Eurasia climatic belts - description, features and interesting facts. Eurasia climatic belts Arctic and subarctic belts Eurasia

I hear and read about the weather every day. But few people talk about how it is formed and what climatic belts Our mainland Eurasia. So I will write about it.

Climatic belts

Geographers all our world is divided into peculiar climatic zones - belts. They are mirrored in both hemispheres from the equator. All of them seven:

• subtropical;
• arctic;
• equatorial.
• moderate;
• tropical;
• subequatorial;
• subarctic.

Not duplicated only the equatorial belt. Scientists of the Southern Hemisphere Instead of Subarctic and Arctic belts use the name "Antarctic". Although, geographers share the tropic, but do not specify which, southern or northern climatic belt they mean when determining the climate.
Eurasia is the longest mainland. There are all climatic belts that change with the promotion from his Eastern or Western tip of deep into.

Still climatic belts change with lifting in the mountains. If the mountains are high (5000 - 6000 m), then their vertices will be located the Arctic belt. Their foot will have a climate belt in which they are relative to the removal from the equator.

From here we have: Climate belt - the surface of the planet with predominant climate types, which will change with lifting in the mountains and remove from the equator to the pole or deep into the mainland from its tip.

Climatic belts Eurasia

The location of the extreme points of this huge plot of sushi on the planet without islands from north to south - 77 ° 43 "(Cape Chelyuskin, Russia) and 1 ° 16" (Cape Piaay, Malaysia).
Also, the Mountain System - Himalayas formed in Eurasia. There is the highest peak of the world - Jomolungma (Everest). Over the sea level, it rises 8848 meters.
Coordinates, within which the equatorial belt is 00 - 80 north latitude. The coordinates of the Arctic belt are from 700 to 900 northern latitudes.

The whole range of climate belts is located within 0 - 6000 meters.

It turns out that Eurasia covers all the climatic zones of the northern hemisphere of the Earth and all the mountain climatic belts.

The huge size of the territory of Eurasia and the nature of the relief determine the main features of its climate. High mountains close the mainland from the south and east of the penetration of the air masses of the quiet and Indian oceans deeply on the mainland. In the West and the North of Eurasia "open" the influence of the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.

Eurasia is located in all climatic belts Northern Hemispheres: from Arctic to Equatorial. but most Square It occupies a temperate belt. In the outskirts of the areas, the marine climate prevails, and in the internal - continental and sharply continental.

IN arctic and Subarctic belts Western areas with marine climates are sharply different (with a slight amplitude of temperatures, a large amount of precipitation, relatively warm winter and cool summer) and oriental with a continental climate (very cold winter, up to -40 ...- 45 ° C and a much smaller amount of precipitation).

Within moderate belt distinguish 4 climatic areas. The marine climate of the west coast is formed under the influence of the Atlantic air masses. Summer is cool, winter is relatively warm. The precipitates are distributed evenly throughout the year. When cyclones passing, the weather changes rapidly, in summer there may be cooling, in winter thaw. Weather instability, relatively wet winter are characteristic of the region of moderately continental (transitional from maritime to continental) climate characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe. When the annual temperature amplitude increases from the ocean (due to a colder winter) and the amount of precipitation decreases. In the summer of precipitation drops more than in winter. For Yenisei, in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, the climate is sharply continental with a very cold, dry winter and hot, moderately wet summer. On the east coast of the mainland, a monsoon climate with warm wet summer and cold dry winter prevails.

IN subtropical belt Three climatic areas. In the West dominates the Mediterranean climate with dry hot summer and wet winter. This is due to the fact that in the summer there comes a dry tropical air, and in the winter - the sea air of moderate latitudes. On the highlands of Malaya Asia, the North of Iran and Armenia, the region of the continental subtropical climate with cold winter is common (temperatures may drop below 0 ° C) and a hot very dry summer (a small amount of precipitation falls mainly in the winter-spring period). East mainland subtropics are represented by the region of the monsoon climate with the summer maximum of precipitation.

IN tropical belt In the Arabian Peninsula, in Mesopotamia, in the south of Iranian Highlands and in the Basin of the Lower Indus, all over the year dominate very dry and hot continental air masses. Summer is very roast (up to +30 ... + 35 ° C), Winter warm (+18 ... + 24 ° C). The amount of precipitation on the plains rarely exceeds 200 mm, in a number of desert places, no more than 50 mm of precipitation falls per year. In the east, the tropical belt is seduced.

Between 10-20 ° S.Sh. On the Peninsula in Industan and Indochina, as well as in the Far South of China is located subscance belt with monsoon climate. Even south, on the Malacca Peninsula and the Islands of the Malay Archipelago, an equatorial belt with constantly hot (above +25 ° C) and a humid climate is distributed.

Also look:

Map

The climatic features of Eurasia are determined by the huge amounts of the continent, a large length from the north to the south, a variety of dominant air masses, as well as the specific features of the structure of its surface relief and the influence of oceans.
Due to the high length of the mainland from the north to the south, due to the different amounts of solar radiation in specific latitudes, Eurasia is located in all climatic belts of the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic to Equatorial. The largest territory in the area occupies a moderate belt, since it is in moderate latitudes that the mainland is most stretched from the west to the east.
Over the territory of the mainland, all four main types of air masses are formed and dominated - arctic, moderate, tropical and equatorial. It is characteristic that sea, and the continental air masses are formed on the oceans in moderate and tropical belts, and the confusion of a large variety of climate types in these latitudes of Eurasia. So, most of Eurasia is located in moderate latitudes, where the western transfer of marine air masses is bright, enhancing the effect of the Atlantic Ocean on the continent climate. And the internal areas of Eurasia within the moderate belt are under the decisive effect of continental air masses, which are formed in the zone of the Siberian (Mongolian) anticyclone. The eastern and southern areas of Asia are under the influence of monsoons that transfer air masses in winter from the mainland to the ocean, and in the summer from the ocean on land (Peninsula of the Industan and Indochina, East China, the Far East and Japanese Islands).
On the climate of Eurasia, like other mainland, big influence It has relief. Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, Himalayas and other Mountains of the Alpine-Himalayas Flat belt are an important Mainland climeturn. They block the way with the cold and dry northern winds to the south and at the same time get up an insurmountable barrier on the way of warm and wet winds, which breathe from the south. So, in the basins of Central Asia, north of the Himalayans, 50-100 mm of precipitation falls over the year, and at the foot of Eastern Himalayas - more than 10,000 mm per year. Winters in the countries of the European Mediterranean, behind the Alps barrier, warm, and on the plains of Central Europe is relatively cold.
The influence of the oceans on the climate of Eurasia through the influence of oceanic flows (Golfstream, Kuroshio, Kumilo-Kamchatka, monsoon flows of the Indian Ocean) and the emerging naval air masses are well known and does not cause difficulties when considering on the exam.
Let us briefly focus on the features of climatic belts and climate types (climatic regions) on the territory of Eurasia.

In the Arctic and subarctic beltsareas with marine climates are allocated in the west of each belt: small amplitudes of temperatures due to relatively warm winter and cool summer (the effect of the branches of the north-atlantic flow). In the east of the belts, the climate is continental with a very cold winter (up to -40 ... -45 ° C). The most northern islands of Eurasia, and in the east and the strip of the mainland adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, are within the Arctic belt. In the Arctic belt, the sea arctic climate of the West of the European Sector of Arctic is allocated: Spitsbergen and small oceanic islands in the western part of the Arctic Ocean. The marine climate of these islands is due to the influence of the warm north-atlantic flow and is characterized by relatively high winter temperatures (from -160s to -200c) and a significant annual precipitation (300 mm). The rest of the territory of this belt has a climate Continental Arctic. Dry cold arctic air masses are dominant here, so that the entire water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean, without coastal waters, is tight powerful ice Throughout a year. The Arctic belt is a supplier of cold air masses to the continent. In all seasons of the year, their movement is directed to the south.

Within a moderate beltstretching through all the mainland, a wide variety of climate types. The marine type of climate of the Western regions of Europe is formed under the year-round effect of marine air masses from the Atlantic. Summer is cool here, winter is relatively warm, even in northern latitudes on the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula. With the passage of Atlantic cyclones, the weather changes quickly: in the summer there may be cooling, in winter - thaw. The region of the transition climate from maritime to the continental occupy in the main territory Central Europe. When the ocean is removed from the ocean, the difference (amplitude) of summer and winter temperatures is growing: the winter becomes noticeably colder. Summer precipitation is greater than in the cold period of the year. On the territory of Eastern Europe (to the Urals), the climate is considered moderately continental. Behind the Urals, in Siberia and Central Asia, winter is very cold and dry, summer is roast and relatively humid. This area has a sharply continental climate of a moderate belt. On the coast Pacific Ocean Climate monsoon with warm wet summer and cold winter.

In subtropical belt On the plains all year air temperature is positive. The northern border of the belt is carried out on January isotherm at 0 ° C. On the territory of Eurasia in this belt are isolated three climatic regions. Mediterranean - in the west belt. Here in the summer, dry tropical air masses dominate in summer (in summer cloudless and hot), and in winter - the sea air of moderate latitudes (rains are walking). The region of the mainland subtropical climate occupies the territory of the Orange Nagrai (Peninsula Small Asia, Armenian and North Iranian Highlands). Winter in this area is relatively cold (snowfall and lowering temperatures are possible below 0 ° C), summer is roast and very dry. Annual precipitation is small, and they fall out in the winter-spring period. The region of the monsoon subtropical climate is in the east of China and occupies the southern half of the Japanese islands. Here is the characteristic mode of precipitation - a summer maximum in their annual distribution.

Tropical belt Eurasia does not form a solid strip and is represented only in the south-west of Asia (Arabian Peninsula, South Mesopotamia and Iranian Highlands, Northwestern regions of the Industan Peninsula). During the whole year, continental tropical air masses are dominated here. The amount of precipitation on the plains does not exceed 200 mm, and in the desert areas of the belt - below 50 mm per year. Summer is very roast - the average temperatures of July from +30 to + 35 ° C. In Er-Riyadh (Arabia), temperatures were marked + 55 ° C. The average January temperatures - from + 12 ° to + 16 ° C.

Subscance belt Includes Industan Peninsula and Indochina, Indo-Ganga Plain, Sri Lanka Island (without south-western part), Southeast China, Philippine Islands. For this, the belt is characterized by a seasonal change of air masses: in the summer, moist equatorial air, brought by monsoon, dominates; In winter, a relatively dry tropical Passat of the Northern Hemisphere. The hottest time of year is spring, when daytime temperatures may exceed + 40 ° C.

Equatorial climatic The belt is located on the islands of the Malay Archipelago (without Eastern Java and the Small Stern Islands), the Malacca Peninsula, the south-west of O. Shri Lanka and the south of the Philippine Islands. Throughout the year, maritime equatorial air masses are dominated here. They are formed from tropical air coming from both hemispheres from the trade winds. For this climate, abundant precipitation is characterized (2000-4000 mm per year) and constantly high temperatures (above + 25 ° C).

On the territory of Eurasia there are also two zones of a small amount of precipitation:

One of them occupies the north of the mainland, where the average annual precipitation decreases from the West (Kola Peninsula 400 mm) to the East (North of Yakutia 100 mm and less). The second zone, which includes almost half of the mainland area, form areas that differ in natural conditions and located outside the sphere of influence of the sea air of the Atlantic, the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It includes: the southeast of the Eastern European Plain, Arabia, Iranian Highlands, Central Asia, the prevailing part of Western Siberia, Tibetan Highlands. Central Asia, Middle Siberia and North Far EastAltai and Sayanov turned out to be peculiar more moistened with an island among arid territory. Moreover, the front, western, south-western and Central Asia is almost completely naughty.

Winter in Eurasia is characterized by the following laws. The lowest average temperature January is observed in the Monturnal Basins of the Oymyakan Highlands. In Oymyakne at an altitude of 600 m, it is 50 s, while the absolute minimum is 72.2 s (in Verkhoyansk). The cause of such colds in long-term strokes and intensive heating of continental air in intergonslated pita with a local atmospheric pressure maximum. The area of \u200b\u200bthe greatest cold is terminated with an isotherm -32 C, passing east of the lower flow of the Yenisei, according to its right influx of the lower Tunguska, according to the Vilyu (left lines), then through the Verkhoyansky ridge and the kolyma ridge to the Kolyma, in the north it is limited to the northern coast of the mainland. Finding the area of \u200b\u200bthe greatest cold is not on the mainland axis, but significantly east, due to the frequent invasion of relatively warm sea air of moderate latitudes from the Atlantic Ocean. Zero isotherm forms a giant oval, outside of which the United Kingdom, France and the following peninsula remain: Pyrenean, Apennine, Balkan, Arabian, Indogenian, Indochina, excluding Japanese, Kuril and Commander. When moving from north to south, the duration of snow cover changes from 280 cm to several, see. Its height on the coast of the Arctic Ocean is 40-50 cm, on the Eastern European and West Siberian Plains in the Taiga region to 70-90 cm. Further Movement to the south its power decreases until complete disappearance. In the western slopes of the Northern Urals and in the ninesession of the elevated part of the medium-protein plate, the snow accumulates up to 90 cm, and in the mountains of Kamchatka to 120 cm.

The large axis of the mainland Eurasia is clearly traced on numerous synoptic maps for the winter period. In winter, a high-pressure band is put forward from the southern part of Eastern Siberia, which passes the south of the Ural Mountains, through the forest-steppe of Ukraine, the donutany districts, southern France and Spain, reaching the Azor maximum. A similar axis is formed in summer monthsBut less pronounced. For the high pressure axis, dry cloudless weather, calm or weak winds, severe frosts in winter and heat in summer. It plays an important role in the winter circulation of the atmosphere, rejecting cyclones from the Atlantic to the north. The widespread development of the Asian Anticyclone is also due to the presence of sustainable low atmospheric pressure centers in the North Atlantic in the area of \u200b\u200bIceland (Icelandic minimum) and over the northern part of the Pacific Aleutian Islands (Aleutian minimum). Simultaneously in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Azores in the Atlantic Ocean and above the Arctic there are highly atmospheric pressure centers (Azores and Arctic maxima). The overall nature of the western transfer of air masses strengthens the appearance in winter months Sustainable air flows in the south-east of the mainland of the northwestern continental monsoon typical of Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and most of the Japanese islands. In the east of Asia, in a temperate and subtropical belt, for this reason, abnormally cold and dry winter are common (compared to these latitudes in Europe).

§ 46. Climate

1. Remember how the number of solar energy is changing, which the surface receives, with the progress of north.

2. What are the features of monsoon?

Climathoring factors. The variety of climatic conditions is associated with the size of the mainland.

In the north and south, in its western, central and eastern parts climatic conditions We differ markedly. The reasons for themselves lies in the specifics of the main climate-forming factors.

Number of solar energyWhich the earth's surface receives, decreases from the equator of the coupling. Due to the considerable length of Eurasia from north to south, Arcticostrov and the northern regions of the mainland are obtained by three times less solar energy, cheating. This causes large differences Air temperature.

For example, if the average January temperature on the Arctic Islands is -30 ° C, then in the Arabian Peninsula it is equal to 25 0s.

The lowest temperatures of the air to -71 0C Materick were registered in settlement OymyakonThat in the north-east of Eurasia. He's called Polyus Cold all the northern hemisphere.

Circulation of air mass The dominant air masses and winds determine. The neurocrous territory of Eurasia is located in all climatic belts of the North Huses, its climatic conditions are formed under the influence of cold and dry arctic , sea and continental moderage , Hot and constantly dry tropical , hot and wet equatorialair mass .

Above most of the mainland, which is located in a temperate climatic belt, blowing constant western winds. They are tolerable wet air masses formed above the Atlantic Ocean, Matericking. However, the influence of the Atlantic air masses is felt predominantly to Veverop. With progress east, deep into Eurasia, their transformation - Transformation, grades: From the wet, they turn into dry, from warm winter - oven, from cool in summer - on hot.

In the east and south of Eurasia blow mussons arising from the difference in atmospheric pressure over the ocean and land. The monsoon blowing from sushi forms a warm, dry weather with weak weather. The monsoon blowing from the ocean forms and wet weather. It blows significant, bringing thunderstorms on the mainland, storm winds and huge quantities.

Therefore, the greatest number of their number is over 1000 mm per year - it is the Naugue of the mainland. The various parts of the studies are under the action of cyclones of Janticiklon.

Underlying surface It affects the properties of the air masses, and their permersion is formed above it.

Air masses formed over the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean are saturated with moisture and bring precipitation to the mainland.

Atlantic air masses are formed over warm North AtlanticWarm and heated in winter coastal areas in Europe. Pacific mass masses forming over cold KurillationOn the contrary, coastal areas of Asia are cooled.

The effect of relief on the movement of the air masses is equivalent. Mountains - Alps, Caucasus, Himalayas, located from the West to the East, allow you to penetrate the south of cold air masses.

In addition, there are a lot of precipitation on the immunist slopes. So, at the sub-legigue-eastern Himalayas, standing on the path of monsoons, which blowed from the ocean, is one of the wet place on the globe - Cherapundy village.

Every year about 12,000 mm of precipitation falls there annually, and the maximum population, which was registered, was more than 23,000 mm per year.

Fig.

Climate card Eurasia

We work with the card

1. Install how the air temperature of the mainland is changed in the direction from the north to south.

2. Where are the highest air temperatures?

3. How are precipitation distributed on Eurasia?

Gdevindes the smallest number, and where is the most?

4. What winds dominate in moderate climatic belt?

5. Under the influence of which the winds are the Southern Yard coast of the mainland?

Climatic belts and climate types.Eurasia lies within the limits of all-glimatic belts of the Northern Hemisphere - from the Arctic to Equatorial.

Arctic climatic belt Encompasses the islands of the North Mountain Ocean and the Northern Coast of Asia. Cool Icehiye Arctic air masses are reigning there. They cause low temperatures with the air of the whole year.

Therefore, the winter is harsh, and the summer is cold. The amount of precipitation is small -250 mm per year. Subarctic climatic belt It stretches narrow-sided in the north through the whole mainland. In winter, the Arctic air masses are covered with the northeast winds, the Western winds are reached by moderate air masses. Winter is cold, especially Vasia, where the lowest temperatures are observed in the entire northern hemisphere.

The annotp than in the Arctic belt.

Moderate climatic belt Encompasses huge spaces. Throughout the year moderate air masses are formed there. There is a significant length of the belt and domination of the Western winds, there is well traced in imposition of climate types from west to east. Therefore, within a moderate belt, climatic areas are highlighted. In the West, thanks to the air masses from the AtlanticComeana, the winter is soft with an average air temperature above 0 0 ° C, alet from 10 ° C to 18 0С.

The precipitation falls a little-one 1,000 mm per year. In winter, the fog is often the fog, they hold the fogs, and in the summer the weather is cloudy, overcast. it regionmor moderate climate.

Here the influence of the Atlantic gradually weakens. Winter cold and frosty, annotype. The weather is unstable, in winter there are thaws, and in the summer they often come rain. Prault, in Central and Central Asia, are dominated by continental moderate weights.

Eurasia climatic belts - Structural and logical scheme

In winter, the glue surface is cooled by air to -50 0 ° C.Lo, on the contrary, the surface heats the air to very high temperatures. The catching air mass of precipitation is almost not coming here. Therefore, in winter snow, a small surface freezes a significant depth. So formed continental moderate climate type.In the east belt cLIMATOMATUMENUMSSSON With dry-hawned winter and wet warm summer.

Subtropical climatic belt Eastern Asia extends from southern eurpus.

In it, as in a temperate belt, there is a variable-scale conditions from the west to the east. In the south of Europe climate subtropical Mediterranean type. In winter, the influence of the wet atlantic air masses, therefore is quite warm (the temperature is higher in 0 ° C) and rains are going. In the summer with the arrival of tropical maps, dry hot weather is installed. Air humidity decreases in the east, and in the central part of the belt climate subtropical continental.

Winter is sufficient, and the summer is roast. Precipitation little. The wind raises dust and sand into the air.

In the east in the winter, a cold dry continental air comes to the Pacific coast of the mainland, and temperatures may decrease to 0 0. In the summer, the air masses from the ocean create a relative cloudiness, and rain flows are increable.

Rivers are overwhelmed with water from the shores. These are signs subtropicomussonnogoclimat.

Tropical climatic belt It does not have a solid stretch of namaterik.

It covers only the western part of South Asia. In Eurasia, there was a single place on Earth, where two transition belts are located nearby: subtropical and subequatorial. In a tropical belt, where the dry-intentional air, the clouds are almost no clouds.

The consequences of this are high-temperature air and a meager amount of precipitation (up to 100 mm per year). In the summer and autumn over the quiet ocean typhoon (From the Chinese "Tai Fin" - a big wind). Watering cyclones of hurricane power. They cause shower, floods and fragments.

Sub-screen climatic belt It covers the southern regions of Asia. The tropical air masses are dominated there, in the summer - equatorial.

Therefore, climatatfully hot and variable wet.

Equatorianclimatic belt It covers only the peninsula and islands in the south of the mainland. Hot and humid evaluator air masses determine high air temperatures and abundance throughout the year.

Eurasia lies in the same climatic belts, which is American America. However, the formation of its climate is much more powerful than the influence of provisions.

Fig.

Climatic belts and regions of Eurasia

Fig. Clear - ordinary phenomenon for British scientists

We work with the card

1. What are the climatic belts within which there is underwritten.

2. In which direction is the change in climatic waders in Eurasia?

What is this explained?

3. Which of the climatic belts is the largest area?

4. What are the climatic areas that have formed a moderate climatic belt invested.

5. What are the features of the stretching climatic belt?

6. Which areas cover the subequatorial and exvitation climatic belts?

Questions and tasks

1. Explain how geographic scum affects climate formation.

2. How is the climate change of a free climatic belt with remoteness from the Atlantic Ocean?

What is the impact on the climate Eurasian value relief?

5. How does the formation of oceanic flows affect the formation of climatic features?

Practical work

1. Analyze the climatic map of the ibolism charts of cities.

2. Show the differences in the climatic community of moderate belt.

3. Explain the reasons for climate change in the end of one climatic belt.

Climatic zones and regions of Eurasia

The territory of Eurasia extends through all climatic zones in the northern hemisphere, so natural and climatic conditions differ from each other, as elsewhere on the planet.

The main causes of climate inhomogeneity are an uneven amount of solar radiation coming to the surface in various parts of Eurasia, as well as various types of circulation in the atmosphere and very diverse reliefs.

In most Eurasians, Western air transport prevails, especially in winter, when the cyclones of the Atlantic Ocean dominate the surface of Europe.

This leads to the fact that winter temperatures in the northern and southern regions are not very different. In the summer months, the territorial temperature distribution becomes more pronounced.

After the Western transfer of the dominant influence of the air masses and the mining influence of the Pacific and Indian oceans, relatively small areas in the East and the south are limited by the Eurasian climate. In the aquatic areas of these oceans, in the summer months, high pressure zones were created, which is why wet mass moves from oceans to Earth.

So wet and warm summer monsoonwhose impact applies to the territory of South and South East Asia.

the effect of deterioration of Western air mass transfer and monsoons from the coast to the inner areas and the continental domination of the dry air massif, the average annual precipitation decreased with the promotion in the central part of the continent.

Winter cooling of the Earth causes the emergence of high pressure regions in the Northern and Central Regions of Asia from November to March - Asian anticyclone.

Therefore, cold and dry air masses move in all directions that form stable cold winds on the shores of the Pacific and Indian Oceans ( Continental Winter Musson).

In general, the large size of Eurasia is the cause of the prevalence in most climatic zones continental Climate types.

Although, generally speaking, the continental climate is characterized by significant temperature fluctuations and a low amount of precipitation, there are significant differences in the same climatic range and between different areas in the temperature range and humidity.

So for Moderate continental climate moderate The belt is characterized relatively cold in winter and hot summer.

Climate change in the inner space of Eurasia continental (moderate range) and suddenly continental ( subarctic Belt) with a small amount of precipitation, warm, sometimes hot summer and harsh winters. For extremely low temperatures in winter, the greatest temperature fluctuations on the planet. Thus, in the Oymyakon region (Russia), the absolute and absolute minimum temperature difference is 103 °; C.

continental climate tropical and under- The belts characterized by high temperatures in the desert at 52 ° C) and are cooled in winter during which the temperature in the high mountains often takes negative values.

Consequently, the existence of large mountainous areas is widespread on land mountain Climate type with significant fluctuations in temperature during the day

The huge size of the territory of Eurasia and the nature of the relief determine the main features of its climate. High mountains close the mainland from the south and east of the penetration of the air masses of the quiet and Indian oceans deeply on the mainland.

In the West and the north of Eurasia "open" the influence of the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.

Eurasia is located in all climatic belts Northern Hemispheres: from Arctic to Equatorial. However, the largest square occupies a moderate belt. In the outskirts of the areas, the marine climate prevails, and in the internal - continental and sharply continental.

IN arctic and Subarctic belts Western areas with marine climates are sharply distinguished (with a slight amplitude of temperatures, a large amount of precipitation, relatively warm winter and cool summer) and the eastern with a continental climate (very cold in winter, to -40 ... -45 ° C and a much smaller amount of precipitation).

Within moderate belt distinguish 4 climatic areas.

The marine climate of the west coast is formed under the influence of the Atlantic air masses. Summer is cool, winter is relatively warm. The precipitates are distributed evenly throughout the year. When cyclones passing, the weather changes rapidly, in summer there may be cooling, in winter thaw. Weather instability, relatively wet winter are characteristic of the region of moderately continental (transitional from maritime to continental) climate characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe.

When the annual temperature amplitude increases from the ocean (due to a colder winter) and the amount of precipitation decreases. In the summer of precipitation drops more than in winter.

MFC "Astana" will be the key element of the new financial infrastructure of Eurasia

For Yenisei, in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, the climate is sharply continental with a very cold, dry winter and hot, moderately wet summer. On the east coast of the mainland, a monsoon climate with warm wet summer and cold dry winter prevails.

IN subtropical belt Three climatic areas.

In the West dominates the Mediterranean climate with dry hot summer and wet winter. This is due to the fact that in the summer there comes a dry tropical air, and in the winter - the sea air of moderate latitudes. On the highlands of Malaya Asia, the North of Iran and Armenia, the region of the continental subtropical climate with cold winter is common (temperatures may drop below 0 ° C) and a hot very dry summer (a small amount of precipitation falls mainly in the winter-spring period).

East mainland subtropics are represented by the region of the monsoon climate with the summer maximum of precipitation.

IN tropical belt In the Arabian Peninsula, in Mesopotamia, in the south of Iranian Highlands and in the Basin of the Lower Indus, all over the year dominate very dry and hot continental air masses. Summer is very roast (up to + 30 ... + 35 ° C), Winter warm (+ 18 ... + 24 ° C). The amount of precipitation on the plains rarely exceeds 200 mm, in a number of desert places, no more than 50 mm of precipitation falls per year.

In the east, the tropical belt is seduced.

Between 10-20 ° S.Sh. On the Peninsula in Industan and Indochina, as well as in the Far South of China is located subscance belt with monsoon climate. Even south, on the Malacca Peninsula and the Islands of the Malay Archipelago, an equatorial belt with constantly hot (above +25 ° C) and a humid climate is distributed.

Also look:

Map "Air temperature, pressure and wind in January and July (Eurasia)"

Map "Climatic belts of the Earth"

Map "The average annual precipitation (Eurasia)"

Map "Seasonality of precipitation"

Arctic belt

Arctic is the northernmost polar region of the Earth, which adjoins North Pole. It includes almost completely the northern ice ocean with the islands (except for the islands owned by Norway) and the outskirts of the mainland North America and Eurasia.

Two landscape zones are distinguishable in the Arctic:

Ice desert.

2. Arctic desert.

The ice zone combines significant parts of the peninsulas and islands, which are covered with glaciers, and the Arctic desert includes narrow loskuts of rocky sushi, mainly flat, adjacent to the northern outskirts of the tundr, for a short period released from under the snow.

The central part is the Arctic pool, in which deep-water basins are observed (up to 5527 m) and underwater ridges. For both zones, a long and more busy winter is a duration of more than 10 months with protracted nights, illuminated by the northern lights.

The temperature in the northern regions of Russia, on average, ranges from - 32 to - 36 ° C; In the north of Canadian and nearby part of the Arctic pool to - 45 ...

- 50 ° C. The precipitate falls out, mainly in the form of snow. Summer is short and cold, lasts about 11-50 days. At this time of the year the sun shines around the clock, the temperature is slightly higher than 0 °, and the average temperature is most warm month It is no more than + 5 °. The ground during the summer thaws only to a depth of up to 50 cm. Arctic air dominates year-round. The Northern Arctic Ocean is covered with a thick layer of ice, the water is cold, and the field of drifting ice is noted almost everywhere.

For the weather, the Arctic is characterized by low solid cloudiness, frequent fogs; In winter - blizzards, in summer - protracted drizzling rains. There is a deficiency of ultraviolet radiation, and therefore negative radiation balance. Due to low temperatures in water, an increased oxygen content is observed, which favors the development of plankton, as well as a variety of marine inhabitants.

Flora and fauna

In the Arctic because of the cold arctic climate animal world Poor.

In this belt, animals are inhabited by animals of large sizes - white bears, walruges, seals, sheeps, wild northern deer, less freaks are swimming (polar dolphins) and whales. The large mass of the body contributes to the preservation of heat. In addition, hares, wolves, sands and long-tailed gophers are found.

In the summer, many migratory birds fly to the Arctic: Cayra, numbers, small gangs and many others who arrange the birds.
Vegetable world The Arctic is poor because of low summer temperatures. There are no trees, mostly grow dwarf shrubs, herbs, lichens and moss.

Lichanices, mosses and wood form a thick litter. In the northern zone Arctic desert Pretty cellular plants are predominantly distributed - lichens and mosses. The species composition of vegetation is minimal. From herbaceous plants there are snowy buttercup, polar poppy, various stamps, some have very small sizes, for example, partridge grass.

But even in the ice zone in the snow, microscopic algae dwells, staining everything in red.

The climate of the Earth is very affected by the ice of the Arctic, which do not give the planet overheat, so the reduction in the amount of ice during global warming is dangerous for all mankind.

The Arctic is rich in minerals, especially oil and gas deposits.

Similar materials:

Equatorial belt
2. Subscance belt
3. Tropical belt
4. Subtropical belt

5. Antarctic belt
6. Moderate belt

Determine the extreme diversity and, as anywhere in the world, the extensive distribution of continental climate types. Within the mainland, all (climatic belts map) are presented. The Eurasian climate is influenced by powerful centers of action both round-weather and seasonal, among which winter Asian and summer depression over South Asia is distinguished. In and subarctic, throughout the year, in moderate latitudes - the polar front, in lower latitudes - the cyclones of the tropical front (), which are often called.

IN beltthere is a convergence of air masses flowing from the north and south, which forms abundant precipitation throughout the year. About + 25 ° C, without noticeable seasonal oscillations.

The mountainous areas are pronounced climatic conditions and their change depending on the exhibitions of the slopes. Clearly manifests the barrier insulation of the internal regions of Eurasia, with which the sharp contrasts of moisture are connected. Over the extensive highlands, the extended air is formed, and local atmospheric action centers and peculiar options are formed. alpine climates (for example, the climate of the highland deserts and Tibet).

Climate features. The main feature of the climate Eurasia is a variety. Here are almost all types of climate that is on the planet. The mainland is fixed in the northern hemisphere temperature (in Oymyakon) and the largest rainfall (in Cherrypundy). The hottest and dry place on the continent - the Arabian Peninsula.

By climatic atlas maps, determine the extreme temperatures for Oymyakon and Arabia, the average annual precipitation for Cherrypundy.

This feature of Eurasia climate is a consequence of several factors. The first one is great length of the continent on meridian . Eurasia is located in 7 climatic belts: arctic, subarctic, moderate, subtropical, tropical, subequatorial, equatorial.

Second - big length of mainland by parallel . Consequently, inside the belts highlight climatic areas: Marine climate of Western coasts, continental, sea climate of Eastern coasts (monsoon). The greatest number Regions are distinguished by moderate and subtropical belts, which come to the widest part of the mainland.

As the deepening in the mainland grows the amplitude of temperatures and becomes land. Due to the vastness of Eurasia, its internal areas (regardless of location in one or another latitudinal belt) are highlighted by a particularly high degree continentality climate. Continental climates occupy significant spaces in Eurasia - like in any other mainland of the planet. The highest degree of continentality is characteristic of climates. internal parts moderate and subtropical belts.

The third factor caused by the diversity of the continent's climate is relief . In Eurasia, its form is distributed so that they contribute to a sharp change of climatic conditions (and in meridian, and by parallels). therefore inside the bouncycling is different and contrast. The location of the mountain barriers along the coasts leads to the fact that marine climates occupy minor territories. But thanks to this orographic figure, it is very significant on the territory area with continental climates. Eurasia plains are extensive, so the latitudinal climate zonality is pronounced on them. Eurasia mountain systems are high and extended; This contributes to the bright manifestation of high-altitude lower.

The influence of the oceans on the climate. Almost all the belts of Eurasia are formed sea types of climate.

However, the effect of each ocean is manifested differently - depending on the geographical position of the territory and its relief. Atlantic Ocean Thanks to Western transfer in moderate latitudes, mitigates the climate of the entire plain Europe and moisturizes the mountainous Siberia even removed from it. Cold dry air of the Northern Ocean Ocean, in the summer spreading to the mainland, moves from high latitudes to the south of lowlands. Therefore, he warms up quickly, and its harsh "breathing" felt only the coast. Pacific Mussona penetrate the continent in moderate latitudes does not allow Western transfer and coastal ridges. But in low relief latitudes, steps retreating from the coast, delays it moisture even at a significant distance from the ocean. Musson from the Indian Ocean, "Purchase" at the coast itself on the extended Himalayav barrier, abundantly moisturizes their southern slope and coastal lowland, but does not fall into the internal areas of the mainland.

The effect of oceans is determined and their coastal currents. For climate, Eurasia is especially great to the role of warm north-Atlantic current: It satures the western transfer of moisture, allowing him to convey the precipitate far deep into the mainland, and in winter it is noticeable to Western Europe.

Arctic climatic waters. The climate is formed by arctic - cold dry air masses coming from the high pressure area over the Arctic. In winter, during the polar night, temperatures are lowered to -40 ° C. In the summer, with the arrival of the polar day, the temperature rises to -20 ... -10 ° C, and on the coast - up to 0 ° C and higher. The precipitation falls a little - about 100 mm (Fig. 22).

Subarctic climatic belt. In Western (European) parts of the belt, thanks to the warm Norwegian climate, the climate is warmer and wet than in the east (in Asia), where the air is prevalent formed over the mainland. In the summer, with the arrival of moderate air, the rains fall everywhere. Summer temperatures are higher in the East (+12 ° C), here in the basins they can rise to +35 ° C. Winters in the European part of the snow belt, and in Asian - dry and very cold (below -40 ° C), especially in the brass of the Oymyakan highlands (up to -50 ° C) (Fig. 23).

Fig. 22. Climatodiagram Fig. 23. Climatodiagram of the Arctic belt of the subarctic belt

Verkhoyansk is one of the coldest places in the northern hemisphere (-71 ° C). A pole of cold hemisphere is Oymyakon, where the temperature is fixed -71.2 ° C.

Moderate climatic beltit is drawn through the widest part of the mainland. Therefore, the climate in the belt is very diverse - despite the fact that all the year it forms the same air mass - moderate.

In moderate latitudes there is a western transfer. With him in winter, warm wet air from the Atlantic enters Europe. And the Asian part of the belt, located inside the continent, quickly cools, and the area of \u200b\u200bhigh atmospheric pressure is installed above it - an Asian maximum. Hence the cold dry air, filling lowlands, spreads in all directions. On the eastern outskirts of the continent, rolling towards the Pacific Ocean, it forms a powerful winter monsoon. Strong deep mixing of soil leads to the formation in the Asian part of the extensive zone of the vast zone herzlota her(Fig. 24).

Fig. 24. Perennial Merzlota

The southern border of continuous distribution of many years of milling in Asia extends to 48 ° C. sh., and separate islands it meets until the 30th parallel. The formation of many years of permits in moderate latitudes is a consequence of a high degree of climate continentality. It contributes to the formation of modern permanentness and preservation at the depth of relict, which arose during an ancient glaciation. As a result, there are more than 30% of the territory of the moderate belt in the zone of the long-term marrow.

In summer, the mainland warms up, and the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure is formed. In it, capturing the western and eastern outskirts under its influence, cool wet air from the oceans rushes. And the continental air is dominated over the central parts - dry and hot.

As a result, climatic conditions change along the parallels and four climatic areas are allocated in a temperate belt. In the west, in Europe, is formed nautical Climate: Summer cool (+15 ° C), wet; Winter soft (from +5 to 0 ° C) and also wet; Annual precipitation with a summer maximum is about 1000 mm (Fig. 25). Eastern European Plain has moderately continental Climate: summer warm (+19 ° C), moderately humid, cold winter (-10 ° C) and drier; Annual precipitation with a summer maximum - in the north of 700, in the south - 400 mm and less (Fig. 26). Behind the Urals is formed sharply continental Climate: Summer is warm, even roast (in the north +15 ° C, in the south +30 ° C) and dry, winter is very cold (-25 ... -45 ° C) and dry. Precipitation is not enough - in the north and west to 500 mm, in the south and east, it is reduced to 200 mm (Fig. 27); Only on the onward western slopes of Nagrai and the High Mountains, their number (especially in the south) increases sharply, sometimes exceeding 1500 mm.

The east coast of the Seas of the Pacific Ocean has a climate monsoon . Summer is cool here (in the north +8 ° C, in the south of +16 ° C), wet, especially in the south. Winter is very cold, temperatures are rising from the west to the east, to the coast: in the north, and in the south from -35 to -20 ° C. Annual precipitation with a pronounced summer maximum in the north - 500 mm, in the south-east - up to 2000 mm (Fig. 28).

Subtropical climatic belt- Transition: In winter, a moderate air mass is moved from the north and there is a western transfer, and in the summer from the south - tropical. In the separating atmospheric front, cyclones are actively forming, which give abundant precipitation. On the eastern outskirts of the mainland acts monsoon.

The belt stretches through the wide part of the continent with a complex relief: high mountains alternate with extensive plains. Therefore, climatic conditions are also diverse. In the West there is an area mediterranean climate. Winter here is soft and rainy, and summer is roast and dry (Fig. 29). For the inner parts of the belt, which differ in a particularly dissected relief is characteristic continental climate. In the summer of fenced mountain ridges The plains are hot: medium temperatures +32 ° C, daily amplitudes reach 40 ° C. And zi- rice. 29. My climatodyagram is cold, especially in the east of the Mediterranean region (up to -8 ° C). This is the most arid area of \u200b\u200bthe belt - about 100 mm of precipitation per year (Fig. 30). Eastern outdoor has monsoon climate. Here the coldest winter (up to -16 ° C) is a winter monsoon, dry and cold, puts the air from the cooled continent. And in the summer, the monsoon is blowing on the land from the warm ocean. Therefore, this area is the most wet in the belt: 3000 mm of precipitation falls on the islands, 800-2000 mm on the mainland (Fig. 31).

Fig. 29.

Fig. 30. Climatodiagram of the monsoon field of the subtrosubtropic belt Fig. 31. Climatodiagram of the Continental Area

Tropical climatic belt It occupies the southwest part of the mainland. During the year, hot and dry tropical continental air dominates here, and this leads to the formation desert climate. In the south of the Arabian Peninsula (Fig. 32), average annual temperatures are the highest in Eurasia (+30 ° C), and in the very warmth of the month - June - the average daily temperatures are everywhere above +30 ° C. All year round is dry (Fig. 33).

IN Sub-screen climatic belt Vividly expressed seasonality of moisturizing. Winter monsoon carries a tropical air from sushi, summer - equatorial with oceans. therefore warm winter - arid, and hot summer is very wet (Fig. 34). At the very coast, the Musson delay the slopes of the Himalayas, and their foot drops 12,000 mm of precipitation - the maximum for the subevatorial belt and the entire sushi of the planet.

IN Equatorial climatic belt Equatorial air constantly dominates. The climate is distinguished by monotony. Seasons are not expressed. Mid annual temperature - + 25 ... +27 ° C, precipitation everywhere is much - from 2000 to 3000 mm (Fig. 36). There are strong shower. Cloudy, hot and damp. The weather is repeated daily.

Fig. 36. Climatodiagram

The influence of climate on economic activities. In Eurasia, the geographical pattern of manifestation of this connection is clearly traced.

A significant part of the mainland has a climate that is unfavorable for residence and economic activity. The climate is high latitudes - severe, extremely cold. In the intracontinental parts of Eurasia in tropical, subtropical and moderate belts, extremely arid, hot (Fig. 37) or cold, with large annual and daily temperature differences continental climates are formed. Climates with excess atmospheric moistening - with abundant during the year with precipitation - subequatorial monsoon (Bengal) (Fig. 38) and Equatorial - are characteristic of the South and Southeast Out of Eurasia.

The most favorable for the residence of people and - as a result - for all types of economic activity, the climate is moderately wet and moderately warm, with a uniform regime of all climatic elements. These conditions are most complied with sea and moderately continental climates of moderate and subtropical belts, several to a lesser extent - subequatorial.

The favorable climate zones occupy a small part of the continent. One zone is extensive - located in the West, covers almost all of Europe and Asian Mediterranean. The other is located in the southeast of Asia and stretches along the coast of a narrow strip, limited from the continent of high chains of Himalayas, Mountains of Central and East Asia. It is in these zones that the population concentration is most high. Here, the most favorable conditions for diversified agriculture and animal husbandry, which provide the primary raw material complex of industries. The concentration of the population stimulates the development of the multi-industrial industry, transport, services and communications.

Nowadays - the development time of high technologies - the effect of climate on economic activity is not as drafting and definitely as it was on early stages The development of human society, when a person's life absolutely depended on its environment. However, and now the climate determines the conditions of life, significantly reflecting at the cost of life in certain conditions.

Bibliography

1. Geography Grade 9 / Tutorial For 9 class of general secondary education institutions with Russian language learning / edited N. V. Naumenko /Minsk "Folk Asveta" 2011