In Primorye, there are 82 species ground mammalsrelated to six detachments. A distinctive feature of the richest fauna of the edge is the presence of a large number of endemic species, some of which are under threat of disappearance and is listed in red books of various levels, and part is simply rare and requires special protection measures.

Inseid

To very ancient animals that preserved a number of primitive features include representatives of the detachment of insectivores. Close relative of the European Crowe is the Ussuriyskaya Mogeler in Primorye *. The individuals of the so-called "Far Eastern, or Japanese, Croott" are much larger and reach the mass of 300 g. At the very south of the region - in the Khasansky district - one more type of Mogeur lives - Japanese, which is listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The endemic look is an Amur hedgehog, practically not different from the European species and has a brightest coloring, which is associated with the presence of non-invalid needles. Of the nine species of the burzubok, the most interesting is very rare, listed in the Red Books of IUCN and Russia, the view is a giant burlack, quite justifying its name: its mass reaches 15 g. This animal is so rarely that not a single adult male, and Not many zoological museums of the world can boast the presence of at least one instance of this burzob.

Manochable

A manochable, or bats, are presented in Primorsky Krai 15 species - of which the Night Long, long-tailed and iconnikov, the leather and oriental batturies and the eastern leather are very small, and a clearly pronounced tendency is noted to further reduce the number of these species and subspecies. The reason for this is the destruction of animals in natural underground caves - karst caves and a decrease in the places used for brood colonies - buildings of the old building, as the roofs of houses of new buildings are completely unsuitable for the formations of colonial clusters.
The oldest, so far a dumping group of manochable - tube, rare places of findings of which are scattered through the enormous territory of South and Central Asia. Only in the south of Primorye, a representative of this group lives - Ussuriy Small Tubontos *. In the south of the Khassansky district there is the only colony of ordinary long raised in Russia, introduced into the Red Book of Russia. Unfortunately, this colony, consisted of up to 1000 individuals, was located in fortification facilities on the border with China and there is information that it was destroyed in connection with the recently ended demarcation of the Russian-Chinese border. The most numerous winter species is the brown Ushhan.

Rodents

The most numerous animals in the region, as practically and everywhere, are rodents represented by the most diverse species from the little ones like a tuskanchik for a typical underground resident of the base.
The decoration of forests is a manchurian squirrel *, which is a special major subspecies of the ordinary protein. Short black hair characteristic of the summer protein by October is replaced by winter dark gray. An interesting feature Ecology proteins is the phenomenon of mass migrations: during the lack of feed, animals begin to make grand transitions to the yield places. At this time, they can be seen in the most unsuitable stations for them - among fields, abosses, in villages, on the rocks moving in a certain direction.
According to appearance, partly resembles a flying protein, the most characteristic feature of which is a hair fold-covered with hair, stretched in the form of a megrims on the sides of the body between the front and rear paws. This animal rarely jumps on trees like a squirrel, and more often, climbing the trunk to the top, rushes down, putting the limb to the side. At the same time, the dealing membrane serves as a peculiar wing of the glider or parachute. During the planning shot, the flying can make quick and cool turns, and in a straight line, decrease, fly up to 100 m.
An even more common rodent is a chipmunk *. In winter, he sleeps, laying down in the holes in October - November and awakens only in March. In the years of high numbers, and with a lack of bug feed feed appear in gardens and gardens, inflicting serious damage to local residents.
From small rodents in various types of forests, a red and red-gray fields, an east-Asian mouse and a mouse, and on open spaces of the edge of the Far Eastern Wildlife, a field mouse, two kinds of hamsters - Daursky and rats. The smallest mouse in the Primorsky Territory, the mass of which does not exceed 15 g - Mouse-Baby *, which, unlike all other rodents, does not dig holes, but vibrates ball nests, often suspended in a thick grasshound or on branches of shrubs.
Two species in Primorye live from Zaitsev in Primorye and Manchurian. Manchurian hare looks like a rabbit: he has a wide head and shortened, in comparison with other hares, ears and rear paws. Unlike his relatives, these hares do not confuse their traces at all, do not make a surrender, but try to get away from the persecution "directly", having lavailing undergrowth among thick thickets. And this hare has a lot of enemies - it is caught literally all the predatory animals from the column up to the leopard, even a small caress and that can rip weekly age. This species is mainly located in the dry plots of the river valleys and along the foot of the mountains, where the thick undergrowth grows.

Parquest animals of Primorsky Krai

In Primorsky Krai, seven types of wilderflower animals lives: a noble deer (Izüter), Amur Goral, wild spotted deer, cabgaru, roe, elk and boar.
One of the rarest hoofs of Russia - Gryl * - meets in the mountains of Sikhote-Alin. This species is under threat of disappearance and survived only in the most inaccessible areas of the ridge. Favorite habitats are cool rocky cliffs, descending straight to the sea. Horam with a striking ease jumps on the steep steps, making rapid jerks and jumping up to two meters. The country's long run is not adapted and try not to remove from the saving rocks. Currently, the total number of these animals is estimated at 500-700 individuals, of which 200 Mountains live out of protected areas. Hunting and calfs are forbidden from 1924, the species entered into the Red Books of IUCN and Russia.
Another endemic view of the ungulate, brought into the Red Book of Russia - Ussuri Spotted Deer *. Very beautiful summer color of these animals - numerous white spots are scattered along a bright orange background. No wonder the Chinese call this deer "Hua Lou", which means "deer-flower". It is believed that in Primorye there are two ecological forms of this narrowareal subspecies - wild and park. It is the wild populations of deer are protected by law. Currently, the aboriginal populations have been preserved only in Lazovsky and Olginsky districts, mainly in the Lazovsky Reserve and the territory adjacent to it. Deer, unlike gerulties (bulls, goats and rams), change the horns annually. At the first stages of the growth of the horns of deer soft, covered with gentle skin with hair; Only by the fall, they are made hard and soldered. The horns to the osenation are called Pants and are widely used for the preparation of Pantokrin's medicinal preparation. It was this fact that served as one of the reasons for the extermination of spotted deer at the beginning of the century.
The original small deer of Kabarga * weighs only up to 10 kg. Unlike other spotted deer and deer, the males of Kabargi are rugs, but they have sharp fangs in the upper jaw at 6-8 cm of length. The hind legs at the Kabargy are much longer than the front, which allows it to make it easy to jump up to 7 m. A calm step is walking "having embarrassed", and if necessary, get your usual winter food from the trees (lichens) rises on the hind legs, resting on the trunk. In males on the belly there is a peculiar iron, the so-called "bubbling jet", which is a bag of size with a chicken egg, filled with a casual brown mass with a sulfur-ether smell - musk, which is widely used, for example, in perfumery for fastening spirits.
Speaking of unfortunate Primorye, it is impossible not to mention the Ussuri subspecies of a boar *, well different from the other four subspecies of large body sizes. Externally, the boar is little similar to the domestic pig. This is a massive animal on strong legs, with a strongly developed anterior belt, a very thick and short neck and a powerful head that makes up about a third of the entire body length. There are still old male sekhati weighing up to 300 kg, although the average weight of the boars, taking into account young, significantly smaller, approximately 70 kg. From the end of November, Kabanov begins a gon, accompanied by cruel fights among males. And young piglets are born at the end of March - April, when the snow is still lying. Piglets, leaving a specially constructed Nest "Gaino", already from the fifth day, independently find out the feed of the mother, who continues to walk with them until spring next year.

Predators of Primorsky Krai.

Representatives of the detachment of predatory are widely represented. Feline family, for example, includes four types: Tiger, Leopard, Lynx and Wild Cat. No need to describe appearance And the features of the ecology of the largest cat of Ussuri forests - a tiger, who became a kind of symbol of the Primorsky Territory. It is more important that this unique cat is under threat of disappearance.
A rare subspecies of the tiger lives in Primorye, the number of which has stabilized at a low level. Over the last century population amur tiger* survived deep and dramatic changes: from a relatively high number of early century to a deep recession at the end of the 30th - early 40s., When there were about 20-30 animals within the country within the country, then a fracture of gradual growth to 1990 ., When the number of tiger may have reached a level 300 - 350 individuals. The main factor leading the tiger on the face of disappearance was the direct persecution by him, and the turning point in his fate was the introduction of the tiger's legislative protection in Russia since 1947. Although there is no direct threat to the disappearance of this subspecies, its future continues to cause serious alarm. In most areas of the region, there is a clear imbalance of the population density of the main species of potential victims of the predator and the predator itself. The most important negative factor was the increased poaching, acquired from the beginning of the 90s. Commercial character (skins, bones and other parts of killed tigers find sales in most countries of East Asia as valuable drug raw materials). Currently, a detailed "strategy of preserving the Amur Tiger in Russia" has been adopted and comprehensive efforts are being made to normalize the situation with this rare and beautiful predator.;
Another predator under threat of extinction is Far Eastern, or Amur, Leopard *, which is the most northern of all subspecies of the leopard. Its population is considered genetically separate and requires measures to preserve it as a genetically unique component in a system of species diversity as a region and the world as a whole. Currently, there are no more than 50 individuals of the leopard and scientists are being made to all efforts to rescue this animal from extinction. Barca weight does not exceed 80 kg. Winter fur has a thick, with a bright color: on the oath-red background, black or black and brown solid or collected in spots are scattered. Leopard walks and jumps completely without noise, and bright coloring perfectly masks it in any seasons, so see this slim, with soft smooth movements it is possible very rarely.
Normal, but a few wildwood cat in the forests of Primorye, the smallest representative of feline in the Far East. The individuals of the wild cat are much larger than domestic cats, old males weigh up to 10 kg. It feeds on rodents, ripples, pheasants, presses young roots. The lifestyle leads hidden, night, and the day spends in the dupes, rocks, in the bowls of shrubs.
Two types live here from bears. The brown bear, the largest Bear of Europe and Asia, is widespread throughout the Ussuri Territory, although the bulk of the habitat is timed to the central part of Sikhote-Alin. Most of the time this beast is in search of food, feeding predominantly vegetable food. As you know, brown bears lie in a hibernation, using a burgold for wintering, located under the echo of a tree or in Burvel in coniferous forests, mostly in the deaf, deep plots of mountains. Not sufficiently fastened for normal winter sleep bears in the hibernation do not run. These are the so-called "connecting rods", which are characterized by the manner of wander all winter in the taiga in search of any feed, up to the remnants of the wolf "trapes". They attack hoofs and are dangerous at a meeting for a person.
The Himalayan Bear, whom the people are called that Belogrudym, then black, distributed only in the southern part of the Far East, upholstered in broad-sized forests. They differ markedly from brown bears. Fur cover they have silky, black with a white spot on the chest in the form of a flying bird. Large males in 200 kg are rare, and females usually weigh no more than 100 kg. About 15% of the time of their lives, Himalayan bears spend among the crowns of trees, feeding berries, acorns and nuts. For the winter, they lie down in mid-November, to snow. Berlogs are arranged in the hollows of soft wood species - poplar or linden. There, females in February, two, less often three blind bearings, just 500 grams weighing. The view is included in the Red Book of Russia. However, in the present period, the process of reducing the number of this species is stopped and the number of bears in Primorye has increased markedly.
From the dog family in Primorsky Kra, there are raccoon dogs, a wolf and a fox. Another representative of this family is a red wolf listed in the Red Books of IUCN and Russia. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century, flocks of red wolves were regularly appeared throughout the range in Russia, but since the 1930s each case of a meeting of this animal became exceptional rare. The disappearance of this species in Primorye was a catastrophic reduction of its number on the adjacent territory of China, from where, apparently, it was taking place for the territory of Russia. A red wolf for the present period cannot be found to the permanent types of fauna of Primorye, until it is proved to reproduce it in this territory.
Predators of medium and minor sizes on relatively short legs and for few exceptions (badger, wolverine) strongly elongated flexible torso - representatives of the kunih family. In Primorsky Krai, this family is represented by 10 species. Badger, Wolverine, Sable, Harza, Lask, Ermine, Solong, Speakers, American Mink and Ottomans live here.

Primorye does not have equal in Russia for wealth and variety of animal and vegetable world. Conducted to be successful geographical position The edges and lack of continuous coating ice in the era of the worldwide glaciation. As a result, on the territory of modern Primorye, we can see the unique mixing of cold and thermal-loving species of animals and plants that are diametrically different in their geographical origin.

The distribution of wild animals through the territory of Primorye is determined by the climate, terrain, vertical illustration and biodiversity of the plant world. It is due to the presence of a mountainous country Sikhote-Alin, the foothill and flat spackers of the Ussuri Taiga, the abundance of rivers and lakes, and we are witnessing a special variety of animals of the Primorsky Territory.

In Primorye, 82 species of mammals live, including: Tiger, Leopard, Spotted Deer, Groa, Iister, Kabagra, Koslya, Retal Dog, Sable, Ussuri Cat, Fox, Otter, Columns, Wolverine, Squirrel, Chipmunk, Hare and many others.

Exceptionally diverse pernation world Primorye. There are 458 species of birds, many of which are made to the red books of various ranks. For example, of all rare birds listed in the Red Book of Russia, more than half live in the forests, on the sea coast, lakes and rivers of Primorye. According to the estimates of the ornithologists, in the period of spring-autumn migrations in Primorye, 2,5-3 million birds are stopped. The largest clusters of waterfowl are observed in the Khankaysky lowland, where for the purpose of their observation and the protection created

The animal world of the Japanese Sea is very rich and diverse. According to the species diversity of fish, the Japanese sea has no equal among all the seas of Russia. Only commercial products here are 179 species of fish, among which: herring, flounder, Minttai, Navaga, Salmon, Terpug, Koryushka, etc. From invertebrates: crabs, shrimps, mollusks (mussels, scallop, oyster), octopus, trepang, squid, Sea Yozh, Trumpeter, etc. In lakes and rivers of Primorye, there are up to 100 species of freshwater fish.

A distinctive feature of the richest animal world of the region is the presence of a large number of rare and endemic species requiring special protection measures. To this end, a large and fruitful work on protection and reproduction has been created in the region.

Rare and endangered animal species, birds and fish Primorye:

Tiger Leopard Himalayan Bear Spotted Deer Mount Mole Mogeler Giant Breeping Ussurian Clawed Triton Far Eastern Turtle Black Crane Daurry Crane Japanese (Ussuriysky) Crane Middle White Heron Gus-Sukhonos Large Cabinlan Scaled Crochal Mandarink Fish Filin Reculculated Owl Orlan-Belochlost Berkut (Eagle) Dicksha Oatmeal Yankovsky Cane Sutor Black Amur Chinese Okun (Auha)

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Presentation on the topic: Red Book of Primorsky Territory

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Amur tiger, became a kind of symbol of the Primorsky Territory. It is more important that this unique cat is under threat of disappearance. A rare subspecies of the tiger lives in Primorye, the number of which has stabilized at a low level. Over the past century, the Amur Tiger population has survived deep and dramatic changes: in the late 30s and early 40s, when there were about 20-30 animals within the country within the country, then a fracture to gradual growth until 1990, when the number Tiger may have reached a level 300 - 350 individuals. The main factor leading the tiger on the face of disappearance was the direct persecution by his person, since 1947 in Russia, the legislative protection of the tiger was introduced. The most important negative factor was the increased poaching, acquired from the beginning of the 90s. Commercial character (skins, bones and other parts of killed tigers find sales in most countries of East Asia as valuable drug raw materials). Currently, a detailed "strategy of preserving the Amur Tiger in Russia" has been adopted and comprehensive efforts are being made to normalize the situation with this rare and beautiful predator.

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Far Eastern or Amur Leopard is the most northern of all leopard subspecies. Its population is considered genetically separate and requires measures to preserve it as a genetically unique component in a system of species diversity as a region and the world as a whole. Currently, there are no more than 50 individuals of the leopard and scientists are being made to all efforts to rescue this animal from extinction. Barca weight does not exceed 80 kg. Winter fur has a thick, with a bright color: on the oath-red background, black or black and brown solid or collected in spots are scattered. Leopard walks and jumps completely without noise, and bright coloring perfectly masks it in any seasons, so see this slim, with soft smooth movements it is possible very rarely.

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Wild forest cat, the smallest feline representative in the Far East. The individuals of the wild cat are much larger than domestic cats, old males weigh up to 10 kg. It feeds on rodents, ripples, pheasants, presses young roots. The lifestyle leads hidden, night, and the day spends in the dupes, rocks, in the bowls of shrubs.

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The brown bear, the largest Bear of Europe and Asia, is widespread throughout the Ussuri Territory, although the bulk of the habitat is timed to the central part of Sikhote-Alin. Most of the time this beast is in search of food, feeding predominantly vegetable food. As you know, the brown bears lie in a hibernation, using burgogs for wintering, located under the echo of a tree or in Burlese in coniferous forests, mainly in the deaf, deep plots of mountains. Not sufficiently fastened for normal winter sleep bears in the hibernation do not run. These are the so-called "connecting rods", which are characterized by the manner of wander all winter in the taiga in search of any feed, up to the remnants of the wolf "trapes". They attack hoofs and are dangerous at a meeting for a person.

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The Himalayan Bear, whom the people are called that Belogrudym, then black, distributed only in the southern part of the Far East, upholstered in broad-sized forests. They differ significantly from the brown bears. Fur cover they have silky, black with a white spot on the chest in the form of a flying bird. Large males in 200 kg are rare, and females usually weigh no more than 100 kg. About 15% of the time of their lives, Himalayan bears spend among the crowns of trees, feeding berries, acorns and nuts. For the winter, they lie down in mid-November, to snow. Berlogs are arranged in the hollows of soft wood species - poplar or linden. There, females in February, two, less often three blind bearings, just 500 grams weighing. The view is included in the Red Book of Russia. However, in the present period, the process of reducing the number of this species is stopped and the number of bears in Primorye has increased markedly.

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Red Wolf is listed in the Red Books of IUCN and Russia. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century, flocks of red wolves were regularly appeared throughout the range in Russia, but since the 1930s each case of a meeting of this animal became exceptional rare. The disappearance of this species in Primorye was a catastrophic reduction of its number on the adjacent territory of China, from where, apparently, it was taking place for the territory of Russia. A red wolf for the present period cannot be found to the permanent types of fauna of Primorye, until it is proved to reproduce it in this territory.

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One of the rarest hoofs of Russia - Gryl * - meets in the mountains of Sikhote-Alin. This species is under threat of disappearance and survived only in the most inaccessible areas of the ridge. Favorite habitats are cool rocky cliffs, descending straight to the sea. Horam with a striking ease jumps on the steep steps, making rapid jerks and jumping up to two meters. The country's long run is not adapted and try not to remove from the saving rocks. Currently, the total number of these animals is estimated at 500-700 individuals, of which 200 Mountains live out of protected areas. Hunting and calfs are forbidden from 1924, the species entered into the Red Books of IUCN and Russia.

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Ussuri spotted deer. Very beautiful summer color of these animals - numerous white spots are scattered along a bright orange background. No wonder the Chinese call this deer "Hua Lou", which means "deer-flower". It is believed that in Primorye there are two ecological forms of this narrowareal subspecies - wild and park. It is the wild populations of deer are protected by law. Currently, the aboriginal populations have been preserved only in Lazovsky and Olginsky districts, mainly in the Lazovsky Reserve and the territory adjacent to it. Deer, unlike gerulties (bulls, goats and rams), change the horns annually. At the first stages of the growth of the horns of deer soft, covered with gentle skin with hair; Only by the fall, they are made hard and soldered. The horns to the osenation are called Pants and are widely used for the preparation of Pantokrin's medicinal preparation. It was this fact that served as one of the reasons for the extermination of spotted deer at the beginning of the century.

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Of the nine species of the burzubok, the most interesting is very rare, listed in the Red Books of IUCN and Russia, the view is a giant burlack, quite justifying its name: its mass reaches 15 g. This animal is so rarely that not a single adult male, and Not many zoological museums of the world can boast the presence of at least one instance of this burzob.

The richest fauna of the Primorsky Territory includes 82 types of ground mammals, many of which are endemics listed in the Red Books various rank or simply rare, requiring special protection measures.

Insectivores

The detachment of insectivores is represented by the Ussuri mogular-close relative of the European Crow. In the south of the region, the Japanese Mogeler listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation lives. The endemic of the region is the Amur Hedgehog, the "red-born" - a giant burlack, the mass of which reaches 15 grams.

Manochable

15 species live in Primorye batsPart of which (long-faced nightnight, long-tailed and iconnikov, oriental leather, oriental and leather-like bat) are very small. In the south of the region, the Ussuriy Small Truconos lives, and in the south of the Khasansky district there is a colony of an ordinary long, brought into the Red Book of the Russian Federation. The most numerous winter view is the brown of the Ush.

Rodents

Rodents are the most numerous inhabitants of the edge. Long-tailed alarm, century, protein-flying, and Manchurian protein - the largest subspecies of the protein of ordinary.
Common chips, an East Asian mouse and a mouse, red and red-gray fields, field mouse, Far Eastern Polevka, two kinds of hamsters - rat and Daursky. In Primorye, two types of bark-manchursky and whites are inhabited.

Parquarts

Seven types of guinea animals live in Primorsky Krai: Iister, Amur Groa, wild spotted deer, roe, Kabarga, Elk and Caban. The most rare of them is Merul, living in the mountains of Sikhote-Alin and listed in the Red Books of the region and the Russian Federation.
"Red-born" is the Ussuri spotted deer, the wild population of which is preserved only in the Lazovsky Reserve.
Large Ussuriy Caban is distinguished by large sizes - old males sekchechy reach 300 kg of weight.

Predators

Felight family includes:, lynx, wild cat, tiger and leopard. Under the special protection there is a population of the Amur Tiger, located on the verge of extinction.
Far Eastern, or Amur, Leopard is under threat of extinction, and the most northern of all subspecies of the leopard.
Two types of bears live in the province - brown and Himalayan (Belogruda). The population of the last listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation has increased in the latter and now does not cause concerns of the disappearance.

Fox, raccoon dog, wolf and "red-based" red wolf live from the family of doggy in the province.
Their predators of the kunih family in the region are found by Wolverine, Sable, Badger, Harza, Lask, Ermine, Columns, American Mink, Solong and Otter.

suggestions

• National Park "Call Tiger"

  National Park "Call Tigra" is located in the heart of the Ussuri Taiga, at the junction of Lazovsky, Chuguevsky and the Olginsky districts. Territory national Park It covers part of the Sikhote-Alin Ridge, the mountain system of the mountain cloudy, the upper part of the Milogradka River basin (Van-Chin), the ridges of the Ussuri River, and the origins of the Kiev River. Within the national park there are more than 50 vertices with a height of more than 1000 meters and the cloud mountain (1854 m) is the highest peak of Primorye.

• Ussuri State Natural Reserve

  Ussuriysky state Reserve Located on the territory of the Ussuri and Shkotovsky regions of the Primorsky Territory. The reserve was founded in 1932 and until 1973 was called Supinsky. Until 1972, the Nature Reserve was 16.55 thousand hectares, currently its area was expanded to 40.43 thousand hectares.

• Sikhote-Alinsky Reserve

  The reserve was founded in 1935 in the territory of the Krasnoarmeysky, Ternaya and Dalnegorsky regions of the Primorsky Territory. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is 387.2 thousand hectares, of which 2.9 thousand hectares fall on the maritime water management and 4, thousands of abrection tract. The reserve is located on the eastern and western slopes of the Sikhote-Alin mountain system and stretched 1200 km long, with a width of 250 km.

• Elk State Zoological (Hunting) Reserve

  The core state zoological (hunting) reserve was established in 1986 on the territory of the Ternersky district, in the northern part of the Primorsky Territory. The area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is 26 thousand hectares.

GOU VPO Pacific State Economic University (UV)

Animal World of Primorsky Territory

Ussuriysk 2010.

1. Introduction

2) species diversity

3) general characteristics biodiversity

- Birds of the Primorsky Territory

Bird migration through the territory of Primorye

- representatives of the detachment of insectivores

- Arup, or bats

- Rodents

- wild mannial animals

- Representatives of the detachment of prey

- Study of land mammals

a) Beversion salons as a phenomenon and indicator. Adaptation of animals to the terms of the mining Sikhote-Alin

4) problems of animal protection

5) Conclusion

6) References

Introduction

In Primorye, there are 82 types of terrestrial mammals belonging to six detachments. A distinctive feature of the richest fauna of the edge is the presence of a large number of endemic species, some of which are under threat of disappearance and is listed in red books of various levels, and part is simply rare and requires special protection measures.

The animal world of the Primorsky Territory is distinguished by a unique combination of northern and southern species. The most rich and peculiar animal world of cedar-wide forests. Typical mammals, embodulating Ussuriysky forests, are predators: Amur Tiger, Far Eastern Leopard, Amur Forest Cat, Himalayan Bear; Unlocks: spotted deer, raisin. Wolverine, boar, lynx, sable, otter, as well as excavation and rodents are often found.

In Primorye, there are 360 \u200b\u200bspecies of birds. Among them are many endemic species of the Sino-Himalayan type of fauna or wearing a tropical appearance and wintering in the Philippines and the Stern Islands, in India and Indochita. In the forests of Primorye, the most common insectivores: the tropical appearance of the Flyholovka, the Chinese Oriolga, the Detolls: Woodles and Fresh; Purbitating: oatmeal of Yankovsky, Chernogol Dubonos; Chicken: Rye, Pheasant. In the river valleys and on the lakes, the scaly crocheal and the Pestro painted duck-tanger will live. Rare are Far Eastern Stork, Kolpitsa, Sukhonos, Daurgy crane.

In the water reservoirs there are up to 100 species of fish: crucian, Amur Pike, Verkhoglad, Smeegolov, Chebak, Harius, Krasnoper, Taimen. From the Japanese Sea, enter the river to the spawning of Gorbush, Keta, Sima.

Species diversity

Birds	Insectivores	Manochable, or bats	Rodents	Wild wooden animals	Predators
Redhead Dyathel	Ussuri mogeur	Tubontosy	Long-tailed alarm
Fish Filin	Amur hedgehog	Brown Ushman		Amur Hora
Mandarinka	Manchurian squirrel	Wild spotted deer
Black cheering	Manchurian hare		Wild cat
Red-legged Ibis	Far Eastern Polevka		Brown bear
Far Eastern Aist.	Daurgy hamster		Himalayan Bear
Crested Peganka
Scaly Krochal	Mouse baby
Japanese Zhuravl

General characteristic of biodiversity

Birds Primorye

Redhead Dyathel

Among the birds of the Ussuri region there is a mysterious redhead diaper - the status of which is still not clear, and not only in Russia, but throughout its nesting range, which includes some part (which one - there is no conventional opinion and Chinese ornithologists) Hailundjiang in China.
From our woodpeckers, he is the only truly migratory, wintering D. Hyperythrus Subrufinus are located in the extreme southeast of China and in Northern Vietnam and coexist with the ranges of the three southern subspecies.
A bright color and some details of behavior are evidenced about his close relationship with birds of tropics. Have a bright redhead chest and belly and a white ring around the eye against the backdrop of a redhead of the head of the head, the rest of the color of the plumage reminds the color of other mothers of the kind of dendrocopos. Unfortunately, we still failed to photograph birds in nature. These woodpeckers often fly high above the forest canopy and almost always shout in flight. Creek redheaded dyatla is a long modulating trill, increasing in vibration. The drum fraction, on the contrary, is very short, the shortest of the fractions of all other dyatlov kind of dendrocopos, but rather sonorous and audible from the distance more than 100 m.
In the composition of the Fauna of Russia, the redheads of the woodpecker was introduced in 1966. G. S.Lofer and Yu.N. Nazarov, when several span birds were found on the islands of Peter Great Bay. In the 70s, the meeting of the species of extreme south of Primorye became regular, but all attempts to find it here on the nesting was still not crowned with success.
A complete surprise was the discovery of the first nesting site of a redheaded lamely in Russia after almost 20 years after the first meeting. In 1985, he was discovered by O.P.Valchuk significantly north, 60 km north-east of Khabarovsk. From that time, the redheads are registered here almost annually, the geography of spring meetings in Primorye and in the northeast of Hailongjiang Province are expanding. And, finally, in 1997 A.A.Nazarenko managed to find a new one, the second in Russia and the first in Primorye, the nesting site of the species - on the Ridge Strelnikov in the Ussuri River Basin.
As in Northeast China, in the Russian Far East, the Redsubrichi Woodwood dwells in secondary mixed-wide forests of lowland and nations with the predominance of oak and a large share of Osin's participation in the treasure. Probably, the appearance of secondary clarified forests is not immediately after logging, but when the aspen's planting reaches a mature age. It was not discovered in the territory of the Ussuri region until 1966, although many experienced researchers and collectors worked here, starting with N.M. Przhelzhalsky. Most likely, the Red East of Russia appeared in the Far East of Russia from Northeast China in the 60s, when there are now existing secondary forests in the border strip in the basins of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. The process of resettlement (or resettlement) of the species seems to continue, because In China, due to an amplifying anthropogenic press, the area of \u200b\u200bsuitable habitats is steadily declining, while in Russia therefore the opposite increases. We believe that the next place in the nesting of a redhead dyatla in Russia may be the Ridge of Small Hinggang in the Jewish Autonomous Region, covered with similar forests.
The biology of a redhead student is still poorly studied, but it is not fundamentally different from the biology of other dyatlov, with the exception of parts defined by the moonliness of the species.
At the workshop of the Bird Life Internetionel Coordination Committee on the project of the Red Birds of Asian Birds / Khabarovsk, 1996 / it was decided to make a type of candidate lists for inclusion in this book. Currently, it is included in the new edition of the Red Book of Russia as a small, sporadically common and poorly learned type / Valchuk, in print. It is possible that the creation of a reserve in the first area of \u200b\u200bnesting is advisable as special types of kind. Collection of material on biology of type and study contemporary state His populations in the south of the Far East of Russia continues.

Fish Filin

In the Ussuri region, there is even more rare fish filin. It also meets on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, in Primorye, on Sakhalin and Kurilla. It can be said that this is the most unusual owl of our country. First, Fish Philin is a long-time representative of the Red Book. Secondly, in contrast to other owls, it feeds almost exclusively by fish.

According to the size, this owl is almost not inferior to an ordinary film, she has a low-contrast, monotonous, and in addition, the palm trees are naked, without boost.

Fishili Filin almost all the time spends on one site floodplains of rivers overgrown with high Ilmami and poplars. It is not suitable for any place - birds choose rivers rich in fish, as well as those that in winter do not freeze finally or have wormwood. There Filin feed in the harsh time of the year. They sit at open water on the shore and guard their prey. Some worn and promoters can assemble five to six birds.

Summer Fish Filins usually look out for fish with coastal stone, from a high area of \u200b\u200bthe shore or with a tree torn above the water. As soon as the predator notices the fish, he immediately breaks away from the observation point and there is enough Lenka or Harius rising to the surface of the water. At night, he wanders in shallow dugs and snatches the fish sailing past. To keep slippery prey, Filin allows severe paws, armed with very sharp crochetic claws. The inner surface of the paw is covered with small spines. Sometimes Fish Filin changes the place of hunting, moving from one area of \u200b\u200bthe river to another. I happened to see entire trails that these birds were hungry, wandering along the coast.

Fishilie Filin is distinguished unusual for vocality - the pair of this species persists, apparently for several years. In February, when snow in Primorye lies in the seaside, the wedding season begins, and the valley forests are announced by the spring cries of these birds. Birds do not interfere with "sing" to each other: their voices sound with strictly defined intervals. Usually begins the male, but after his first syllable, the female inserts his "song" in the "song" of the male, and both birds "sing" duet. Unlike ordinary Filina, fish never "laughs." Often "sing" fishe filin from the nest, sitting on one bitch. Their duet is far away in the morning or evening dawn - heard at a distance of one and a half kilometers from the toxic pair.

At the nest adult birds often echoes whistle.

The nests Fish Filin are built in the voupels at a height of 6 to 18 m. Usually in the nest two, less often - three chicks. Two months later, they leave the hollow, but hold nearby while they learn to fly. However, for a long time, until the autumn, adult birds continue to feed the young. It happens that the next year, almost adult young Filins arrive at the new nest of their parents and the demanding whistle must have food from them.

The number of this rare species of owls today is steadily reduced. The economic development of the floodplain territories, the deforestation of older dumpy trees, the random death in the trays, the development of water tourism, the pollution of the rivers and the custody of fish stocks - all this reduces the number of these unusual birds.

Duck-Mandarinka
Mandarinka is the most beautiful duck on Earth. Of course, we are talking about separation. The duck is also elegant and graceful, but painted modestly. It is clear: she can not attract the attention of predators, because on her shoulders all the concerns about the offspring.

This is a small duck, also called Japanese and Duples. The average weight of the separation is about 620, and ducks are about 500 grams.

Flight at Mandarin Fast and very maneuverable: from the ground and from the water they rise freely, almost vertically.

Usually, Mandarinka is a very silent duck, she complains, pays, but in the spring, during reproduction, it is continuously shaking, and its voice is significantly different from the voices of other ducks.

Mandarins arrange nests, as a rule, in the dupes. A significant part of the diet is acorns. In the nest usually 6-7 often 8-10 eggs. Summates their female for 28-30 days.

A rare species whose number tends to reduce. It lives in Amuru, in the mountain system Sikhote-Alin, the valley of Ussuri and the southern Primorye. The view nests in the south of Sakhalin and on. Kunashir.

Wintering Mandarinka in Japan and South China.
The commercial value of the tangerine does not have. In China and in Japan, it was domesticated and bred as a decorative bird.
The main nesting range of Mandarin is on the Japanese Islands and on Taiwan Island.
Mandarin arrive in Primorye early, when there are snow in the places, and the first wins appear on the rivers. Arrive with couples and flocks and they immediately begin with their marriage courtship; It happens at one female to three males. Without fighting, it does not do, but these are more reminiscent of the ritual of the competition.

Mandarins arrive when the Far Eastern Frogs begin spring concerts and the period of laying caviar. Frogs, like Justice, is a favorite delicacy of mandarin. Of course, another mass of "dishes" from plant seeds, fish, coalsubs, etc. Included in the food diet of these ducks, but the first two are the main. To enjoy the acorns, the mandarinks are sitting on oaks, they collect them on the slopes of sills or in water.

Mandarins nest in the voupels of trees sometimes at an altitude of up to 20 meters, and it is necessary to be surprised like chicks, falling from such a height, do not break. And here even any predators appear, crows.

All summer at the female, Mandarinka goes to raising offspring. The males in June discharge the marriage outfit and become almost indistinguishable from females. Mandarins live according to the deaf taiga rivers, along the blades, styal, and therefore are still preserved in sufficient quantities. And although they are listed in the Red Book of Russia, the disappearance of them does not threaten. It is difficult to imagine the Far Eastern River without beauties-tangerine. In America, her close relatives live - Carolinskaya duck, but she is noticeably inferior to the Mandarin, and the forests there almost never remained there, as we have. Both species belong to forest wood ducks and in brazle places are found only during the span.

In the autumn, mandarinks fly to the south late. Some males that are delayed until November, manage to "dress" again in the marriage outfit ...

Black Zhuravl (Lat. Grus Monacha.) - Bird of the column family, nesting mainly in the territory Russian Federation. For a long time, he was considered an unexplored species, the first nest was discovered by the Russian ornithologist Yu. B. Pukinsky only in 1974. It was listed in the international red book as a threat of disappearance. The total number of black cranes is estimated by ornithologists in 9400-9600 individuals.

One of the smallest types of cranes, its height is about 100 cm, and the weight is 3.75 kg. The plumage of most body is bluish gray. Flying feathers of the first and second orders of wings, as well as the crumbling feathers of the tail of black. The head and most of the neck are white. There are almost absent on the darkness of the feathers, with the exception of the set of black bristles; The skin in this place in adult birds is painted in bright red color. The beak is greenish, at the base slightly pinkish and yellow-green on top. Foot black and brown. Sexual dimorphism (visible differences between male and female) are not expressed, although males look somewhat larger. Young birds in the first year of life, the theme is covered with black and white feathers, and the bodice of the body has a reddish shade.

During the reproduction period, the black crane feeds and nests in the hard-to-reach areas of the rolling safed taiga swabs with the oppressed wood vegetation, mainly consisting of larch or rare shrubs. Avoids both larger open spaces and thick vegetation. In the winter migration areas, it stops near rice or grain fields and in wetlands, where they are knocked in large flocks, often along with gray and Dauri cranes.

The diet does not differ from the diet of the gray crane and includes both plant and animal food. It is powered by parts of aquatic plants, berries, grain, insects, frogs, salamanders and other small animals. In the Japanese nursery it is fed by rice seeds, corn, wheat and other grain crops.

The pair of black cranes mark their joint with a joint characteristic singing, which is usually published with the knocked head and raised vertically close the beak and is a series of complex lengthy melodic sounds. At the same time, the male always spreads the wings, and the female holds them folded. The first begins to shout the male, for each of his cry the female answers two. Clawing is accompanied by characteristic caravilic dances that may include bouncing, flicking, flaking wings, throwing the grass beams and slopes. Although dances are most associated with marriageOrnithologists believe that they are the usual manifestation of cranes behavior and can play the role of a soothing factor in aggression, removal of voltage or enhancing the marital communications.

The location for the nest is selected in hard-to-reach places in the midst of mossy marshes of medium and south taiga with rare oppressed vegetation. As a material for the nest, pieces of wet moss, peat, stems and leaves of the Oski, larch and birch sprigs are used. The laying of eggs takes place at the end of April-beginning of May, the female usually postpones two eggs an average of 9.34x5.84 cm and weighing 159.4 g (according to other data, the size of eggs 10.24x6.16 cm). The incubation period is 27-30 days, both parents are involved in reaching. Chicks become on the wing after about 75 days.

The current state of some red bird species

Red-legged Ibis

In the XIX century nests in Primorye (Przhevalsky, 1870). After 1917, no longer met nesting in Russia. N.M. Przhelzhalsky (1870) numbered two or three dozen birds during spring migration and no more than 20 in the breeding season. Over the past 60 years in Primorye, three times single birds are encountered (SPangenberg, 1965; Labzyuk, 1981, 1985). In the 80s of the twentieth century. On the territory of Primorye, special searches for the Red Night Ibis were taken. Questionnaires were made by the Society of Wild Birds of Japan. Searches did not give positive results. The local population is considered extinct.

Far Eastern Aist.

In Primorye, a significant part of the population is inhabited. The main area of \u200b\u200bthe nesting is the Ussuri-Hankai lowland. In 1974-75 About 140 pairs nested in Primorye. During these years, one family of storks accounted for an average of 1.6 chicks (Shibayev et al., 1976; Shibayev, 1989). In recent decades, the number of this bird decreases. Unlike White Stork (Ciconia Ciconia), the Far Eastern Stork (Ciconia Boyciana) to a lesser extent to the person. Although he lives mainly in the anthropogenic landscape, the nests in the villages are practically not found.

Crested Peganka

The view, the existence of which was known for old Chinese and Japanese drawings, as well as on several museum specimens. It was believed that Khough Peganka disappeared. However, birds meeting in 1964 in South Primorye (Labzük, 1972) and in 1971 - in North Korea (Sok, 1984) suggest that birds are still preserved in nature. Nevertheless, a survey survey conducted in the early 80s in East Asia, including in Primorye, did not give positive results (NOWAK, 1983).

Scaly Krochal

More than 90% of the world population of this duck nests (multiplied) in the Far East of Russia. (Only a very small amount nests also in S.-z. China.) In Primorye, the scaly crochal is found on many mountain rivers in the Sikhote-Alin Ridge system. The state of the population does not inspire special concerns.

Japanese Zhuravl

The nesting of the Japanese crane in Primorye is associated with the Khankayskaya lowland, as well as with lower reaches large tritokov R. Ussuri. The maximum number of birds was taken into account in 1980 (116 copies) and in 1986 (123 copies) of the years. Successfully nesting pairs (families) were, respectively, 18-19 and 20. Having (nesting biotop) - extensive herbal swamps with reeds in combination with lakes and small river. Birds with Lake Hank flies for the winter on the Korean Peninsula. The state of the population is fairly stable.

Cane Sutorure

This bird with extravagant appearance was found in Primorye at the end of the 60s of the XX century. The main area of \u200b\u200bits nesting is a prikhankay lowland. According to 1977/79. There were no more than 400 nesting couples. Nest biotope reed mud - reed thickets. In the same thickets, birds spend the winter, feeding in insects, wintering in the stems of the cane. Such extreme specialization pretends very vulnerable. Especially dangerous for the form of herbal fires, regularly extinguishing on the Khankay lowland. In the Chinese part of the range, industrial blanks of reeds are practiced.
The creation in 1990 of the Khankay reserve slightly reduced the sharpness of the threat to the existence of the species. However, did not take off the threat at all. It is necessary to expand the territory of the reserve and the struggle against fires.
IN last years Reed soute was discovered in a small number in other areas of Primorye.

Bird migration through the territory of Primorye

The timeline of the Primorsky Territory to the middle lap and to the area of \u200b\u200bthe contact of the Asian sushi and Pacific Ocean, as well as the fact that the valley itself large river edges - r. Ussuri and the territory of Vlandov Oz. Hanks and lake plains r. Toganan crosses the edge in the meridional direction, all this leads to the fact that in the spring and autumn, the Primorsky Kray falls into the zone of action of the Great "Eastern Transasian Migration Flood of Migratory Birds". Dozens and hundreds of thousands of birds - waterfowl, horses, terrestrial sparrows and others - spring from their wintering in Eastern and Southeast Asia and Australia on the way to their nestings in Northern and Northeast Asia (and in the fall - in the opposite direction) visit Primorye , stopping here on vacation and to replenish energy resources. It is noteworthy that from the total list of 460 species of birds marked in Primorye, over 200 species cross the territory of Primorye during its seasonal migrations.
Through the territory of the region pass 2 main migration flows. One - along the sea coast. He follows most of the Kulikov, Sea Chups, Gahar and other "marine" birds. The other is timed to the valley of the river. Ussuri and Wallands of the Khankayskaya lowland and lake plains p. Tumangan. B? The extended part of waterfowl and the overwhelming part of the land crosses the Primorye precisely by this way. In the extreme south of the region, in the foggy villages, these streams merge.
The first description of the spring span of birds on the lake. Khanka belongs to N.M. Przhevalsky, who conducted his observations here in 1868 and 1869. In the subsequent, many ornithologists, professionals and lovers, in Primorye, were engaged in visual observations for different years current century. As a result, the time of flight for most of the bird species and the estimated number of migrants, primarily waterfowl, is well known enough. Unfortunately, in recent decades, there is a persistent tendency to reduce the number for most of the waterfowl. So, catastrophically fell the number of kloktun population.
Ringing birds, as a method of studying their migrations, was not distributed in Primorye. In 1962-1970 on Oz. Khanka under the leadership of V.M. Ozolvanova was heated over 5.5 thousand chicks of gray and red herds. Returns of the rings, in the amount of 2.6 and 1.5%, respectively, made it possible to find out the areas of the scans of young birds (including far to the north) and clarify the areas of the span and wintering of these hernel. At the same years, in the colonies of seabirds in the Gulf of Peter the Great, under the leadership of N.M.Litvinenko, over 23,000 chick-chip chicks were heated. This made it possible to find out the picture of the movement of birds of different ages And in different seasons of the year within the entire Japanese Sea. In incomparably smaller quantities, some other private birds, including Japanese cormorants, hills and some sparrows birds, were contielded.
In the 80s within international cooperation Between the International Cranes Protection Fund (USA), Japan's Wild Birds and the Liberty Laboratory of the BPPI FDA WRC on the monitoring of the Japanese crane population (see below), the chicks of this crane with colored rings were made. The project did not bring any scientific surprises.
From the fall of 1998, the Amuro-Ussuriy Center for the Study of Biodiversity Biodiversity began to project a long-term ringing of birds in Primorsky Krai. The project is carried out on the initiative and with the financial support of the Department of Social and Ecological Environment Prefecture Toyama, Japan and with the assistance of the Committee for Protection and Rational Access natural resources Administration of the Primorsky Territory. The main goal of the project is to create a monitoring service for the state of the populations of some groups of birds with an emphasis on the sparrow through their catch and laundering during the migration.

Insectivores

Ussuri mogeur

Ussuriyskaya Mogevoy lives in wide forests (the basics preferring the valleys of mountain rivers) with loose soil. Leads an underground lifestyle. The moves of the Ussuri Mogeus are usually located at a depth of up to 10 cm, only in areas with dense ground, the deeper moves with the release of the Earth on the surface and the formation of Krotovin. Food feeding worms, larvae and adult insects.

Live animals make a characteristic garlic smell. It lives in Primorye and in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory in deciduous and mixed forests. If you catch mice and earthrokes. Builds the moves with a diameter of 7-9 cm at a depth of 20 cm. Krootin does not, but the rollers of the soil over the moves are usually noticeable. The skins are much higher than that of other moles, but due to the limited area of \u200b\u200bthe distribution of moger remains a secondary fishing type.

Amur hedgehog

Amur Yozh (Lat. Erinaceus amurensis) - mammal forest hedgehogs; The nearest relative of ordinary hedgehog. It is found in North China, in the Korean Peninsula and in Russia - in the Primorsky Territory, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory and in the Amur region (in the floodplains of the Amur and Ussuri rivers).
Amursky Yozh is very similar to ordinary hedgehog, but has a lighter color. Up to a third of his needles are deprived of pigment, so the general tone of the global cover is light-brown. The fur on the stomach is brown, hard, bristles. On the back and back of the body needle up to 24 mm long. The length of his body is 18-26 cm, the tail is 16-28 mm. Weight depending on the time of year ranges from 234 to 1092 grams.

Amur Yozh inhabits a variety of biotopes, avoiding only high spirits, extensive swamps and large arable land. Optimal habitats for it are valleys of rivers and lower parts of the slopes, covered with coniferous-wide forest, with a rich undergrowth and grass. Prefers to shave on the border of the forest and open spaces. Day spends in the nest, but in cool rainy days May be hunted around the clock. The basis of its nutrition is rain Worms And other soil invertebrates, less often small ground vertebrates, even less often the fruits of plants. The breeding season lasts from the end of March to the beginning of April. In the litter 3-8 cubs. Coolness occurs on 2 years of life.

Normal view for the Far East of Russia.

Manochable, or bats

A manochable, or bats, are presented in the Primorsky Territory 15 - from which the Night Long, Long-Support and Iconnikov *, leather-shaped and eastern bats and East leather are very small, and a clearly pronounced tendency is noted to further reduce the number of these species and subspecies. The reason for this is the destruction of animals in natural underground caves - karst caves and a decrease in the places used for brood colonies - buildings of the old building, as the roofs of houses of new buildings are completely unsuitable for the formations of colonial clusters. The oldest, so far a dumping group of manochable - tube, rare places of findings of which are scattered through the enormous territory of South and Central Asia. Only in the south of Primorye, a representative of this group lives - Ussuriy Small Tubontos *. In the south of the Khassansky district there is the only colony of ordinary long raised in Russia, introduced into the Red Book of Russia. Unfortunately, this colony, consisted of up to 1000 individuals, was located in fortification facilities on the border with China and there is information that it was destroyed in connection with the recently ended demarcation of the Russian-Chinese border. The most numerous winter species is brown Ushhan *.

Rodents

White

Large hare: the length of the body of adult animals from 44 to 65 cm, occasionally reaching 74 cm; Body mass 1.6-4.5 kg.

Long ears (7.5-10 cm), but noticeably shorter than Rusak. Tail usually whole white; Relatively short and rounded, 5-10.8 cm long with a relatively wide paws; Foots, including finger pads, covered with thick hair brushing. The load on 1 cm² Square soles at Belyaka is only 8.5-12 g, which allows him to easily move even along the loose snow. (For comparison, the fox is equal to 40-43 g, in the wolf - 90-103 g, and at the dog's hounds - 90-110 g).

In the coloring there is a clearly pronounced seasonal dimorphism: in winter, the white-white whites, except for the black tips of the ears; Coloring summer fur in various parts of the range - from reddish-gray to grasidal gray with a brown jetty. The head is usually painted somewhat darker back; Boca lighter. Beluto white. Only in areas where there is no stable snow cover, the hares for the winter are not whiten. Belyakov's females are on average larger than males, they do not differ in color. In the karyotype of Belyaka 48 chromosomes.

Society

The Manchuric Cocor (subsilanus subspecies) was still at the beginning of the last century, most part of the Khankay lowland were settled. However, by the 70th - 80s, it was preserved only in the Primorsky Territory on 3-4 small isolated sections with rarefied settlements in the western part of the lowland, in Ussuri, Oktyabrsky, Border and Khankay district. The area of \u200b\u200bthis species continues to shrink. Outside of Russia, the Manchurian Cocor is distributed in Mongolia (in the East) and in China.

This is a relatively large base, the car's painting can vary from dark gray to light, grayish ocher. Top of the nose and forehead lighter and gray. The chin and the rich oxygen circumference. Dark-colored individuals on the back of the head often there is a pale-whites spot. The tail is almost naked, with very rare grayish hairs. Body weight can reach 456 g (on average - 297 g), body length is about 209 mm (minimum - 190mm, maximum -238 mm), tail - 34-50.5 mm (on average - 40.7 mm), feet - 32.7 (30-35.5). Changing length on the third finger 14-18 mm.

The Manchuric Cocor leads an underground lifestyle. Each animal is digging his complex bunk system of moves, about the square of the hole can be judged by the volume of the ground thrown onto the surface into cone-shaped heaps of the Earth. Feed moves are held at a depth of 12-20 cm. The diameter of nor of segolets is 4-5 cm, adults - 8-12 cm. The average emission diameter: 20-50 cm, height 10-30 cm. Spring piles in volume less than autumn, since When laying moves, part of the Earth is clogged into old autumn moves. When digging roots, the corner is constantly paving new moves in the upper tier, clogs old earthen traffic jams. The lower tier of the hole system is located at a depth of 40-110 cm and is connected to the system of feed strokes by several vertical relatives. The length of the moves of the lower tier is limited and is little subjected to changes. Here are the pantry, restrooms and a socket chamber. The length of surface moves reaches 150 m. The Manchurian corner is active year-round. During the day, the peaks of activity are confined to the morning and evening twilight clock. The greatest seasonal activity of this species is noted in May-early June and is explained by the resettlement of young people. By the middle of the summer, the intensity of the scene is falling. In the autumn (August-October), there is a some increase in the partnership, which is due to the need to create feed stocks. Under the conditions of a minor winter, when the soil is freezing, the activity of the base in surface moves is not observed.

Manchurian squirrel

The decoration of forests is a manchurian protein, which is a special major subsidy of an ordinary protein. Short black hair characteristic of the summer protein by October is replaced by winter dark gray. An interesting feature of the ecology of the protein is the phenomenon of mass migrations: during the lack of feed animals begin to take grandiose transitions to the yield places. At this time, they can be seen in the most unsuitable stations for them - among fields, abosses, in villages, on the rocks moving in a certain direction.

According to appearance, partly resembles a flying protein, the most characteristic feature of which is a hair fold-covered with hair, stretched in the form of a megrims on the sides of the body between the front and rear paws. This animal rarely jumps on trees like a squirrel, and more often, climbing the trunk to the top, rushes down, putting the limb to the side. At the same time, the dealing membrane serves as a peculiar wing of the glider or parachute. During the planning shot, the flying can make quick and cool turns, and in a straight line, decrease, fly up to 100 m.

Manchurian hare

Lepus MandShuricus - Mammal of Zaitsev Zaitsess Treasured. Previously, it was often united with Japanese Brachiurus (Lepus Brachiurus) or allocated to a separate genus Caprolgus.

View of the kind of hares. Previously, it was often included in the Japanese shrub hare (L. Brachiurus) or in the genus Caprolgus. Body weight 1.3-2.3 kg, body length 430-490 mm, tail length GO-95 mm, length of the feet 110-130 mm, ear length 75-90 mm.

Ears are very short; The tail is relatively long, gray below, black on top. The color of the back and the top of the head of oath-brown or oath-gray with a dark jetty; On the sides of the head whitish spots, under the eye a dark band; Body sides and paws pallet, belly dirty and white. There are individuals black with fawn throat and white belly or almost white. Winter fur slightly lighter than summer. Like the Belyak, this is a typical forest inhabitant, preferring broad-sized forests with a dense shrub undergrowth. Prefers areas with thickets of nuts and young Dubnyak, Osinniki and Bereznyaki. The most typical biotopes for him are small overgrown honors along rivers and keys. It holds on low water segments with rocks and rocky rods, in the floodplains of rivers, on the shrub's shrub. In winter, it prefers the steep southern slopes of hots, where little snow accumulates. Easily populates overgrown Gari and Lesseki. Coniferous plantings avoids. Old, closed plantings also does not like and settle only on their outskirts; Avoid open places. Like all hares, active at night. Daystreams arranges in a dense shrub, under the vangols and halls, stones; Sometimes it occupies the heap of the fallen trees, roasting emptiness and old holes (for example, badgers). Like many hare, on the melting, he holds very "hard", subwinskaya man for 2-3 m. In winter, especially with heavy snowfall, breaks into the snow. In inclement weather, it does not go to the surface at all, and feeds under the snow, making the moves in its thicker. Asylums are used repeatedly. The individual section of the Manchurian hare is apparently not exceeding several hundred square meters. Manchurian hare scared by man rapidly runs away, but only until it hits the field of view. Unlike other hares, he absolutely does not confuse his traces, does not make a surrender, but try to get away from the persecution "directly" and to hide. It feeds on the above-ground parts of various herbaceous, wood and shrub plants. It was noted that his area coincides with the area of \u200b\u200bLestessa two-color and does not go beyond the boundaries of its growth. In winter, like Belyaku goes to food with young shoots and bark, mostly poplar and aspen. Food with berries, fruits, algae.

Daurgy hamster

Daurus hamster - small (somewhat larger than mice) the animal with a short tail. Body length 82-126 mm, tail 20-33 mm. The muzzle is noticeably anticipated, the ears are relatively large (up to 17 mm), rounded, the foot is naked, the tail is covered with soft short (sometimes longer and rude) hair, transverse rings on it.

The color of the top is light brown, with oath and rust colors; A black strip passes along the ridge, sometimes well blurred, and in the most light-colored races in the winter fur, which remains only in the form of darkening in the field of the nape. The border between the coloring top and sides is smooth. The soles are relatively denomated. Corn are not reduced, but the animals in the winter fur are hidden in wool. In the karyotype 2n \u003d 20.

Skull with a relatively long and narrow nasal department. The top line of its profile, like in a gray hamster, evenly convex. The nasal processes of intercelion bones only barely enter the frontal edges of the nasal. The longitudinal deepening along the middle line of the skull is expressed relatively weakly, especially its part that comes to the frontal bones. The length of the interromene bone is more than three times laid in its width. The upper incisors are noticeably weaker than that of the previous species; Their free departments are poorly rejected back, and alveolar limit only weakly pronounced recesses on the lateral surfaces of the intercelion bones.

Significant mineral remains is unknown. Some signs of similarities with copies modern view There are in extinct forms of gray hamsters of the European part of the former USSR. Even stronger, they are expressed in small hamsters from the ancient Pleistocene of Transbaikalia, the late Pleistocene-Golochene Primorye, as well as South. China (Chowkootyan) is brought together with S. Barabensis, the second - with S. Griseus Milne-EDW.

Mouse baby

The smallest of rodents and one of the smallest mammals on Earth (less than the earthmock is a tiny burlack). Body length 5.5-7 cm, tail - up to 6.5 cm; Weighs 7-10 g. The tail is very mobile, grasping, is capable of charging around the stems and subtle bans; Rear paws tenacious. The color is noticeably brighter than the house mouse. The color of the back is monophonic, brownish-ocher or reddish, sharply delimited from white or light gray abdomen. Unlike other mice, the mord of mouse-baby stupid, shortened, ears are small. Northern and Western subspecies are painted darker and red.

Mouse-baby inhabit southern part The forest and forest-steppe zone, along the valleys of rivers penetrating almost to the polar circle. In the mountains rises to 2200 m above sea level (central part of the Grand Caucasus Range). Prefers open and half-open habitats with high grass. The most numerous on high-threatened meadows, including positive, in subalpine and alpine meadows, on the splawers, among rare shrubs, bungyan vegetation on the wasteland, on the landslide lands, hay and interzhah. In Italy and East Asia, it is found in ricemacam.

Activity round-the-clock, intermittent with alternating periods of feeding and sleep. Mouse-baby is sensitive to overheating and avoids direct sunlight. The characteristic behavioral feature of mouse-baby - movement on plants stems in search of feed, as well as the location of the summer nest. The mouse builds on herbaceous plants (SC, reed) and low shrubs round slot with a diameter of 6-13 cm. The slot is located at an altitude of 40-100 cm. It is intended to remove the offspring and consist of two layers. The outer layer consists of leaves of the same plant to which the nest is attached; Inner - from the softer material. Ordinary residential sockets are simply arranged. In the fall and winter mouse-baby often move into simple holes, in stacks and skids, sometimes in human buildings; Putting snowy troves. However, in contrast to other mice mice-baby in such conditions, they do not multiply, bringing offspring only in the summer in the above-ground sockets. In the hibernation do not fall.

Mouse-baby is weakly social, meeting couples only during the reproduction period or large groups (up to 5,000 individuals) in winter, when rodents accumulate in stacks, granaries. With the onset of heat, adults are aggressive in relation to each other; The males in captivity violently fighting.

Wild rowed animals

Izünter.

Sizes of males Length 220-255 cm; Height in the shoulders 146-165; Head Length 52.5-56. General weight - 170-250 kg. Sizes of females (cm): 185-216; 120-135; 34-48: Weight 140-180 kg.

In an adult debris on both horns 10-12, less often 14 and, as an exception, 16 processes.

The length of the horns of the Rogs of the Rogue 87 cm, the scope of 82 cm, the length of the highest transfers is 32.5 cm and the circumference of the Rog base 20

Summer Izyss Fur consists of short, tightly adjacent to the body of the hair with a subtle base, about 15 mm long, with a bright yellowish bottom and red peak. There is no undercoat. General Type The skins are bright red or yellowish-redhead, in the neck and shoulders on the ridge there is a dark strip width 3-4 cm, the mirror does not stand out from the color of the back, also a reddish-red tone, but is degraded from the bottom of the black stripe. The head is covered with very short grayish wool, the legs are brown. The skin, clothes, covered with velvet brown or grayish wool.

Winter fur. The space from the end of the nose to the ears and the founding of the horns of deep brown color, with some height around the eyes, and hair wear, dense and short, the length of them is 4-5 mm. The neck is covered with long to 60 mm, gray-brown hair, in winter forming the genus and even darkening. The back and sides are dressed very short (5 mm) with a light gray fur with a sandy tint in the shoulders area on the ridge and with a brown-ray rode in the back of the back formed by the dark endings of the hair. The yellow-red mirror, sharply delimited from the sides of a black stripe of 3.5 cm wide.

Young is distinguished by reddish coloring shorter and rare mane in the area between the ears. Juvenile coloring moldy, like all deer of the genus Cervus, redhead with several rows of white spots.

The tail vertebrae of the rubbish is covered with a thin layer of tendons and muscles, dressed by a glazed dark-colored tissue of the grainy structure, weighing about 300 g. This consists of two pieces lying on the sides of the tail and connected together on top and bottom, the base of the tail. Together with this iron and clothes, its skin looks like a fleshy with a stupidly rounded cylinder, (5-6 cm in diameter and 15 cm long) slightly thinning towards the end. In the Island, as well as all other representatives of the genus Cervus, there are lacrimal pits that allocate a sorticular yellowish "sulfur". At the plus of the year, on the outside, in the upper third there is an oval plot with thickened leather and bristly, red-yellow hair, several times greater than the surrounding green wool.

The hoof debris is short and wide. Its sizes in the bull are as follows: front foot-length 11 cm, width in a compressed form 9 cm, height by the front edge of 7 cm; The rear foot length is 11 cm, the width is 8.3 cm, the height is 7.5 cm. The female is relatively more elongated. As with all the manflock, each half of the hoof is a bit asymmetric, internal somewhat already. In the summer, the hoof is dense with a rounded, evenly broken edge, not protruding for the sole (which is observed at the moose that dwells more on the soft moss), but by forming one plane with the last one. The angle formed by the connection of the hooves with the grandmother, and the angles formed by the joints of the individual parts of the limbs are close to 180њ. The hoof is very strong, comparatively stupidly ending, and the structure of the limbs in general corresponds to the load on them by weight of the air beast, and the maneurs of his movement.

Rubbar live in the mountains on cool, often stony slopes; In the valleys, extensive parts of the pebbles along the banks of the rivers are also common, that is, almost always under the legs of the solid substrate. Normally, the beasts are moved by a step, without avoiding the coolest and stony places, and even walk on the places, and in case of anxiety, they move strong high jumps, vigorously pushing out the soil. Lynx Razyri runs little and with jumps go to step. The nature of the movement in bulls and females is slightly different. The females will mostly jump, more strongly and vigorously bending the spinal ridge, and the bulls are more often tried.

Amur Hora

One of the rarest hoofs of Russia - Groal - meets in the mountains of Sikhote-Alin. This species is under threat of disappearance and survived only in the most inaccessible areas of the ridge. Favorite habitats are cool rocky cliffs, descending straight to the sea. Horam with a striking ease jumps on the steep steps, making rapid jerks and jumping up to two meters. The country's long run is not adapted and try not to remove from the saving rocks. Currently, the total number of these animals is estimated at 500-700 individuals, of which 200 Mountains live out of protected areas. Hunting and calfs are forbidden from 1924, the species entered into the Red Books of IUCN and Russia.

Ussuri spotted deer

The endemic view of the ungulate, listed in the Red Book of Russia - Ussuri Spotted Deer. Very beautiful summer color of these animals - numerous white spots are scattered along a bright orange background. No wonder the Chinese call this deer "Hua Lou", which means "deer-flower". It is believed that in Primorye there are two ecological forms of this narrowareal subspecies - wild and park. It is the wild populations of deer are protected by law. Currently, the aboriginal populations have been preserved only in Lazovsky and Olginsky districts, mainly in the Lazovsky Reserve and the territory adjacent to it. Deer, unlike gerulties (bulls, goats and rams), change the horns annually. At the first stages of the growth of the horns of deer soft, covered with gentle skin with hair; Only by the fall, they are made hard and soldered. The horns to the osenation are called Pants and are widely used for the preparation of Pantokrin's medicinal preparation. It was this fact that served as one of the reasons for the extermination of spotted deer at the beginning of the century.

Kabarga

The original small deer of the Kabarga weighs only up to 10 kg. Unlike other spotted deer and deer, the males of Kabargi are rugs, but they have sharp fangs in the upper jaw at 6-8 cm of length. The hind legs at the Kabargy are much longer than the front, which allows it to make it easy to jump up to 7 m. A calm step is walking "having embarrassed", and if necessary, get your usual winter food from the trees (lichens) rises on the hind legs, resting on the trunk. In males on the belly there is a peculiar iron, the so-called "bubbling jet", which is a bag of size with a chicken egg, filled with a casual brown mass with a sulfur-ether smell - musk, which is widely used, for example, in perfumery for fastening spirits.

Boar

Speaking about the unfortunate Primorye, it is impossible not to mention the Ussuri subspecies of a boar, well different from other four subspecies of large body sizes. Externally, the boar is little similar to the domestic pig. This is a massive animal on strong legs, with a strongly developed anterior belt, a very thick and short neck and a powerful head that makes up about a third of the entire body length. There are still old male sekhati weighing up to 300 kg, although the average weight of the boars, taking into account young, significantly smaller, approximately 70 kg. From the end of November, Kabanov begins a gon, accompanied by cruel fights among males. And young piglets are born at the end of March - April, when the snow is still lying. Piglets, leaving a specially constructed nest "Gaino", from the fifth day independently find out the feed of a mother who continues to walk with them until the spring of next year

Representatives of the detachment of prey

Amur tiger

A rare subspecies of the tiger lives in Primorye, the number of which has stabilized at a low level. Over the past century, the Amur Tiger population has survived deep and dramatic changes: from a relatively high number of early century to a deep recession at the end of the 30 - early 40s, when there were about 20-30 animals within the country within the country, then a fracture to Gradual growth until 1990, when the number of tiger may have reached a level of 300 - 350 individuals. The main factor leading the tiger on the face of disappearance was the direct persecution by him, and the turning point in his fate was the introduction of the tiger's legislative protection in Russia since 1947. Although there is no direct threat to the disappearance of this subspecies, its future continues to cause serious alarm. In most areas of the region, there is a clear imbalance of the population density of the main species of potential victims of the predator and the predator itself. The most important negative factor was the increased poaching, acquired from the beginning of the 90s. Commercial character (skins, bones and other parts of killed tigers find sales in most countries of East Asia as valuable drug raw materials). Currently, a detailed "strategy of preserving the Amur Tiger in Russia" has been adopted and comprehensive efforts are being made to normalize the situation with this rare and beautiful predator.

Far Eastern Leopard

Another predator under threat of extinction is Far Eastern, or Amur, Leopard *, which is the most northern of all subspecies of the leopard. Its population is considered genetically separate and requires measures to preserve it as a genetically unique component in a system of species diversity as a region and the world as a whole. Currently, there are no more than 50 individuals of the leopard and scientists are being made to all efforts to rescue this animal from extinction. Barca weight does not exceed 80 kg. Winter fur has a thick, with a bright color: on the oath-red background, black or black and brown solid or collected in spots are scattered. Leopard walks and jumps completely without noise, and bright coloring perfectly masks it in any seasons, so see this slim, with soft smooth movements it is possible very rarely.

Red Wolf

This is a rather large beast with a body length of 76-110 cm, the tail is 45-50 cm and weigh 17-21 kg. His appearance combines the features of the wolf, fox and jackal. From the ordinary wolf, the red wolf is distinguished by colorful, fluffy wool and a longer tail, almost reaching the Earth. Characteristic shortened, pointed muzzle. Ears are big, standing, with rounded vertices, highly planted on the head.

The overall tone of the color of the redhead, strongly changeable in individual individuals in different parts of the range. The end of the tail is black. Vague up to 3 months - dark brown. High cover in winter is very high, thick and soft; In the summer, it is noticeable in short, rougher and darker. The tail is fluffy, like a fox. Based on the variability of the color, the thickness of the fur and the size of the body, 10 subspecies of the red wolf are described, 2 of them are found in Russia.

From other representatives of the PS family, the red wolf is characterized by a reduced number of indigenous teeth (2 them in each half of the jaw) and a large number of nipples (6-7 pairs).

Red Wolf - a typical inhabitant of mountains, rises to 4000 m above sea level. Most of the year he keeps in subalpine and alpine belts, in the south of the range - in low- and medium-road tropical forests, and in the northeastern regions - in a mountain taiga, but everywhere his stay is timed to rocky places and gorges. In open plains, it does not settle down, but in search of food makes distant seasonal swinging, sometimes appearing in unusual landscapes - a forest-steppe, steppe and even in the deserts. With the establishment of a high snow cover in the mountains, a predator Following the wilderly paint - arhars, mountain goats, roots of the imarahals - descends in the foothills or goes to the southern lines and in other low-stop areas. On domestic animals rarely attack. In the summer, vegetative food eats regularly.

A red wolf is living and hunts with flocks of 5-12 individuals (sometimes more), obviously uniting several generation animals. Relations within a pack are usually non-aggressive. He hunts mostly during the day, pursuing a victim for a long time. Mining varies from rodents and lizards to deer (Zambar, Axis) and Antelope (Nilgaau, Garna). A large flock can cope with the bull-gaur, leopard and tiger. Unlike many pieces, red wolves kill game, lagging behind the throat, and attacking behind. Two-three red wolves are able to kill a 50-kilogram deer less than 2 minutes.

Refuge with red wolves usually serve cleaners, caves and niches in the slopes; Nor they do not dig. They have a developed hearing, they swim well and perfectly jump - they are able to overcome a length of 6 m. People have red wolves avoid; Incutton multiply, but not tame.

Amur wild forest cat

Normal, but a few wildwood cat in the forests of Primorye, the smallest representative of feline in the Far East.

Weighs the beast 4-6 kilograms, and especially large individuals - in the fall of the languished males - up to 8-10 kilograms. The length of their strong flexible body from 60 to 85 centimeters, at the "record holders" - to a meter.

The thick reddish-facal winter wool is covered with a variety of dark rusty spots, in places merging into stripes.

Two white arrows are distinguished on the forehead, blurry rings are noticeable on the tail, the abdomen is dirty and white with a yellowish tint. Not as an example of homemade cats, wild forest impacts of the century are "fur coats" of the same color, the same pattern, the same density.

Like all representatives of the Feline family, the wild cat is sharp teeth and claws, a thin rumor and excellent vision. He is a magnificent tree.

Pretty long legs allow him to make big jumps and rapid throws, from which not only a mouse or hare is rarely unavaled, but also a bird.

Forces enough to cover the young root. But on a long chase, it is not capable of: there is no wolf or Harzine endurance.

However, like all cat, the wild cat is lazy and the rest prefers to rest. It goes only if necessary, slowly, carefully, usually not on the ground, but for valetins and trees.

Forest cat leads a twilight-night lifestyle, although sometimes beats and during the day - in case of extreme need. The nest, he usually suits in the hollows standing and fallen trees, in small cave or among the stones covered by precipitation and winds, occasionally in dry norahs between the roots of trees and under the dog. In the afternoon, sleeping with pleasure, goes on hunting with sunset.

Gastronomic kota addiction - mouse, voles, chipmunk, manchursky hare, squirrel, birds of no more pheasant and duck. Sometimes attacks the column and the mink with which it easily copes, and even on the roof, even on piglets. Not an example of homemade cats, water is not afraid, well swims, gamblingly catches fish, frogs and other watermarks, and if it does not premone stammering the goded wrap or ondatru.

In the summer and at the beginning of the fall, when the feed is upholstered, the cat is very fat, in the winter, especially when the deep snow falls, it is difficult for him: it is not able to catch mice and pools under the snow he does not know how, the chips and frogs sleep, and the hare or a bird him , deeply falling in the snow, catch is not very easy.

Forest cat is a close relative of an ordinary home cat, they even give common offspring. Beautiful and slender, children are more like wild parents and by appearance, and by moral. But what is strange: being relatives to our cute and obedient Murk and Vaska, forest cats with great difficulty leaning and learn and training.

Only caught very small blind kittens and grown in tireless care and affection, they become quite manual, friendly and do not seek at any case to demonstrate the power of their claws and teeth. With the first opportunity, these freedom-loving animals run away into the forest, but will soon return to the person who growled them.

Any fifty years ago, the northern border of the Amur Forest Cat area took place on the left-bank amuria - through the average parts of the Zea, storm, Urmi and Kura, down the Amuru, heading for Komsomolsk. Now she shifted far to the south, covering only the southern part of the Primorsky Territory.

In the 1930s, when the workpieces of the skins of this beast reached 2 thousand pieces, its livestock was calculated, obviously, 8-10 thousand individuals, of which about 80% were inhabited in Primorye. By the beginning of the 70s, the past cattle cat decreased to 2 thousand, and they all concentrated in the Primorsky Territory, and now they were 2 times less - no more than 1 thousand on the whole region.

Brown bear

The brown bear, the largest Bear of Europe and Asia, is widespread throughout the Ussuri Territory, although the bulk of the habitat is timed to the central part of Sikhote-Alin. Most of the time this beast is in search of food, feeding predominantly vegetable food. As you know, the brown bears lie in a hibernation, using burgogs for wintering, located under the echo of a tree or in Burlese in coniferous forests, mainly in the deaf, deep plots of mountains. Not sufficiently fastened for normal winter sleep bears in the hibernation do not run. These are the so-called "connecting rods", which are characterized by the manner of wander all winter in the taiga in search of any feed, up to the remnants of the wolf "trapes". They attack hoofs and are dangerous at a meeting for a person.

Himalayan Bear

The Himalayan Bear, whom the people are called that Belogrudym, then black, distributed only in the southern part of the Far East, upholstered in broad-sized forests. They differ significantly from the brown bears. Fur cover they have silky, black with a white spot on the chest in the form of a flying bird. Large males in 200 kg are rare, and females usually weigh no more than 100 kg. About 15% of the time of their lives, Himalayan bears spend among the crowns of trees, feeding berries, acorns and nuts. For the winter, they lie down in mid-November, to snow. Berlogs are arranged in the hollows of soft wood species - poplar or linden. There, females in February, two, less often three blind bearings, just 500 grams weighing. The view is included in the Red Book of Russia. However, in the present period, the process of reducing the number of this species is stopped and the number of bears in Primorye has increased markedly.

Study of terrestrial mammals