The emergence of writing. How did a person learned to write? How people learned to write a brief message
The development of writing took place in the direction of concrete to abstract. Initially, the so-called substantive was used to transmit information. An example of such a communication method is a nodular letter of American Indians. Also, the first records could be made in the form of images.
The next stage of writing development was Pictography. Images of objects simplified and became more schematic, i.e. pictograms. Ideograms appeared later - images of abstract concepts or actions. These type of writing did not display words, but only their meaning. Also on pictographic records it is impossible to restore the grammar system of the language. The pictographic letter was used in the early period of the development of Sumerian and Chinese cultures, as well as the Mesoamerician Indians.
The next logical stage of the development of pictographic was hieroglyphic. A widely known example of an early development of a hieroglyphic letter is ancient Egyptian writing. Egyptian signs left the icons near the pictograms and were largely similar to the pictures of the concepts indicated by them. However, even in early hieroglyphik, an important feature of this stage of development of the letter was appeared - the two-sufficiency of the hieroglyph. Part of the hieroglyph was responsible for the meaning of the word, and the second part pointed to the peculiarity of his pronunciation. Similarly and modern Chinese writing - Even if you do not know a specific hieroglyph, you can assume its value by key, and the feature of reading is the phonetic element.
In the Japanese writing of the hieroglyphs that came from China are combined with two local sludge alphabets. Azbuchi serve to add grammatical endings to hieroglyphs, as well as to write foreign words.After the hieroglyphic, humanity has invented a syllable letter. As part of this type of letter, only the pronunciation of the word is transmitted. Unlike alphabets, there is no clear separation in the sludge alphabet. They may present separate vowels, but most of the symbol correspond to. An example of modern syllable writing can be found in Arabic.
European, as well as some Asian languages \u200b\u200bare based on the alphabetical letter.The final stage of the development of writing was the alphabet. One of the first alphabets was the Phoenician. In an alphabetical letter, most sounds correspond to a separate letter.
Development of the account
A person took a lot of time not only to learn how to write, but also to master the account. It became necessary to consider as agriculture and craft. Originally used a single account. The number was recorded in the form of several sticks or points.
Then the sixtelethic account system appeared. She was known from the Sumerians and in a number of other eastern peoples. Modern people continue to use this system for the time account: 60 seconds make up a minute, and 60 minutes to an hour.
The Romans were used and modified by an Egyptian decamaneous number system. The Roman record numbers was positional. Letter I meant a unit, the V is the top five, and the X is the top ten. But the modern digital system has appeared already among the Arabs. They introduced the concept of zero, which has given an additional impetus to the development of mathematics.
As a person learned to write
Purpose:To acquaint children with the history of the development of a ballpoint handle.
Material : Stone, sticks, feather, different types of handles.
Wordwork: Reed, hollow, ink.
Structure occupation
- Children, Guess the riddle: "Black Ivashka Wooden Shirt"
- Pencil.
- Look, children, what does you have on the table?
Answers children
Different handles
- That's right, children, we will talk about the sister of a pencil - a handle.
Look, what do you see on my table?
Answers children
Stone, wand, different handles.
- How do you think why did the story of the handle begin?
Answers children
From sticks, with stone.
Listen guys, it was a long time ago. The person adapted a new cave dwelling, invented that helping him tools (ax, spear, hearth) and wanted to display how he hunts, how he catches fish, burning fire. But than, a stick can be drawn only only on the sand. I decided to try to draw sharp stone. Such drawings are preserved to this day. Man drew a stone on the wall.
The first inventors of auto-handle were the ancient Egyptians. They made a cane tube, inside it was a hollow, that is, empty. They filled out this emptiness with a dark fluid, which was called ink, the ink was seeping inside the fibers, accumulated on the end of the tube. When writing a tube left a trail.
The person is observational and inventive. Considering the goose feather man decided that the feather is more suitable for a letter than a wand. For a long time, the man wrote the pen letter, decrees, books. And only in the 18th century, a man came up with a metallic feather. And only quite recently, in our time one sculptor invented a handle - a self-a self-a pencil. We call her ball, here it is, consider it well.
You have different handles on your tables, the case is made from plastic, in the lard of the case insert the rod and close. Take leaves, handles and write what you know letters and numbers.
Do your handles write well? What interesting did you find out about the appearance of the handle?
Responses of children.
- So, the children, we learned about the birth of the handle, the subject of the person necessary in the life of a person.
All about everything. Volume 5 Likum Arkady
How did a person learned to write?
How did a person learned to write?
No one knows exactly where and when writing arose. We can only assume how it developed from ancient times. The man began to draw pictures telling about the hunt and war, about the life of the tribes. Pictures used also to send messages. An image of the sun meant day. Two marks next to the sun indicated two days. Such icons are called pictograms.
With the development of civilization, this method of writing was accelerated by simplifying pictures. Egyptians resorted to a wavy line to designate water. The Chinese painted the ear between the two doors, which was the meaning to "listen." Such signs were called ideographs or ideograms. The ancient Egyptians used the system that we call hieroglyphs. At first it was a fully ideographic system. But during the centuries, the Egyptians created a phonetic system, that is, such signs that mean speech sounds, and not only portrayed objects or phenomena.
With the development of civilization there was a need for a large number of characters. So there was a method of writing words according to their sound. Signs transmitting sounds are called phonemes. Words can be divided into syllables. The next stage of writing development was the creation of the alphabet. The ancient Egyptians and residents of Babylon knew how to write alphabetically. According to their method, Greek and Latin alphabets were created, which are widely used in the world, with the exception of Asian countries.
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Since the most ancient times, people have passed their thoughts in different ways. And one of these ways was a letter. Long before people learned to read and write, a person has already left special signs - rock paintings. They were created in the Paleolithic Epoch, about 25 thousand years ago. Researchers are still trying to decipher the meaning of these drawings, to find the explanation of myths, religions, hunter spells.
How people learned to read: first writing
The history of writing originates in Mesopotamia, on the shores of the rivers Tiger and Euphrates - the Motherland of Sumerians. The letters skills were the exclusive area of \u200b\u200bKostokov's knowledge of Sumerian civilization - priests and scribes. Their wedge-shaped signs gave the name of the first form of writing in the history of mankind - clinopy.
Floine was not a spontaneous invention. For several centuries, it developed from pictograms (schematic images) and drawings. Each drawing was a simple mapping of peace or some kind of object, but this system not only limited the possibility of expression, but was incredibly difficult. As soon as the signs began to signify the sounds, and not objects, the same sign could be used for several phonetically similar concepts.
The use of more abstract characters has become an important achievement that marked the transition from the system "One Symbol is one word" to the system "one symbol is one syllable". This process has developed over the centuries, and this led to a decrease in the signs used by the Sumerians from two thousand to five hundred. At the same time, signs became easier, they passed stylization - until the fact that the characters did not have almost nothing to do with the original picture.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe letter wandered along the main trading paths, spreading across the Middle East. By 1400 BC, Sumerian clinows were widely used in international trade. And many many centuries passed before she disappeared and gave the road to the next stage of writing.
Creating an alphabet
In the second millennium BC, the Phoenicians created the first alphabet. It consisted not from pictograms, but from signs that mean individual syllables. The Phoenicians used 22 characters, each of which was responsible for one sound. But they did not have symbols for vowels.
The form of Phoenician signs influenced the hieroglyphs of Egypt, with which they had close economic ties. Egyptian hieroglyphs were pictographic - they portrayed a real object with the addition of additional signs for greater accuracy. Soon, with the help of trade relations, the Phoenician alphabet achieved Greece. The Greeks have improved him and, in particular, brought vowels. The Greek letter became the basis on which many alphabets in Europe and the Middle East were developing.
How does a person read in our day?
Today, most people use two branches of the Greek alphabet: a Latin letter (more than 30% of the world's population) and a Cyrillic letter (10%). There are also several independent branches of the ancient Greek alphabet: "Novogreic", Armenian and Georgian. And the Arab letter in the Middle East is widespread, it developed from a variety of variants of the Aramaic syllable writing.
But it reads and writes a modern person, oddly enough, not only with the help of a simple and rational alphabet. Hieroglyphic writing has not disappeared anywhere: it is still used in China, Japan and Korea. Writing on the basis of hieroglyphs is much more complicated, because there one word corresponds to one symbol, and Asian children to become competent, it is necessary to memorize thousands of such signs.
Nowadays, despite the latest technological advances, the letter was and remains the only and most important means of organizing human ideas and emotions. It serves as an excellent tool by which people document their ideas without giving them to cake in the fly.
Lecture number 1. History of writing
Writing, as well as a sound speech, there is a means of communication between people, and serves to transfer thoughts at a distance and consolidation of it in time. Writing is part of the general culture of this people, and therefore part of the world culture. The history of world writing knows the following main types of letters:
pictographic,
ideographic
slug
alphanumeric.
Pictographic(picture) - the most ancient letter in the form of rock paintings of primitive people;
Ideographic (hieroglyphic) - a letter of era of early statehood and the emergence of trade (Egypt, China). IN IV-III millennia BC e. In ancient Sumer (Front Asia), in ancient Egypt, and then, in II, and in ancient China Another letter of writing arose: each word was transmitted to the pattern, sometimes concrete, sometimes conditional. For example, when it came about the hand, painted the brush of the hand, and the water was portrayed by a wavy line. Also a certain symbol was denoted by a house, a city, a boat ... such Egyptian drawings of the Greeks were called hieroglyphs: "Jero" - "sacred", "glyphs" - "carved on stone." The text compiled by hieroglyphs looks like a series of drawings. This letter can be called: "I am writing a concept" or "I write the idea" (hence the scientific name of such a letter is "ideographic").
The emergency achievement of human civilization has become the so-called slave letterThe invention of which occurred throughout III-II millennia BC e. Each stage of the formation of writing fixed a certain result in promoting humanity along the path of logical abstract thinking. First, it is the dismemberment of the phrase to words, then - free use of drawings - words, the next step is to dismember the word on the syllables. We speak syllables, and children are taught to read in the syllables. Sort the recording with syllables, it would seem that it could be natural! Yes, and the syllables are much less than the words compiled with their help. But in order to come to this decision, many centuries needed. Sloga enjoyed already in III-II millennia BC e. in the eastern Mediterranean.For example, mainly by a sluggish letter is the famous cuneiform. (The slurry is still writing in India, in Ethiopia.)
alphanumeric (PhondeMectic) letter expressing the phondematic composition of the language. The phonemes designate certain sounds of speech and depending on pronunciations may vary. Our letter cannot transmit all sound nuances of the language and is designed only to differentiate (distinguish) words.
Russian alphabet has 33 signwhereas the phonamatic system of the language consists of 39 phonemes.
Alphanumeric letter - The basis of the letter of many nations of the world, whose language specificity is reflected in the phonographic composition of their alphabets. So in the Latin alphabet - 23 sign, in Italian - 21 , Czech - 38, armenian - 39 .etc.
Alphabet signs are graphically different from each other and in their simplest drawing represent county (A constant shape of letters included in the alphabet, excluding style, headset and other forms).
The graphematic composition of the alphabet has been developed for many centuries based on the requirements of a given language, the requirements of ease of writing and reading.
First letter alphabet appeared near 16 B.. BC. It is known that the Semitic tribes who lived on Sinai PeninsulaMoved from Egyptian letters a number of ideograms signs, denoting them the first sounds of the names of certain objects. So there was an initial letter.
Phoenicians Having perceived and improving it, in turn served as intermediaries in the movement of alphanumeric letters from the Southeast Mediterranean to the Greeks.
The oldest Greek letters appeared in 8 in. BC, But only K. 4 in. to ours The era found relative completion, graphic simplicity and clarity.
IN 3 in. BC There is I. latin alphabet. Latinians (residents of Rome and its surroundings, hence the name - Latin) borrowed the Etruscan alphabet, which was based on Greek. At the turn of the new era, the letter was located between the two rules, was solid, there were no intervals between words, the geometry of the forms of letters made it difficult to writing.
The creation of the alphabet of the Slavic-Russian system of the letter - "Cyrillic" refers by the end of the 9th beginning 10 in. Creators of Slavic ABC based on the Byzantine letters were brothers Kirill (Konstantin Philosopher, the name of Cyril he accepted not long before his death) and Methodius, Natives of Soloni (Soloniki) in Macedonia. Slavic language was their native, and their education and education they got Greek.
Along with Cyrillic, another alphabet existed - verbic.
In Russia, the Glagolitsa lasted for a long time and was completely ousted by the Kirillov writing. From the history of the ancient Russian font, the main calligraphic options of Cyrillic:
from the 11th century - a statutory letter (according to the oldest Russian manuscripts that have come down to us);
from the 14th century – semi-supersay served as a sample for a primitive font in the middle 16th century;
at the beginning 15th century get spread various types skill.
Tired - Early calligraphic form of Cyrillic. The letters of the charter had almost square proportions and differed by straightness and angularity of forms. In the row, they were broken free, there were no gaps between words.
An example of a classic authorized letter is "Ostromiro Gospel", written in 1056-1057 Diakon Grigory by order of Novgorod Postener Ostromira. The statutory letter is quite laborious for writing. The inscription of the letters of the charter required a frequent change of the position of the instrument of the letter. Letters more painted with pen than wrote.
Semi-keeping - a kind of calligraphic version of the Cyrillic letter. The text made by the semi-supest has a lighter general picture. The letters rounded and smaller, words and suggestions are separated by clear intervals, drawing a simpler, plastic and fast than in the authorized letter. Contrast of strokes less; Feather is sharpening. There are many contractions under the titles, as well as many different tested signs, strokes (forces) and a whole system of punctuation marks. The letter acquires a noticeable slope. The semi-dust existed until the handwritten book lived. He served as the basis for the fonts of primitive books. The first in Russia printed book "Apostle" was made by the book-drawer Ivan Fedorov in 1564.
Russian Vyaz. - a special decorative letter used with 15th century Mainly to highlight the title. Distinguish two types of letters: round and angular (strabid). One of the main techniques of Vzci is a mast ligature, in which two adjacent stations (stamb) were turned into one. The voids formed at the same time were filled with reduced oval or almond-like shapes of letters, as well as half-maples (semi-shiftubami) adjacent letters. The inscriptions carried out with gold or cinnabarius carried a special artistic and decorative burden in various monuments of writing.
Almost simultaneously with the formation of a semi-consuming in a business letter develops cursive, Which quickly penetrates into books. Cursive 14th century Very close to the semi-supest.
In the 15th century It becomes more free, it gets significant distribution; She is written various diplomas, acts, books. It turned out to be one of the most rolling species of Kirillov's letter.
In the 17th century, the speed, distinguishing special calligraphy and grace, has become an independent type of letter.
In the 17th centurysemi-supersay, going from church books in office work, is converted to civic letter. At this time, the books of the samples of the letter - "Alphabet of the Slavic language ..." (1653), Kariona Buvwari Istimina (1694-1696) with magnificent samples of letters of various styles: from luxurious initials before the letters of simple coggling.
The reform of the alphabet and font, carried out Peter I at the beginning of 18 in. contributed to the spread of literacy and enlightenment. In form, proportions and drawing, the civilian font was close to the ancient antique. All secular literature, scientific and state publications began to print the new font. The first books of the new sample were published in Moscow in 1708.
