Some territorial disputes and claims of countries around the world and space space. Territorial claims for the Arctic
View of Balaklava, Tass
Territorial claims to Russia as the most big country On the planet, the phenomenon is not a new and reaction of Russia in this matter - a real reason for pride. For each "controversial" territory, calmly and politely, with sympathy and understanding, is trying to explain that all the land owned by Russia and the Russian people will forever be for Russia. But with this obvious position, the leaders of a number of countries do not want to be reckoned, the matter and then raising the noise around the so-called "controversial" Russian territories.
But the most interesting in another - Russia of territorial claims does not impose any country in the world, and as it has developed historically - it has developed. After all, if you begin to present, you will have to remember the powerful Russian EmpireThe territory of which in the 19th century was 21.8 million km² (that is, 1/6 of the sushi) - she ranked second in the world, after the British Empire. And this is without taking into account the territory of Alaska, which was part of its composition from 1744 to 1867 and held an area of \u200b\u200b1,717,854 km², excluding the Aleutian islands, as well as part of the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada ... Russia does not remind about it, but could ...
So which countries have territorial complaints to Russia?
The Republic of Korea:island Noktundo
Photo: SMITSMITTY.LiveJournal.com Noktundo belonged to the Korean Chosen Dynasty from the XV century. In 1587, there was a battle between the detachments of Zhurzhen nomads and the local garrison under the command of Lee Sunxina, the National Hero of Korea.
During the crosses of the northern sleeve of the foggy, the river bed was changed from time to time, as a result of which Noktundo was connected to the land of Primorye. Despite this, the territory of the island continued to be under Korean jurisdiction.
In 1860, without the consent of the Korean side, Noktundo departed to the Russian Empire in accordance with the Beijing Treaty between Qing China and Russia. During the 20th century, the territory of the island was located as part of the Khassansky district of Primorsky Krai.
In 1990, the USSR and the DPRK signed an agreement on the establishment of a state border line for the foggy, thanks to which the territory of the former island was recognized by Soviet. This deal did not recognize South Koreawhich continues to consider the territory of Noktundo its.
Japan: Kuril Islands
Perhaps the most relevant today are the claims of Japan to Russia against the Southern Kuril Islands: ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habmilai archipelago. These territories first appeared on the map of Russia in the middle of the XVIII century, when the captain of the Russian fleet Martyn Petrovich Shppberg inflicted her small Kuril Rud. Catherine II consolidated these attachments by decree of 1786, calling them "the land, Russian navigators acquired."
However, already in 1855, they were transferred to Japan in accordance with the Simoda Treaty as the key to the "permanent peace and sincere friendship between Russia and Japan." This agreement followed the St. Petersburg Treaty for which all Kuriles crossed Japan in exchange for the Japanese part of Sakhalin. The latter was subsequently lost during the Russian-Japanese war.
The chance to return the lost territories was introduced by the Yalta Conference on February 11, 1945, which an agreement was reached on the USSR entry into the war against Japan, subject to the transfer of southern Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands to him. In accordance with this Agreement, General of the Allied Troops Douglas MacArthur in 1946, a special memorandum excluded the Kuril Islands (Tiscima Islands), a group of the islands of Habomai (Habmague) and Sycotan Island, a special memorandum.
However, the peace treaty between Russia and Japan was never signed. Japan refused to recognize a number of Kuril Islands that switched to Russia, Kurilsky. According to the official position of the country of the rising Sun, the island of ITUURUP, Shikotan, Kunashir and Khabomai (southern chickens), Kuril was not included and Japan did not refuse them.
Territorial dispute only aggravated in the conditions of the Cold War. In 1956, the USSR, according to the Maritime Declaration, was ready to give Japan the island of Habomai and Shikotan, leaving strategically important Kunashir and ITUURUP. However, in the case of such a compromise, the United States threatened the country of the rising sun by the deprivation of the archipelago of Ryuku with Okinawa Island, which was then under the control of America.
The failed compromise was, in fact, the last precedent in history, when the Kuril Question could move from the dead point. The "Agreement and Safety Between the US and Japan" adopted shortly after this, legalized the stay of American troops in Japanese territory, which was naturally regarded by the USSR as a threat to their own interests. The argument "On the Northern Territories" went into the utmost deadlock.
Today, the four islands of southern smoked, as well as the status of the Northern Islands and South Sakhalin, remain the main stumbling block in Russian-Japanese relations, which prevents the summary of the Second World War and the signing of a peace treaty. According to the position of Russia, all the Kuril Islands, including ITUURUP, Shikotan, Kunashir and Khabomai, as well as all Sakhalin, belong to the Russian Federation on legal grounds, according to the results of the Second World War.
Russia is ready, still, make concessions, in the form of the islands of Habomai and Shikotan. Japan, whose position consistently supports the United States, considers all southern chickens with its original lands, illegally occupied by Russia, and the northern smokers and South Sakhalin, territories with an indefinite status. On her part, the peaceful contract is possible only when returning all four controversial islands. At the same time, there is another third force - the indigenous people of Aina, who insist on their sovereign rights to the Southern Islands.
Indigenous residents of Aina The situation sometimes comes to the absurd. So, in 2012, the Japanese government officially expressed regret, in connection with the visit russian president Dmitry Medvedev, Kunashir Islands, calling it "serious obstacles in bilateral relations."
Return Kuril is the cornerstone of the foreign policy of the current premiere of Japan Shinzo Abe. To date, the Japanese media adhere to the position that the territorial question was finally shifted from the dead point, in connection with the statement by Vladimir Putin, that the lack of a peace treaty with Japan is abnormal.
Latvia: Claims for Pintov
The legacy of the revolution and the subsequent section of the Russian Empire was the long-term territorial dispute of Russia and Latvia for the Pskov region Pskov region. This territory was transferred to the latter under the terms of the Riga peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Latvia from 1920. According to the official Latvian version, in 1920, an ethnographic principle was applied in 1920. According to other sources, Latvia insisted on the transfer of this area to it, since it was an important railway node. In any case, Tipalovo became part of the separated Latvia, and soon it was renamed Yauanylatgale.
But lost territories were returned twenty years later, in 1940, after the inclusion of Latvia in the USSR as the Latvian SSR. And in 1944, the tringle and surroundings became part of the RSFSR, after release from the Nazi occupation. After the collapse of the USSR, Latvia refused to recognize these territorial changes, calling its inclusion in the Union of Socialist Republics, an occupation, and a tortile - illegally annexed territory, insisting on the return of the borders of 1920. The area with the speaking name "Pintovovo" for a long time became the source of irritation in relations between Moscow and Riga.
He ripped the signing of the Russian-Latvian border agreement when Latvia unexpectedly included a one-way, explanatory declaration with claims to these territories. According to Latvian politicians, the foundation of the Tsilovo owned by Russia has violated the Latvian constitution, according to which, the border (naturally, the corresponding border of 1920) cannot be changed without the consent of citizens on the referendum. In response to this, Vladimir Putin uttered his famous phrase: "From the dead donkey ears, and not the Pratovsky district."
Latvia could still insist on its undoubted property to the "five kilometers" of the Pskov region, if it were not for its desire to join the European Union, one of the main requirements of which are clearly defined borders. In 2007, President Vike-Freiberga refused its territorial claims, expressing the hope that this: "It will help to defrost a really frozen relationship with the Eastern neighbor."
Finland: Karelian question
While Latvia refused its territorial claims, in Finland, the number is growing public organizationsPending for the return of Karelia and other territories lost during World War II. On the upcoming public debate dedicated to the hypothetical ways of the return of Karelia, which can take place in the very near future, reported to "lead Karelia". According to them, among the initiators - the Revenge Organization Prokarelia, Karelia Club, as well as the Karjalan Kuvalehti magazine.
For its history, Karelia was a Swedish duchy, and the Korel county, and Olonets governments. This land more than once became controversial.
Karelian question arose as a result of the conditions of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920, at the end civil War In Finland and the Soviet-Finnish war. In his conditions, Western Karelia passed to Finland. The territories were returned during the Second World War, and the Karelian Finnish population was evacuated to Finland. In 1956, the Caroen-Finnish SSR was transformed into autonomy as part of the RSFSR.
Despite the fact that Finland officially does not raise the issue of revising the borders, in the country, according to the latest surveys, 38% of respondents are in favor of the return of West Karelia. In 2011, the leader of the Prokarelia movement already known to us, Waikko Saksa performed with a similar initiative, reporting that the return of Karelia Finland corresponds to all the norms of the European Union. However, President of Finland, Sauli Niist, during his working visit to Moscow in 2013, denied this information, stating that it never heard such a proposal among Finnish lawmakers.
China: Spore about 17 hectares
To date, China has territorial claims to almost all its neighbors. Russia is no exception. More recently, in 2005, the Russian-Chinese border has undergone a change in the form of 340 square kilometers: a plot of land in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island of a large and two plots in the area of \u200b\u200bTarabarov Islands and Big Ussuri, at the merger of Amur and Ussuri rivers, passed under the jurisdiction of the PRC. However, on this, in the territorial claims of China to Russia, the point was not supplied.
In 2012, when checking the state border between the countries, China declared the need to shift it in Russia, putting forward a claim to the "original Chinese" 17 hectares of Altai Mountain Area. It is worth noting that the dispute arose due to a small plot of a hard-to-reach territory located at an altitude of 2500-3000 meters, and not equipped, this moment, bandwidths. As a result, the Chinese side could not provide any documents in support of his claims to the Altai 17 hectares, which turned out, overnight, in controversial territories.
Ukraine Crimea
View of Balaklava, TassThe Crimean Peninsula, which houses the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol entered into Russia March 18, 2014 on the results of the referendum held on its territory, at which the overwhelming majority of Crimeans voted for reuniting with Russia.
When leaving the composition of Ukraine, Crimea used the same foundations as she in 1991 when leaving the USSR, namely:
- The right of peoples to self-determination
- The threat of security due to the state coup
- Continuation of centuries-old historical traditions
Ukraine, which was part of which Crimea before, at the time of the referendum had already lost previously existing statehood, since the coup, during which the current president was lowered by Parliament with obvious violations of constitutional procedures, automatically put out the constitution all the power in the country and legally destroyed the state as Such.
The results of the referendum are openly not recognized by Ukraine and the West, the rest of the world in its mass simply bys the question of the party. The topic in any case, for some time remains open, among other things, and because in 1954, Crimea was transferred to Ukraine with other borders - since then the northern part of the Arabat Spit with the village of Rowers remains so far in the Kherson region. In general, the question is closely related to further fate Novorossia.
Territorial claims of Japan
Today, Japan has territorial disputes with almost all neighbors. In 2005, a long-term dispute between Japan and the Republic of Korea, which supports the DPRK, on \u200b\u200bthe problem of Tocto Islands (Japanese name Taxima) entered into a new stage. The uninhabited island of Tokto is located in the Japanese Sea (Korean name - the East Sea) and allows you to control its southern water management and exit to the East-China Sea (through the Tsushimsky Strait). The possession of them, except for stable transit income, provides an advantage in the development of oil and gas reserves in its area, which were discovered there in the first half of the 1980s. In the amount of about 60 million tons. This is a sufficiently significant argument for the struggle for it, as Japan, DPRK and South Korea are almost 100% dependent on the import of these resources. In the same area there are large reserves of many high-grade species of sea bioresources, which are hardly the most significant in the Japanese (Eastern) Sea basin. In 1905, after the end of the Russian-Japanese war and the beginning of the Japanese expansion on the Korean Peninsula, Tokyo included them in its prefecture of Symanne. In the early 1950s, Seoul took these islands, proclaiming that they were centuries in the Korean state and were illegally seized. Currently there is a small garrison of the Seoul Maritime Police of Zolota E. On the issue of the situation around the island of Tokto // Problems of the Far East. - 2006. - №5. - p.42-43 ..
At the initiative of the legislation of the prefecture of Symanne on February 23, the "Day of Takesima" was announced. This step was not officially supported, but was not convicted by the central authorities of Japan. Nevertheless, bilateral relations between the countries aggravated: Japan's negotiations and the Republic of Korea were interrupted about creating a free trade zone, the planned visits of high-ranking Korean officials in Japan Pavtenko V., Semin A., Tubin N., Shcherbakov D. Japan in 2005 // Problems of the Far East. - 2006. - №5. - C.105 .. In October 2006, the prime minister of Japan Shinzo Abe in Seoul and his meeting with the President of the Republic of Korea, but Mu Hyun, the first summit of the heads of two states after a one-year interruption. The leaders of the two states stated their intention to promote the development of the Japaway Korean relations, "aimed in the future" Graniuk V. Japan: the problem of historical responsibility // Problems of the Far East. - 2007. - №5. - p.47 .. However, in March 2009, Chairman of the Democratic Party of Japan, ITiro Oidzava, suggested buying an island from Korea, to which the Korean authorities responded with a sharp condemnation of this offer of Oidzava proposed to buy a controversial island from South Korea // Kyodo News.
Relationship with China in last years They are built on the principle of "hot in the economy, cold in politics." Between Tokyo and Beijing actually lacks constructive interaction in the political sphere, there is no progress in resolving problems that periodically cause exacerbation of relations: differences in approaches to the Taiwanese issue, a territorial dispute against the islands of Senkeca (Diaoyudao) and others. Islands Senkeca (in Chinese cartography - Diaoyudao) include five uninhabited islands and three reefs with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 6.32 km. Located in the southern part of the East-China Sea 175 km north of O. Hisigaki, 190 km north-east of O.Tayvan and 420 km to the east of the mainland China. Islands Sentkack are controlled by Japan, and their ownership challenges China and Taiwan.
Until the second half of the XIX century. The archipelago remained uninhabited, the sources do not contain information about the attempts to master the territory either by the Imperial China, nor Japan. Only in the 70s. XIX century Japan begins to show interest in the Stenkak archipelago located in the immediate vicinity of the Islands of Ryuku - Island Shankak appear on the official maps of Japan. The Japanese government did not prohibit Japanese fishermen to fish near the archipelago, considering these uninhabited islands of a none territory. In turn, the Chinese government did not protest against the actions of Japanese fishermen. Based on this, it can be concluded that the Chinese government did not consider the Stenkak archipelago as a territory belonging to China.
Islands did not enjoy broadly fame and did not cause territorial disagreements before in 1968 the UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East did not publish a report that it was reported that a rich oil field could be in the continental shelf of the East-China Sea tools in the continental shelf of the East-China Sea . In the fall of 1968, scientists from Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan conducted studies at the bottom of the East-China Sea, which showed that northeast of Taiwan, in the area of \u200b\u200ba total area of \u200b\u200b200 thousand km? There is a rich petroleum field. Thus, the territorial conflict on the affiliation of the Senkeca archipelago from the moment of the end of World War II in 1945 until 1970 has not yet existed. Because of his low importance, the desert archipelago SENCAC was not even mentioned in the text of the San Francisian peace treaty with Japan.
Taiwan for the first time officially expressed his claims on sovereignty over Islands Senkeca in September 1970 in October 1970, China, still kept silence regarding the problem of the Secankak archipelago, declared its territorial claims to the Islands of Diaoyudao (Senkeca). However, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the PRC and Japan (September 1972), the conflict largely lost its sharpness. A new exacerbation occurred only in the mid-1990s. The deterioration of the Chinese-Taiwanese relations in connection with military exercises carried out by the PRC on the eve of the election of Taiwan's president in March 1996, caused serious concerns from the residents of Japan. If these events were turned into a military conflict, China capturing Taiwan, perhaps, would try to master the Islands of Shankak controlled by Japan. There was a danger of unleashing hostilities between the two countries.
Recently, the problem of mastering the gas shelf in the East-Chinese Sea at the junction of exceptional economic zones was aggravated. China does not recognize the Japanese version of the separation line of the shelf and has already begun industrial gas production in the disputed area. In turn, the Japanese government issued a license to Japanese companies for exploration and gas production in the area. The Japanese side is developing measures to ensure the safety of Japanese companies by self-defense forces. To do this, in the southern regions of Japan, the units of self-defense forces from the Northern Army (Hokkaido) Polltenko V., Semin A., Tomba N., Shcherbakov D. Japan in 2005 // Problems of the Far East. - 2006. - №5. - C.106-108 .. The new round of exacerbation of the conflict around these territories falls in February 2009, when the Prime Minister of Japan Taro ASO announced that Japan and the United States would cooperate with each other in the event of any possible attack of a third country to challenged Islands in the East China Sea. In response, China put forward a protest and said that the islands "are the territory of China and China has an indisputable sovereignty over them." Cyt By: China protests against the remarks of Taro ASO regarding the contested islands // Kyodo News, 02/27/2009. To date, the agreement between Japan and the PRC on the affiliation of the Stenkak archipelago was not achieved.
An important place in the foreign policy of Japan is occupied by relations with Russia. However, emphasizing Tokyo's desire to develop relations in all areas, the Prime Minister of Japan emphasizes that Japan is not going to move away from its position on the subject of the southern smoked accessories.
The Kuril Islands is the chain of the islands, located east of Sakhalin, with a total area of \u200b\u200b5.2 thousand km?. Islands are a natural frontier of Russia from Pacific Ocean When approaches to the Okhotsk Sea and Primorye, significantly expand the scope of mainland defense, ensure the safety of ways of supplying military bases located on Kamchatka, control over the sea and airspace over the Okhotsk Sea. Possess rich natural resources (Mineral, including the world's only field of Rhenium on Itupe, water bioresources).
The northern and central part of the Kuril ridges were opened by Russian navigators in the XVI-XVII centuries. In 1786, Empress of Russia Ekaterina II proclaimed the chickens by Russian possessions. In 1855, the first Russian-Japanese treaty was signed in the Japanese port of the Simer - the Simoian Trade Tractor, which established the border between the two countries between the Islands of Warpet and ITUURUP. At Japan, ITUPU, Kunashir and a group of Haboma Islands, the remaining Kuriles were announced by the ownership of Russia. In 1875, in the St. Petersburg Treaty, Russia handed over Japan 18 Kuril Islands in exchange for the refusal of the Japanese side from the rights to Sakhalin. The border between the two states passed through the shed between the cape of the blade on Kamchatka and the island of Schumay. In 1905, after Russia's defeat, a portsmouth peace treaty was signed in the Russian-Japanese war, in which Russia was inferior to Japan southern part Sakhalin. In 1925, the USSR officially announced the refusal to recognize the borders in the Portsmouth Treaty. In February 1945, at the Yalta Conference of the USSR, the United States and the United Kingdom reached an agreement on the USSR entry into the war with Japan, subject to him at the end of the South Sakhalin war and smoked. In April 1945, the USSR denounced the peace treaty and began in August martialctions against Japan. In February 1946, the USSR announced the inclusion of smoked in his composition. Until the early 1990s, the position of the USSR government was that the issue of territories between the USSR and Japan was resolved and enshrined with relevant international agreements to be followed. Recognition of the fact of the existence of territorial claims of Japan was first recorded in the Soviet-Japanese statement Koskin A.A. Soviet-Japanese statement in 1991 Russia on Kurilah // Problems of the Far East. - 2007. - №1. - S. 92-96 .. Since that time, there was no significant changes in the issue of belonging to the Kuril Islands, since none of the parties are going to retreat. Almost all the prime ministers of Japan, elected over the past two decades, during the election campaign, they didn't emphasize that Japan would not retreat from his claims.
In February 2009, the Prime Minister of Japan Taro Aso noted: "Russia is an important neighboring country in terms of ensuring peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. In order to raise our relations with Russia to a high level, it is necessary to achieve a final solution to the territorial problem, which remains the largest unresolved issue. "Russia and Japan will decide the Kuril question? // Kyodo News, 08.02.2009. Again, several possible dispute resolution options allowed. For example, the so-called "50x50", which implies the separation of the islands between Russia and Japan in half. At the same time, Russia remains only ITUP, whose area is 62% of the territory of the islands (this project has not received active support from one of the parties).
However, in the past few months, after appointing to the post of Prime Minister of Japan, Yukio Khatyama, who, before election to the post of head of government, he stated that she was intended to progress in negotiations with Russia for smokers for the year? Two, there was another exacerbation of the situation around the islands. On June 11, 2009, the Lower Chamber of the Japanese Parliament approved the draft law confirming the rights of the state to the 4th-owned Islands. According to the draft law, for which the deputies voted unanimously, the islands of Kunashir, ITUURUP, Shikotan and the group of Habmioma Islands are an integral part of Japan. The law also expands the rules of a visa-free regime on Kuril. First Vice President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems Konstantin Sivkov The main reason for such a decision sees the fact that the Japanese are confident: Russia is weakening, and its armed forces approached this state when they cannot provide full-fledged security "Constelle A. Japan can go on a power scenario / /Sight. - 20.11.2009 .. He believes that impacts are possible in several directions: economic pressure on Russia through the "Great Seven"; The second is the information pressure, where Russia will be exhibited as an aggressor, which is already done within the European Union. And the last - direct force pressure. In the case of the weakening of the Russian armed forces in this region, Japan can go for unilateral security measures at the occupation of the "Northern Territories".
On earth for a long time has a significant impact not only on the inner, but also foreign Policy Russia. The question of which countries have territorial claims to Russia, is rooted in the Middle Ages and persist in our time.
Historians scholars share territorial disputes into several values:
- military-strategic (during the war they can become not only a transshipment point, but also suitable for the placement of military radar technology);
- economic (areas rich in resources and having the potential for the development of tourist business);
- political (land disputed by their belonging to a particular country).
Russia has the biggest marine and land borders that need complete control and protection.
The Russian territory at all times was considered "Laccom Kosk", especially for the eastern rulers. Since the V century, Russia has been subjected to nomads raids not only for their own enrichment, but also to conquer new territories.
Japan
Some southern parts of the Kuril Islands are a subject of dispute between Russia and Japan, especially since a peace treaty nor the border treaty between countries does not exist, as it cannot sign it since the Second World War.
USA
Between countries, the largest water border in the world is running. Differentiation of water in the Bering Strait for a long time could not be resolved. Since 1990, Russia and the United States have concluded an agreement on the delimitation of territorial waters (about 5 thousand kilometers).
Azerbaijan
Russia requires not only the division of the bottom of the Caspian Sea, but also some land areas. Disputes arise in connection with the residence of the people. The people of Lezgina can be divided, as it lives on both sides of the border.
Georgia
The work of the Commission for the division of the border complicates the section of the Black Sea Part, which includes an economic zone with territorial zones and shelves.
China
Since the beginning of the 1960s, border disputes began between the USSR and the Republic of China. The struggle for the Dalmatian island lasted for several years. And only in 1991 was signed an agreement on delimitation. However, the Chinese are still trying to deepen their borders in the Amur River area and Altai Mountains. Moreover, the dispute is about a small plot of land in 17 hectares located at an altitude of 3 kilometers. The delicate agreement operates on the Western border with a length of 50 km. Despite this, the Chinese press often publishes the cards on which part of Russian lands is marked as the property of the DPRK.
Kazakhstan
The question of the border remains controversial. But so far, none of the parties raised him.
Estonia
One of the Russian roads has the shape of a boot and intersects twice with the Estonian border. It is uncomfortable for motorists of both countries. Estonian authorities to solve the problem proposed to convey "Sap Tog" into their property. But some items of the compiled contract did not satisfy Russia, and the road remains the subject of disagreement.
Ukraine
Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and Kerch Strait are considered inner waters both countries. However, Kiev insists on the distinction of not only the water border, but also some of the land territories.
Lithuania
The country borders with the Kaliningrad region. Official claims to Russia have not yet been announced, but in the media there are rumors that the Lithuanian authorities are interested in the annexation of the Russian territory.
Latvia
After the collapse of the USSR, the Latvian authorities put forward claims to the Attali region belonging to the Pskov region. But Russia categorically refused to transfer their lands of Latvia. Neighbors did not exacerbate the dispute and went on concessions, since the feud with Russia would not bring the desired results. All conversations within the country about an attempt to return Karelian lands were refuted by the presidents of Latvia.
Karelia
Land several times became property different countries. After the Great Patriotic War Part of Karelia was returned, and part is the composition of Finland. Recently, the Russian-Finnish border does not give rest to local residents who advocate for the return of the Russian side.
All countries that have ever territorial claims explained this historical events. With its knowledge, you can save the indivisibility of Russian lands without much disagreement.
The fact that any of the neighbors will try to get involved in the war with Russia due to the territorial conflict at present, unlikely. Exact information about which countries there are territorial claims to Russia, no, there are only assumptions and rumors.
Russian-Japanese relations in the last decade are complicated by the problem called the problem of the so-called northern territories. It should be considered in the context of the whole process of territorial division of Russia and Japan.
This process began in the 1st half of the XIX century, when the Russians and the Japanese met each other in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Islands. These islands were of interest as a zone of fishery of marine animals for Russian industrialists. And for the Japanese who lived on Hokkaido Island, they were a fishery zone.
Curil O-Wa were in the XVII century. Opened and mastered Russian. The indigenous population of the islands (ains) was given in the citizenship of the Russian king.
1855 - the first border agreement was concluded. The northern part of Kuril was fixed by Russia, South - for Japan. Distribution point - O.itup. Sakhalin was declared an unrequited territory.
1875 A new Russian-Japanese border agreement was concluded. All Sakhalin moved to Russia, and the northern part of the Kuril Islands to Japan.
During the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Japan initially occupied all Sakhalin, and then in the Portsmouth peace treaty received his southern part.
1941 - signed a neutrality pact. This document made it possible to avoid retracting Soviet Union in hostilities on Far East In the midst of the Great Patriotic War.
In the course of negotiations with Western partners in the Anti-Hitler Coalition, Stalin on Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conferences led to the USSR entry into the war with Japan near the requirements. He demanded the return of the USSR of the southern part of Sakhalin and the restoration of the leased lease of the Liaodo Peninsula with the cities of Port Artur and Far Far-to-Japanese war. In addition, the Curil Islands and the Sino-Eastern Railway (CERD), sold by Japan in 1935, were requested as compensation.
On April 5, 1945, the Soviet government announced the denunciation of the Neutrality Covenant with Japan. In the course of military operations, southern Sakhalin and Kuril Islands were liberated among other territories.
1946 These territories were included in Sakhalin region RSFSR. The cities of Port Arthur, Fal Far and Curvas of the USSR received under a contract with China, and then returned them to last after the victory of Chinese communists in the Civil War.
1951 San Francisco is a peace treaty with Japan, the USSR was not. Japan refused southern Sakhalin and Kuril Islands.
1956 - Joint Declaration of the USSR and Japan (restoration of diplomatic and consular relations between the two states). The USSR was ready to convey Japan part of the South Room Islands, namely the island of Shikotan and the island ridge of Habomaia. Soviet leadership A declared the refusal of the provisions of the Moscow Declaration of 1956
From 1960 and before the early 1990s. The situation around the peace treaty was frozen. The Soviet Union denied the existence of territorial problems, and in Japan, most political forces advocated the return of the "Northern Territories" (ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan, Habomai), linking this issue with all the other issues of development of relations from the USSR.
1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian leadership made efforts to intensify the dialogue with Japan, but they did not give a tangible result.
The new stage in relations with Japan began after the President of the Russian Federation became V. Putin. During the visit of the Japanese Prime Minister DZ. Koizumi to Russia and V. Putin was signed by the Russian-Japanese action plan with the aim of giving new quality to bilateral relations, which must comply with the potential possibilities of both states.
Regarding the conclusion of a peace treaty and related territorial problems of the parties under the adopted plan identified the following tasks for themselves:
1) intensify negotiations in order to quickly address the remaining problems;
2) clarification of the public of the two countries of the importance of the conclusion of a peace treaty ";
3) the further development of visa-free exchanges between the inhabitants of the islands and Japanese citizens;
4) cooperation in the field of fishery of marine bioresources;
5) search for shape joint houses in the islands area
More on the subject of territorial claims of Japan to Russia: the origins, the solution paths:
- Japanese-Russian relations at the present stage. Territorial problem as a geopolitical factor of relations between Russia and Japan: stages and solutions
- Reasons, the origins of tension in the Middle East and the way of achieving peace and security
- 1. Ways, approaches and methods of solutions in a conflict situation
The territorial claim is the claim of any state to any territory in order to establish its sovereignty over it. T.P. It may be bilateral and multilateral, when one or the same territory, which is not accurate, is claimed by two or several states. In these cases arises. With one-sided etc. The applicant state does not doubt the legal status or belonging to this territory to a certain state, but for some reason believes that this belonging should be changed. Such claims do not form a territorial dispute, since they are based on the legal rights argument on the legal rights of the parties (who have real, and who are imaginary), and there is just a desire to change the territorial status quo. One-sided T.P. It can be expressed in the desire of the state to change in its favor the border in accordance with international rights without precisely determining the limits of the territory to which it claims. One-sided. can be considered as contrary to modern international lawSince, according to its norms, all changes to the affiliation of state territory are solved either on the basis of the principle of self-determination of peoples and nations, or by agreement of the relevant states. One-sided T.P. represents a threat territorial integrity and inviolability, the sovereignty of the state, the borders of which are disputed, significantly worsens the relationship between the relevant states, is fraught with the possibility of serious armed conflicts. One-sided claims are nominated by a number of states regarding Antarctic or its parts. They are not recognized by other states, but are not rejected, and frozen under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959
Economy and Law: Dictionary-Directory. - M.: University and School. L. P. Kurakov, V. L. Kurakov, A. L. Kurakov. 2004 .
Watch what is a "territorial claim" in other dictionaries:
Legal vocabulary
Territorial complaint - The claim of any state to which or territory in order to establish its sovereignty over it. T.P. It may be bilateral and multilateral when one and the same territory, which is not installed, ... ... ... Legal encyclopedia
territorial complaint - with the estate of any state to which or territory in order to establish its sovereignty over it. T.P. May be bilateral (multilateral), when two (or more) states claim the same territory. In these cases ... ... Big Law Dictionary
See territorial claim ... Legal vocabulary
