In the old days, clothes not only warmed and decorated, but also spoke about the origin of a person (poor or rich). Naturally, royal and boyar attire differed from peasant attire. Peasants sewed clothes from simple fabrics - linen, wool. And the nobles decorated it precious stones, beads, embroidered in gold and silver. A boyar costume could weigh kg.

Russian medieval costume was very different from Western European. The testimonies of foreigners are interesting: “Their men’s clothing is very similar to Greek”, “The cut of clothing is the same for everyone, but they use different materials”, “Muscovites very much criticize short Italian, French, Spanish, German clothing, because it leaves open those parts of the body that should be hidden most of all. They themselves, following the custom of the entire East, dress for sedateness in two or three dresses almost to the toes. They wear their sleeves quite long, so you can’t even see their hands when they do something.”

Spinners The peasants made all their clothes at home. That's what they called her - homespun. Linen threads were obtained from the fiber contained in the stems of this plant. The flax stems were first soaked in water for a long time. When the outer shell rotted, inner part the stems were dried, and then crushed and torn in the yard to get rid of the unnecessary part of the trunk. This was done with the help of special devices - a masher and a scissor. After this, the flax was combed with a comb with sparse and long teeth. Gradually, flax tow was obtained - fiber for spinning threads. The tow was spun by hand using a spinning wheel.

In Rus', the main clothing for women was a sundress and an embroidered shirt. They put a soul warmer on top. Shirts were often sewn with very long sleeves and worn with a small pleat. If the sleeves were lowered, then it was impossible to do any work. Hence the expression - doing it carelessly. Women's clothing

Poneva Paneva (poneva, poneva, ponya, ponka) women's woolen skirt worn by peasant women. Poneva was made, as a rule, from several panels of homespun, often checkered fabric, mainly blue, black or red. In some areas, bells were sewn onto the poneva; according to the peasants, their strumming protected them from evil spirits.

Sundresses could be different color: red, blue, brown... At that time, only natural dyes were used for fabric. For example: Yellow color was given - birch, hazel. Green – nettle. Red – St. John's wort. Buttons played a special role in decorating sundresses; they sometimes reached the size of a chicken egg. Sundress

In the old days, embroidery not only decorated clothes, but also served as a talisman. It was believed that it warded off all misfortune and brought health, luck and wealth. It was believed that the ornament, along with the red color, had a protective effect, which is why it was placed in those places where the clothes ended. At the same time, by surrounding the hand with symbols, the person wanted to increase its strength and dexterity.

Women's headdress Headdress has long been considered an integral part of the Russian national costume. Some sources say that the tradition of obligatory covering of the head has appeared in Rus' since ancient times. Two-horned kick - headdress. XII–XIII centuries Corollas (XI–XIII centuries)

XII century Gold, forging, enamel, pearls Tiara Jewelers made expensive jewelry: earrings, bracelets, pendants, rings, necklaces. They used complex manufacturing techniques - granulation, filigree, cloisonne enamel. At the end of the 11th century. in Rus', the design of the Byzantine ceremonial headdress was borrowed. In the most magnificent princely ceremonial version, this headdress was crowned with a golden diadem. In addition to tiaras, gold and silver headbands-crowns were common, to which pendants-kolts were attached to special threads-cassocks. The headdress was complemented by elegant beaded earrings and temple rings, decorated with filigree and granulation. Jewelers

FIRE - an openwork pattern made of thin gold or silver wire, soldered onto a metal surface. (bead 12th century) Types of jewelry technology ENAMEL is a durable glass-like coating worn on a metal object and secured by firing. GRAIN - the pattern consisted of many tiny metal balls.

Rings Rings are one of the most common archaeological finds. They were worn by both men and women. The first rings were made of wire, but rings with a shield decorated with precious stones were already called rings. Rings, of course, were worn on the hands, but in burials there are also those that are worn on the toes.

The prince wore a green or red caftan with a border at the bottom and gold sleeves, a blue cloak-basket trimmed with a gold border, on a red lining. On his head is a round hat with a fur band, on his feet are green morocco boots. Only noble people wore such cloaks. All men wore hats because... it was an integral part of a man's suit. Worn by rich and poor, but the rich had much better hats than ordinary men. Men's princely suit

Commoners wore more modest costume. In Rus', according to custom, only the wife could sew clothes for her husband. This is how they protected happiness and love in their home. A man's suit consisted of a shirt - a blouse - and narrow pants - ports (from the word trousers, tailor). The shirt was belted with a long belt - a sash. The word "shirt" comes from the root "rub" - "piece, cut, scrap of fabric", as well as from the word "chop", which once also had the meaning of "cut". Clothes of ordinary people

At the bottom, the pants were tucked into boots made of colored leather or into onuchi (pieces of fabric that were used to wrap the legs), and on top they put on bast shoes, tying them to the leg with special ties - frills. Mandatory accessories of the Old Russian costume were mittens and a bag - a wicket, which was tied to the belt. Clothes of ordinary people

Children under 7 years old, both boys and girls, wore the same clothes - long shirts with a belt, sewn from the clothes of their parents. They believed that this would protect the child from misfortune. Girls only after 12 years of age were allowed to wear inexpensive jewelry - beads and earrings made of dry berries or fruit seeds and colored ribbons.

More than 500 years ago, Domostroy said about the rules for wearing and storing clothes: “On holidays and in good weather, and in public, you should wear smart clothes, walk carefully in the morning, and be careful from dirt, snow, and rain.” , do not pour drink on it, do not get it dirty with food or lard, do not sit on blood or wet things. Returning from a holiday or from guests, take off your elegant dress, inspect it, dry it, knead it, wipe off the dirt, clean it and put it well where it is stored.”

The ancient clothing of the Russian nobility in its cut was generally similar to the clothing of people of the lower class, although it differed greatly in the quality of material and decoration. The body was fitted with a wide shirt that did not reach the knees, made of simple canvas or silk, depending on the wealth of the owner. An elegant shirt, usually red, had the edges and chest embroidered with gold and silk, and a richly decorated collar was fastened at the top with silver or gold buttons (it was called a “necklace”).

In simple, cheap shirts, the buttons were copper or replaced with cufflinks with loops. The shirt was worn over the underwear. Short ports or trousers were worn on the legs without a cut, but with a knot that made it possible to tighten or expand them in the belt at will, and with pockets (zep). Pants were made from taffeta, silk, cloth, as well as from coarse woolen fabric or canvas.

Zipun

Over the shirt and pants, a narrow sleeveless zipun made of silk, taffeta or dyed cloth was worn, with a narrow small collar fastened at the bottom. The zipun reached to the knees and usually served as home clothing.

An ordinary and widespread type of outerwear worn over a zipun was a caftan with sleeves reaching to the toes, which were gathered into folds, so that the ends of the sleeves could replace gloves, and in winter serve as a muff. On the front of the caftan, along the slit on both sides, stripes were made with ties for fastening. The material for the caftan was velvet, satin, damask, taffeta, mukhoyar (Bukhara paper fabric) or simple dyeing. In elegant caftans, a pearl necklace was sometimes attached behind the standing collar, and a “wrist” decorated with gold embroidery and pearls was fastened to the edges of the sleeves; the floors were trimmed with braid and lace embroidered with silver or gold. “Turkish” caftans without a collar, which had fasteners only on the left side and at the neck, differed in their cut from “stanovoy” caftans with an interception in the middle and with button fastenings. Among the caftans, they were distinguished by their purpose: dining, riding, rain, “smirnaya” (mourning). Winter caftans made with fur were called “caftans”.

Sometimes a “feryaz” (ferez) was worn over the zipun, which was an outer garment without a collar, reaching to the ankles, with long sleeves tapering towards the wrist; it was fastened in front with buttons or ties. Winter feryazis were made with fur, and summer ones with a simple lining. In winter, sleeveless fairies were sometimes worn under the caftan. Elegant feryazis were made of velvet, satin, taffeta, damask, cloth and decorated with silver lace.

Okhaben

Cover-up clothing that was worn when leaving the house included odnoryadka, okhaben, opashen, yapancha, fur coat, etc.

Single row

Opasheni

Odnoryadka - wide, long-skirted clothing without a collar, with long sleeves, with stripes and buttons or ties - was usually made from cloth and other woolen fabrics; in the fall and in bad weather it was worn both in sleeves and saddled. The okhaben was similar to the one-row shirt, but it had a turn-down collar that went down the back, and the long sleeves folded back and there were holes under them for the arms, just like in the one-row shirt. A simple okhaben was made of cloth, mukhoyar, and an elegant one was made of velvet, obyari, damask, brocade, decorated with stripes and fastened with buttons. The cut of the opashen was slightly longer at the back than at the front, and the sleeves tapered towards the wrist. Opashni were made of velvet, satin, obyari, damask, decorated with lace, stripes, and fastened with buttons and loops with tassels. Opashen was worn without a belt (“on opash”) and saddled. The sleeveless yapancha (epancha) was a cloak worn in bad weather. The traveling yapancha made of coarse cloth or camel hair differed from the elegant yapancha made of good fabric, lined with fur.

Feryaz

A fur coat was considered the most elegant clothing. Not only was it worn when going out into the cold, but the custom allowed the owners to sit in fur coats even while receiving guests. Simple fur coats were made from sheepskin or hare fur; martens and squirrels were higher in quality; noble and rich people had coats made of sable, fox, beaver or ermine. Fur coats were covered with cloth, taffeta, satin, velvet, obyarya or simple dyeing, decorated with pearls, stripes and fastened with buttons with loops or long laces with tassels at the end. “Russian” fur coats had a turn-down fur collar. “Polish” fur coats were made with a narrow collar, with fur cuffs and were fastened at the neck only with a cufflink (double metal button).

Terlik

Foreign imported fabrics were often used to sew men's clothing, and bright colors were preferred, especially “wormy” (crimson). Colored clothing, worn on special occasions, was considered the most elegant. Only boyars and duma people could wear clothes embroidered with gold. The stripes were always made from a material of a different color than the clothing itself, and for rich people they were decorated with pearls and precious stones. Simple clothes were usually fastened with tin or silk buttons. Walking without a belt was considered indecent; The nobility's belts were richly decorated and sometimes reached several arshins in length.

Boots and shoe

As for shoes, the cheapest were bast shoes made of birch bark or bast and shoes woven from wicker twigs; To wrap the legs, they used onuchi made from a piece of canvas or other fabric. In a wealthy environment, shoes were shoes, chobots and ichetigs (ichegi) made of yuft or morocco, most often in red and yellow.

Chobots looked like a deep shoe with a high heel and a pointed toe turned up. Elegant shoes and boots were made of satin and velvet of different colors, decorated with embroidery made of silk and gold and silver threads, and trimmed with pearls. Dressy boots were the footwear of the nobility, made from colored leather and morocco, and later from velvet and satin; the soles were padded with silver nails, and the high heels with silver horseshoes. Ichetygs were soft morocco boots.

When wearing elegant shoes, woolen or silk stockings were worn on the feet.

Kaftan with trump collar

Russian hats were varied, and their shape had its own meaning in everyday life. The top of the head was covered with tafya, a small cap made of morocco, satin, velvet or brocade, sometimes richly decorated. A common headdress was a cap with a longitudinal slit in the front and back. Less wealthy people wore cloth and felt caps; in winter they were lined with cheap fur. Decorative caps were usually made of white satin. Boyars, nobles and clerks on ordinary days wore low, quadrangular-shaped hats with a “rim” around the cap made of black-brown fox, sable or beaver fur; In winter, such hats were lined with fur. Only princes and boyars had the right to wear high “gorlat” hats made of expensive furs (taken from the throat of a fur-bearing animal) with a cloth top; in their shape they expanded somewhat upward. On ceremonial occasions, the boyars put on a tafya, a cap, and a gorlat hat. It was customary to keep a handkerchief in a hat, which was held in the hands while visiting.

In the winter cold, hands were warmed with fur mittens, which were covered with plain leather, morocco, cloth, satin, and velvet. “Cold” mittens were knitted from wool or silk. The wrists of the elegant mittens were embroidered with silk, gold, and trimmed with pearls and precious stones.

As decoration, noble and rich people wore an earring in their ear, a silver or gold chain with a cross on their neck, and rings with diamonds, yachts, and emeralds on their fingers; Personal seals were made on some rings.

Women's coats

Only nobles and military men were allowed to carry weapons; This was prohibited for townspeople and peasants. According to custom, all men, regardless of their social status, left the house with a staff in their hands.

Some women's clothing was similar to men's. Women wore a long shirt, white or red, with long sleeves, embroidered and decorated at the wrists. Over the shirt they put on a letnik - a light garment that reached to the toes with long and very wide sleeves (“caps”), which were decorated with embroidery and pearls. Letniki were sewn from damask, satin, obyari, taffeta of various colors, but worm-shaped ones were especially valued; a slit was made in the front, which was fastened all the way to the neck.

A necklace in the form of a braid, usually black, embroidered with gold and pearls, was fastened to the pilot's collar.

Women's outerwear was a long cloth opashen, which had a long row of buttons from top to bottom - tin, silver or gold. Under the long sleeves of the opashny, slits were made under the arms for the arms, and a wide round fur collar was fastened around the neck, covering the chest and shoulders. The hem and armholes of the opashnya were decorated with embroidered braid. A long sundress with sleeves or sleeveless, with armholes, was widespread; The front slit was fastened from top to bottom with buttons. A quilted jacket was worn over the sundress, with the sleeves tapering towards the wrist; These clothes were made from satin, taffeta, obyari, altabas (gold or silver fabric), and baiberek (twisted silk). Warm quilted jackets were lined with marten or sable fur.

Fur coat

Various furs were used for women's fur coats: marten, sable, fox, ermine and cheaper ones - squirrel, hare. Fur coats were covered with cloth or silk fabrics of different colors. In the 16th century, it was customary to sew women's fur coats white, but in the 17th century they began to be covered with colored fabrics. A slit made in the front, with stripes on the sides, was fastened with buttons and bordered with an embroidered pattern. The collar (necklace) lying around the neck was made from a different type of fur than the fur coat; for example, with a marten coat - from a black-brown fox. The decorations on the sleeves could be removed and were kept in the family as an inherited value.

On special occasions, noble women wore a privolok on their clothes, that is, a sleeveless worm-colored cape made of gold, silver woven or silk fabric, richly decorated with pearls and precious stones.

Married women wore “hair caps” on their heads in the form of a small cap, which for rich women was made of gold or silk material with decorations on it. To remove a hair lock and “unhair” a woman, according to the concepts of the 16th-17th centuries, meant causing great dishonor to a woman. Above the hairline, the head was covered with a white scarf (ubrus), the ends of which, decorated with pearls, were tied under the chin. When leaving home, married women put on a “kika”, which surrounded their head in the form of a wide ribbon, the ends of which were connected at the back of the head; the top was covered with colored fabric; the front part - the necklace - was richly decorated with pearls and precious stones; The headband could be separated or attached to another headdress, depending on need. At the front of the kick were pearl threads (lower) hanging down to the shoulders, four or six on each side. When leaving home, women put on a brimmed hat with falling red cords or a black velvet hat with a fur trim over the ubrus.

The kokoshnik served as a headdress for both women and girls. It looked like a fan or fan attached to a hairline. The headband of the kokoshnik was embroidered with gold, pearls or multi-colored silk and beads.

Hats

The girls wore crowns on their heads, to which pearl or bead pendants (robes) with precious stones were attached. The maiden crown always left the hair open, which was a symbol of girlhood. By winter, girls from wealthy families were sewn with tall sable or beaver hats (“columns”) with a silk top, from under which loose hair or a braid with red ribbons woven into it flowed down the back. Girls from poor families wore headbands that tapered at the back and fell down their backs with long ends.

Women and girls of all segments of the population decorated themselves with earrings, which were varied: copper, silver, gold, with yachts, emeralds, “sparks” (small stones). Earrings made from a single gemstone were rare. Bracelets with pearls and stones served as decoration for the hands, and rings and rings, gold and silver, with small pearls on the fingers.

The rich neck decoration of women and girls was a monisto, consisting of precious stones, gold and silver plaques, pearls, and garnets; In the old days, a row of small crosses was hung from the monist.

Moscow women loved jewelry and were famous for their pleasant appearance, but in order to be considered beautiful, in the opinion of Moscow people of the 16th-17th centuries, one had to be a portly, curvy woman, rouged and made up. The slender figure and grace of a young girl were of little value in the eyes of beauty lovers of that time.

According to Olearius’ description, Russian women were of average height, slender build, and had a gentle face; city ​​dwellers all blushed, tinted their eyebrows and eyelashes with black or brown paint. This custom was so ingrained that when the wife of the Moscow nobleman, Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkasov, a beauty in her own right, did not want to blush, the wives of other boyars convinced her not to neglect the custom of her native land, not to disgrace other women, and they ensured that this naturally beautiful woman I was forced to give in and apply blush.

Although, in comparison with rich noble people, the clothes of the “black” townspeople and peasants were simpler and less elegant, nevertheless, in this environment there were rich outfits that accumulated from generation to generation. Clothes were usually made at home. And the very cut of ancient clothing - without a waist, in the form of a robe - made it suitable for many.

Men's peasant clothing

The most common peasant costume was the Russian KAFTAN. The difference between the Western European caftan and the Russian one was already discussed at the beginning of this chapter. It remains to add that the peasant caftan was distinguished by great diversity. What it had in common was a double-breasted cut, long skirts and sleeves, and a chest closed to the top. The short caftan was called HALF CAFTAN or HALF CAFTAN. The Ukrainian half-caftan was called SCROLL, this word can often be found in Gogol. Caftans were most often gray or of blue color and were sewn from cheap material NANKI - coarse cotton fabric or KHOLSTINKA - handmade linen fabric. The caftan was usually belted with a SUSHAK - a long piece of fabric, usually of a different color; the caftan was fastened with hooks on the left side.
A whole wardrobe of Russian kaftans passes before us in classical literature. We see them on peasants, clerks, townsfolk, merchants, coachmen, janitors, and occasionally even on provincial landowners (“Notes of a Hunter” by Turgenev).

What was the first caftan that we met soon after we learned to read - the famous “Trishkin caftan” by Krylov? Trishka was clearly a poor, destitute man, otherwise he would hardly have needed to reshape his tattered caftan himself. So, we are talking about a simple Russian caftan? Not at all - Trishka’s caftan had coattails that a peasant caftan never had. Consequently, Trishka remakes the “German caftan” given to him by the master. And it is no coincidence that in this regard, Krylov compares the length of the caftan remade by Trishka with the length of the camisole - also typical clothing of the nobility.

It is curious that for poorly educated women, any clothing worn with sleeves by men was seen as a caftan. They didn't know any other words. Gogol's matchmaker calls Podkolesin's tailcoat ("Marriage") a caftan, Korobochka calls Chichikov's tailcoat (" Dead Souls»).

A type of caftan was a PODDEVKA. The best description of her was given by the brilliant expert on Russian life, playwright A.N. Ostrovsky in a letter to the artist Burdin: “If you call a caftan with ruching at the back, which is fastened on one side with hooks, then this is exactly how Vosmibratov and Peter should be dressed.” We are talking about the costumes of the characters in the comedy “The Forest” - a merchant and his son.
The undercoat was considered a more beautiful garment than a simple caftan. Dapper sleeveless undershirts, over sheepskin coats, were worn by wealthy coachmen. Rich merchants also wore underwear, and, for the sake of “simplification,” some nobles, for example Konstantin Levin in his village (“Anna Karenina”). It is curious that, following fashion, like a certain Russian national suit, little Seryozha in the same novel was sewn with a “rubbed undershirt”.

A SIBERKA was a short caftan, usually blue, sewn at the waist, without a slit at the back and with a low stand-up collar. Siberian shirts were worn by shopkeepers and merchants and, as Dostoevsky testifies in “Notes from the House of the Dead,” some prisoners also wore them.

AZYAM is a type of caftan. It was made from thin fabric and was worn only in the summer.

The outerwear of the peasants (not only men, but also women) was ARMYAK - also a type of caftan, sewn from factory fabric - thick cloth or coarse wool. Rich Armenians were made from camel hair. It was a wide, long-length, loose-fitting robe, reminiscent of a robe. Turgenev’s “Kasyan with the Beautiful Sword” wore a dark overcoat. We often see Armenian jackets on Nekrasov men. Nekrasov’s poem “Vlas” begins like this: “In a coat with an open collar, / With his head naked, / Slowly passing through the city / Uncle Vlas is a gray-haired old man.” And here’s what Nekrasov’s peasants look like, waiting “at the front entrance”: “Tanned faces and arms, / A thin little Armenian on the shoulders, / A knapsack on their bent backs, / A cross on the neck and blood on the legs...” Turgenevsky Gerasim, fulfilling the will of the lady, “covered Mumu with his heavy overcoat.”

Armenians were often worn by coachmen, wearing them over sheepskin coats in winter. The hero of L. Tolstoy’s story “Polikushka” goes to the city for money “in an army coat and a fur coat.”
Much more primitive than the armyak was the ZIPUN, which was sewn from coarse, usually homespun cloth, without a collar, with slanted hems. If we saw a zipun today, we would say: “Some kind of hoodie.” “No stake, no yard, / Zipun - the whole subsistence,” we read in Koltsov’s poem about a poor man.

Zipun was a kind of peasant coat that protected against cold and bad weather. Women also wore it. Zipun was perceived as a symbol of poverty. It’s not for nothing that the drunken tailor Merkulov in Chekhov’s story “The Captain’s Uniform,” bragging about his former high-ranking customers, exclaims: “I’d rather die than sew zipuns!” "
In the last issue of his “Diary of a Writer,” Dostoevsky called: “Let’s listen to the gray zipuns, what they will say,” meaning the poor, working people.
A variation of the caftan was CHUYKA - a long cloth caftan of careless cut. Most often, the scent could be seen on merchants and townsfolk - innkeepers, artisans, traders. Gorky has a phrase: “Some red-haired man came, dressed as a tradesman, in a tunic and high boots.”

In Russian everyday life and in literature, the word “chuyka” was sometimes used as a synecdoche, that is, a designation of its bearer according to external sign- a narrow-minded, ignorant person. In Mayakovsky's poem "Good!" There are lines: “Salop says to the sense, sense to the salad.” Here chuyka and cloak are synonyms for hardened ordinary people.
A homespun caftan made of coarse undyed cloth was called SERMYAGA. In Chekhov's story "The Pipe" an old shepherd in a homespun is depicted. Hence the epithet homespun, referring to the backward and poor old Russia- homespun Rus'.

Historians of Russian costume note that there were no strictly defined, permanent names for peasant clothing. Much depended on local dialects. Some identical items of clothing were called differently in different dialects, in other cases they were called by the same word in different places. various items. This is confirmed by Russian classical literature, where the concepts of “kaftan”, “armyak”, “aziam”, “zipun” and others are often mixed, sometimes even by the same author. However, we considered it our duty to present the most general, common characteristics of these types of clothing.

The KARTUZ, which certainly had a band and a visor, most often of a dark color, has only recently disappeared from peasant headdresses, in other words, an unformed cap. The cap, which appeared in Russia in early XIX centuries, worn by men of all classes, first landowners, then burghers and peasants. Sometimes the caps were warm, with headphones. Manilov (“Dead Souls”) appears “in a warm cap with ears.” On Insarov (“On the Eve” of Turgenev) “a strange, big-eared cap.” Nikolai Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov (“Fathers and Sons” by Turgenev) wear caps. “Worn out cap” - on Evgenia, the hero of Pushkin’s “The Bronze Horseman”. Chichikov travels in a warm cap. Sometimes a uniform cap, even an officer’s one, was also called a cap: Bunin, for example, used “cap” instead of the word “cap.”
The nobles had a special uniform cap with a red band.

Here we must warn the reader: the word “cap” in the old days had another meaning. When Khlestakov orders Osip to look in his cap to see if there is any tobacco there, we are, of course, not talking about a headdress, but about a bag for tobacco, a tobacco pouch.

Simple working people, in particular coachmen, wore tall, rounded hats, nicknamed BUCKWHEATS - due to the similarity of the shape to the flat cake, popular at that time, baked from buckwheat flour. Every peasant's hat was disparagingly called “SHLYK”. In Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” there are the lines: “Look where the peasant shlyks go.” At the fair, men left their hats to the innkeepers as collateral to be redeemed later.

There were no significant changes in the names of the shoes. Low shoes, both men's and women's, in the old days were called SHOES; boots appeared later, not significantly different from shoes, but made their debut in the feminine gender: the heroes of Turgenev, Goncharov, L. Tolstoy had a BOOTE on their feet, not a shoe, as we say today. By the way, boots, starting from the 1850s, actively replaced boots, which were almost indispensable for men. Particularly thin, expensive leather for boots and other footwear was called VYROSTKOVA (from the skin of a calf less than a year old) and OPOIKOVA - from the skin of a calf that had not yet switched to plant food.

Boots with SET (or gathers) - small folds on the tops - were considered especially smart.

Just forty years ago, many men wore boots on their feet - boots with hooks for winding laces. In this meaning we find this word in Gorky and Bunin. But already at the beginning of Dostoevsky’s novel “The Idiot” we learn about Prince Myshkin: “On his feet there were thick-soled shoes with boots - everything was not in Russian.” The modern reader will conclude: not only is it not Russian, but also not human at all: two pairs of shoes on one person? However, in the time of Dostoevsky, boots meant the same thing as leggings - warm covers worn over shoes. This Western novelty evokes poisonous remarks from Rogozhin and even a slanderous epigram on Myshkin in the press: “Returning in narrow boots, / He took a million inheritance.”

Women's peasant clothing

From time immemorial, the SARAFAN, a long sleeveless dress with shoulders and a belt, has served as rural women's clothing. Before the attack of the Pugachevites on the Belogorsk fortress (“ Captain's daughter"Pushkin) her commandant says to his wife: “If you have time, put a sundress on Masha.” A detail that is not noticed by the modern reader, but is significant: the commandant hopes that in village clothes, if the fortress is captured, the daughter will get lost in the crowd of peasant girls and will not be identified as a noblewoman - the captain's daughter.

Married women wore PANEVA or PONEVA - a homespun, usually striped or checkered woolen skirt, in winter - with a padded jacket. About the merchant's wife Big Clerk Podkhalyuzin in Ostrovsky's comedy "Our People - Let's Be Numbered!" he says with contempt that she is “almost a prude,” hinting at her common origin. In “Resurrection” by L. Tolstoy it is noted that the women in the rural church were in panevs. On weekdays they wore a POVOYNIK on their head - a scarf wrapped around the head, on holidays KOKOSHNIK - a rather complex structure in the form of a semicircular shield over the forehead and with a crown at the back, or KIKU (KICHKU) - a headdress with protrusions protruding forward - “horns”.

It was considered a great disgrace for a married peasant woman to appear in public with her head uncovered. Hence the “foolishness”, that is, disgrace, disgrace.
The word “SHUSHUN” is a kind of rustic padded jacket, short jacket or fur coat, remembered to us from the popular “Letter to a Mother” by S. A. Yesenin. But it is found in literature much earlier, even in Pushkin’s “Arap of Peter the Great.”

Fabrics

Their variety was great, and fashion and industry introduced more and more new ones, making the old ones forgotten. Let us explain in dictionary order only those names that are most often found in literary works, remaining incomprehensible to us.
ALEXANDREIKA, or KSANDREIKA, is red or pink cotton fabric with white, pink or blue stripes. It was readily used for peasant shirts, being considered very elegant.
BAREGE - light woolen or silk fabric with patterns. Dresses and blouses were most often made from it in the last century.
BARAKAN, or BARKAN, is a thick woolen fabric. Used for upholstery.
PAPER. Be careful with this word! Reading from the classics that someone put on a paper cap or that Gerasim in “Mumu” ​​gave Tanya a paper scarf, one should not understand this in the modern sense; “paper” in the old days meant “cotton.”
SET - spoiled “grodetur”, thick silk fabric.
GARUS - coarse woolen fabric or similar cotton fabric.
DEMIKOTON - thick cotton fabric.
DRADEDAM - thin cloth, literally “ladies' cloth”.
ZAMASHKA - the same as poskonina (see below). In Turgenev's story of the same name, Biryuk is wearing a fancy shirt.
ZATREPEZA - cheap cotton fabric made of multi-colored threads. It was produced at the factory of the merchant Zatrapeznov in Yaroslavl. The fabric disappeared, but the word “shabby” - everyday, second-rate - remained in the language.
KAZINET - smooth wool blend fabric.
KAMLOT - dense woolen or wool blend fabric with coarse stripes.
KANAUS - cheap silk fabric.
CANIFAS - striped cotton fabric.
CASTOR is a type of thin, dense cloth. Used for hats and gloves.
CASHMERE is an expensive soft and fine wool or wool mixture.
CHINESE - smooth cotton fabric, usually blue.
CALCINCOR - cheap cotton fabric, plain or white.
KOLOMYANKA - homemade variegated wool or linen fabric.
CRETONE is a dense colored fabric used for furniture upholstery and damask wallpaper.
LUSTRIN - woolen fabric with gloss.
MUKHOYAR - variegated cotton fabric mixed with silk or wool.
NANKA is a thick cotton fabric popular among peasants. Named after the Chinese city of Nanjing.
PESTRYAD - coarse linen or cotton fabric made of multi-colored threads.
PLIS is a dense cotton fabric with a pile, reminiscent of velvet. The word has the same origin as plush. Cheap outerwear and shoes were made from corduroy.
POSKONINA - homespun canvas made from hemp fiber, often used for peasant clothing.
PRUNEL - thick woolen or silk fabric from which women's shoes were made.
SARPINKA is a thin cotton fabric with a checkered or striped pattern.
SERPYANKA is a coarse cotton fabric of rare weave.
TARLATAN - transparent, light fabric, similar to muslin.
TARMALAMA - dense silk or semi-silk fabric from which robes were sewn.
TRIP - fleecy woolen fabric like velvet.
FOLYAR - light silk, from which head scarves, neck scarves and handkerchiefs were most often made, sometimes the latter were therefore called foulards.
CANVAS - light linen or cotton fabric.
SHALON - thick wool from which outerwear was made.
And finally, about some COLORS.
ADELAIDE - dark blue color.
BLANGE - flesh-colored.
TWO-FACE - with an overflow, as if there were two colors on the front side.
WILD, WILD - light gray.
MASAKA - dark red.
PUKETOVY (from spoiled “bouquet”) - painted with flowers.
PUSE (from the French “puce” - flea) - dark brown.

Let me remind you of this version, what it was, and also The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -

Cloth Ancient Rus' reflected the customs and worldview of its inhabitants, their attitude towards the surrounding nature and the whole world. It had its own special style, although it partially borrowed certain elements from other peoples.

What was clothing like in Ancient Rus'?

Features of clothing in Rus':

1. Clothing was important for the inhabitants of Ancient Rus'. She not only protected the body from heat and cold, but also had to protect a person from evil spirits and protect him. For amulet, people wore various metal jewelry and embroidered clothes.

2. Simple people and the princes wore clothes that were almost identical in structure. The main difference was in the materials from which it was made. So, for example, peasants were content mainly with linen clothing, while princes could afford to use expensive fabrics from overseas countries.

3. Children in Rus' wore floor-length shirts. They were mostly made from parents' old clothes so that parental power would protect the children. (At that time, people believed that when a person wore clothes, they could absorb his strength and spirit). For boys, clothes were made from their father's cast-offs, and for girls, from their mother's.

Women's clothing of Ancient Rus'

One of the components women's clothing Ancient Rus' had a chemise or shirt. The shirt was a form of underwear; it was made of coarse and thick fabric. The shirt was made from light and thin materials; it was mainly only owned by rich women. Girls in Rus' also wore canvas clothes called "zapona", which looked like a piece of fabric folded in half with a cutout for the head.

The cuff was worn over a shirt, always with a belt. Women also wore such outer clothing as a “navershnik”. It was usually made of expensive fabric using embroidery and looked like a tunic. Depending on the design options, the top was with sleeves of different lengths or without them; in addition, it was not belted.

In winter, women of Ancient Rus' wore jackets with fur, and in summer they wore a shirt just like that. For holidays they wore special shirts called long sleeves. In addition, women in Rus' wrapped woolen fabric around their hips, tying it with a belt at the waist. This piece of clothing was called “poneva” and most often was checkered. It is worth noting that different tribes had their own colors of poneva.

For example, the Vyatichi tribes were characterized by a blue cell, and the Radimichi tribes were characterized by a red one. Poneva was very common in Ancient Rus'. Later, clothing called “sayan” or “feryaz” also appeared in Rus', which consisted of two panels, intercepted by straps on the shoulders. Look at pictures of clothing from Ancient Rus' to see how these forms of clothing were combined.

Men's clothing of Ancient Rus'

Men's clothing in Ancient Rus' consisted of a shirt, belt and pants. Men wore shirts that were almost knee-length; they had to be belted. The shirt was also secured with a ribbon in the sleeve area. In addition, a strong half of the inhabitants of Rus' wore an outer shirt, which was called the “top” or “red shirt”.

The pants were not worn very wide, they did not have fastenings at the top, so they were simply tied up with a rope. The clothing of the warriors of Ancient Rus' used leather belts with metal plaques. The princes wore things made from fabrics brought from other countries. The hems of princely outfits were trimmed with gold borders with patterns. The lower part of the sleeves was also covered with golden “handrails”. The collars were made of golden-colored satin fabric.

In addition, rich people wore belts that were decorated with gold and silver plaques, as well as precious stones. The boots were made from morocco of different colors, often embroidered with gold thread. Noble people wore a “klobuk” - a tall hat with a colored velvet top and sable trim. In the cold season, the nobility wore clothes made of expensive furs, as well as warm woolen retinues.

Do you know what women wore in Ancient Rus'? What was a man allowed to wear? What did commoners wear in Ancient Rus', and what did the boyars wear? You will find answers to these and other equally interesting questions in the article.

What is the purpose of the shirt?

“I know what the background is,” we will say now, having learned the true reason for this or that incident. But at the time Kievan Rus it meant something completely different. The fact is that clothes were very expensive back then, they took care of them, and in order for the shirt to serve the owner as long as possible, it was reinforced with a lining, that is, a backing, for strength. It can be assumed that this expression acquired an ironic connotation due to the fact that some poor people boasted of rich sewing, but they were given away by the inside, sewn from cheap fabric. After all, the clothes of Ancient Rus' served not only for insulation, but also to emphasize their social status. The shirt was of no small importance here. For the nobility this was underwear; for the poor it was often the only one, not counting ports and bast shoes. In addition, the commoner's shirt was much shorter so as not to restrict movement.

Evil eye ornament

The boyars did not work in the fields, so they could afford underwear that almost reached their knees. But regardless of whether you were poor or rich, your shirt had to have a belt. The word “unbelted” was used in the literal sense, but had an equally negative connotation. In addition, ornamentation on this part of the clothing was very desirable. Its patterns protected against evil eye and other troubles. Death was a frequent guest in peasant huts. Then “miserable” shirts came into use. White with white embroidery if parents died, and embroidered with black patterns if there was mourning for children. Each piece of clothing also had a ritual significance. When widows plowed the village, preventing it from such misfortunes as cholera or death of livestock, they were bare-haired, without shoes and in snow-white shirts without any decorations.

No matter what occasion the shirts were intended for, they did not have a collar. For the celebration it was replaced by the so-called necklace, which was fastened at the back with a button. This collar would go with any other clothing. And the type of shirt that has survived the longest is the kosovorotka. It appeared back in the 9th century, and was worn until the 20th century. A cloth with a small hole for the head and a cutout on the left side of the chest - that's all. Simple and practical.

The curtain is on the floor

Shirts were rarely worn separately. In the center and north of Rus', a sundress was worn on top, and in the south - a poneva. What is poneva? In Ancient Rus', it was a kind of skirt, only consisting not of one, but of three woolen or half-woolen panels, tied at the waist with a gashnik. This belt was a sign that the woman was married. The color of the poneva was dark, with a red or blue tint, less often - black. On weekdays, they sewed braid or calico at the bottom, and on holidays they took out ponevs from the chests, the hems of which were decorated with as many colorful embroideries as possible.

Women in those days had a hard time in many ways. Clothing is no exception here. A feature of women's clothing in Ancient Rus' was that over all of the above they put on an apron, which was called a curtain, and the Russian costume was completed with a canvas, woolen or half-woolen shushpan.

Six kilograms on my head

Women's headdresses deserve special mention. In a married woman it could reach six kilograms in weight. The main thing is that this design completely covers the hair. People have long believed that they have witchcraft powers. The canvas base was compacted with hemp or birch bark to form a solid forehead part. This was called a kika, which ended with a cover made of chintz, velvet or calico. The back of the head was covered with the back of the head, a rectangular strip of fabric. In total, such a “hat” could include twelve parts. In winter, a round fur hat could be seen on the Slavic woman’s head, but her hair was completely covered with a scarf. On holidays, a kokoshnik with a bottom made of fabric and a base of hard material. It was usually covered with gold fabric and trimmed with pearls.

The girls had it much easier. Their headdress in Ancient Rus' looked like a bandage, hoop or crown. If such a rim was richly decorated, it was called a koruna. A rigid, often metal base covered with decorated fabric was fashionable among city dandies. In the villages, girlish corollas were simpler. Men preferred round hats with fur rims. Sheep, arctic foxes and foxes were used for fur. They also wore dried hats and felt caps. Usually their shape was cone-shaped and the top was rounded. They were sewn from linen and wool, and also knitted. Only princes and fellow boyars could afford skullcaps made of sable.

Footwear

The legs were wrapped in a cloth made of canvas or cloth, and on these onuchs they put bast shoes or boots, leather shoes. But the very first leather shoes in Rus' were pistons. They were made from a single piece of leather, which was gathered along the edge with a strap. Bast shoes were very short-lived. Even in the village they were worn for no more than ten days. On city pavements they wore out even faster. Therefore, bast shoes made from leather straps were more common there. Metal plates were often sewn onto them, so that they formed a kind of sandals.

Nowadays, felt boots are considered the most traditional footwear in Russia. But in fact, they only appeared in the 19th century and were very expensive. Usually there was only one pair of felt boots in a family. They wore them in turns. Boots became widespread much earlier. They were sewn from leather equally for men and women. The nobility sported boots made of morocco, goatskin soaked in lime mortar and polished with stone, yufti, that is, thick leather, and calf leather. Other names for boots are ichigs and chebots. Shoes that were tied with laces were women's shoes. Heels on them appeared only in the 16th century and could reach 10 centimeters.

From ports to trousers

If we talk about pants, then this word came to Rus' from the Turks somewhere in the 17th century. Before this, leg clothing was called porta-potties. They were not made very wide, almost tight. A gusset was sewn between the two trouser legs for ease of walking. These primitive trousers reached the length of the shin, where they were tucked into the onuchi. For noble people they were sewn from taffeta in the summer, and from cloth in the winter. There were no buttons, and there was no cut for them. The ports on the hips were held in place with a cord. Something similar to trousers in the modern sense of the word appeared in Russia under Peter I.

You can't survive in Rus' without pants

The great importance of clothing among Russians was, of course, determined by the climate. In winter, you can’t go outside without pants, like in Rome or Constantinople. And the outerwear of Ancient Rus' was in many ways different from what was in everyday life for the majority European countries. When going outside, they put on warm, long suits made of cloth. Their sleeves had cuffs and their collars had a turn-down collar. They were fastened with buttonholes. This is typical specifically for ancient Russian clothing. Richer people introduced kaftans made of axamite and velvet into fashion. Zipun is a type of caftan without a collar. The boyars considered it to be their underwear, and the common people wore it on the street. The word “župan” is now considered Polish or Czech, but it has been used in Rus' since ancient times. This is the same retinue, but shorter, slightly below the waist. And, of course, speaking of winter, one cannot fail to mention fur. It must be said that fur clothing and its quantity did not serve as a sign of wealth. There were more than enough fur-bearing animals in the forests. Fur coats were sewn with the fur inside. They wore it not only in cold weather, but also in summer, even indoors. Can you remember historical films and the seat of boyars in fur coats and fur hats.

Old Russian sheepskin coat

One of the signs of prosperity in our time is a sheepskin coat. But the Slavs had similar clothing - a casing - in almost every home. It was made from the skin of goats or sheep with the fur on the inside. Peasants were more likely to see a sheepskin coat, a sheepskin casing. If ordinary people wore shrouds, the boyars preferred to cover them with foreign, expensive material. It could be, for example, Byzantine brocade. Knee-length jackets were later transformed into short fur coats. Women also wore them.

But other types of men's winter clothing of Ancient Rus' are more firmly forgotten. For example, Armenian. It was originally adopted from the Tatars and was made from camel hair. But it was too exotic, and besides, sheep’s wool turned out to be no worse. They put the army coat on over the sheepskin coat, so there was no way to fasten it. Another indispensable attribute of the ancient Russian wardrobe was used: the sash.

One of the oldest Slavic garments is epancha. This is a round cloak with a hood, but without sleeves. It came from the Arabs and is even mentioned in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Since the 16th century, it became a cape worn on ceremonial occasions, and under the field marshalship of Suvorov, the cape became part of the soldier’s and officer’s uniform. Okhaben was worn by people from the upper classes. After all, it was sewn from brocade or velvet. A special feature of the obhabnya were extremely long sleeves, which were thrown behind the back, where they were tied in a knot. On Easter, noble boyars went to serve in the Feryazi. This was already the height of luxury, royal ceremonial clothing.

Let us also mention such clothes for all classes as single-row clothes. This is a type of caftan, but long-skirted and with buttons to the hem. It was made of colored cloth, without a collar.

In a robe and fur coat

In winter, fashionistas preferred fur coats with decorative sleeves. They were long and folding, and there were slits above the waist for the arms. Many types of Russian costume were original. An example is the soul warmer. For peasant women it was a festive outfit, and for wealthier young ladies it was an everyday outfit. Dushegreya is a loose, narrow-front garment, rarely reaching mid-thigh in length. It was usually sewn from expensive fabrics with beautiful patterns. Shugai is another type of short, fitted outerwear, reminiscent of a modern jacket. Could have a fur collar. Wealthy city residents wore outerwear made of cotton fabric. In chronicles there is a mention of robes on princely daughters. For commoners, they were apparently a novelty.

From flax and homespun

The fabrics from which clothes were made were initially not very diverse. Linen and hemp were used for body shirts. The outer, overhead outfit was made of wool, and the warm retinues were made of coarse homespun and sheepskin. Gradually, representatives of noble families acquired more and more silk fabrics from Byzantium. Brocade and velvet were used.

Cloak and power

For a long time, a cloak was an obligatory item in the Russian wardrobe, especially the princely wardrobe. It was sleeveless, draped over the shoulders, and pinned with a fibula near the neck. They wore cloaks and smerdas. The difference was the quality of the fabric and the fact that commoners did not use brooches. The first known type of cloak is votola, made from fabric of plant origin. Both farmers and princes could wear a votolu. But bluegrass is already a sign of high origin. There was even a fine for damaging this cloak during a fight. Several centuries later, bluegrass was more often seen on monks than on urban fashionistas. But chroniclers mention korzno only when they want to emphasize the princely dignity of its owner. Most likely, even the closest boyars did not have the right to wear such a cloak. There is a known case when he saved a person from death. For some reason, the prince wanted to save someone who had already had a sword raised over him. That's why I threw a basket over him.

Canvas

What is canvas fabric? Now not every person knows the answer to this question. And in pre-Mongol Rus', canvas clothing was the most common among both the nobility and commoners. Flax and hemp were the first plants to be used for making fabric and clothing, mainly shirts and tailoring. Girls in those ancient times wore cufflinks. Simply put, it is a piece of fabric that is folded in half and cut out for the head. They put it on over the undershirt and belted it. Daughters from wealthier families had underwear made of thin materials, while everyone else had coarser ones, reminiscent of burlap. A shirt made of wool was called a hair shirt; it was so coarse that monks wore it to humble the flesh.

Will awesomeness come into fashion?

Much of the wardrobe of ancient fashionistas and dandies, slightly modified, has survived to this day, but has become far less accessible. The same well-made casing costs as much as an inexpensive car. Not every woman can afford a fur warmer either. But now hardly anyone wants to wear an okhaben or a one-row suit. Although fashion, they say, is coming back.

Perhaps, of the entire color spectrum, red is the most powerful color; it seems to “clog” all other colors. There are many debates and discussions about the color red among psychologists, color therapists, as well as historians and scientists. It is called a symbol of aggression and passion, health and danger, sexuality and sudden embarrassment. It evokes a feeling of physical courage, warmth and at the same time creates tension.

The red color is noticeable always and everywhere, it constantly attracts the eyes of others, it’s not for nothing that almost all government institutions in the world have the presence of red color in the room, because when the color is red, people make more bets and play with more passion, so it is used in sectors where they play for high stakes . Red is the color of excitement, it excites, evokes passion, stimulates emotions and desire, and therefore many color therapists recommend it to those who have problems in the intimate sphere.

Since red is the color of stubborn, brave and powerful people, most likely it indicates that the person in front of you is decisive and hot-tempered, sometimes aggressive, full of vital energy and optimism, willing to enter into arguments, but not always patient with those who do not share their views. It should not be used on humans blood pressure or too impressionable. Too much red can make you anxious and even aggressive.

Have you hinted to your boss about your salary so that he could raise it for you, but he doesn’t pay any attention to you? Try wearing something red before your annual performance review. There is a chance that this eye-catching color will remind the boss of your request. Just don’t forget, you shouldn’t wear a red suit when going to speak at a conference or when talking with your boss: such a dress will not look impressive, since prolonged perception of the red color can cause tension and aggression in your opponent towards you.

Psychologists note that a lack of red shades in a woman’s wardrobe can cause distress, but an excess of them, on the contrary, can cause aggression. This is because red is a very energy-intensive color and is rightfully considered the color of passion and strength. You won’t believe it, but fashion designers believe that the color red suits all women without exception!

And it doesn’t matter what age they are, what eye color, skin color or hair color they have. And if a woman also understands why she wants to wear red clothes right now, she will certainly achieve her goal. What does it say, what does it encourage and what is the color red capable of if it is present in clothing?

Wearing red is a sign of leadership. Red is considered very powerful by psychologists and indicates the presence leadership qualities, power and passion in the personality of the person who wears it.

Red in clothes is the personification of love. When it comes to love, red is also the leader here. It symbolizes comfort, eroticism, passion and coziness. Red is also considered a guardian and protector for beautiful and lovely ladies.

Wearing red is a treatment for depression. When a woman is in a state of depression, red and all its shades can come to the rescue in the fight against a bad mood. Psychologists suggest that women should wear something red or scarlet, put on red lipstick, eat the famous strawberry, and then there will be no traces of depression.

Red in clothes is a call to action. It has also been proven that red and its shades encourage a person to perform deeds and take decisive action. Moreover, red encourages action not only of its owner, but also of the people around him.

Wearing red is a provocation of passion. The color red, when worn by a woman, will certainly attract attention. There are no men who would not pay attention to a representative of the fair sex dressed in red. The color itself and its owner will definitely catch the eyes of men, and will cause increased heartbeat, as well as increase blood pressure.

The spectrum of red includes cherry, raspberry, carmine, burgundy, pink and scarlet.

Do you want a man to pay attention to you? Forget the little black dress - men prefer women in red! This is exactly the conclusion that psychologists and scientists came to during a sociological study.

It turns out that a woman in a crimson, scarlet or red outfit seems more attractive, desirable and sweet to men. A man is more likely to invite a lady in a dress of these tones on a date.

In addition, in the company of a woman in red, any man becomes more generous.

Scientists explain this effect by the fact that the color red affects a man’s emotions and is subconsciously associated with sex.

Experts came to these conclusions during a scientific experiment. The men were shown photographs of the same women, but wearing blouses of different colors: red, blue, green, gray.

Women in red blouses seemed the most attractive to the stronger sex. With such ladies, the gentleman was ready to spend twice as much at dinner as with women in blue blouses.

Men prefer women in red

Red for a long time was considered the color to which men react so clearly and quickly by “curling” their heads when the owner of scarlet clothing passes by. Today, scientists can explain the reason why men actually prefer women who wear red. As it turned out, they consider representatives of the fairer sex in red sexually more accessible. Most men believe that such women easily become intimate on the first date.

Psychologists interviewed 120 young people aged 18 to 21 years. Most of them said that when women choose red in their clothes, they are much more willing to adventure of a sexual nature and are more prone to such adventures than those who choose clothes in neutral colors. It has also been proven that the item of clothing does not play as huge a role as its color. For example, women in ordinary red T-shirts were perceived by men in the same way as ladies in dresses of the same tone.

Previous studies have shown that men will flirt more with women who wear red. They are also more relaxed in the presence of ladies in scarlet dresses.

Many people associate the color red with love, passion and a romantic mood, as well as the loving nature of a woman. However, the effect of red color can also be explained from a biological point of view: during the mating period, to attract individuals of the opposite sex in monkeys, macaques and chimpanzees, the perineums of females become bright red.

As the experiment showed, a woman dressed even in an ordinary T-shirt, but in a rich red color, seems very sexy and attractive to men. It is noteworthy that many of the respondents noted that the color red in clothing adds status to its owner. A woman in red clothes seems to be higher in position in society, which she actually has.

Women in red are more attractive to the opposite sex for associative reasons. Red is a symbol of passion. The effect of this color is inexplicable; it works at the subconscious level. A man views a woman in red as the most striking sexual object, and perceives her clothing as an invitation to sex and a signal of readiness.

The benefits of red

Red color is beneficial for all women, from birth to the end of their lives, red color is the power of Mars, which should protect them. It is said that the color red protects all women on earth from dangers. So red color is very favorable for women, so women can wear red clothes, red coral, etc., which will keep their body and mind collected. Red and vermilion is a color used by all married women to protect their husbands. The color red is a symbol of safety and protection for them. You must have seen that Indian women wear a red dot and sprinkle red kum-kum powder on their parting, this is exactly the meaning of these jewelry

What does the color red symbolize among different peoples of the world?

For residents of Russia, the color red symbolizes wealth, love, sex, passion, power, anxiety, strength, speed, danger. This color has always been “theirs” for the residents of Russia. Remember, for example, Red Square. Many beautiful and popular places (events, etc.) have always been associated with the color red. It is the color of love, activity and struggle. All this has always been present in our history.

In Rus', inventive young ladies cleverly combined European traditions with primordial Slavic traditions. For example, in the 18th century, the bride’s traditionally white dress was accompanied by red flowers decorating the veil. The bride's wreath was also red. (Various shades of red were called very poetically: “the color of the Navvrin flame with smoke”, “the Moscow fire” and even the “adeland” color).

In medieval Christian art, red symbolized love, including divine love and mercy. If the bride appears in a scarlet dress, no one will doubt that she is a passionate and confident person.

In China, the color red means good luck; Brides are dressed in it, and newborns are greeted with red eggs. Feng Shui proponents recommend using the color red to drive away bad energy from your home.