Who is Pavlov and what he did. Pavlov Ivan Petrovich: Life, scientific discoveries and merits! Scientific achievements Pavlov

"Remember that science requires the person of his life. And if you had two lives, they would not have enough for you. "
I.P. Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of science on the highest nervous activity and ideas about the processes of the regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; Laureat Nobel Prize In the field of medicine and physiology of 1904 "For work on the physiology of digestion."

Biography

Ivan Petrovich was born in 27 (14) of September 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on paternal and mother lines were servants of the Church. Petr Dmitrievich Pavlov Father (1823--1899), Mother - Varvara Ivanovna (Urban Assumption) (1826-1890).

After graduating from 1864, the Ryazan Spiritual School, Pavlov enters the Ryazan spiritual seminary, which was subsequently recalled with great warmth. At the last course of the seminary, he read a small book "Brain Reflexes" of Professor I. M. Sechenov, who turned his life all his life. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (the seminars were limited in the choice of university specialties), but 17 days after the receipt, he passed on the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University (specialized in the physiology of animals in I. F. Cion and F. V. Ovsyannikova) .

Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, was engaged in a lot of nervous regulation. Sechenov because of the intrigue had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for a while at the university. His Department in the Medical and Surgical Academy occupied Ilya Faddeevich, and Pavlov took over the virtuoso operational technique at the cion. Pavlov has devoted more than 10 years to get a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to make such an operation, since the juice poured out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I.P. Pavlov stuck the skin and mucous membranes, inserted metal tubes and covered them with traffic jams that there were no erosions, and he could get pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from salivary gland to a large intestine, which was made by him on hundreds experimental animals. Conducted experiments S. imaginary feeding (esophageal cut so that food does not get into the stomach) and imaginary defecation (The intestine is a stalk by crosslinking the end of the colon with the beginning of the twelfth), thus making a number of discoveries in the area of \u200b\u200breflexes of the absorption and intestinal juice. For 10 years, Pavlov, essentially, re-created modern digestion physiology. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the International Physiological Congress in Madrid. And in the following, 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was carried by I.P. Pavlov, - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov for the first time formulated the principles of the physiology of the highest nervous activity, which he dedicated the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement (reinforcement), unconditional and conditional reflexes (not quite successful in English as unconditioned and Conditioned Reflexes, instead of conditional) have become the main concepts of science on behavior.

In 1919-1920, in the period of devastation, Pavlov, suffering poverty, lack of funding scientific research, refused to invite the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build such an institution as desired by Pavlov as he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia from Russia. Then the appropriate resolution of the Soviet government followed, and Pavlov built a magnificent institute in Koltysh, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936. I.P. Pavlov brought up a whole popray of outstanding scientists: B.P. Babkin, A. I. Smirnov, etc.

After the death of Pavlov was turned into an idol of Soviet science. Under the slogan "Protection of Pavlovsky Heritage" was held in 1950. The so-called "Pavlovskaya session" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (organizers - K. M. Bykov, A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky), where the leading physiologists of the country were subjected to persecution. Such a policy, however, was in a sharp contradiction with his own views of Pavlov, see, for example, his quotes ...:

• "We lived and live under the unrelenting regime of terror and violence<...>. I just see the similarities of our life with the life of ancient Asian despoty<...>. Meet the homeland and us "(quota. By: Artamonov V. I. Pharmacy Psychology. 14 conversations with Russian scientists. M.: Academy, 2003, p. 24).
• "We live in a society where the state is all, and a person is nothing, and such a society has no future, in spite of any Volchovers and Dneprogats" (speech in the 1st Medical Institute in Leningrad on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth and . M. Sechenova, Cyt. By: Artamonov V. I. Personal psychology. 14 conversations with Russian scientists. M.: Academy, 2003, p. 25)

Stages of life

In 1875, Pavlov enters the 3rd rate of the Medical and Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy), at the same time (1876-78) works in the Physiological Laboratory K. N. Ustimovich; At the end of the VMA (1879) was left by the head of the physiological laboratory under the clinic of Botkin.

• 1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral dissertation "On centrifugal nerves of the heart."
• 1884-86 - was sent to improve knowledge abroad to Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in laboratories at R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
• 1890 - elected by the professor and head of the department of pharmacology VMA, and in the 1896 head of the Department of Physiology, which was led by 1924. At the same time (from 1890), Pavlov is the head of the physiological laboratory with the institute of experimental medicine organized then.
• 1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a valid member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
• 1904 - Pavlov awards the Nobel Prize for Perennial Studies of Digestive Mechanisms
• 1925 - until the end of the life of Pavlov was led by the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• 1936 - February 27, Pavlov dies from pneumonia. He was buried at the "Literal Mailways" Volkova Cemeteries in St. Petersburg.

The name of Pavlova was named:

(1904) in physiology and medicine, the author of the teaching about the highest nervous activity. Born 26 (14) September 1849 in Ryazan. He was the eldest son in a large family of the parish priest, who considered his duty to give children a good education. In 1860 Pavlov was adopted immediately into the second class of the Ryazan spiritual school. After graduation in 1864 he entered the spiritual seminary. After six years, under the influence of the ideas of Russian revolutionary democrats, especially the works of Pisarev, and the monographs of Sechenov Brain reflexes He left his studies in the seminary and entered the university. Due to the following restrictions in the selection of the faculty for seminarists, Pavlov in 1870 arrived at the beginning of the Faculty of Law, then translated into the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty.

At the time, among the professors of the university were outstanding scientists - D.I. Indelaev, A.M. Butlerov, F.V. Vysyannikov, I.F.This. In the third year of the university, not without the influence of the cion, Pavlov decides to specialize in the field Physiology.

In 1875 Pavlov graduated from the university with a degree of candidate of natural sciences. I suggested that he to become his assistant at the Department of Physiology of the Medical and Surgical Academy (from 1881 - Military Medical Academy, VMA). He convinced the assistant to get a medical education yet). In the same year, Pavlov entered the moss for the third course and received a Lekary Diploma in 1879.

After the care of the cion from the Academy of Pavlov refused to assistant's office at the Department of Physiology, proposed by him by the new head of the department I.R.Tarkhanov. He decided to stay in MCH only as a student. Later, he became an assistant professor K.N. Yustimovich at the Department of Physiology of the Veterinary Department of the Medical and Surgical Academy, where a number of works were done on the physiology of blood circulation.

In 1878, the famous Russian clinician Botkin invited Pavlov to work towards himself (here he worked until 1890, conducting studies of centrifugal nerves of the heart and working on a doctoral dissertation, from 1886 - head of the clinic).

In the late 70s met his future wife, S.V. Karchevskaya. The wedding took place in May 1881, in 1884, the spouses left for Germany, where Pavlov was in danger in the laboratories of the leading physiologists of the time R.Gagidenhain and K. Mervig.

In 1890 he was elected a professor at the head of the pharmacology department of the VMA, and in the 1896 head of the Department of Physiology, which was led by 1924. From 1890 Pavlov also heads a physiological laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

From 1925 to the end of the life, Pavlov was led by the Institute of Physiology An.

In 1904, the first of the Russian scientists was awarded the Nobel Prize for work in the field of digestive physiology.

Pavlov was elected a member and an honorary member of many foreign academies, universities, societies. In 1935 at the 15th International Congress of Physiologists for Multi-Year scientific work The elder physiologists of the world was recognized.

The whole scientific work of the scientist is united by the general principle, which at that time was called Nervism - the idea of \u200b\u200bthe leading role nervous system In the regulation of the activities of organs and systems of the body.

Scientific method.

Before Pavlova, studies were carried out using the so-called. "Aclude", the essence of which was that the scientist of the scientist was exposed to the help of adhesions on the body of a narcotic or immobilized animal. The method was not suitable for studying the normal flow of life processes, since the natural connection between organs and systems of the body has violated. Pavlov was the first of the physiologists to use the "chronic method", in which the experiment is carried out on a practically healthy animal, which made it possible to investigate physiological processes in undistorted form.

Research on blood circulation physiology.

One of the first scientific research of Pavlov was devoted to the study of the role of the nervous system in the regulation of blood circulation. The scientist found that the breaking of the wandering nerves innervating internal organs, leads to deep violations of the body's ability to regulate blood pressure levels. As a result, it was concluded that significant fluctuations in the pressure were captured by sensitive nerve endings in the vascular network that send pulses signaling changes in the corresponding center of the brain. These impulses generate reflexes aimed at changing the work of the heart and the state of the vascular bed, and blood pressure quickly returns to the most favorable level.

The doctoral dissertation of Pavlova was devoted to the study of centrifugal nerves of the heart. The scientist proved the presence of "Triple Nervous Control" on the heart: the nerves of the functional, causing or interrupting the activities of the body; The nerves of vascular, regulating the delivery of chemical material to the organ and nerves of the trophic, determining the exact size of the final disposal of this material by each body and the vitality of the tissue vitality. The scientist assumed the same triple control in other bodies.

Research on digestive physiology.

The method of "chronic experiment" allowed Pavlov to discover many laws of the functioning of the digestive glands and the digestive process as a whole. There were only some very vague and fragmented ideas about it to Pavlov, and the physiology of digestion was one of the most backward sections of physiology.

The first studies of Pavlov in this area were devoted to the study of the operation of the salivary glands. The scientist established the dependence between the composition and amount of the distinguished saliva and the nature of the stimulus, which allowed him to conclude about the specific excitability of various oral cavity receptors by each of the annoying agents.

Studies relating to the physiology of the stomach are the most significant achievements of Pavlov in explaining the processes of digestion. The scientist proved the presence of nervous regulation of the activities of the gastric glands.

Thanks to the improvement of an operation to create an isolated ventricle, two phases of the secretion of the gastric juice were distinguished: neuro-reflex and humoral-clinical. The result of studies of the scientist in the field of physiology of digestion appeared his work entitled Lectures on the work of the main digestive glandspublished in 1897. This work for several years was translated into German, French and english and brought Pavlov world famous.

Research on the physiology of the highest nervous activity.

By studying the physiology of the highest nervous activity of Pavlov, trying to explain the phenomenon of mental salivation. The study of this phenomenon led it to the concept of conditional reflex. The conditional reflex, in contrast to the unconditional, is not congenital, but is acquired as a result of the accumulation of individual life experience and is an adaptive response of the body to the conditions of life. The process of forming conditional reflexes of Pavlov called the highest nervous activity and considered this concept with an equivalent term "mental activity".

The scientist allocated four types of higher nervous activity in humans, which are based on ideas about the ratio between the processes of excitation and braking. Thus, he failed the physiological foundation for the teaching of hippocratic temperaments.

Pavlov also developed the doctrine of signal systems. On Pavlov, a specific person's peculiarity is the presence of it, in addition to the first signaling system, common with animals (a variety of sensory stimuli coming from external world), also the second signaling system - speech and letters.

The main goal scientific activity Pavlova was the study of a person's psyche with the help of objective experimental methods.

Pavlov was formulated by the ideas about the analytical synthetic activities of the brain and created the teaching on analyzers, the localization of functions in the cerebral cortex and the system in the work of large hemispheres.

Publications: Pavlov I.P. Full composition of writings, 2 ed., Vol. 1-6, M., 1951-1952; Selected Works, M., 1951.

Artem Movsesyan

Reflex of freedom

The book includes lectures, articles and performances by the Nobel Prize laureate, the great Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlova (1849-1936). Created by the doctrine conditional reflexes And their signaling function had a deep and versatile effect on world science, including psychology, linguistics, cybernetics.

A significant place in the book is assigned to the little-known works of the scientist, which, despite the importance of questions affected in them and they could not be published during the life of the scientist and first saw the light of many decades later.

Twenty years of experience of an objective study of the highest nervous activity (animal behavior)

The first edition of the capital labor of Academician I.P. Pavlova "Twenty years of experience of an objective study of the highest nervous activity (behavior) of animals" was carried out fifty years ago.

The basis of this book is the sixth publication, prepared for the press by the author himself. The book is designed for physiologists, psychologists, physicians, philosophers and a wide range of biologists.

I.P. Pavlov: Pro et Contra

Anniversary Tom dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Academician I.P. Pavlova, the first domestic laureate of the Nobel Prize (1904) in physiology and medicine, contains a number of non-earlier and little-known works of scientists, memories of colleagues, students and contemporaries about Pavlov, an outstanding scientist and organizer of science, written by compilers, two essayers prepared on the basis of Archival materials of Russia and the United States to which access was previously closed, about the civil position of I.P. Pavlova after 1917.

The book gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe personality of a true citizen of Russia and his work. Can serve tutorial To study the scientific biography, scientific discoveries and methodological concepts I.P. Pavlova for biologists, physicians, philosophers and historians of domestic science.

Selected works

With the name of the ingenious physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlova, a new era is connected in such a major region of human knowledge, which is physiology.

The wise sayings of the ancients that came to us - "Konsenaz himself" - acquired in physiology of our time the form of strictly scientific generalizations on the physiological laws of the activities of individual bodies and systems and the body as a whole in its unity with the conditions of existence.

In this movement of physiology ahead, in its vast benefit, provided to the most important sectors of human practical activity, the Russian physiological school owns a completely exceptional role.

"Lectures on the work of large hemispheres of the brain" is the classical work of an outstanding domestic scientist-physiologist I.P. Pavlova, containing lectures read by him to the students of the Military Medical Academy.

The book gives a complete systematic presentation of the results of almost twenty-five-year-old work in the field of physiology of large hemispheres of the dog's brain. It was when writing these lectures that the basis of such scientific discipline was laid as the physiology of the highest nervous activity.

On types of nervous activity and experimental neurosis

Numerous facts of the existence of individual differences in behavior and manifestations of animals have led to the teachings on the types of nervous activity. These differences for individual animals remained stable and naturally to bind with their nervous system inherent in the animal properties.

Summarizing research on the study of higher nervous activity in a number of reports and articles for the period 1910-1919, and. P. Pavlov expressed a number of thoughts about the types of the nervous system of dogs. Since these reports and articles are not included in this collection, we, meaning to highlight the formation of the ideas of I. P. Pavlov on the types of nervous system, we quote in the preface the statements available in them by I. P. Pavlov on this issue.

About the mind at all about the Russian mind in particular

In April-May 1918, I.P. Pavlov read three lectures, which usually unite the general conditional name "about the mind at all, about the Russian mind in particular."

In Pavlov's personal fund, by the St. Petersburg branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPF Aran. F.259), there are records of all three lectures of 1918, made by an unspecified listener and rewritten by the hand of Serafim Vasilyevna Pavlova. Two lectures are published.

Pavlovsky environments: protocols and transcripts of physiological conversations. In three volumes. Volume 3. Transcripts 1935-1936.

Editors: Orbel L.A., Stroganov V.V.

The third volume of the three-volume edition of the transcripts of meetings in the nervous and psychiatric clinics I.P. Pavlova.

Transcripts these have a very important scientific value both in theoretical and practical terms. They contain exceptional value material conducted by I.P. Pavlov physiological parsing of nervous and mental diseases. The third volume includes the transcripts of meetings 1935-1936.

Full composition of writings. Volume 1.

The second edition of the full collection of writings I.P. Pavlova, printed by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 8, 1949, mainly contains works published during the author's life. Additionally, the publication includes a number of circulatory work and conditional reflexes, as well as "lectures on physiology".

In addition, some changes were made to the location of the material in order to group it according to certain problems with the preservation of chronological sequence in them.

The second edition of the Complete Work Assembly I. P. Pavlova comes out in 6 volumes (9 books). Bibliographic, nominal and subject-thematic pointers to the whole edition, as well as essays of life and activity I.P. Pavlova constitutes a separate (optional) volume.

Full composition of writings. Volume 2. Book 1

In the second volume of the "Complete Work Assembly" I.P. Pavlova is published by all the works of I. P. Pavlov on the physiology of digestion, "lectures on the work of the main digestive glands", work on the physiology of the liver, the glands of the internal secretion, as well as articles with the presentation of the methods of vivisection and the methods of studying the digestive glands.

The first book contains the work of the period 1877-1896.

Full composition of writings. Volume 3. Book 1

Present, as well as the II, due to the vastness of the material, for the convenience of the reader is divided into two books.

The first book III Toma is limited by those chapters that have compiled the content of the first edition of the Twenty-year experience (1923). Chapters VIII, XXV and XXXII, absent in the first edition of the "twenty-year experience", were included by I. P. Pavlov in the fifth edition in chronological order. In this form (with the same numbering), these chapters are maintained in the first book of Volume III of the "Complete Work Assembly" I. P. Pavlova.

Preface I. P. Pavlova to the second - the sixth editions of the "twenty-year experience" are given in the first book of this volume, in order to emphasize the unity of all volume. List of works performed in the laboratory I.P. Pavlova (taken from the last, sixth publication), and editorial applications will be given in the second book of the III of Tom,

In the substitution notes to all chapters in both books III volumes are refined and in most cases bibliographic data are complemented.

Full composition of writings. Volume 3. Book 2

In the third volume of "Complete Works" I.P. Pavlova compared with the III volume of the "Complete Assembly of Labor" made regrouping of chapters in accurately according to their chronology and those add-ons that were introduced by I.P. Pavlov in each subsequent edition of the "twenty-year-old experience".

The second book III of Tom "Complete Work Collection" I.P. Pavlova contains articles, speeches and reports included by I.P. Pavlov's second is the sixth editions of the "twenty-year-old experience".

In addition, in the second book of the III of Tom of this publication, three articles on conditioned reflexes, which were not included in certain publications of "twenty-year experience" and in the third volume of the "Complete Labor Assembly": i) "Physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity", published a separate brochure In 1930: 2) "Sleep Problem" - a report reading in December 1935 and for the first time published in the Tome of "Complete Labor Assembly"; 3) "New research on conditioned reflexes", first published in the journal "Science" in 1923 and placed in the V Tome of the "Complete Assembly of Labor".

Full composition of writings. Volume 4.

"Lectures on the work of large hemispheres of the brain", Kitannaya I.P. Pavlovy in 1924 at the Department of Physiology of the Military Medical Academy, first published in 1927. In the same year, the second edition of the "lectures" was published.

In November 1935, I. P. Pavlov prepared a third edition of the "lectures", published in 1937, all three editions contain identical text.

"Lectures" stereotypically were reproduced in the "full meeting of works" and also reproduced in this edition "Full Collections of Works" I.P. Pavlova.

Full composition of writings. Volume 5.

Published in this lecture lectures I.P. Pavlova in physiology, performed by students of the second course of the Military Medical Academy (now named after S.M. Kirov), where I.P. Pavlov from 1895 to 1925 visited the Department of Physiology, first included in the "Full Collection of Works".

Lectures were conducively shying in 1911/12 and in 1912/13 academic years P.S. Phalovy, and most of the text, deciphered and processed by it. was published in 1949

In view of numerous errors and distortions of the previous publication of lectures, the text of them for the present volume of the "Full Collection of Works" re-viewed P.S. Phalovy and carefully coated with the transcripts.

In addition, the present publication includes additional decoded sections for the first time: "Physiology of the internal secretion glands" and "physiology of heat regulation". For other sections, the recording physiology turned out to be lost.

Published lectures were not viewed and depended by I.P. Pavlov. The content of the sections "Physiology of the central nervous system" and "Physiology of large hemispheres of the brain reflects the initial period of genius creativity by I.P. Pavlova on the highest nervous activity. A comprehensive statement of its teaching on conditional reflexes - the highest nervous activity is presented, in the III and IV volumes of the present edition of the "Complete Work Assembly".

Full composition of writings. Volume 6.

In the VI Tome of "Full Collection of Works" I.P. Pavlova published speeches I.P. Pavlova on disputes at the Military Medical Academy and in debates on reports in the society of Russian doctors in St. Petersburg in the physiology of blood circulation, digestion and nervous system, as well as speeches and summarizing speeches I.P. Pavlova as a comrade of the Chairman, and then Chairman of the Russian Doctors Society in St. Petersburg. In addition, Tom is published prefaces and editorial notes I. P. Pavlov to a number of books published in Russian, as well as large articles about the exhairing and technique of physiological experiments and vivissection.

Tom contains reports by I.P. Pavlova, devoted to the scientific activities of I. M. Sechenov and a number of other outstanding scientists, reviews about the scientific works of some Russian scientists, as well as compiled and, P. Pavlov Autobiography and "My memories".

Of the works published in this volume I.P. Pavlova six articles for the first time included in the complete collection of his writings.

Pointers to the full collection of writings I.P. Pavlova

This edition, in accordance with the previously intended program, was carried out to work on the compilation of an object and thematic and registered pointer to the second edition of the full collection of writings I.P. Pavlova using, therefore, without exception, without exception, speeches, speeches and other publications Ivan Petrovich Pavlova.

The selection of the most important and significant terms, the concepts that I. P. Pavlov operated, and again, with clarity, shows that all its physiology was located before his mental gaze, all of which were re-created, and the other was creative Recycled. Pavlovsky definitions of physiological terms, concepts - new, they are also proposed or old, but in new things interpreted, are of paramount interest to understand the essence of Pavlovsky teaching. In addition, this kind of pointer will facilitate the task of a scientist or an student in finding the question of interest to him in the works of I.P. Pavlova.

Great Russian scientist, physiologist, creator of materialistic teaching on the highest nervous activity of animals and man. Graduate of St. Petersburg University (1876) and Medical and Surgery Academy (1879). Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1907), Russian Academy Sciences (1917), Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925). Laureate of the Nobel Prize (1904).

Basic scientific works

"Centrifugal nerves of the heart" (1883); "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" (1897); "Twenty years of experience of an objective study of the highest nervous activity (behavior) of animals. Conditional reflexes "(1923); "Lectures on the work of large hemispheres of the brain" (1927.

Contribution to the development of medicine

Since 1878, stood at the head of the research laboratory under the clinic S.P. Kotkin at the Military Medical Academy.

He headed the physiological department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy (from 1890).

In 1904, the Nobel Prize received for the digestion work.

Since 1907, he led the physiological laboratory of the Academy of Sciences (which became the largest physiological institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which is now named after I.P. Pavlov).

He led the work of a biological station organized for his research on the decision of the Sovnarkom (1921) in the village of Koltushi (now Pavlovo) near Leningrad.

The scientific importance of Labor IP Pavlov is so great that the history of physiology is divided into steps - dopavlovsky and pavlovsky.

Created fundamentally new research methodsThe method of a chronic experiment in practice, allowing to study the activities of a normal body in its connection with the medium.

The most outstanding research I.P. Pavlova belongs to the field of blood circulation physiology, digestive physiology and higher nervous activity.

For the first time on the heart of the warm-blooded animal showed the existence of special nerve fibers, reinforcing and weakening the activity of the heart. In the future, this served as the basis for developing them the teachings on the trophic function of the nervous system.

It showed that the activity of the digestive tract is under the regulatory effect of the cortex of the brain.

The completion of physiological work on blood circulation and digestion was his teaching about the highest nervous activity.

Showed that at the heart of the so-called. Mental (mental) activities are material, physiological processes occurring in the highest department of the central nervous system - the core of the brain.

He opened and studied the conditional reflexes underlying the highest nervous activity. Revealed a number of the most complex processes occurring in the brain.

I clarified the mechanism of sleep, hypnosis, described the types of the nervous system, explained the essence of a number of human mental illnesses and proposed the methods of their treatment.

Studying the highest nervous activity of a person, developed a teaching about the second signaling system, which, unlike the first signaling system, inherent in man and animals, is characterized only by a person (ai-graduated speech and abstract thinking). Through signal systems, the human brain reflects all the diversity of the outside world, analyzes the synthesis of incoming irritations, which is the physiological basis of human thinking.

For the first time in the history of physiology, sterile animal operations applied on a large scale.

The teaching of I.P. Pavlova had a huge impact on the development of physiology, medicine, psychology, pedagogy.

In 1935, the International Physiological Congress, held under the chairmanship of I.P. Pavlov in Leningrad and Moscow, assigned the title "Elders physiologists of the world "(princeps. physiologorum. mundi.).

In the 20s and 30s, I.P. Pavlov repeatedly performed (in letters to the leadership of the country) against arbitrariness, violence, suppressing freedom of thought.

In the "letter to youth" (1935) I.P. Pavlov wrote: "Examine the basics of science before trying to climb on her vertices ... Learn to do black work in science ... Never think that you all know. And, no matter how high either appreciated you, always have the courage to tell yourself: "I'm ignorant."

None of the Russian scientists of the XIX-XX centuries, even D.I. Mendeleev, did not receive such fame abroad as Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). "This is a star that illuminates the world, shedding the light that has not yet been loan," Helbert Wells spoke about him. He was called a "romantic, almost legendary personality", "citizen of the world." He was a member of 130 academies, universities and international societies. He is considered a recognized leader of world physiological science, a favorite teacher of doctors, a genuine hero of creative labor.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Ryazan on September 26, 1849 in the family of a priest. At the request of his parents, Pavlov finished the spiritual school, in 1864 enters the Ryazan spiritual seminary.

However, a different fate was prepared. In the extensive father's library once he found the book G.G. Levi "Physiology of everyday life" with colorful illustrations that have struck his imagination. Another strong impression on Ivan Petrovich in the youthful age was the book, which he then recalled all his life with gratitude. It was a study of the father of the Russian physiology of Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov "Brain Reflexes". Perhaps it will not be an exaggeration to say that the topic of this book amounted to the leitmotif creative activity Pavlova.

In 1869, he left the seminary and entered the Faculty of Law, and then transferred to the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Here, under the influence of the famous Russian physiologist Professor I.F. Cion, he forever connected his life with physiology. After graduating from University I.P. Pavlov decided to replenish his knowledge of physiology, in particular in physiology and human pathology. To this end, he in 1874 entered the Medical and Surgery Academy. Having brilliantly graduating her, Pavlov received a biennial foreign business trip. Upon arrival because of the border, he completely gave himself to science.

All works on physiology, conducted by I.P. Pavlov for almost 65 years, are mainly grouped about three sections of physiology: blood circulation physiology, physiology of digestion and physiology of the brain. Pavlov introduced a chronic experiment into practice, allowing to study the activities of a practically healthy body. With the help of the developed method of conditional reflexes, it found that the physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex are based on mental activities. Studies of Pavlov Physiology of Higher Nervous Activities big influence on the development of physiology, psychology and pedagogy.

Works I.P. Pavlova on blood circulation is connected mainly with its activities in the laboratory under the clinic of the famous Russian doctor Sergei Petrovich Botkin from 1874 to 1885. The passion for research entirely absorbed it this period. He scored a house, forgot about the material needs, about his costume and even his young wife. His comrades more than once took part in the fate of Ivan Petrovich, wanting to help him. Once they collected some amount for I.P. Pavlov, wanting to support him materially. I.P. Pavlov took a friendly help, but this money scaled to the whole of dogs to deliver his experiment.

The first serious discovery that the glory created him was the discovery of the so-called nerve of the heart. This discovery was the initial impetus for the creation of scientific teachings about the nervous trophic. The whole cycle of work on this topic was issued in the form of a doctoral dissertation called "centrifugal nerves of the heart", which he defended in 1883

Already during this period, one principal feature of scientific creativity I.P. Pavlova - to study a living organism in his holistic, natural behavior. Job I.P. Pavlova in the Botkin laboratory brought him a huge creative satisfaction, but the laboratory itself was not convenient enough. That's why I.P. Pavlov gladly accepted in 1890. The proposal to take over the institution of physiology in the newly organized Institute of Experimental Medicine. In 1901, he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1904, for his work on digestion Ivan Petrovich Pavlov received the Nobel Prize.

Pavlov's teaching on conditional reflexes was the logical completion of all the physiological experiments he had done on circulatory and digestion.

I.P. Pavlov looked into the very deep and mysterious processes of the human brain. He clarified the mechanism of sleep, which turned out to be a kind of special nervous process Brakes spreading throughout the cerebral cortex.

In 1925, I.P. Pavlov was headed by the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and opened two clinics with his laboratory: the nervous and psychiatric, where the experimental results obtained by them in the laboratory were successfully applied to the treatment of nervous and mental illnesses. Especially important achievement of the recent years of work I.P. Pavlova was the study of the hereditary properties of certain types of nervous activity. To solve this issue I.P. Pavlov significantly expanded its biological station in Koltysh under Leningrad - the real city of science, - to which the Soviet government released more than 12 million rubles.

Teaching I.P. Pavlova became the foundation for the development of world science. Special Pavlovsk laboratories were created in America, England, France and other countries. On February 27, 1936, Ivan Petrovich Pavlova did not. After a short illness at the 87th year of life, he died. The funeral on the Orthodox rite, according to his testament, was committed in church in chopers, after which a farewell ceremony took place in the Tauride Palace. The coffin had an honorary guard from scientists of universities, athm of scientific institutes, members of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.