The age structure of populations. Age spectrum of populations

With age, the requirements of individuals to the medium and stability to its individual factors are naturally and very significantly changed. At different stages of ontogenesis, the habitat can occur, changing the type of power, the nature of movement, the total activity of organisms. Often, age-related environmental differences within the species are expressed in much greater degree than differences between species, herbal frogs on land and their tadpoles in water bodies, caterpillars, ricking leaves, and winged butterflies, sucking nectar, sitting sea lilies And their plankton larvae of dololation are just different ontogenetic stages of the same species. Age differences in lifestyle often lead to the fact that individual functions are fully carried out at a certain stage of development. For example, many types of insects with complete transformation do not feed in imaginal state. Growth and nutrition are carried out at the larval stages, while adult individuals perform only the functions of resettlement and reproduction.

The age differences in the population significantly enhance its environmental inhomogeneity and, therefore, the resistance of the environment. The likelihood that, with strong deviations, conditions from the norm in the population will continue at least part of viable individuals and it will be able to continue their existence.

Age structure populations have an adaptive. It is formed on the basis of the biological properties of the species, but always reflects the effect of environmental factors.

The age structure of populations in plants. In plants, the age structure of price testing, i.e., the population of specific phytocenosis is determined by the ratio of age groups. Absolute, or calendar, the age of the plant and its age state-notes are not identical. Plants of one calendar age can be in different age states. The age state of the individual is the stage of its ontogenesis, in which it is characterized by certain relations with the medium. Full ontogenesis, or a large life cycle of plants, includes all the stages of the development of individuals - from the occurrence of the embryo to its death or to completely die off all generations of its vegetatively arising offspring.

Swords have mixed nutrition due to seed spare substances and their own assimilation. These are small plants for which the presence of germinal structures is characterized by: cotyledons, which began growing the germs root and, as a rule, a uniaxial escape with small leaves having a frequently simpler form than in adult plants.

Juvenile plants switch to independent meals, they have no seedlies, but the organization is still simple, the unity, and the leaves of different shape and smaller size are still preserved than adults.

Immature plants have signs and properties transient from juvenile plants to adult vegetative. They often begin branching escape, which leads to an increase in the photosynthetic apparatus.

In adult vegetative plants, traits typical for the type of life form in the structure of underground and terrestrial organs and the structure of the vegetative body fundamentally corresponds to the generative state, but the reproductive bodies are not yet available.

The transition of plants in the generative period is determined not only by the appearance of flowers and fruits, but also a deep inner biochemical and physiological restructuring of the body. In the generative period in the plants of a non-laminate of magnificent about twice as much as the cololum and twice as much as collichicine than in young and old vegetative individuals; The fret of the Eastern sharply increases the content of all forms of phosphate compounds, as well as the activity of catalase, the intensity of photosynthesis and transpiration; Zabritsy, the praznisy RNA content increases 2 times, and the total nitrogen is 5 times.

Young generative plants bloom, form fruit, the final form formation of adult structures occurs. In some years there may be breaks in flowering.

The average age generative plants usually achieve the greatest capacity, have the greatest annual increase and seminal products, can also have a break in flowering. In this age, clone-forming species often begins to manifest disintegration of individuals, clones arise.

Old generative plants are characterized by a sharp decline in reproductive function, weakening the processes of closing and root formation. Devilation processes are beginning to prevail over the processes of the neoplasm, disintegration is enhanced.

Old vegetative (sub-system) plants are characterized by cessation of fruiting, reduction of power, increased destructive processes, weakening the relationship between shooting and root systems, it is possible to simplify the life form, the appearance of immature type leaves.

Shenyl wounds are characterized by extreme stiffness, a decrease in dimensions, a few kidneys are being implemented when resuming, some juvenile features (the form of leaves, the nature of the shoots, etc.) appear again.

Decommissioning individuals - the extreme degree of expression of the senile state, when the plant remains alive only some tissues and in some cases - resting kidneys that do not develop overhead shoots.

The distribution of species of price tests by age states is called it age spectrum.It reflects the quantitative relationship of different age levels.

To determine the number of each age group, different species use various countable units of the counting unit may be separate individuals if they remain spatially separate (in annual, rod mono and polycarpic herbs, many trees and shrubs) or are clearly distinguished - Parts of the clone. During long-term and corneupryst plants, the counting unit can be partial shoots or partial bushes, since, with the physical integrity of the underground sphere, they are often physiologically disunity, which is established, for example, for the Lily of Maysky when using radioactive phosphorus isotopes. In berton-centered cereals (prudent, Ticacher, naked, serpent, etc.) a countable unit along with young individuals there may be a compact clone, which in relations with the medium acts as a whole.

The number of seeds in the soil reserve, although this indicator is very important, in constructing the age spectrum spectrum, it is usually not taken into account, since the counting of their very time consuming and obtaining statistically reliable values \u200b\u200bis almost impossible.

If in age spectrum priceopulations at the time of her observation are presented only seeds or young individuals, it is called invasion.Such price pressure is not capable of self-sustaining, and its existence depends on the receipt of adventures from the outside. Often this is young price testing, which has just been introduced into biocenosis. If priceopulation is represented by all or almost all age groups (some age conditions in specific species may not be expressed, for example, immature, subsentest, juvenile), then it is called normal.Such a population is independent and capable toself-holding seed or vegetable way. It may prevail those other age groups. In this regard, the young, average age and old normal values \u200b\u200bare distinguished. Normal price pressure, consisting of individuals of all age groups, is called full ofand if there are no individuals from any age states (in unfavorable years, individual age groups may temporarily fall), the population is called normal incomplete.

Regressive price testulation is represented only by senile and subsenis or also by the generative, but old, not forming seed chassis. Such price pressure is not capable of self-sustaining and depends on the arrogance of adversaries from the outside.

Invasive price constituency can go to normal, and normal to regressive.

The age structure of priceopopulation is largely determined by the biological features of the form: the frequency of fruiting, the number of produced seeds and vegetative adversaries "the duration of preserving the germination of seeds, the ability of vegetative adventures to rejuvenation, the speed of transition of individuals from one age state to another, the ability to form clones and others. Manifestation of all these Biological features, in turn, depends on the conditions of the external environment. The stroke of ontogenesis changes, which can flow in one species in many embodiments (polyvariance of ontogenesis), which affects the structure of the age spectrum of priceopopulation

Different size plants reflect the various vitality of individuals within each age group. The natural life is manifested in the capacity of its vegetative and generative organs, which corresponds to the amount of accumulated energy, and in the resistance to adverse effects, which is determined by the ability to regenerate. The vitality of each individual changes in ontogenesis on a simulatory curve, which is rising on the ascending branch of ontogenesis and decreases on descending. Many species of individuals in one age state in one priceopulation may have different vitality. This differentiation of individuals via vitality can be caused by varieties of seeds, different terms of their germination, microflowing medium, the effects of animals and humans, competitive relations. High vitality can be maintained to the death of individuals in all age states or decrease during ontogenesis. High-leveling vitality plants often undergo all age states accelerated rates in priceopulations often predominate plants of medium vitality. Some of them pass ontogenesis completely, while others pass a part of the age states, moving in front of the minion to a lower level of vitality. The low-level influence plants have abbreviated ontogenesis, often turning into a sedenser state, barely starting blossom.

The individuals of one price testation can develop and move from one age state to another at different speeds. Compared with normal development, when the age states replace each other in a conventional sequence, an acceleration or delay in the development may be observed, the loss of individual age states or entire periods, the onset of secondary rest, part of individuals can be rejuvenated or damp. Many meadow, forest, -speed species when growing them in nurseries or sowing, i.e., the best agricultural background, reduce its ontogenesis, for example, hazing meadow and hedgehog team - from 20-25 to 4 years old, spring horizon - from 100 Up to 10-15 years, Zabriana Forep - from 10-18 to 2 years. In other plants, under the improvement of conditions, ontogenesis can be extended, such as, for example, in the Tinea of \u200b\u200bordinary.

In dry years and when grazing grazing at the steppe species of shell oats, separate age states fall out. For example, adult vegetative individuals can immediately replenish the Subenyl group, less often - old generative. Clubneelukovinka plants of a unlimited magnificent in the central parts of compact clones, where conditions are less favorable (worse lighting, moisturizing, mineral nutrition, the toxic effect of dead residues is shown), they are moving faster into a senile state than peripheral individuals. In the fret of the Eastern under the enhanced pasture load, when the renewal kidneys are damaged, young and mature generative individuals can have breaks in flowering, thereby as if rejuvenating and extending their ontogenesis.

Ezhi team in different conditions is sold from 1-2 to 35 paths of ontogenesis, and the plantain is large from 2-4 to 100. The ability to change the path of ontogenesis provides adaptation to changing environmental conditions and expands the environmental niche of the species.

Fluctuations of the age spectrum of priceopopulation following weather conditions are especially characteristic of the plants of wone meadows. Two species of oats are shell and mash - in the Penza region, a cyclic change in the age spectra in many years of speaking is clearly traced. In the dry years, the population of oatstsov is aging, and in wet - younger.

Age spectrum can vary not only as a result external conditionsbut also depending on the reactivity and sustainability of the species themselves. At the plants in plants, different resistance: in some grazing causes rejuvenation, since the plants die without reaching old age (for example, in the wilderness of the plane), others - contribute to the aging of price testing due to reducing renewal (for example, the steppe species Zhabrzz Dedechur).

In some types throughout the range in a wide range of conditions, normal price tests retain the main agent of age structure (ash ordinary, Ticaccus, meadow and dr.). Such an age spectrum depends mainly from the biological properties of the species and is called basicIt is preserved primarily by the ratio in the adult, the most stable part. The number of newly emerging and dying individuals in each age group is balanced, and the overall spectrum turns out to be constant to significant changes in the conditions of existence. The basic spectra most often have priceopulations of edifitors in sustainable communities, they are opposed to priceopulations, relatively rapidly changing age-related spectrum due to non-established

The larger the scope of its impact on the medium and the adjacent plants ("phytogenic field", according to A.A. uranus) if in the age spectrum of price testing the Obi adult vegetative, young and average-spectal generative, then the whole population as a whole will occupy more durable position among others

Thus, not only the number, but also the age-related price spectrum reflects the condition and adaptability of it to the changing conditions of the external environment and determines the positions of the type in biocenosis.

The age structure of populations in animals.EVERVANVICE FOLLAGES OF THE PREVENTION OF THE POSSIBILITY POSSIBILITY COMMUNICATIONS MAKS TO ONE GENERATIONS OR DIFFERENT IN THE BINDS In the first case, all individuals are close by age and approximately simultaneously pass the next stages. life cycle. An example is the reproduction of many types of unstable locusts. In the spring of the eggs overwhelmed in the cubes pending in the ground, the first-old larvae appear. The feedback of the larvae is somewhat stretched under the influence of microclumatic and other conditions, but in general proceeds quite friendly. At this time, the population consists only of young insects. Through 2- 3 weeks due to the non-uniformity of the development of individual individuals in it can simultaneously meet the larvae of related ages, but gradually the entire population goes into the imaginal state and by the end of the summer consists only of adult sexual forms for winter, postponing eggs, they die as the age structure of populations Oak leaflet, mucos of the genus Deroceras and other visiting the annual development cycle, breeding once in life. The time of reproduction and the passage of individual age-related stages are usually confined to a certain season of the year. The number of such populations, as a rule, is unstable: strong deviations of the conditions from the optimum at any stage of the life cycle act immediately to the entire population, causing significant mortality

Views with the simultaneous existence of various generations can be divided into two groups that breed once in their lives and multiply multiple times.

Major beetles, for example, females soon after laying eggs in the spring die. The larvae develop in the soil and pumped on the fourth year of life. At the same time, representatives of four generations are present in the population, each of which appears a year after the previous one. Every year one generation completes its life cycle and a new one appears. Age groups in such a population are divided into a clear interval. Their ratio is dependent on how favorable conditions were the conditions for the emergence and development of the next generation. For example, generation may be small if the late frosts will destroy the pieces of eggs or cold rainy weather will prevent the summer and kopulation of beetles.

At species with single reproduction and short life cycles, several generations are replaced during the year. The simultaneous existence of different generations is due to the stretching of egg laying, growth and puberty of individual individuals. The ego occurs both as a result of the hereditary heterogeneity of the members of the population and under the influence of microclimatic and other conditions. For example, in beet moli, harming sugar beets in the southern regions of the USSR, winter caterpillars of different ages and dolls. Over the summer, 4-5 generations are developing. At the same time, representatives of two and even three adjacent generations are found, but one of them, the next time, always prevails.

Basic concepts and terms : latent, before generative, Geneant I. postgeratianity periods of ontogenesis; Age states of plants: seedlings, juvenile, іматуні, young vegetative, adults vegetative, young generative, average generative, subcenteal and sedensess; age spectrum; Invasive and regressive price puzzles.

Describing the age structure of populations in plants, it should be borne in mind that the absolute age of the plant and its age state are different concepts.

Age state of individuals - This is the stage of individual development of the plant on which it has certain environmental and physiological properties.

A large life cycle includes the stages of plant development from the formation of a nucleation of a seed to death or to the elimination of all its generations that have arisen vegetatively from it. In a large life cycle, ontogenetic periods and age states are distinguished (Table 5.1, Fig. 5.14).

Table 5.1.

Periods and age conditions in the life cycle of plants

Periods	Age states	Conditional designations
I. Latente	Seeds	S M.
II. Perederiervtiani	Seedlings (staircase)
(Vіrgіnіlinnia)	Juvenile individuals
	І Maturnі individual	I M.
	Young vegetative individuals
	Adult Vegetative Oracke
III. Generative	Young generative individuals
	Medieval generative individuals
	Old generative individuals
	Subsenin individual
Postgeratianity	Sehenyls individual
(senilla)

Fig.5.14. Age states of ontogenesis of plants : A - Meadow (cerebral family), b -

siberian vasils (astera family).

p.- seedlings; j.- juvenile plants;i M. - ітурні;v.- Vіrgіnіlnі;g. 1 - young generative;g. 2 - average age generative;g. 3 - old generative;sS. - subsenerlin;s. - shenyl plants.

In plants, four periods of ontogenesis of individuals are distinguished:

1) latent - the period of primary peace when the plant is in the form of seeds or fruits;

2) vіrgіnіlnia or before generative - from germination of seeds to the formation of generative bodies;

3) generative - a period of reproduction of plants by seeds or disputes;

4) Senilliaor postgeratianity - This is a period of a sharp decline and loss of ability to gender reproduction, which ends with a complete dying of the plants.

Each periods are characterized by the corresponding age states. The duration of individual periods of individual development, the nature and time of the transition from one age state to another is a biological feature of the type of plant and its adaptation to the conditions of the medium in the process of evolution.

Seeds It is characterized by relative peace when the metabolism in it is minimized. The stairs have robust roots and seedy leaves, feed on the spare nutrients seeds and photosynthesis seeds.

Juvenile Plants go to independent nutrition. Preferably they have no semi-units, but leaves are still atypical, smaller sizes and other shapes than in adults.

І Maturnі Plants have signs of transition from juvenile to adults. They have the beginning of the branching of shoots, typical leaves appear. Juvenile features are gradually replaced by typical plants. This state in some species is long-term.

Vegetative The individuals (VIRGINІNІLNI) are characterized by the process of forming a typical vital form of plants with appropriate typical signs of the morphological structure of underground authorities and an overhead pagon system. Plants finish before generative The period of its life cycle. The generative bodies are still missing. At different stages of the formation of a typical vegetative sphere, young and adult vegetative individuals are distinguished, ready to join the generative phase of development.

Generative individuals Characterized by the transition to flowering and fruiting. Young generative individuals complete the formation of typical pattern structures. They appear generative bodies (flowers and inflorescences), there are their first flowering.

Middle Aged generative The individuals are noted by the annual maximum increase in the vegetative sphere due to the development of new enrichment shoots, abundant flowering and high seed productivity. In such a state of the plant can be different times, depending on the lifespan and biological features of species ontogenesis. This is one of the most important periods of the life of the plant, which attracts the attention of the theorists and practitioners. The regulatory effect on cultural feed and decorative garden and park plants makes it possible to extend their youth and increase the performance of the first and decorative qualities of others.

Old generative and individuals weaken the process boardingSharply reduce seed productivity. They begin the processes of diefing, which gradually prevail over the processes the formation of new paigons of structures.

Sehenyls Oracle is distinguished by a clearly pronounced aging process. Small shoots appear with juvenile leaves. The plant die out over time.

The age distribution of individuals of plant price is called age spectrum. If in the age spectrum of the plant are presented by seeds and young individuals, such a price puzzle is called Інвазійна.

More often there is a young population, only implemented in fotomososis of a certain biogeocenosis.

There are normal and full-fledged normal defective price tests.

Normal full-fledged price puzzle presented by all age states and is capable of samopidtriannya Seeds or vegetative reproduction.

Defective normal price puzzles They call this, in which there are no individuals of individual age states (the staircase or most often seenile individuals). Such are populations of plants

Monocarpіkiv, which are fruit once in life. This annual and two-year plants.

A detailed classification of plant populations was developed by T.A. Mostbatnov (1946). Among the plant populations within the phytocenosis, it allocates several types:

I. Invasive populations. Plants are still coming around in Fitozenozі and do not complete the full development cycle.

In this type, subtypes are distinguished:

1) plants are found only in the form of stairs arising from the entered seeds from other populations;

2) Plants are found in the form of shoots, juvenile and vegetative individuals. They different reasons Do not be fruit and reproduced only by the skid of seeds.

II. Normal type population. Plants are held in Fitocenosis full development cycle.

It is highlighted with subtypes:

1) Plants are in optimal conditions. In the population, a high percentage of generative individuals;

2) plants of this species are in medium conditions and, accordingly, the population contains significantly less generative individuals;

3) Plants are in not very favorable conditions, generative individuals in a little population.

III. Regressive type population. The reproduction of plants in it ceased.

This type of population includes subtypes:

1) the plant blooms, gives seeds, but non-visual shoots grow with it; Or the plant does not form seeds at all. Therefore, there is no young teen in such populations;

2) The plant lost completely ability to flowering and only vegetates. Consequently, the population consists of old individuals.

This classification of plant populations makes it possible to determine their development perspective in this ecosystem based on the analysis of environmental factors.

Price support, as part of which there are only old subsenin and senile individuals, are not capable of samopidtriannyaCalled regressive. They can exist by driving seeds or adventures from other price constituents.

The age structure of cenopopulations is determined by such properties of the species as: frequency of fruiting, the speed of transition from one age state to another, the duration of each state, the duration of the large life cycle, the ability to vegetative reproduction and the formation of clones, resistance to diseases and unfavorable natural conditions.

In the case where the price puzzle is characterized by a high seed productivity and a massive appearance of germs with a significant death of young individuals and a rapid transition of those that remained, in a vegetative and generative state, its age spectrum has a left-sided nature. This is the spectrum of young price puzzles (Fig. 5.15).

Fig.5.15. Age spectra of price puzzles:

A - left-sided spectrum of a loaf of lush;

B - right-sided spectrum of the fire of the meadow;

1, 2 - variability by year.

If the seed productivity is low, young individuals slightly, the accumulation of adults is accumulated due to the considerable duration of their age conditions and in the formation of a clone, the price spectrum will have a rightful nature. He is a sign of her aging.

The age-related spectrum of price pressure and its number determine the role of the form in Fitocenosis.

Rudn Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries Bulletin Rudn. Series: Agronomy and Livestock

2017 Vol. 12 NO 1 66-75

http://journals.rudn.ru/agronomy

DOI: 10.22363 / 2312-797x-2017-12-1-66-75

Age range of price puzzles

As an indicator of a strategy of the form in the conditions of anthropogenic stress (on the example of rare and protected species of the natural historical park "Bitsevsky Forest")

I.I. Istomy, M.E. Pavlova, A.A. Terekhin

Russian University Friendship of peoples st. Miklukho-Maclay, 8/2, Moscow, Russia, 117198

The authors of the article conducted a study of the structure of populations of rare and protected species included in the Red Book of Moscow and the Moscow Region, due to the influence of an increasing anthropogenic load in the forest belt of the city of Moscow. For the first time in the Bittsev forest park based on the characteristics of the ontomorphogenesis of such species such as European Pillars (Sanícula Europaea L.), Lily of Maysky (Convallaria Majalis L.), Multi-Deck (Polygonatum Mul-TFlorum (L.) All.), Coridalis Intermedia (L.) Merat), described and analyzed by the age composition of their price puzzulations. Comparing the structure of protected species, the authors showed the existence of various strategies of these species under anthropogenic stress.

Keywords: anthropogenic stress, type strategy, Lily of Mayan, Multi-flowered lolan, European undergrowth, stitching intermediate, rare species, ontogenesis, priceopopulation, age-related price-spectrum structure

Introduction A distinctive feature of Moscow from other major cities is the presence of relatively well-preserved arrays of natural forests in a park part of the city. A considerable amount of forest plant species grows in these urban forest parks, among which there are rare and endangered types of protection. As of the populations of rare or reducing the number of species, one can judge the degree of recreational load on the forest parking environment and formulate requirements for the conditions for the protection of these species and the community as a whole.

In conditions major city Indicators of environmental factors such as illumination, humidity, composition and drainage of the soil are clearly far from ideal for plants. For example, due to the smoke, the illumination characteristics on the territory of Moscow is 10-20% lower than in the Moscow region. In this regard, the growth rates of trees are reduced, herbaceous plants change the number and structure of populations. These indicators affect the absence of natural soil in the city.

Ecological and centric strategies of species (type of behavior) is the most generalized and informative characteristic of the species, which makes it possible to explain its reaction to stress caused by abiotic and biotic factors, violations and, as a result, its place in plant communities.

The definition of species strategies reveals the behavior of plants in the plant community. For a view, this characteristic is not constant, it may vary from the environmental optimum to pessimum, as well as from the center of the range to its periphery. For rare species, the analysis of strategies is an additional method that can be applied to develop in order to protect various compensatory programs to implement their main strategies. L.G. Ramensky in 1935 and P. Grahim in 1979 independently described a system of types of strategies, which reflects the reaction of plant species for the favorable environmental conditions and the intensity of violations. Three primary types of strategies called by virus (competitors), patients (tolerances) and extensors (rudaralas) are related to transient secondary strategies. At species, there is a plasticity property of strategies, allowing them depending on the conditions of the medium to show the properties of competition or tolerance.

IN last years An ontogenetic approach is applied in the evaluation of environmental and phytoceotic strategies.

An important characteristic of plant populations is an ontogenetic spectrum, since it is associated with the biological properties of the species. When constructing ontogenetic spectra of model species, we relied on the ideas about the main stages of ontogenesis and the basic types of spectra.

The purpose of the study is to study the peculiarities of the age structure of the price-populations of some rare and protected species of the natural historical park "Bitsevsky Forest" as an indicator of the strategy of the behavior of the form in the conditions of anthropogenic pressure of varying degrees.

Objects and research methods. On the territory of the Floristically rich Bittsev forest park, Lily of the Lily of Maysky (Convallaria Majalis L.) is a massive (and in the past, and in the present) local forest species. In the same place, but much less often, the Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) is found (Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All.), European (Sanicula Europaea L.) and a stitching intermediate (CO-RIDALIS INTERMEDIA (L.) MERAT) - Perennial herbaceous species characteristic of non-melted forests and growing in broad-wing phytocenoses of the park with small price centers.

All model species are included in the group of vulnerable species (3 category), that is, the numbers whose number in Moscow under the influence of specific factors of the urban environment can significantly reduce in a short period of time.

The objectives of the study included a description of the age structure of populations of the above-mentioned species and a comparative analysis of their biological characteristics,

letting the ability to determine the strategy of the form in the conditions of anthropogenic stress.

Studies were conducted from May 2011 to August 2016 in the natural and history park "Bitsevsky Forest".

Nature Park Bitsevsky Forest is OPT since 1992 and, as the object of natural and historical and cultural heritage, it serves to preserve biodiversity, maintaining species presented in it in a state close to natural; The restoration of biogeocenoses, disturbed by anthropogenic effects, which can be attributed to the proximity of residential areas, the influence of road transport, emissions to the atmosphere of CHP and other enterprises, etc. The frequent attendance of the park in the surrounding residents inevitably leads to a change in the structure of both phytocenoses in general and individual populations of plant species.

Studying the structure of protected species of reduced phytocenoses of the Bittsevsky forest park is considerably in connection with the toughest anthropogenic press, which are experiencing all representatives of the flora, but especially rare and decorative species with large inflorescences and attractive flowers, such as the Lily of Mayski and bought Multi-Deck.

To identify and describe the individual stages of the ontogenesis of studied species, the criteria of age conditions for herbaceous plants were used, described in detail in many sources.

The criteria are widely used to study ontogenesis of plants, and for the study of the age structure of price testations - the method of accounting. Separate stages of the ontogenesis of the above-mentioned species were identified and analyzed, as well as on trial areas, the individuals of different age states were calculated and the age spectra for price-correction as a whole was compiled.

The findings of the study were based on the position that the response of plants on external influences, both natural and anthropogenic, manifests itself in changing the nature of the growth of individuals, their life and age state, which directly affects the change of the strategy of the species.

Results and discussion. When calculating the age composition of the price puzzling of the Lily of the Lrangess Maysky (Convallaria Majalis b.) In the Bittsev forest, it turned out that virginial partial shoots, developing from branched, long rhizoma, prevail. Separations and juvenile individuals are absent. This is evidence of the depressed seed renewal, although the presence of a small amount of immature shoots reflects the presence of vegetative reproduction of priceopulation. A sufficient number of generative shoots indicates good prospects for seed reproduction, but, unfortunately, these potationality does not take place by virtue of a permanent anthropogenic press (Fig. 1).

age states. 1. The age composition of the price constitution of the Lily of the Lily of Mays in the Bittsev forest park

Thus, under the action of recreational load, the age-related spectrum of the values \u200b\u200bof the valley was modified compared with the basic spectrum: the number of individuals of young age states was significantly reduced, there is practically no seed renewal, the underdeveloped Vis-Gynyl and generative individuals prevail, the number of growing rhizomes is reduced. In addition, the growth rate and the proportion of blooming shoots decreases, so the dynamics of the blossom of the valley gradually changes, - the breaks between the years of mass flowering are becoming more, i.e. The values \u200b\u200bof the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of the regressive.

Under the optimal conditions, Lildish Mayan is a competitive-tolerant vegetative-moving view. But in the conditions of the Bittsevsky forest park, under the influence of the anthropogenic factor, the systemic organization of the valley values \u200b\u200bof the valley, which is the most important condition for their stability is violated.

Lily of Mayska forms incomplete price puzzles, with the predominance of virginic individuals characterized by the reduced vitality of overhead partial shoots, low-density of thickets, low seed productivity. But in this situation, this species can at the expense of vegetative mobility for a long time to hold the occupied territory, thereby cope with the anthropogenic press. Such a position of the Lrangess of Mays in the Bittsev forest park testifies to the belonging of the strategy of this species to the group of stress-tolerances. The ontogenetic strategy of the studied species is to reduce the number of seed individuals and increase the number of natural origin of individuals, as long as possible the transition of individuals into the generative state.

A long-term grassy short-cornese polycarpic look - a multi-flower (Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All.) - forms priceopulations, where the center of influence on Wednesday is a person. Study of some aspects of reproductive biology and identification life Strategy Polygonatum Multiflorum characterizes this species as easily vulnerable, habitable

in rather narrow environmental conditions. Due to the biological peculiarities of seed reproduction, the reproduction of combustibles in nature occurs quite slowly, which requires special attention to the preservation of this species.

Due to the violation of natural habitats and increasing popularity as a beautiful combating plant, a multi-flower plant is intensively exterminated, especially in forest-park cities, therefore there is a real threat to reduce the number of this species. In the Bitzo Park, this species exists with separate small weakly infusion price centers, which was carefully calculated. The location of the priceopopular loci loci on the territory of the Bitsevsky Park is scattered, which can be explained by the crossing of seeds with the help of birds and their random sussuration. In all cases, the multi-flower binding occurs only in the oak-lime phytocenoses of the Bitsevsky forest, surrounded by the shovel.

The age structure of priceopopulation loci bumping multi-dealer is almost full, predominate mainly virginine and generative individuals, which is likely to be associated with the dominance of vegetative reproduction of the sale over the seed (Fig. 2). The presence of almost all ontogenetic states in the age spectrum of the combination indicates the dynamic sustainability of the priceification of this species in the community under study.

Fig. 2. The age composition of the price constitution is bought by Multicelfur in the Bittsev forest park

Thus, the priceopopulation of bunching multi-flowered can be described as a normal, full. The predominance of virgin and young generative individuals is a sign of the prospects for the development of these tse-nonopopulation loci in the foreseeable future. Thus, as a rare species belonging to the 3rd category, the multi-flower bits in the Bittsev forest park feels relatively good.

According to the structure of the price testing of the combination and contribution of individual ontogenetic stages, it is possible to determine the bomp by the multi-flower as a view characterized by the competitive-tolerant type of life strategy with elements of stress-lerants.

European Pillars (Sanicula Europaea b.) - Snadnikovy Ricky, Mesophyte, grows in wide, mixed and less coniferous forests, multiply predominantly seeds. This protected species is found in the territory of the Bittsevsky forest park in the form of small price pressure lobs, which are located mainly along the path of the network, which is explained by the specifics of the reproduction of the undergrowth (exorochory). The spherical parts of its fractional fetus (3.5-4.5 mm of length and almost the same width) - Mericapia - covered with small hooked spines. The undergrowth is well renewed by seeds, since in almost all studied priceopulation loci of this species there are seedlings, juvenile plants and immature individuals. The undergrowth germinates above ground, in places with impaired soil cover and an unseen bedding free from other plants. The age spectra of the undergrowth in the broad-wing phytocenoses of the Bitsevsky forest is almost full of the spectra with a maximum of immature individuals.

The shift in the left side testifies to the youth of the hydrochlorian leaflers of the undergrowth. In population loci, located closer to forest roads, sub-system and sedenial individuals appear in brighter places (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. The age spectrum of the underyllast of the European in the Bittsevsky Forest

On the total age spectrum of the population of the undergrowth (Fig. 3) it can be seen that the age structure of the populations of this type of left-sided, the individuals of the preventive stages dominate, namely immature, juvenile and seedlings. Such a structure of price puzzles is peculiar to species that are prone to Mr. Strategy, Ruerallands (Explorents). And, indeed, under the observed priceopulations of podilant-nickname, juvenile and immature plants have grown on the most disturbed places of herbal tier - mouse, mouse pores, bare parts of the soil.

Thus, the presence of all age states in the splash spectrum indicates its sustainability, and the predominance of young stages of ontogenesis on the prospects for the development of these cenopopulation loci in the foreseeable future. That is, as a rare view, belonging to the 3rd category, the European undergrowth is experiencing relatively weak anthropogenic pressure in the Bittsev forest park. The stability of the population of this species is provided by its R-strategy and dedicacy to disturbed habitats. The strategic weakness of the undergrowth in the Bitzovsky Forest park is manifested in the fact that it cannot compete with stronger ruderal species, and in this case it can be attributed to the type of secondary transition strategy to stress-ruderals. In the conditions of the optimal ecological-centuric environment, this species can be attributed to competitive ore-rational species.

Crested intermediate, or medium (Corydalis Intermedia (L.) Merat), - a perennial polycarpic herbaceous plant with a height of 8-15 cm, included in the group of spring ephemeeroids and refers to the category "rare" in the territory of Moscow species.

This species is multiplied with seed, the vegetative reproduction is almost completely absent.

In the generalized age spectrum of the ceiling, the intermediate is observed two maximum numbers: in the young part of the spectrum (seedlings - immature individuals) and for generative individuals, i.e. It can be attributed to a normal, full type of populations (Fig. 4). The presence of individuals of all age conditions in the age spectrum indicates the sustainability and prosperity of the population of this species. The age range of this species is full with a small shift towards young individuals. The maximum in the generative part of the spectrum indicates that in this state, the sequestration of the intermediate is the prolonged part of the life cycle. An increase in the number of individuals in the sedense part of the spectrum is explained by the seeding particulation in the ceiling.

r \\ 1t V d from age states

Fig. 4. Age spectrum of lacter intermediate in the Bittsev forest park

These characteristics of the age structure of the joint venture of the ceiling intermediate allow us to conclude that in the studied habitat of the Bittsev forest park there are enough good conditions For the existence of this species. The price constituency of the stalk intermediate, despite the thick path of the network in this place, is a prosperous and has optimal density, and is also growing, since over the past ten years its area has increased by several square meters. In the phytocenosis, the lacter intermediate exists only in the sinusia of ephemeroids, and in this sinusia the type of its behavior strategy can be attributed to a competitive-tolerant.

Based on the foregoing, when comparing the age structure of the price puzzling of four protected species, it can be seen of their different reaction to the anthropogenic load, which can be explained by various types of stress data strategies in stress.

Under the action of the recreational load and the anthropogenic press, the age range of the values \u200b\u200bof the Lily of the Lily of the Lily of Mayski is modified, the state of the combination of multi-flowered, increases the number of young population locuses of the European undergrowth, is increasing, it almost does not react to it the price puction of stalls intermediate. These changes are associated with various types of strategy of the behavior of these species in phytocenosis.

Crested intermediate turns out to be in the medium of ephemeeroids quite a strong competitive-tolerant species, its price constituent locus increases, despite the growth and sealing of the path.

The undergrowth as a result of its rueral strategy occupies new habitats, perhaps losing old ones. Coupling keeps small in-repulsional loci as a result of tolerant behavior, which is little reacting to changes in anthropogenic load. And the valley from the competitive strategy under the influence of anthropogenic stress proceeds to stress-tolerant behavior.

Thus, given these features and, subject to certain measures of protection, sometimes very minor, connected only with environmental education, it is possible not only to preserve, but also to increase the number of these species in the natural historical park "Bitsevsky Forest".

© I.I. Istomy, M.E. Pavlova, A.A. Terekhin, 2017.

Bibliographic list

1. GRIME, J.P. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes, And Ecosystem Properties. 2nd ed.

Chichester, Wiley, 2001.

2. Ramensky L.G. Introduction to a complex soil and geobotanic study of land.

M.: Agriculturalized, 1938.

3. Plant Price Population: Basic Concepts and Structure. M.: Science, 1976.

4. Plant price tests (essays of population biology). M.: Science, 1988.

5. Smirnova O.V. The structure of the herbal cover of broad forest forests. M., Science, 1987.

6. The Red Book of the city of Moscow. The government of Moscow. Department of Environmental Management and Protection ambient Cities of Moscow / d. ed. B.L. Samoilov, G.V. Morozova. 2nd ed., Pererab. and addition. M., 2011.

7. Red Book of the Moscow Region / D. ed. T.I. Varlygin, V.A. Zubakin, N.A. Sobolev. M., 2008.

8. Nasimovich Yu.A., Romanova V.A. Valuable natural objects Moscow and its forest park protective belt. M., dep. In Viniti USSR Academy of Sciences 11/21/1991. N 4378-B91, 1991.

9. Polyakova G.A., Gitnova V.A. Moscow parks: ecology and floristic characteristics. M.: GEOS, 2000.

10. Zaugolov L.B. Structure of populations of seed plants and problems of their monitoring: author. dis. ... Dr. Biol. science St. Petersburg., 1994.

11. PIANKA, E.R. ON R- AND K-SELECTION // THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. 1970. Vol. 104, No. 940. P. 592-597.

DOI: 10.22363/2312-797X-2017-12-1-66-75

ONTOGENIC SPECTRUM OF COENOPOPULATIONS AS INDICATOR OF SPECIES STRATEGY

UNDER Anthropogenic Stress (on the example Rare and Protected Plants of the Natural and Historical Park "Bitsevsky Forest")

I.I. Istomina, M.E. Pavlova, A.A. Terechin.

Peoples "Friendship University Of Russia (RUDN University)

Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, Russia, 117198

ABSTRACT. The Authors Investigated The Structure of Populations of Rare and Protected Species Included in The Red Book of Moscow and Moscow Region, In Connection with the Influence of Increasing Anthropogenic Loads in The Forest Zone of the City of Moscow. For the first time in the Bitsa Forest Park Based On The Features of OntomorpHogenesis of Species such as the Sanicula Europaea L., Convallaria Majalis L., Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All., Coridalis Intermedia (L.) Merat. Described and Analyzed The Age Structure of their Populations. COMPARING THE STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS OF PROTECTECTED SPECIES, THE AUTHORS SHOWED THE EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF THESE SPECIES Under Conditions of Anthropogenic Stress.

Key Words: Anthropogenic Stress, Strategy Type, Sanicula Europaea L., Convallaria Majalis L., Polygonatum Multiflorum (L.) All., Coridalis Intermedia (L.) Merat., A Rare Species, ONTOGENESIS, COENO-POPULATION, AGE STRUCTURE OF The Cenopopulation, Age Range

1. GRIME, J.P. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes, And Ecosystem Properties. 2nd ed. Chichester, Wiley, 2001.

2. Ramenskiy L.G. Introduction to Complex Soil-Geobotanical Investigation of Lands. Moscow, Sel-Khozgiz, 1938.

3. COENOPOPOPULATIONS OF PLANTS: BASIC CONCEPTS AND STRUCTURE. MOSCOW: Nauka, 1976.

4. Coenopopulations of Plants (Essays on Population Biology). MOSCOW: Nauka, 1988.

5. SMIRNOVA O.V. The Structure of The Herbaceous Cover of Broad-Leaved Forests. MOSCOW: Nauka, 1987.

6. The Red Book of Moscow. The Government of Moscow. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of The City Of Moscow. ED. By B.L. Samoilov, G.V. Morozov. 2 izd., Rev. and additional. MOSCOW, 2011.

7. The Red Book of The Moscow Region. RESP. ED. T.I. Varlygina, V.A. Zubakin, N.A. Sobolev. MOSCOW, 2008.

8. Nasimovich Yu.A., Romanov V.A. Valuable Natural Objects of Moscow and Its Green Belt. MOSCOW, DEP. In Viniti, USSR ACADEMY OF 11/21/1991. N 4378-B91, 1991.

9. Polyakova A.G., Gutnikov V.A. Parks: Ecology and Floristic Characteristics. MOSCOW: Geos, 2000.

10. Zaugolnova L.B. Structure of Populations of Seed Plants and The Problems of their Monitoring: Author. DIS. ... d-Ra Biol. Sciences. St.Petersburg, 1994.

11. Pianka E.R. On r - and k-selection. The American Naturalist. 1970. Vol. 104. N 940. P. 592-597.

Counting units. The calculations of age-related (ontogenetic) spectra in plants are based on the allocation and use of counting units.

The issue of the identification of the counting unit is sufficiently complicated due to the ability of plants as modular organisms to form within the limits of physically integral individuals. Vegetative structures (partial bushes and shoots, tubers, bulbs, apparent kidneys on the roots, etc.) capable of independent existence and development and protruding as an impact unit on Wednesday. In the studies of plant populations, two countable units are used. The first unit is morphological, with the allocation of such units, the main feature is considered the physical integrity of the analyzed structure, i.e. Oracle Such an approach is quite legitimate and appropriate if the researcher is dealing with a single-tan tree, compact bush, bulbous plant etc.

When the object of study is a physically holistic system of root offspring, for example, aspen, consisting of adults, young trees and just begun to develop shoots, allocate morphological units are physically impossible and inexpedient in terms of the analysis of the age and spatial structure of populations. In this regard, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe second - phytoceotic - counting unit was formed.

Counting units differ significantly in plants of monocentric, manificcentric and non-meticocentric biomorphs allocated on the basis of the features of the spatial distribution of shoots, renewal kidneys and roots (Smirnova, 1987).

Adults of individuals monocentric biomorph are characterized by the fact that roots, shoots (escape) and renewal kidney are concentrated in a single center, which is a center for the exposure of the individual and the center of impact on Wednesday. Adults of an individuals of aneg-polycetrical biomorph have several well-pronounced individuals that are a relatively autonomous part of the individual. Such centers can be partial bushes, and in the absence of branching (branch) - partial shoots. Adults are individuals of non-operating centrian biomorphs, as in the previous type, have several expansion centers (Smirnova, 1987), but in the ontogenesis of the plants these centers arise so closely that they are almost difficult to delimit them. In this regard, the immunity is conventionally regarded as a single environmental impact center.

Types of ontogenetic (age) spectra of populations. The most simply defined feature of the stable state of the population is a full-ogenetic spectrum, in which the numerical ratio of individuals of different ontogenetic groups is determined by the biological properties of species: 1) the total duration of ontogenesis and individual states; 2) the pace of development of individuals in different states; 3) by the method of self-maintaining populations: deep-level diasporas (seeds and vegetative meetings), unlucky vegetative peculiar individuals or different combination of the methods mentioned above; 4) the intensity and frequency of inspection and elimination of individuals, 5) the ability to create soil seeds, 6) the size of the area of \u200b\u200babsorption of resources by individual ontogenetic states (synonym - a power area). Such spectra are called basic (characteristic); They characterize the definitive (dynamically sustainable) state of populations (priceopopulation ..., 1988).

Types of basic spectra are isolated by the position of the absolute maximum in the spectrum of ontogenetic states. Within each type, depending on the method of self-sucking, the population is allocated options.

Specific populations spectra can show as a large similarity with basic spectra, and differ significantly from them. A variety of specific spectra can be combined into several types, corresponding to one or another state (or life) of the population:

Invasive state - only preger (sometimes young generative) plants are presented in the spectrum;

Normal condition:

A) a full-fledged spectrum in which all or almost all ontogenetic groups of plants (seed and / or vegetative origin) are presented; may be left-sided, simile (with a maximum on generative plants) and right-hand;

B) a vegetative-mounted spectrum, where plants are presented only in vegetative origin;

C) intermittent spectrum, where most of the ontogenetic groups are represented;

Regressive condition - the population consists of only postgerative plants;

The state in which only some (often one) are presented ontogenetic groups - a fragmented spectrum.

Invasive populations are in the formation stage and, depending on the ontogenetic composition and the number of individuals, on the one hand, and ecological and centric conditions - on the other, have more or less likely development prospects into normal. The latter are fully capable of spontaneous self-sustaining seed and / or vegetative way. The absence of separate ontogenetic groups in the spectrum of normal populations may be due to the frequency of fruiting and, as a rule, is not evidence of the unstable state of the species in the community.

The populations become regressive in cases where old plants stop fruiting, or conditions in the community prevent the development of the teenager. In addition to the above options in disturbed forest communities, populations may be represented by individual individuals of some age states (fragments of populations). This usually indicates an episodic suggestion of the species at an extremely low level of numbers, and characteristic of populations of assemblers. Prospects for the development of such populations are very difficult to evaluate. The diagnosis of populations based on the above features allows the forecast for the further development of price constraints, and also allows us to approach the evaluation of the community's succement. At the same time, for an adequate estimate of the prospects of the population, the biological and environmental features of the species are required.

Another interesting articles

Introduction

Ryabchik Russian ( Fritillaria Ruthenica.Wikstr.) - View from the Lily family. F.ruthenica. Located in the Red Book of Russia, to the regional red books of Saratov, Volgograd, Samara, Penza, Lipetsk, Tambov, Bryansk regions. Study of age-related states F. Ruthenica. In the Balashovsky district, as a rare and protected plant, the plant is relevant, which determines the purpose of this study.

This is a perennial bulbish grassy plant with drooping flowers (life expectancy up to 20 years). Porceller is simple, curly-shaped hexted. Fruit - box. This is an Eurasian species. The growth of leaves begins in the second decade of April and continues until the second decade of May. The duration of the vegetation F. Ruthenica. In different age periods from 30 to 80 days. Depending on the timing and time of thawing the soil, the oscillations between the timing of the origin of the vegetation in some years can reach 20-22 days. On the period of summer peace, only a bulb is preserved. F. Ruthenica. It is multiplied with both seeds and vegetative pathways (the kidneys of resumption from bulbs or appendage of brood kidney). F. Ruthenica. - Xeromesophyte. Required to soil.

Category and status of F. Ruthenica. In the Saratov region 2 (V) - a vulnerable view. It grows on the windy meadows, among shrubs, on the edges and glads of deciduous forests, in the cooler dumbers, along the rocky chalk slopes. Limit factors are - collecting the population and violation of the integrity of habitats.

Materials and research methods

To study the state of price puzzles F. Ruthenica. Test pads were laid in size of 1x1 m. On each test site, the total number of individuals per 1 m 2 was taken into account. W. F. Ruthenica. The following biometric indicators were measured: height, number of lower, middle and upper leaves, number of flowers, length of leaflets of the perianth. When analyzing these indicators, the age states of individuals were determined, and ontogenetic spectra were compiled. In determining the age structure of the population for the accounting unit, individuals of seed and vegetative origin were taken. The age states were determined by the works of M.G. Vakhromeva, S.V. Nikitina, L.V. Denisova, I. Yu. Parnikhoz. Recovery, age and efficiency indexes were determined by the method of A.A. Uranova. The recovery index shows how many descendants account for one generative in this moment . The age index estimates the ontogenetic level of the CPU at a specific point in time, it changes in the range of 0-1. The higher its indicator, the older the studied CPU. Efficiency index, or average energy efficiency, is an energy load on a medium called "middle" plant. It also changes from 0 to 1, and what he is above, the older the age group of the "medium" plant.