necessary to observe anyone from scientists. Tritons are really able to eat a starfish, but these large mollusks are never found in large quantities, and their role in regulating the number of "terns" is negligible. To save the reefs of the government of many countries, I forbidden catching Tritons and the sale of their shells, but the situation on the reefs did not change.
The scale of destruction in a short time has reached an unprecedented value. Several groups of specialists from Australia, England, Japan and the United States examined 83 Reef of the Pacific Ocean. For these expeditions and to develop measures to combat a star by 1972, a total of about a million pounds of sterling was spent. Meanwhile, the stars continued to fruit. Control councils in the Hawaiian Islands showed that one scuba diversion per hour can count from 2750 to 3450 "Tern crowns". Attempts to destroy the Akntasters to poisonous substances or to cut the reefs with bare wires through which the electric current is passed to the desired results did not lead. There were voices of scientists about the need to strengthen control over the pollution of the ocean.
The first observations of the Tern Crown, conducted by Soviet scientists during the special "coral" flight of the Research Ship "Dmitry Mendeleev" in 1971, convincingly showed that the Akantusers are mainly attacking weakened reefs contaminated with household and industrial waste, as well as petroleum products. The head of work on the study of a large barrier reef, Australian zoologist, came to the similar conclusions, and Australian Zoologist Professor Robert Endin. In 1973, R. Endin and an employee of his laboratory R. Chisher came to the conclusion that the most often areas of outbreaks of the number of stars and the defeat of the reefs are in close proximity to the human settlements. On reefs remote from settlements, outbreaks of the number of stars does not occur.
Not everyone agreed with this opinion. So, one of the commissions established in Australia, contrary to the evidence, came to the conclusion about the practical harmlessness of the "ternidoid crowns" for reef. However, this commission was provided with a strong pressure of oil companies, which achieved permits for drilling wells in the region of the Great Barrier Reef. This is stated in the article by Zoo Alolkma Hessel, published in 1971 in the magazine "Bulletin of Pollutation of the Sea".
Not only individual companies, but also government figures were involved in the range of issues related to the "Tern Crown". In 1973, the US Congress adopted a bill on the allocation of $ 4.5 million to fulfill the program to study this problem and develop appropriate control measures. It is unlikely that the congressmen would so easily break up with these means for the sake of pure science or some exotic reefs. It is clear that the magnates of industrial capital stood behind their back, primarily petroleum firms.
Summing up the review of the causes of the death of coral reefs, you need to add directly destructive effect on them pollution of the ocean. Finally, several reefs became a victim of atomic tests. So sadly ended the existence of everything alive on an enclosure atoll, where nuclear weapons were repeatedly carried out. Zoologist R. Ioga Nesse, examined Enilingon 13 years after the explosion, found on the reef only small colonies of four types of corals.
Reef recovery rate more precisely birth The new coral biocenosis is different and is directly dependent on the cause that caused the death of the old reef. It is difficult to expect the complete restoration of coral reefs, oppressed or destroyed human economic activities. Sea pollution near settlements and industrial enterprises acts continuously and has a clear tendency to strengthen. The restoration of reef after a hurricane is very slow, as the basis on which coral biocenosis is developing. Even more significant changes in the structure of the bottom causes a nuclear explosion, and radiation is added to the mechanical action. It is clear that R. Jogeless found on an envelope atoll only a pitiful crumbs of life, although it took 13 years after the catastrophe. The reefs who died as a result of a shower or during an earthquake are restored relatively quickly. Regular multiple observations on the development of such reef are extremely few, the most interesting and important studies conducted by Soviet Expeditions on Dmitry Mendeleev and Vityaz.
Under the supervision was taken reef in the bay of the city of Malang on New Guinea. A group of scientists visited him three times - in 1971 (8 months after a devastating earthquake), then in 1975 and 1977.
During the first year, algae predominate on the reducing reef, they cover all the corals lying on the bottom, almost a semi-meter loop layer. From the bottom attached animals, sponges predominate, there is a number of small colonies of soft corals. Reforous corals are represented by several types with thin twigs. The colony of these corals are attached to the debris of the dead polypnia and reach the height of only 2 to 7 centimeters. For each square meter of the bottom there are no more than 1 such little colonies.
It passes the year or other, and algae is inferior to the first place with sponges. Even in a year or another, the presence of soft corals. All this time, slowly, but steadypical (rhyme-forming) Madporovy, hydroids and solar corals are recruited. 4.5 years after the destruction on the reef, there is almost no algae. They selected fragments into a solid mass and gave way to sponges and soft corals. By this time, corals with a limestone skeleton occupy second place on the reef and in terms of the number of colonies, and in the degree of coating of the bottom. After 6.5 years, they are already dominant in biocenosis, occupying more than half of the living space. They are strongly suppressed and sponges are pushed. Soft corals are still resisted, but their fate is solved: a few more years will be held, and the reef will fully recover in all their forces.
Coral reefs play a huge role in the life of the population of seaside tropical countries, in the life of peoples of Oceania. The population of the islands is powered by the fruits of coconut palm, vegetables from their small gardens and the gifts of the sea they get on the reef. Here, the islanders collect edible algae, mollusks, iglozzy, catch crustaceans and fish. Livestock in Oceania islands is poorly developed, and the reef serves as the population with the main source of protein food. Coral limestone is used in construction. From coral shellfish shells produce a variety of items household, tools, tools, tools, decorations, cult items. Reef, taking over the blows of the surf waves, protects against the blur of the shores of the islands, where the huts of aborigines, palm groves and vegetable vegetable huts on the narrow strip of land. It is believed that life on the tropical islands would be impossible without coconut palm trees. Similarly, it is impossible without coral reefs.
In the vast expanses of the salt ocean desert, coral islands are real oasis, life in which is saturated to the limit. The reasons for the high biological productivity of the reef are not fully clarified, and it is very important to learn. Every year, the role of marine submarines is increasingly increasing, but while they are still small. To raise their productivity, it is necessary to understand the causes of the high productivity of some natural marine biocenoses, primarily coral reefs.
Due to the rapid growth of the Earth's population and an increase in man's economic activity, there was a threat to destroy many natural complexes of plants and animals. For their protection, reserves are organized everywhere. The first reserves of corals are created, but they are still very small, and the reefs need no less protection than other natural communities.
Coral reefs that provide the possibility of existence to millions of people who differ in such fabulous beauty and so sensitive to the most different forms of impact must necessarily be saved.
Icharkin - animals peculiar. They cannot be compared to the structure with other types. These animals resembles a flower, star, cucumber, ball, etc.
Study history
Another ancient Greeks gave them the name "Ishinorby". Representatives of this species have long been interested in a person. The history of their study is related, in particular, with the names of Pliny and Aristotle; And in 18 and early 19th century, many famous scientists were investigated (Lamarc, Linny, Klein, Kuwier). Most zoologists at that time corrected them either with intestinal, or with worms. I. I. Mesnikov, Russian scientist, found out that they have kin with intestinal. Mechnikov showed that these organisms are relatively close to the representatives of the chordovy.
Variety of osklineri
Nowadays it has been established that Ichalkin - animals, which belong to the group of the highest-organized invertebrates - to the reorganist. They appeared on our planet more than 520 million years ago. The remains of Ishchariker are found in sediments belonging to the early Cambria. This type includes about 5 thousand species.
Ichalkin - bottom, the bulk of which is free-lived organisms. Less often attached to the bottom with the help of a special stem. The organs of most organisms are located in 5 rays, but their number in some animals are different. It is known that the ancestors of Imexiri had a bilateral symmetry, which free-pointed larvae had from modern species.
Internal structure
Representatives of Imexineries in the subcutaneous connecting layer develops a skeleton consisting of lime plates and needles, spikes, etc. on the body surface. Like the chord, these organisms have a secondary body cavity formed by separating from the intestine of mesodermal bags. Gastropor during their development will overgrow or converted into an anal hole. At the same time, the mouth of the larvae is anew.
Ichalkinish animals have a blood system. Nevertheless, the respiratory authorities are developed sufficiently weakly or there are no at all. It is necessary to briefly describe other signs of igblerike. These animals lack special pretty primitive nervous system of the organisms of interest to us. It is located partially in the skin epithelium or in the epitheliums piercing inside the body sections.
External structure
Characteristics of Ichalkinski must be supplemented with features. external structure These organisms. Outdoor epithelium at the main part of the Ichalkinski (except for the hell) has cilia that create water current. They are responsible for feeding food, gas exchange and cleansing the body from dirt. There are various glands (causing glow and poisonous) in the coverings of iglinodes and poisonous) and pigments that give an amazing color to this animal.
Skeletal elements from marine stars - lime plates, which are placed by longitudinal rows, usually with spines, outstanding outwards. The body of marine hens is protected by a lime shell. It consists of a series of plates, tightly interconnected, with long needles sitting on them. Guns have lime bodies that are scattered on their skin. The skeleton of all these organisms on the origin of the internal.
Musculature and ambulapral system
The muscles of these animals is represented by muscular stripes and individual muscles. It is developed pretty good, as well as a moving or other animal. Most species have an ambulapier, an ambulapral system serves to touch, movement, and some sea ends and marine lilies are designed for breathing. These organisms separators, they have developed with metamorphosis of the larvae.
Classification Ichalkinskiy
There are 5 classes of osklokozh: Omless, starfish, marine hedgehogs, marine lilies and wilderness. The type is divided into 2 subtypes: freely moving igblerine are represented by ombus, holoturia, marine hedgehogs and marine stars, and attached - marine lilies, as well as some extinct classes. It is known about six thousand modern species, as well as twice the larger number of extinct. All iglozzy are marine animals that live only in salted water.
Sea stars
The most famous representative of the type of interest to us is a starfish (a photo of one of them is presented above). These animals belong to Asteroidea class. Sea stars did not accidentally receive such a name. In their form, many of them are a five-pointed star or a pentagon. However, there are also such species whose rays of up to fifty.
See what an interesting body has a starfish, the photo of which is presented above! If you turn it over, you can see that from the bottom side of the rays, the ranks of small tubular legs having a sucker at the end. An animal, going through by them, crawls on the seabed, and also climbs the vertical surfaces.
All Ishinorby have the ability to quickly regenerate. The starfish has every ray that separated from the body is viable. It immediately regenerates, and from it appears new organism. Most sea stars feed on the remains of organic substances. They find them in the soil. In their diet also includes the corpses of fish and algae. However, some representatives of marine stars are predators who attack their victims (motionless invertebrates). After the extraction is found, these animals pour out their stomach outwards. Thus, digestion from some of the predatory marine stars is carried out outside. The rays of these animals have a very powerful muscles. It allows them to easily open the sash mollusk. Sea stars, if necessary, can crush it with sink.
The most famous among is an AcanthasterPlanci - a thorns of the crown. This is the worst enemy of sea coral reefs. About 1500 species are numbered in this class (type of iglobler).
Sea stars are capable of multiplying both sexually, and nonsense (regeneration). The main part of these animals is separation of organisms. Fertilization is carried out in water. The body develops with metamorphosis. Some starfishes live up to 30 years old.
Snakes (Omners)
These animals are very reminded of stars: they have thin and long rays. Officer (type of needle) does not have hepatic appendages, anal hole and rendering. In terms of living, they are also similar to marine stars. These animals are separators, however, are capable of both regeneration and to the useless reproduction. Some species are glowing forms.
The body of the snake (Officer) is represented by a flat disk, the diameter of which is up to 10 cm. 5 or 10 thin long shouting rays depart from it. Animals are used to move these bending rays, with the help of which they are crawling around the sea. These organisms are moving jog. They pull the two pairs of their "hands," after which they sharply bend them back. Snakes feed on detritus or small animals. Omless people live at the bottom of the sea, sponges, corals, marine hedgehogs. They are about 2 thousand species. These animals are known from the Ordovka.
Sea lilies
Extremely diverse is the animals. Examples of marine lilies, which also belong to this type are presented above. These organisms are exclusively bottom. They lead a sedentary lifestyle. It should be emphasized that marine lilies are not plants, namely animals, despite their name. The body of these organisms consists of a cup, stem and hands (brachioles). With the help of hands, they filter meat particles from the water. Most modern species are freely floating and relaxed.
Fine-deep lily can crawl slowly. They are capable even swim in water. Their diet makes small animals, plankton, algae remains. The total number of species is estimated at 6 thousand, of which less than 700 is currently presented. These animals are known to Cambrian.
Beautifully colored views of sea lilies live mainly in the seas and oceans of subtropics. They are attached to various underwater subjects. It is believed that this is however, in the Mesozoic and paleozoic era Their role in the waters of the seas and oceans was very large.
Sea cucumbers (hello)
These organisms are called differently: marine cubes or hunters. They represent the class of invertebrate types of iglozzy. There are species that a person eats in food. The general name of edible Guns - "Trepang". Trepang is mined on a large scale on Far East. There are also poisonous ashots. Of these, various drugs are obtained (for example, Holoturin).
Currently, about 1150 species of marine cucumbers are represented. Representatives are divided into 6 detachments. The Silurian period - the time to which the oldest fossils of the Guns are.
These organisms differ from the rest of the needle-like, ball, spherical or dwarf form, as well as the reduction of the skin skeleton and the fact that they do not have protruding spikes. The mouth of these animals is surrounded by a weden consisting of a tental. With the help of them, hello capture food. These animals are bottom, although they are very rarely found in Ile (pelagic). They drive low-moving image Life. Guns feed on small plankton or shel.
Sea hedgehog
These animals dwell on the bottom or in Doulonier. The body of most of them is practically spherical, sometimes egg-shaped. Its diameter ranges from 2-3 to 30 cm. Outside the body is covered with rows of spikes, lime plates or needles. As a rule, the plates are interconnected by motionless, forming the shell (dense shell). This shell does not allow the animal to change the form. Today, marine hens are about 940 species. The greatest number The species were presented in Paleozoa. Currently there are 6 classes, whereas extinct - 15.
As for nutrition, some seaside hedgehogs use dead fabrics in food (child), others scrape with algae stones. In the latter case, the mouth of the animal is equipped with a special chewing apparatus, which is called the Aristotlete lantern. In his own way, he reminds drill. Some types of Ichalkinski (marine ogs) with its help not only mining food, but also modify the rocks, drilling holes in them.
Value of marine hectares
These animals are the valuable type of sea bioresources. In commercial terms, it is mainly interesting in Japan and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region, it is a delicacious product. The caviar of these animals contains many biologically active substances. Scientists believe that the elements that are available in it can be used in cancerous diseases as a medical and prophylactic agent. In addition, they lead blood pressure to the norm, increase the potency, remove radionuclides from the human body. It is proved that eating caviar increases the resistance to various infections, helps with gastrointestinal diseases, reduces the effects of radiation therapy, improves the functions of the genital and thyroid gland, cardiovascular system.
Considering the foregoing, it is not surprising that the sea hedgehog is a marine pool, which becomes a welcome dish. For example, residents of Japan every year eat about 500 tons of caviar of this animal both in kind and as additives to dishes. By the way, such a food product is associated with the use of this food product. large duration Life in this country, where people live an average of 89 years.
This article featured only the basic pointering animals. The names of them, hope you remember. Agree, these representatives of the sea fauna are very beautiful and interesting.
Invertebrates include animals devoid of axial skeleton. Many beautiful inhabitants of the sea - corals, actsia, crustaceans - precisely invertebrates, and the considerable part of the fans of this species acquires an aquarium because of them. Invertebrates are much more sensitive to water quality than fish, and therefore, it will take more complex equipment for their content. It is important to remember that drugs for the treatment of copper-based fish are destructive for most invertebrates.
Coral
The most famous among invertebrate inhabitants of the tropical seas and oceans affecting their bright colors and bizarre forms. In the body, most corals contain symbiotic organisms - zooxanthella, often and determining the color of coral. Zoocantellae - unicellular algae.which synthesize organic compounds and oxygen for coral, so for content in coral aquariums great value It has a properly selected lighting type. The skeleton of corals may consist of calcium and from other rog-like structures. For its construction, various types of corals require many trace elements such as strontium, magnesium, iodine, etc. The key to successful content is in knowledge and constant control over the presence of trace elements. Corals are colonial organisms, each individual element of which is called a polype and is associated with others.
Madporovy corals
There are calcium skeletons and are rhyme-forming corals. For millions of years of existence, Mad Paren corals have worked significantly over the appearance of the old lands. The most sensitive aquarium organisms requiring the perfect quality and chemical composition of water. Therefore, by the moments of the placement of Mad Pageor corals to the aquarium, the environment in the latter should be absolutely stable. In addition, this kind of corals do not accept the neighborhood with a large number of fish. Separate polyps U. different species May vary in the amount of 1-2 mm to 20 cm in diameter. Madporovy corals have chemicals of protection ("burn") and can be part of the real "wars", therefore, during the settlement to aquarium, it is necessary to calculate the presence of free space between the corals, taking into account their future growth.
Tubular corals
There are different colorsPolyps are small - up to 1, 5 cm, and in the colony are interconnected by forming large sliced \u200b\u200bsurfaces. Some are such as tubipora - have a tubular skeleton like bees honeycomb, which can be drawn when the danger occurs. There are no skeleton at all.
Soft corals
The skeleton is represented by separate internal needles, so that these corals can significantly change their volume depending on the conditions. As a rule, greatly branched and similar to small underwater trees. Various views have a different dependence on light, in the aquariums it is easier to contain light-minded species, as they do not need additional live stern.
The most suitable "for beginner lovers" corals. Have a dense structure and consist of small polyps that can "pull" or "pull out". For good conditions The contents and sufficient quantities of the necessary trace elements can very quickly increase in size.
Horn corals
Just like soft corals, are popular because of their relative unpretentiousness, rapid growth and spectacular species.
Anemones (Aktini)
Unlike corals, only one polyp is consisting of a rigid skeleton and filled with water. Interesting due to the large "choice" of colors and sizes, as well as different species "Zhugih" tentsers with whom you need to be especially careful. Actinia eat the captured food perfectly, and many of them live in symbiosis with clown fish. The last forage, clean and protect "their" acts, in return to the underwater "house" protected from predators. It should be noted and that the actinium can actively move through the aquarium, delivering the inconvenience to other invertebrates. Especially carefully needed to monitor the location in the pump aquarium - there are often cases when the actinium "sucking" in the pump and "smashed" into small dust.
Disk anemones and zooantides
As a rule, they live in large groups, quite well multiply in captivity and not too whims.
Crustaceans
In nature, there are about 40 thousand species of crustaceans, but only a relatively few are suitable for content in the aquarium. Crustaceans are chosen not only for an unusual shape and color, but also for their "sanitary" features - usually they utilize the remnants of the feed. All crustaceans regularly linen, throwing out the outer skeleton (shell), while the empty shell looks so impressively on the lively crustacean, that some take this moment for the death of the animal. Large crustaceans can lead a predatory lifestyle and be dangerous for small fish. On the other hand, many small shrimps and racks will be useful even in the reef aquarium.
Echinoderms
Ichaximes include such well-known inhabitants of the sea, as starfish, sea hedgehogs, as well as less famous - whales, sea cucumbers and marine lilies. Many of the starfish are predators, and can harm or eat corals. Many starfish are perfectly regenerated, that is, they restore their own body with even significant damage. So, some of them from each "torn" beam over time grows a new starfish. In turn, many of the other popular class of osklinodi - marine heroes are powered by fours and algae, although some do not be squeal and coral polyps. Depending on the species, their needles may have a different length and shape. It should be remembered that injections of some hedges - for example, diatoms are extremely painful, and other representatives are at all poisonous. But the sea cucumbers are named because in shape really resemble large cucumbers, with tentacles at one end of the body, which filter food. In the content of sea cucumbers, it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that in the event of a danger, some species emit poisonous substances into the water, which in the closed space aquarium is destructive for all its inhabitants.
Mollusks
This is a very numerous (about 120 thousand species) and a varied group of animals. For the content in the aquarium, many bivalve mollusks are well suited, the most popular types of Tridacna. Food of bivalve mollusks occurs due to water filtration, in addition, in the bodies of many of them, as in corals, contains zoocanli. The bucheloga clams, as a rule, are not very popular, since in addition to plant fours, it can harm corals by entering them. But with alive stones, as a rule, the aquarium includes small species, eating fours and - which is very useful for aquarium environment - decay products. Also to mollusks include poglogo-like - such as Caracatians and octopuses. The content of the latter is as possible in marine aquariums, but quite complicated by the features of their nutrition - Caracatians and octopuses can destroy all living organisms in the aquarium, so they need a separate microworld.
Worms
Among the whole earthly manifold worms, aquariferious interest are mainly seated worms-polychas. As a rule, they live in the tubes from the mucus or the rod-like substance, from which the whisen of brightly colored tentacles are cast. They filtered water and gets food. Representatives of other groups of worms can also be observed in the aquariums - on the living stones and in the soil. Often they are an additional and natural food for fish.
Top -10 represents Arina Shozubeva.
1) appeared over 520 million years ago
2) multiply in sexual way
3) about 7,000 species
4) Life cycle 35 years
5) can walk
6) can change the floor (some species)
7) Eye as much as rays (starfish)
8) distinguish darkness and light
9) Clean the oceans from fell
10) have regeneration
Top -10 from Anna Komarova
1. Mailela is designed to search for food, protection and movement on the seabed.
2. A large number of poisonous marine hedges lives in the tropical and subtropical zones of the quiet, Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
3. Little hedgehogs do not live in the moth-salted seas.
4.Protable chewing apparatus of marine heroes is called Aristotle Lantern.
5. With the help of the Aristotelian lantern, marine hedgehogs can drill holes even in granite and basalt rocks.
6.Morial hedgehogs are omnivores.
7. Morning hedgehog record holders in the animal world by foot. The number of their ambulact legs with suction cups may exceed a thousand.
8. Itching that hedgehogs live about 10-15 years. But there is a hypothesis, according to the conducted studies of the hydrobiologist Tom Ebert, that they are almost immortal and die only from diseases or a predator attack.
9. Mural hedge grown throughout life.
10.Tadaded sea hedgehog has special cells that glow in the dark with blue glow.
Top -10 from Georgy Aksenova
1. Inexiner appeared on Earth for a long time, over 520 million years ago.
2. There are about 7,000 modern species (400 in Russia).
3. The dimensions of the needle-rose from several millimeters to the meter, and in some extinct species - even up to 20 m.
4. It is possible to change the floor (some species).
5. Capable to walking.
6. Do not transfer changes in the saltness of water, since they are not able to adjust the saline composition of body fluids.
7. Possess regeneration.
8. Filtrates.
9. Nautical stars are located at the ends of the rays, and sea ends around the anal hole.
Top -10 from George Islamova
1.Morny stars do not have a circulatory system. It was replaced by a water-vascular system. It acts very interesting: this maritime creature pumped itself with water through the surface of its skin, and the legs sucking spread it throughout the Taurus. Water is excreted in the same way - leather. At the same time, the stars have a heart that makes 6-7 shots per minute.
2) usually believe that starfishes do not harm man, but careless "communication" with these marine creatures In most cases, leads to deposits. In the corals of the Indian and Pacific Oceans there is a major star called Akantster or a thorns of the crown. This kind of sea star brings a burning painsee from the needle injections during a touch. If the needle becomes stuck in the skin, then it is bowed from the body of the star and begins to infect the blood of a person to poisonous substances.
3) In the past few years, Imexica has become actively multiplied. Because of their excessive appetite, each individual consumes about 6 square meters of corals per year. Scientists suggest that such a rate of increment of the number is caused by a person through provoked changes in the aquatic ecosystem associated with increased pollution. As a result, programs were carried out on the destruction of several polish stars with the active use of toxins.
4) The starfish can reveal the shell of double mollusk and digest it directly in it.
5) Each year, starfishes in aggregate destroys about 2% of the carbon diquses of the Earth.
6) Some igblekee are cannibals (can be powered by marine hedgehogs), as well as mollusks.
7) Some igblerike are used in food by a person (for example, marine hen meat are added to sushi).
8) Icharkin can turn their throat inside out.
10) I have no head, nor brain.
Top -10 from Natalia Grigorieva
1. The need for marine stars can change the floor.
2.News from marine stars can survive after fasting to 1.5 years.
3. The correct marine mouth of the mouth is equipped with an chewing device ( aristotleyev Lantern), serve to scraping algae with stones.
4. With the meat of trepalgs 100 times more iodine than any other sea invertebrate.
5. Ambulakral system is represented only in Ichalkinskiy.
6.Shic stars The number of rays is equal to the number of eyes.
7. At the disposal of the sea lily there is an extreme means of salvation from the attack: she leaves the enemy one or several of his hands, and herself, crippled, floats.
8.Ofiuras settle on other players, sponges and corals.
9. Some seashell and holoturns have concern for the family.
10. The monitoring hedgehogs do not live in low-salted seas.
Top -10 from Angelica Merzlykova
1.Type of exclusively marine bottom animals, mostly free-lived, less often sitting, found at any depths of the oceans.
2. There are about 7,000 modern species.
3. Difference with chordovy, Ichalkinskima belong to the branch of the secondary animal.
4. The composition of this type also includes approximately 13,000 extinct species that flourished in the seas starting from the early Cambrian.
5. Mikely is a special type of invertebrate animals, which is characterized by the symmetry of the body.
6. They can not carry the change in the saltness of water at all, if the quantitative composition of certain substances will change dramatically, they will die.
7. The fraud feature of the Ichalkinski is in their ability to change the stiffness of the connective tissue and cover of their body.
8. They are "Sanitars" of marine pools, destroying different remains of dead animals.
9. In one of the very first developed inhabitants of the seas, Paleontologists include chasing.
10. Player are free-lived organisms, but there are also such species that are exclusively a sedentary lifestyle.
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Top -10 from Nicholas Kochkin
1. Miloxine are an independent and very peculiar type of animal world.
2. At the plan of its structure, they are absolutely not comparable to any other animals and thanks to the peculiarities of their external organization and the original form of the body, resembling a star, flower, a ball, cucumber, etc., very long ago attract attention.
3.Ilie Sea heroes that connect to moving with their shell can be in length from 1 mm to 30 cm
4 Human Sandy poisonous species Sea hedgehogs live mainly in the tropical zones of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
5. Shipping apparatus in sea cheers consists of five sophisticated jawsEach of them ends with a sharp tooth. With these hedge's teeth, holes in the ground and scrape algae with stones that feed.
6. Krome of algae and organic particles in the water of marine hedgehog eat sponges and other sedentary invertebrates, pallers and even mollusks, small marine stars or their fellow.
7. In tropical and subtropical areas, sea hedgehogs are widespread on coral reefs, but these animals can be found at high depths to 7 km.
8. Theory Ezhi live to a maximum of 35 years, and their average life expectancy is 10-15 years.
9. All, many hydrobiologists are increasingly inclined to the hypothesis, which in the theory of sea hedgehogs is immortal, since in their organisms no signs of agingAnd they die only as a result of the attack of predators or diseases.
10. Morning hedgehogs bring a lot of benefit, because they are absorbed by carbon dioxide at the larch stage and convert it to a harmless calcium carbonate, and adult individuals purify water from radioactive substances.
Top -10 from Matthew Vakhitov
1. They live exclusively on the seabed from the littoral and almost to the ultimate depths. At the high depths of Ichalkin - the dominant group of bottom animals.
2. Icharkin do not tolerate changes in the saline of water, since they are not able to adjust the saline composition of body fluids.
3. The most ancient representatives of Imexoise treats the CARPOIDEA class. They lived with Cambria and to Lower Devon. He was a sedentary lifestyle, but did not yet have a radial symmetry. The body was covered with plates, mouth and anus were placed on the side facing the substrate. The internal organs were asymmetrically located.
4. Eyes of sea heroes are located around the anal hole.
5. The body cavity is filled with a nominal fluid containing many amos. They absorb livelihoods and alien bodies and go out of the body through the covers. Thus, they perform excretory and immune functions.
6. Sea stars are formed by a volume stomach, capable of turning inside out through the mouth. The star envelops the stomach production, which can not swallow, and thus exercises outdoor digestion.
7. Icharkin, unlike all other animals, can reversibly change the stiffness of their covers and connective tissue.
8. The epidermis of igloskimi includes mechanoreceptor cells that provide tangles, pigment cells, causing the color of the animal, and glandular cells that distinguish the sticky secret or even toxins.
9. For adults, it is characterized by a radial and usually five-melted symmetry of the body, while their larvae - bilateral symmetric (symmetry of the mirror reflection, at which the object has one plane of symmetry, relative to which two half of the mirror symmetry)
10. There are about 7,000 modern species (in Russia - 400). This type also includes approximately 13,000 extinct species.
